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1
Cleaver, Frances. "Community management of rural water supplies in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321023.
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Chiromo, Archie Tendai. "Public-private partnerships in water infrastructure projects in Zimbabwe : the case of the kunzvi water development project." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96168.
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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.Globally, the demand for public infrastructure has been growing. However, governments have not been able to meet this demand due to limited fiscal revenue. Many governments have turned to the private sector to finance, build and operate infrastructure projects through public-private partnerships (PPPs). Despite the great demand and the availability of capital to develop these projects, many have failed the PPP test due to a number of constraints. This paper is meant to research the viability of water PPPs by considering the case of the Kunzvi Water Development Project (KWDP), which is in its infancy stage. The literature review from developed and developing countries shows a number of critical success factors which were applied to this study. These critical success factors were rated by key stakeholders in the KWDP – from the government and private sector to development finance institutions (DFIs). A questionnaire was then given to each group to assess the critical success factors. The results show that political commitment and support, macroeconomic environment, and the legal and regulatory framework were the top three critical success factors. The respondents rated the first as strong, but the macroeconomic environment was rated as weak. The paper recommends that government improves the nature of the political support going forward as more involvement will be required as the project develops. The paper also recommends that the government engages DFIs to provide financial and technical support to develop the project as the government may not be able to afford professional services. This paper highlights the views of the respondents but the author also noted limitations even though the project is still in its early stages. Hence, further review may be needed as the project progresses, and/or the lessons learnt may have to be studied and compared with similar projects in a similar context.
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Kujinga, Krasposy. "The dynamics of stakeholder participation in water resources management in Zimbabwe: a case study of the agricultural sector." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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The major aim of this study was to analyse the dynamics of stakeholder participation in the agricultural sector during the first five years of the water reform process in Zimbabwe. Specific reference is made to water allocation, conflict management and the payment of costs related to water use. Stakeholders investigated are those in communal smallholder irrigation schemes, large-scale commercial white and black farms and those resettled under the government's fast track land resettlement programme. The study was undertaken in the Middle Manyame Subcatchment area, which falls under the Manyame Catchment area.
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Mpofu, Bellah. "Biological control of waterhyacinth in Zimbabwe." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40203.
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In a survey conducted in Zimbabwe in 1993, waterhyacinth was present in seven out of the eight provinces. No control measures were imposed on 35% of the infested dams and 61% of the infested rivers, while in 47% of the infested dams and 11% of the infested rivers control of waterhyacinth was being attempted with a combination of 2,4-D and mechanical control methods. The population of Neochetina eichhorniae and N. bruchi declined during the period 1993 to 1995 in the Hunyani River system. Several fungi were isolated from diseased waterhyacinth, and Fusarium moniliforme (isolate 2ex 12), F. solani (isolates 5a ex25 and 2a3), and F. pallidoroseum (isolate 3ex1) were found to be the most pathogenic. Large numbers of viable conidia were produced in shake-flask liquid fermentation with modified Richard's medium and in solid fermentation with food grains. Conidia production in straw was poor with the exception of waterhyacinth straw. Host range studies conducted in pots and in the field indicated that Commelina benghalensis was moderately susceptible to both isolates of F. solani in the field, while Setaria verticilata grown in pots was moderately susceptible to isolate 2a3. Brassica rapa and Crotalaria juncea grown in pots were moderately susceptible to F. moniliforme but they showed no infection in the field. Fifty-nine additional plant species of ecological and agricultural importance were not susceptible to the Fusarium species. When F. solani, F. pallidoroseum and Neochetina spp. were used individually in ponds, they did not control waterhyacinth. When the fungi were combined with Neochetina spp., the area covered by waterhyacinth and the volume of waterhyacinth were significantly reduced.
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Ndou, Portia. "Socio-economic impact of the participatory and conventionally implemented irrigation and livestock development projects: a case of Beitbridge and Mberengwa Districts of Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/82.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of participatory and conventional approaches to livestock and irrigation project implementation in Zimbabwe’s Beitbridge and Mberengwa districts. The conventional livestock projects performed better than the participatory. Despite the breed for the participatory livestock projects being unsuitable for the environment, the farmers failed to utilize the drugs and surplus funding set aside for replacement of dead cattle. Farmer training was found to be of paramount importance in the establishment of the livestock projects in spite of the participatory approach used for the implementation of the projects. Also the technical backup and support for the livestock project beneficiaries is important to ensure early rectification of problems that may affect the smooth running of the projects as well as an opportunity to introduce new technical advice to boost production. Livestock projects take long period of time to establish, i.e. for the financial turn over to be realized. It takes long time for farmers in these projects to make investments from the proceeds of the livestock projects. For this reason, there is need for the number of beneficiaries for each pass-on livestock project to take into account the number of beasts at project establishment and also the number per each beneficiary group. However, the projects should still be encouraged as they will take full operation at a later stage and be of benefit to the rural disadvantaged who cannot access other means to own cattle, which in turn play a pivotal role in crop production (through draft power, manure provision) and cash earnings that indirectly ensures food security. Regardless of approach used, livestock projects should be strongly supported because the districts under study are prone to poor crop production and hence the cattle can be a source of income and food. Participatory irrigation projects performed better than the conventionally implemented, despite their small hectarages. This proved that farmer participation can greatly improve the efficiency of development work and eliminate many of the problems regarding proprietorship and enhance development activities at community level. Conventional irrigation projects were plagued by problems of mismanagement and theft as was reflected by poor performance and malfunction of the conventional Chingechuru and Chimwe-Chegato irrigation schemes. Fencing theft atChingechuru irrigation scheme had brought it to a stand still. However, the larger incomes associated with the conventionally implemented irrigation projects were the result of the larger areas under cropping for these projects. Production levels in participatory irrigation schemes were good. Adoption of most technical innovations in livestock projects was found to be associated with the conventional approach. Asset procurement was a function of the farmer’s accessibility to non-project income, like formal employment, and procurement of specific assets applied more to project type than the approach to project implementation. This study found that the approach used in implementation had a greater influence on the performance of irrigation projects than livestock projects.
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Henworth, Stuart. "Land tenure, and its influence upon streamflow regimes in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242183.
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Nyamudeza, Phibion. "Water and fertility management for crop production in semi-arid Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243687.
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Van, der Meer Frans-Bauke Willem. "Modelling tropical soil water regimes in semi-arid environments." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2000. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/27070.
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Soil moisture available to crops is among the main constraints on crop production by smallholder farmers in semi-arid Zimbabwe. Other restrictions, such as limited use of fertilisers and herbicides, stem primarily from socio-economic rather than biophysical constraints. To improve smallholder farming, it is essential to promote soil and water conservation practices (SWC) that consider farmers' management constraints, such as limited availability of labour and Draught Animal Power (DAP).
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Dzuda, Lorraine Nyaradzo. "Analysis of soil and water conservation techniques in Zimbabwe, a duration analysis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60424.pdf.
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Mafukidze, Jonathan. "Perspectives on land and water politics at Mushandike Irrigation Scheme, Masvingo, Zimbabwe." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/76479.
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Access to, control and ownership of land and water, amongst other natural resources in Zimbabwe, shape and affect rural lives, livelihoods, social relations and social organisation. Rural poverty has been entrenched and exacerbated by, amongst other factors, highly restricted access to these scarce resources. Historically, Zimbabwe’s rural areas (such as communal areas, smallholder irrigation schemes and resettlement areas) have existed as sites of struggles where contestations and negotiations over access to, control or ownership of these resources have taken place. Resultantly, multifaceted and dynamic social relations have been weaved and contested social spaces carved out. In rural Zimbabwe, contestations have tended to be complex, nuanced and intricate, working themselves out in different ways across time and space. In their heightened and more visible state, they have been characterised by violent physical expressions which, in the history of the country, involved two wars of liberation, the First Chimurenga (1896-1897) and the Second Chimurenga (1960s to 1980). The most recent violent manifestation was through nation-wide land invasions, politically christened the Third Chimurenga, which peaked in 2000 and continued sporadically to this day. Few studies on smallholder irrigation schemes in Zimbabwe have focused on understanding how contestations for access to scarce land and water resources are framed and negotiated at the local level. Cognisant of this lacuna, this thesis uses social constructionism in examining, as a case study, Mushandike Smallholder Irrigation Scheme in Masvingo Province in order to understand and analyse how land and water politics occur at the local level. The study deploys a qualitative research methodology approach in examining local water and land politics, which involved original irrigation beneficiaries and more recent land invaders. Findings of the thesis indicate that land and water shortages have increased considerably in the past two decades at the irrigation scheme due to the influx of land invaders into the scheme. This influx has had a negative impact on agricultural production and other livelihood strategies. Both scheme members and land invaders lay claim to land and water at Mushandike. These claims are intricately constructed and contested, and they are linked to broader issues such as partisan party-politics, policy developments, and tradition, origin, indigeneity and belonging. Though the struggles over land and water at Mushandike are firmly rooted in the concrete conditions of existence and experiences of beneficiaries and land invaders, external actors such as political leaders, state bureaucrats and traditional chiefs tend to complicate and intensify the contestations.
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Moriarty, Patrick Barre. "Integrated catchment management and sustainable water resource development in semi-arid Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394220.
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This thesis reports the results of a three year cross disciplinary investigation of the water resources of a small headwater catchment and their role existing and future in the livelihoods of the local community. In addition the potential for micro-catchment management to improve the water resources and water based livelihoods of the catchment community was also examined. Physical examination of the shallow aquifer revealed higher than expected levels of groundwater recharge, matched by high levels of naturally occurring discharge. A groundwater modelling study suggested that this discharge was caused by both deep and shallow rooted vegetation, rather than by drainage losses, and that the catchment aquifer was largely isolated from any larger regional groundwater system. Research into the historical development of the catchment community revealed an ongoing process of agricultural intensification, driven by increasing population and expectations. One manifestation of this intensification is a rapid development of groundwater resources for small scale irrigation. The study suggested that the increased development of and reliance on water points exploiting shallow groundwater resources could lead to increased risk in dry periods associated with generally low groundwater levels. The work highlighted the crucial importance of correct siting and design of water points if widespread failure is to be avoided. However, it also suggested that irrigated agriculture could be sustainably increased at least ten-fold by using suitably sited high yielding water points. Finally, a prototype decision support system was developed using Bayesian Belief Networks, and this was used to integrate the physical and human aspects of the study within a single framework. This framework was then used to examine the likely affects on livelihoods of adopting a micro-catchment management approach to managing groundwater resources.
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Nemarundwe, Nontokozo. "Negotiating resource access : institutional arrangements for woodlands and water use in southern Zimbabwe /." Uppsala : Dept. of Rural Development Studies, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/a408.pdf.
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Kativhu, Tendai. "An analysis of sustainability of communally-managed rural water supply systems in Zimbabwe." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6082.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD (Earth Science)Sustainability of rural water supply systems is a major development challenge in most developing countries including Zimbabwe. This thesis aimed to analyse the sustainability of communally managed rural water supply systems in Zimbabwe. Specifically, it determined the factors influencing sustainability of water supply systems; investigated how the implementation of Community Based Management (CBM) is contributing to the sustainability of water supply systems; explored how multiple uses of water influence sustainability of water supply systems under CBM and determined how the principal factors influencing sustainability and the CBM implementation practices, can be incorporated at the different stages of the development of a water supply system. The study was done in Nyanga, Chivi and Gwanda districts. A total of 399 communally- managed water points were studied and 300 households participated in the study. Questionnaires were used to collect data from households and Water Point Committees (WPCs). Data was also collected using Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) with a total of 33 key informants being drawn from the national, district and community levels.
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Dube, Dumisani Hendry. "Participatory approach an opportunity or a hurdle to water reforms: " Experiences from save catchment council, Zimbabwe." University of the Western Cape, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7780.
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Magister Philosophiae - MPhilFor generations, participation has been a mainstay of academic writing and teaching. By the 1970's, the policy statements of the major international donors and implementing agencies all emphasize the importance of participation (Dudley, 1993). It is time to stop simply reiterating the cry for community participation and prolonged argument about definitions of participation - related concepts. That was yesterday's battle. Certainly, despite all the rhetoric, participation often does not happen.
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Nhundu, Kenneth. "Effectiveness of irrigation water management institutions in Zimbabwe: a new institutional economics theory approach." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006784.
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Despite considerable advances in technology across the world, some scholars (Bratton, 1987; Namara et al., 2010) have argued that declining agricultural productivity among smallholder farmers in Africa remains a major bottleneck in the development of the continent. Unganai (1993) indicates that about 60% of the southern African region is semi-arid or arid and suffers from periodic droughts. In addition, World Bank (2003) notes that agricultural production is dominated by rain-fed agriculture and irrigation systems are limited. This is compounded by the scarcity and poor management of irrigation water resources. Water scarcity in agriculture has large impacts on the population, especially in rural areas, where more than 60 percent of the population are engaged in agriculture which represents their main source of food and income (FAO, 2008). On the macroeconomic level, agricultural share of the GDP is about 37 percent and 75 percent of the export value is generated from the agricultural sector globally. To this effect, management of agricultural water particularly in rain-fed systems remains imperative for improved farm level yields because the bulk of the food comes from rain-fed agriculture (FAO, 2008; Namara et al., 2010). However, increasing water scarcity and poor accessibility may become a limiting factor not only for agricultural production and the welfare of rural population but also for the entire economy. Improving the management of water resources and an efficient use of water by all sectors, including agricultural production, are therefore important if the welfare and health of the population, particularly in rural areas, are to be maintained and improved (Nyong & Kanaroglou, 1999).
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Mwenda, John. "Drinking water quality and the long handled mukombe cup : acceptability and effectiveness in a peri-urban settlement in Zimbabwe." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5598.
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Magister Public Health - MPHIntroduction: In-house contamination of drinking water stored in wide-mouthed buckets (even with lids) has been widely reported in epidemiologic investigations as vehicles for diarrhoea disease transmission. The long handled mukombe cup (LHM cup), recently developed by the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR), a department of the Ministry of Health and Child Care (MoHCC) in Zimbabwe, is a promising low cost dipping devise for extraction of water from wide-mouthed containers. Aim: The study aim was to assess the effectiveness and household acceptability of the long handled mukombe cup in reducing bacteriological contamination of drinking water stored in wide-mouthed vessels in the home in a peri urban settlement in Harare, Zimbabwe. Methodology: A randomised controlled trial of a long handled mukombe cup was conducted in Hatcliffe, Harare. After collecting baseline data on demographics, household water quality, and other sanitation and water handling practices, households were given basic health education before the two selected communities were randomly assigned to one of the two groups of 119 households each. The intervention group received the LHM cup while the control group received no intervention. Households were followed up after two months and assessed effectiveness and user acceptability of the intervention. Data Analysis: Data analysis was conducted using STATA 11. Descriptive statistics were calculated and reported as percentages, proportions, frequencies and measures of central tendency. Bivariate statistics were carried out to test independent associations between use of the LHM cup and E. coli. All analyses were conducted in an intention-to-intervene analysis. Results: A total of 230 households were analysed during follow-up. Samples of stored drinking water from intervention households were significantly lower in E. coli levels than those of control households (geometric mean E. coli of 0.8/100 ml vs 13.0/100 ml, p <0.0001). Overall, 78.4% (987/111) of samples from the intervention households met World Health Organization (WHO) guideline value of 0 cfu/100ml sample, while 52.1% of the 119 samples from control households met such a benchmark (p < 0.0001). In addition, 94.6% of intervention household samples were in compliance with this intervention or presented low risk, 27.7% of samples from control group households presented intermediate or high risk. There was a statistically significant association between LHM cup use and reduced E. coli bacterial contamination in stored drinking water (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in turbidity in both intervention and control groups, both for turbidity <5 and >5 (p = 0.071). Acceptability of the LHM cup was very high (100%). Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study on the evaluation and acceptability of the LHM cup in the Sub-Saharan Africa. Positive results were recorded that showed that the LHM cup was effective in minimising E. coli contamination in the intervention group as compared to the control group. It is postulated that this is because the LHM cup reduces hand contact with stored water during scooping, thus maintaining improved water quality in communities in Zimbabwe that collect and store drinking water in wide-mouthed containers with lids where extraction is by scooping. However, more research is required to document the LHM cup's continued and effective use, durability and overall sustainability in the absence of any serious sampling or monitoring.
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Matondi, Prosper Bvumiranayi. "The struggle for access to land and water resources in Zimbabwe : the case of Shamva district /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-5805-6_abstract+errata.pdf.
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Mabeza, Christopher Munyaradzi. "Marrying water and soil: adaptation to climate by a smallholder farmer in Zvishavane, rural Zimbabwe." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20688.
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This thesis is a qualitative ethnographic study of innovations implemented by Mr Zephaniah Phiri Maseko, a smallholder farmer from Zvishavane, rural Zimbabwe. Ethnographic data provides insight and lessons of his practices for rethinking existing strategies for adaptation to climate change. The concept of adaptation is probed i n relationship to the closely related concepts of vulnerability, resilience and innovation. This study also explores the concept of conviviality and argues that Mr Phiri Maseko's adaptation to climate hinges on mediating barriers between local and exogenous knowledge systems. Ethnographic fieldwork aided by an analytical framework of resilience makes clear that his farming practices are informed by a realisation that dualisms are problematic. His innovations are a way of building resilience to climate change and his practices demonstrate the interdependencies in a socio - ecological system. This study argues that innovations by smallholders play a complementary role to interventions by outsiders in the discourse of adaptation to climate in the drylands of southern Zimbabwe. Mr Phiri Maseko harvested water as a way of adapting to climate variability. I argue that he offered tangible adaptive climate strategies through his innovations that "marry water and soil so that it won't elope and run - off but raise a family" on his plot. His agricultural practices are anchored on the Shona concept of hurudza (an exceptionally productive farmer). This thesis explores the concept and practices of uhurudza , to suggest that the latter - day hurudza (commercial farmer) as embodied by Mr Phiri Maseko offered an important set of resources for the development of climate adaptation strategies in the region. Therefore, his activities call for a revisit of the notion of hurudza based on grain harvested, one that includes consistent income generated from selling farm produce. His innovations demonstrate elements of conviviality, resilience, accommodating local knowledge as well as ideas he learnt from various educational institutions in order to adapt to climate variability. This thesis explores the usefulness of Mr Phiri Maseko's innovations for other smallholder farmers in the Zvishavane area who have replicated it. I demonstrate that due to the success of his innovations, uptake has been high underpinning the fact that these smallholders appear to be managing to adapt to climate variability. This ethnographic study of smallholder farmers' adoption of innovations to climate highlights the "complex interplay" of multiple factors that act as barriers to uptake. Such interplay of multiple stressors increases the vulnerability of smallholders. I conclude by arguing that in as much as the skewed colonial land policy impoverished the smallholder farmers, Mr Phiri Maseko nonetheless redefined himself as a latter - day hurudza and thus breaks free from the poverty cycle by 'conjuring ingenious' ways of reducing vulnerability to climate. I do not suggest that his innovations offer a 'silver bullet' solution to the insecure rural livelihoods of smallholder farmers; nevertheless, they are a source of hope in an environment of uncertainty.
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Hove, Charles Jorobiah Gwenhamo. "The economics and policy implications of government investment in water and irrigation development in Zimbabwe." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1992. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1191/.
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The study examines and analyses the Government of Zimbabwe's investment policy in water and irrigation agriculture between 1980 and 1985 from an economic and policy approach. The approach emphasises both the economic and policy implications that result from such public investment. The major objective of the study is to assess whether or not public investment in water and irrigation has satisfied Government economic and policy objectives of 'growth and equity'. The cost-benefit framework has been adopted in the assessment of the performance of the commercial irrigation sector. Using this framework, the study seeks to show whether chosen policies have optimized such economic benefits as economic growth, profitability, foreign exchange earnings, and employment creation, for the costs incurred. Small-scale peasant schemes are assessed using cost-effective analysis framework. On the basis of this method, the study examines the extent to which chosen policy strategies and projects have maximized equity objectives such as the increase in food production, improvement in standard of living, and increase in income earnings etc, at least cost of production. Throughout the analysis of the two sectors, the role played by public subsidies in all the cost structures is examined. In the case of peasant schemes the costs are compared with those of the rain-fed peasant agriculture in order to assess the incremental equity, or lack of it, due to irrigation. Social and environmental effects of these policies and their impact on costs and benefits are also discussed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The whole analysis takes place against the background of national economic decline, rising investment costs and rising public debt. The question of the economy's ability to support a subsidy-based investment policy is central in the whole study as this raises serious implications for future investment. Alternative investment strategies and future research areas are suggested.
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Rameck, Makokove. "Determining the association between household drinking water handling practices and bacteriological quality of drinking water at the point-of-use in the rural communities of Murewa district, Zimbabwe." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6859.
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Magister Public Health - MPHThere is growing awareness that drinking water can become contaminated following its collection from safe communal sources such as boreholes, as well as during transportation and storage in the house. Drinking water is the most important source of gastroentric diseases worldwide, mainly due to post collection contamination of drinking water. Globally, waterborne diseases are a major public health problem, causing millions of deaths annually. Aim: To determine the association between household drinking water handling practices and bacteriological quality of drinking water at the point-of-use in the rural communities of Murewa district in Zimbabwe.
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Mamuse, Antony. "Fluoride contaminated drinking water in Gokwe District (NW Zimbabwe) : spatial distribution, lithostratigraphic controls and implications for human health /." Curtin University of Technology, Department of Applied Geology, 2003. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=15235.
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The supply of drinking water in Gokwe District (NW Zimbabwe) is almost entirely based on groundwater drawn from boreholes and open dug wells. In certain areas of the district, the occurrence of dental fluorosis has been linked to excessive fluoride in the water supplies. A high prevalence of dental fluorosis (about 62%) was previously recorded among school children in the district. The aim of this study was to determine relationships between the spatial distribution of fluoride content in drinking water supplies in Gokwe, and lateral and vertical geological variation. A total of 224 water samples were collected from 196 water sources in the study area (a further 18 water sources just outside the study area were also sampled). All the samples were analysed for fluoride in the field using the fluoride ion selective electrode method (FISE). One hundred and fifty nine duplicate samples were analysed for fluoride and common anions and cations using High Performance Ion Chromatography (HPIC) in the laboratory. Two main groups of computer programmes were employed: (1) Geographic Information System (ArcView® GIS) was used to store, analyse and display multiple layers of surface geologic and geographic information, and (2) a three-dimensional visualisation programme (Rockworks) was used to interpret and illustrate site stratigraphy based on borehole information. Results indicated that the fluoride content of drinking water in the study area ranges from 0 to 9.65 mg/L. Forty-seven water sources (24%) yielded water containing fluoride in excess of the World Health Organisation's (WHO) health limit of 1.5 mg/L F. Of the 47 high fluoride water sources, 43 were boreholes (pumped or artesian). The shallower water sources (dug wells, streams and dams) largely yielded low-fluoride water.The groundwater fluoride contamination is stratigraphically controlled and originates from carbonaceous material (carbonaceous shales, carbonaceous mudstones and coaly material) within the Lower Madumabisa and Middle Wankie Members of the Lower Karoo Group. It has been shown that in general the greater the proportion of carbonaceous material intersected by a borehole, the greater the fluoride concentration of the water. Probable mineral sources of fluoride within the carbonaceous material include fluorapatite, kaolinite and trona. Chemical parameters that appear to influence the concentration of dissolved F in the water supplies include total dissolved solids (TDS), NaCl and pH. In relatively low fluoride waters, F concentrations generally increase with TDS and NaCl concentrations, whereas the highest F concentrations are found in moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-9) waters. Based on ranges of fluoride concentration in drinking water, fluorosis-risk zones were identified and have been illustrated on a fluorosis-risk map. The zones are: No Risk Zone (0-1.5 mg/L F), Moderate Risk Zone (1.5-3.0 mg/L F), High Risk Zone (3.0-6.0 mg/L F) and the Very High Risk Zone (6.0-10.0 mg/L F). The map suggests that groundwater available to people occupying 3650 km z (60.8%) of the study area potentially contains excessive fluoride (F>1.5 mg/L), presaging the occurrence of dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis and crippling skeletal fluorosis in the area. Different strategies may be employed to ameliorate the fluoride problem in Gokwe.
These include sinking new boreholes to optimal depths and in appropriate locations, promoting the use of surface water and shallow groundwater, resettlement and defluoridation. However in order to fully understand the problem and to prescribe these or other solutions more comprehensively, multi-disciplinary studies may be required. Such studies may consider isotopic dating of water to investigate any relationships between fluoride concentration and residence time of water, geochemical analyses of rocks and soils, detailed fluorosis epidemiology studies and test-scale defluoridation investigations.
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Tapela, Barbara Nompumelelo. "Institutional challenges in integrated water resources management in Zimbabwe: a case study of the Pungwe sub-catchment area." University of the Western Cape, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7897.
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Magister Philosophiae - MPhilIntegrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is viewed by policy makers and practitioners as facilitating the achievement of a balance between water resources use and protection, and the resolution of water-related conflicts. The IWRM approach has found particular use in the new water policies of Southern African countries such as Zimbabwe, where water scarcity, after the land question, is perceived to be a major threat to political, economic, social, military and environmental security. Ultimately, IWRM is seen as providing a framework towards ensuring broader security at the local, national, regional and global levels. However, the pilot phase implementation of the new water policy in the various regional countries has revealed that although the legal and institutional frameworks have been put in place, the implementation of the IWRM approach has tended to be problematic (Latham, 2001; GTZ, 2000; Leestemaker, 2000; Savenige & van der Zaag, 2000; Sithole, 2000). This study adopts a case study approach and empirically examines the institutional challenges of implementing the IWRM approach in the post-pilot phase of Zimbabwe's new water policy. The focus is mainly on the institutional arrangements surrounding the Pungwe-Mutare Water Supply Project located within the Save Catchment Area in Eastern Zimbabwe. The major finding of the study is that, while there are some problems associated with the traditional management approach, there have also emerged new challenges to IWRM. These mainly relate to the transaction costs of the water sector reforms, institutional resilience, stakeholder participation, and the achievement of the desired outcomes. There have also been problems emanating from unexpected political developments at the local and national levels, particularly with regard to the government's "fast track" land resettlement programme. The study also raises some questions concerning the ideological bases of IWRM and the conceptualization of the institutional problem.
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Moyo, Pennia. "An assessment of private sector participation as a viable alternative for improved urban water provision in Zimbabwe : the case of Harare Municipality." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80130.
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Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study gives an analysis of urban water services provision in Zimbabwe in general. The case study of Harare Municipality was used to get an in-depth analysis of urban water provision in an urban set-up and assess the possibility of private sector engagement for water provision. The engagement of the private sector through Public- Private Partnerships (PPPs) in the provision of public services has become a common practice in many countries. The overall benefits noted for the use of these partnerships include increased effectiveness and efficiency of service delivery. The private sector has been favoured for the provision of services, given the financial and expertise benefits that it brings into public service delivery. Water services delivery in many countries in Africa has been dogged by a plethora of problems that include, water losses, poor revenue collection, lack of cost recovery, inadequate financial investment to expand water infrastructure and overall inability to meet demand resulting from urban expansion. Given these challenges, PPPs provide an option for service delivery. These partnerships have been in the form of leases, management and service contracts, as well as concessions for the provision of public services. Private sector participation (PSP) in service delivery in different forms is rooted in various theoretical ideologies that include New Public Management (NPM), Public Value, New Governance and Network Governance. The reduction of the role of government in the provision of public services; the adoption of private sector management style; the use of networks in service provision and participation of the stakeholders are key principles in these theoretical ideologies. These principles have thus been adopted through public sector reforms for service delivery. Case studies from Senegal, Kenya, South Africa and Tanzania are applied in this study, to take note of key lessons on the engagement of the private sector for provision of urban water services, as well as the key determinants of successful partnerships. The institutional and legal framework of reforms undertaken in these countries are analysed as part of the enabling environment for successful partnerships. Data collection for this study was done through key informant interviews, covering water administration issues, water provision challenges and private sector engagement in Harare. The obsolete water infrastructure and inadequate financial levels have affected water provision and coverage in Harare. Unaccounted for water was found to be above 30 percent for the City of Harare, whilst water production levels are much lower than demand. Attempts at engaging the private sector for improving water provision through a concession for the Kunzvi Dam Project have not gone beyond the signing of the contract. What is clear is that there is a lack of a regulatory framework; political willingness, lack of trust, economic uncertainty, lack of financial sustainability and a performance monitoring framework. These are key factors in ensuring a viable public- private arrangement. For private sector involvement to be successful, in the context of this study, the recommendations include the need for a regulatory framework for PPPs in Zimbabwe, establishment of a regulator through policy, political willingness and transparency.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie bied ’n algemene analise van stedelike watervoorsieningdienste in Zimbabwe. Die gevallestudie van die Harare-munisipaliteit word gebruik ten einde ’n in-diepte analise van stedelike watervoorsiening in ’n stedelike omgewing te bekom en om die moontlikheid van privaatsektor-betrokkenheid ten opsigte van watervoorsiening te assesseer. Die betrokkenheid van die privaatsektor deur middel van Openbare-Privaatvennootskappe met die oog op die verskaffing van openbare dienste het in vele lande wêreldwyd algemene gebruik geword. Die algehele voordele vir die gebruik van sulke vennootskappe sluit verhoogde doeltreffendheid en deeglikheid van diensverskaffing in. Die privaatsektor geniet voorkeur vir die voorsiening van dienste gegewe die finansiële en kundigheidsvoordele wat dit aan openbare dienslewering toevoeg. Die lewering van waterdienste in vele lande in Afrika word deur ’n oormaat probleme geteister wat waterverliese, onvoldoende betalings, gebrek aan kosteverhaling , onvoldoende geldelike beleggings om waterinfrastruktuur uit te brei, en die algehele onvermoë om aan die aanvraag weens stedelike uitbreiding te voldoen, insluit. In die lig van die vermelde uitdagings bied Openbare-Privaatvennootskappe ’n opsie vir dienslewering. Dié vennootskappe is in die vorm van huurkontrakte, bestuurs- en dienskontrakte, sowel as konsessies vir die verskaffing van openbare dienste, vergestalt. Deelname deur die privaatsektor aan dienslewering in verskillende vorme is gewortel in verskeie teoretiese ideologieë wat Nuwe Openbare Bestuur, Openbare Waarde, Nuwe Leiding en Netwerkleiding insluit. Die vermindering van die regering se rol in die voorsiening van openbare dienste; die aanvaarding van privaatsektor-bestuurstyl; die gebruik van netwerke ten opsigte van diensverskaffing en die deelname van belanghebbendes, is sleutelbeginsels in hierdie teoretiese ideologieë. Hierdie beginsels is dus deur openbare sektorhervormings met die oog op diensverskaffing aanvaar. Gevallestudies uit Senegal, Kenia, Suid-Afrika en Tanzanië is in hierdie studie toegepas met die oog daarop om sleutellesse rakende die betrokkenheid van die privaatsektor ten opsigte van die voorsiening van stedelike waterdienste ter harte te neem, sowel as die sleuteldeterminante van geslaagde vennootskappe. Die institusionele en wetlike raamwerk van hervormings wat in vermelde lande onderneem is, is geanaliseer as deel van die geskikte omgewing vir geslaagde vennootskappe. Data-insameling vir hierdie studie is gedoen deur sleutel ingeligte onderhoude wat wateradministrasie-aangeleenthede, watervoorsiening-uitdagings en privaatsektor-betrokkenheid in Harare dek. Die afgeleefde waterinfrastruktuur en onvoldoende finansiële stelsels het watervoorsiening en dekking in Harare geraak. Daar is bevind dat die onverantwoordbaarheid ten opsigte van water in die stad Harare bo 30 persent was onderwyl waterleweringsvlakke veel laer is as die aanvraag daarvoor. Pogings om die privaatsektor te betrek by die verbetering van watervoorsiening deur middel van ’n konsessie vir die Kunzvi Dam-projek, het nog nie verder gevorder as die kontrakondertekening nie. Wat duidelik is, is dat daar ’n gebrek aan ’n reguleringsraamwerk bestaan, daar is geen politieke wil nie, daar heers algemene gebrek aan vertroue, ekonomiese onsekerheid en ’n gebrek aan finansiële volhoubaarheid, en daar bestaan nie ’n prestasiemoniteringsraamwerk nie. Hierdie is sleutelfaktore ten einde ’n lewensvatbare openbare-private ooreenkoms te verseker. Om privaatsektor betrokkenheid – in die konteks van hierdie studie – geslaagd te maak, sluit die aanbevelings die volgende in: die behoefte aan ’n reguleringsraamwerk vir Openbare-Privaatvennootskappe in Zimbabwe, die totstandkoming van ’n reguleerder deur middel van beleid, ’n politieke wil en deursigtigheid.
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Grosso, Laura Margaret. "Computing collaboration : a study of the potential of model building to facilitate urban water supply planning in selected cities of Zimbabwe, Estonia, and Sweden /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10804.
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Musingafi, Maxwell. "Integrated resource management of potable water in Zimbabwe and South Africa : a comparative study in four local authorities / Maxwell Constantine Chando Musingafi." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/10157.
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This study is a comparative analysis of the development of the IWRM induced public policies/legislation and services relating to potable water supply and their implementation in selected cases in Zimbabwe and South Africa. It looks at the diverse patterns of municipal governance, access to potable water, different intervention mechanisms made by the local authorities and the consequences of these interventions. The study hypothesises that the adoption of the IWRM policy framework in Harare, Masvingo, Tshwane and Vhembe was not followed by comparable implementation of the policy framework. It argues that lack of ownership, lack of political and public administrative will, and low prioritisation of potable water supply translated into a lack of policy implementation and enforcement, and a lack of adequate institutional facilities for dealing with potable water issues. Furthermore it hypothesises that the level of economic development and the status of technological/scientific knowledge within a community determine the adoption of the IWRM paradigm, its implementation, effectiveness and the efficiency of existing water frameworks and institutions. The objectives of the study were to investigate the extent to which the policy, institutional, legislative and legal frameworks helped in the implementation of the IWRM paradigm in each of four case study areas of Harare, Masvingo, Tshwane and Vhembe; to identify and explain the common and differing perspectives of stakeholders regarding the IWRM paradigm and its implementation in the governance of potable water supply in the four selected locations; to give a clear outline of the challenges faced by each of the four cases in the implementation of the IWRM paradigm and the governance of potable water supply; and to draw comparative lessons from the experiences of the four cases in their attempts to implement the IWRM framework. Research methods involved both a theoretical review and an empirical study based on case studies, making use of comparative, qualitative, historical and exploratory approaches. The empirical research design was hybrid, although dominated by the descriptive survey approach. The design matched well with the target population and sample that were scattered throughout all four case study areas. Questionnaires, interviews, documentary evidence and participant observation were used in the collection of data for this study. The empirical study was undertaken in three stages. The first was a preliminary study of the four areas and their water sources. This was followed by a pilot study with ten members from the city of Masvingo, and finally, a full scale investigation was made in all four study areas. A total of 521 people were sampled for the study. Questionnaires were distributed through municipal offices, Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU) offices and local schools. Interviews were conducted with the municipal and council executives, water directors and their assistants. Informal discussions were also held with all direct research assistants. Data was then collated and analysed for presentation in narrative descriptions, tables, graphs, and actual frequencies and percentage responses. The study established that while the framework for a perfect water management system exists in Zimbabwe and South Africa, the situation on the ground does not reflect this common belief. The reform process has not progressed as expected owing to a combination of factors ranging from conflicting policies and weak institutional linkages, to insufficient funding. The effectiveness of the new system has been found wanting as far as implementation is concerned. It has been established that IWRM in southern Africa has a very strong base in the form of the internal push factors and international pull factors, but also faces an uphill task in terms of aligning local and international challenges thereby co-opting the much needed grassroots participation for human capacitation and socio-economic development as guided by the multi-faceted systems framework. All the studied municipalities were found lacking in terms of advocacy or enlightening residents and other stakeholders of the new IWRM framework adopted by the municipalities. Despite the infrastructural and technological sophistication and advancement, in South Africa, this study established that most stakeholders were still unaware of the new developments. Stakeholders, especially at the grassroots have been largely side-lined in the formulation and adoption of potable water supply policies. Due to pipe bursts and water interruptions, access to tap water is by no means always assured. During water cuts, residents depended on risky and potentially polluted sources even in urban centres. Due to agricultural and mining activities, the proximity of cemeteries, poor sanitation and toilet facilities in the peri-urban and nearby shanty communities, and also the dolomitic character of the soil in some of the study areas, there is a high probability that these substitute sources are polluted.
The study recommends an integrated systems approach to the management of potable water supply, full involvement of all stakeholders in the management process, intensive and extensive public campaigns, training, lobbying and advocacy. It is also suggested that potable water supply infrastructure be improved through the use of the business community and other stakeholders, who should be mobilised through the use of attractive incentives. Among other recommendations are the due enforcement of water laws, venturing into entrepreneurial activities, interval reviews and check-ups, and walking the talk. The study also recommends a more detailed and deeper participatory study in collaboration with major cities and rural communities in other countries in the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) region, as well as regional comparative studies, for example SADC versus Economic Community Organisation of West African States (ECOWAS).PhD (Public Management and Governance)|cNorth-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013
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Masuku, Michelle Paidamwoyo. "Migration as a climate change adaptation strategy in rural Zimbabwe: an analysis of the experiences of female climate migrants in Goromonzi district." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6533.
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Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS)Climate change has induced a number of environmental issues that have affected people's lives beyond the scope of ecology; these effects have touched on the social, cultural and economic dimensions of life as well. In light of this, migration has increasingly been used as a climate adaptation strategy particularly in rural areas. This has not only changed migration patterns, it has also reconstructed the gender dynamics within the migration discourse through the ‘feminization of migration.’ Hence it has become important to analyse, understand and unpack the various ways in which women experience climate change and climate-induced migration, and how this has affected their lives. Additionally, women's position as active agents in climate migration and knowledge production has increasingly been acknowledged in climate and migration discourse This study focused on the effects of climate change on female migration patterns in Goromonzi District, Zimbabwe; and took place in Hiya village. The main research question aimed to find out if using migration as an adaptation strategy to climate change had positively changed the lives of women in rural Zimbabwe? With a focus on Hiya village in Goromonzi, Zimbabwe the research question was answered through identifying migration push factors for women, climate resistant livelihoods and the benefits of migration in light of climate induced environmental disasters. A mixed methods research approach was used however the research is largely qualitative.
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Boydell, Robert Arthur. "The development of the rural water supply and sanitation sector in Zimbabwe between 1974 and 1987 : the design and impact of donor supported projects." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1990. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6946.
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Although the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade has generated great interest from foreign aid donors, its impact. in terms of increased service levels has been poor. These disappointing results have been explained by the UN and other donors in terms of inadequate funding and lack of cost recovery, poor operations and maintenance, lack of personnel, unacceptable technology, poor logistics and non involvement of the beneficiaries. However, an alternative explanation revolves around factors contributing to poor project design. These include the lack of understanding of the development process, donor bias and self interest, and poor coordination and commitment by the recipient government. A review of the development and trends of contemporary aid philosophy and its translation in to rural development and water and sanitation projects, which led to the launch of the IDWSSD, provides a number of lessons that can be used to formulate a hybrid model for project design and the sector development process, that defines the relative roles of donors, recipient governments and people themselves. The model is based on coordinated development, community participation, and sector growth from pilot projects to large scale programmes. The developments in the rural water and sanitation sector that took place in Zimbabwe from 1974 to 1987, provide a unique opportunity to test this model using a systems analysis approach. After gaining Independence in 1980, Zimbabwe's development assistance funding grew tenfold with the influx of foreign donors, and major commitments were made by the new Government to rural development and the goals of the IDWSSD. However, the large investments in water and sanitation which included the preparation of a national master plan with external technical assistance, had both positive and negative impacts on the continuing development of the sector, the start of which can be traced back, well before Independence, to small pilot projects sponsored by non government organizations that used appropriate technology developed by the Rhodesian Government. This development process and the changing approach to project design is illustrated by a series of case studies of projects supported by multilateral and bilateral donors, and non government organizations, that were milestones during this period. Finally the project and sector development model is modified based on the practical lessons from Zimbabwe and recommendations for future practice are made together with suggestions for areas of further research.
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Masikati, Patricia [Verfasser]. "Improving the water productivity of integrated crop-livestock systems in the semi-arid tropics of Zimbabwe : an ex-ante analysis using simulation modeling / Patricia Masikati." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1016183801/34.
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Mtisi, Sobona. "Zimbabwe's Water Reform and Effects on Local Level Water Management Processes and Rural Livelihoods : Evidence from Lower Save East Sub-Catchment." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508833.
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Muchemwa-Munasirei, Priscillah. "Gender dynamics in water use and management at Nyanyadzi Smallholder Irrigation Scheme in Zimbabwe." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1219.
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PhDRDVInstitute for Rural Development
Throughout the world, irrigation is appreciated because of its immense contribution to agricultural production, food and nutrition security, combating poverty and enhancing development, especially in rural areas. The worsening effects of climate change on rainfall patterns as well as food and nutrition insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa are elevating the importance of irrigation schemes in smallholder farming. However, studies conducted in sub-Saharan Africa indicate that the performance of irrigation schemes remains suboptimal. In addition, the studies are highly skewed towards technical and physical dimensions of the schemes and ignore social aspects such as gender. Consideration of gender imperatives would help define and structure who uses water, when and how. This situation necessitated carrying out the PhD thesis research, aiming to explore and explain inherent gender dynamics in water use and management. The ultimate aim was to propose intervention strategies anchored on differential gender power dynamics embedded in irrigation water use in smallholder irrigation schemes. Specific objectives adopted for the study of the Nyanyadzi irrigation scheme in Manicaland Province of Zimbabwe were to: 1) assess the gendered nature of irrigation water use; 2) determine the gendered nature and extent of participation of male and female members of the irrigation scheme in water management; 3) identify the gendered challenges and constraints to irrigation water use; and 4) propose strategies for improved access and management of water. An exploratory sequentially integrated mixed method research design was used in the two phased PhD studies. Seventy three farmers (26 men and 47 women) were the respondents in the first phase in which qualitative data were collected. The gender analysis matrix and activity profile were used to gather and document the perceptions of men and women farmers relating to use of irrigation water. One hundred and nine conveniently sampled respondents (47 men and 62 women) were the source of data in the second phase of the study, which was quantitative and confirmatory in nature. A questionnaire, requiring responses on a Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) was used to collect data. Qualitative data collected during the exploratory phase were analysed using the Cresswell (2013) Thematic Content Analysis technique. Pair-wise ranking was conducted to determine the major constraints to access, use and management of irrigation water. The Predictive Analytics Software Statistics 18 for Windows (PASW Inc: Chicago, IL, USA) was used to analyse quantitative data. Gender, age, marital status, location of irrigation plot, plot ownership and level of education were the independent variables used. Dependent variables included nature of water use, participation in water management and constraints to water use. Cross-tabulation was carried out and the iii Pearson’s Chi-square test for association used to establish if relationships existed between variables. Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05. The Cramer’s V post-hoc test was performed to measure the strength of association of the perceptions which the Chi-square test had determined to be significantly different. The uses of canal water were found to be varied and gendered. More women than men used canal water for reproductive purposes such as laundry and bathing. Highly significant positive associations (P < 0.01) were observed among gender, age, marital status, ownership of irrigation plot and level of education with use of irrigation water for laundry, bathing, livestock watering and other communal uses. However, location of plot was not associated with different types of water uses (P > 0.05). With respect to farmers’ participation in meetings, contributing in meetings, repair of canals, provision of labour in canal maintenance, hiring labour for canal maintenance and contributing cash for canal repairs and maintenance, highly significant positive associations (P < 0.01) were observed with gender, age, marital status, level of education, and ownership and location of irrigation plot. Level of education of the farmer was observed to be not associated with his/her attendance of meetings (P > 0.05). Plot location was negatively associated with participation, provision of labour for maintenance, contribution of cash and hiring labour for canal repairs (P > 0.05). Exorbitant payments for using water were regarded as the major constraint to performance of the smallholder irrigation scheme. Highly significant positive associations (P < 0.01) were observed between gender and plot location, and all the constraints to water use that the farmers identified. The constraints ranged from unequal water distribution between and within men and women, and upstream and downstream farmers; unfriendly water delivery times; conflicts and corrupt practices in water distribution; and discrimination with respect to schedules of delivering water. Overall, gender imbalance in the use and management of irrigation water existed. This was evident in the disparities in uses and users of canal water that followed gender and social lines. Men dominated decision making in water management, especially in meetings. In contrast, women dominated in implementation stages mainly in relation to provision of labour for cleaning and maintaining water canals. Considering all the results obtained in the current study, it can be concluded that a combination of socio-economic and socio-cultural factors caused the water problems that the Nyanyadzi irrigation scheme experienced. The need for introducing gender-sensitive interventions in use and management of irrigation water was evident. Thus, gender needs, roles and responsibilities should be reconceptualised so as to align them with the socio-cultural context of the Nyanyadzi community. In addition to this, the fact that both men and women iv are not homogeneous interest groups should be factored into irrigation water management. Lastly, it is crucial to incorporate various social hierarchies that interact with gender to influence irrigation water use and management. How this can be done deserves further scientific investigation.
NRF
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Maodzwa, Tongai Leslie Tendai. "The effects of the municipal water crisis in Harare, Zimbabwe: a case study of Greendale and Mabvuku residential suburbs." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/21893.
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A research report submitted to the Faculty of
Humanities, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Arts in Development Studies
March 2015The research report presents an analysis to, responses to and dynamics around the municipal water problems in Harare, Zimbabwe using the case of two residential suburbs namely Mabvuku and Greendale (one high density and the other one low density respectively). The key questions that inform this research report are as follows: How has the on-going urban water crisis affected residents‟ lives in the suburbs of Greendale and Mabvuku in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe?; how does party politics affect the delivery of municipal water in Greendale and Mabvuku?; and, what are the environmental consequences of the municipal water crisis? The findings from this study contribute immensely to an understanding of the consequences of and various issues and, the key players underlying the protracted problem of municipal water availability in the city of Harare. The study argues that the prevalence of partisan politics and political power struggles in Harare are at the heart of the municipal water problems faced by Mabvuku and Greendale. In this regard, the study critically interrogates the relationship between the central ZANU–PF government and Movement for Democratic Change (MDC)-led local government and tries to understand the ramifications it is having on municipal water services. Interestingly the study also reveals that, despite the differences in coping strategies by residents of Mabvuku and Greendale, both locales have not been passive victims of the municipal water crisis. Instead, residents from both suburbs employ strategies according to their needs to ensure survival. However, despite some of the coping strategies (such as borehole and well drilling) significantly helping residents to manage and avert the water stress in light of the absence of municipal tap water, the study presents, explores and discusses the environmental consequences that are likely to happen as a result of the high concentration of these alternative water sources.
GR2017
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Chirenda, Tatenda Grace, Chandra Sekhar Sunitha Srinivas, and R. Tandlich. "Microbial water quality of treated water and raw water sources in the Harare area, Zimbabwe." 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/76206.
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Microbial water quality is an essential aspect in the provision of potable water for domestic use. The provision of adequate amounts of safe water for domestic purposes has become difficult for most municipalities mandated to do so in Zimbabwe. Morton-Jaffray Treatment Plant supplies potable water to Harare City and areas surrounding Harare. This study investigated microbial water quality and the impact of microbial water quality related disasters in the area supplied by the Morton Jaffray Treatment Plant. Questionnaires were distributed to household owners in Harare who receive their water from the Municipality and those who use alternate water supplies. Candidates were randomly selected from their workplace. The raw water quality of Manyame River and its tributaries was assessed. Treated water in households was assessed for microbial quality using hydrogen sulphide test and heterotrophic bacteria plate count. Raw water sources were found to be contaminated by faecal matter. Household water sources tested negative for faecal contamination but positive for heterotrophic bacteria. CFU quantities ranged from 1 to 452 CFU/m. for all samples. The WHO guidelines for domestic water sources state that water used for domestic purposes should not be contain than 100 CFU/m.. Public perceptions of water quality ranged from eunsafef to ehighly contaminatedf. A decrease in the level of aesthetic appeal resulted in residents resorting to alternative sources such as wells and rivers for their domestic water. The current state of treated water was suitable for domestic use. Pathogen monitoring of domestic water is recommended using the hydrogen sulphide test and R2A agar test.
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Clegg, Sarah. "Effect of perennial water on soil, vegetation and wild herbivore distribution in southeastern Zimbabwe." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10273.
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The effects of artificially supplied perennial water on soil properties, vegetation dynamics and the
distribution of large herbivores was investigated in southeastern Zimbabwe. Data collection took
place between March 1997 and July 1998. Water points were situated primarily on three different
soil types (clay-loam, sandy-clay-loam and sand), and in four different vegetation types (Hill
communities, Colophospermum mopane veld, Acacia nigrescens woodland and Albizia petersiana
woodland). One water point in C. mopane veld (Bandama) had been closed two years prior to data
collection, while another, in the Hill community (Manyoka), had been introduced, two years prior to data collection.
Changes in physical (infiltration) and chemical (organic carbon and nutrients) properties of
soils around water points were largely restricted to within 100 m of water. Chemical enrichment of
the soil occurred only at water points that had been in place for more than two years. Soil surface
conditions were altered to distances beyond 100 m from water. Manyoka (the new water point) was
an exception, with extreme changes limited to within 100 m of water.
Herbaceous and woody species composition changed in response to distance from water
with changes best described by asymptotic equations. Changes in species composition of the woody
component appeared to be longer lasting than changes to the herbaceous component. Most perennial
grass species declined close to water, but Urochloa mosambicensis increased close to water in areas
outside of the Hills. Herbaceous species diversity was adversely affected by distance from water on
sandy soils (Hill communities and A. petersiana woodland), but was largely unaffected on clay-loam
(A. nigrescens woodland) and sandy-clay-loam soils (C. mopane veld). Woody species
composition and density was altered out to 500 m from perennial water in Acacia nigrescens
woodland on clay-loam soils. Results suggest that this vegetation type may be susceptible to bush
encroachment close to water. Trends in woody canopy utilisation were generally similar to trends in
woody species composition, and it is proposed that the former may be used to indicate future
changes in the latter. Conversion of trees to shrubs was highest at Manyoka (the new water point)
indicating that woody destruction by elephants is extreme during the initial years following water introduction.
Large herbivore biomass was greatest close to water (< 1 km) during the dry season but not
during the wet season. Herbivore species distributions appeared to be influenced by the position of
perennial water, but since all range was within easy access of water, it is unlikely that animal
distributions were constrained directly by the position of surface water. It is more likely that
herbivores were spatially separated on the basis of habitat type.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1999.
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Chimuriwo, Blessing. "An assessment of water quality along Mukuvisi River, Harare, Zimbabwe." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/22631.
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Human activities such as urbanisation, sewage treatment, industrialisation and agriculture represent major human interference in water resources. The water resources are affected both quantitatively as well as qualitatively by these activities. The impact of human interference in the Mukuvisi River catchment hydrology was studied by determining the concentration values of eight selected physico - chemical and biological parameters. These are pH, temperature, total nitrates, total phosphates, Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand, lead, copper and Total Faecal Coliform Count. Seven sites were sampled along the river, from up the river in Mukuvisi woodlands up to the point where the river discharges into Lake Chivero. Analysis of the results obtained was undertaken using SPSS (paired sample T test) and descriptive graphs were drawn using Microsoft Excel 2010. Nitrates, phosphates, copper, lead and Total Faecal Coliform Counts were found to be higher than the Zimbabwe National Water Authority (ZINWA) maximum and World Health Organisation, 2011 (WHO) permissible standards from site 3 to site 7. Site 6 recorded the highest concentrations of all the measured parameters, except for pH and Dissolved Oxygen. Mean DO and BOD concentrations were 2.53 mg/l and 40 mg/l respectively at site 6. Mean total nitrates were 17.5 mg/l at site 6 above the ZINWA and WHO threshold of 10 mg/l. Site 6 also recorded a mean total phosphate of 5.9 mg/l which was above the ZINWA and WHO threshold of 0.5 mg/l. Mean TFCC was 992.6 mpn100ml-1 higher than the threshold of nil according to ZINWA and WHO threshold. Site 3 recorded the mean DO and TFCC of 2.4 mg/l and 2.80 mpn100ml-1 respectively. Site 2 had the lowest mean TFCC concentrations of 2.80 mpn100ml-1, which did not differ significantly from the WHO and ZINWA threshold of nil at p<0.05. The quality of water in the river varied from site to site in direct relation to the intensity and type of human activities along the river course. Levels of all the water quality indicators increased after discharge from the Firle sewage treatment plant at site 6 with the exception of temperature and pH. Sewage effluents, agricultural runoff and industrial effluents were found to be responsible for the high nutrient levels and high metal concentrations in the river which in turn reduced DO levels and increased BODCollege of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Science)
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Moyo, Patience. "Environmental health implications of water scarcity in Beitbridge Town, Matebeleland South Province, Zimbabwe." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/312.
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Khumalo, Sihlanganiso. "Water crisis in cities : an investigation into the contribution of water demand management towards mitigating the scarcity of potable water in the city of Bulawayo." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13785.
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The study investigates the contribution of WDM towards mitigating scarcity of potable water in cities with particular reference to Bulawayo.WDM origins and its successes are traced. The study classifies scarcity representations into four categories and reveals that the scarcity in Bulawayo satisfies all the four representations hence calls it total scarcity. The research employed document study, questionnaires, interviews and a focus group to collect data. Document study revealed that water restrictions successfully mitigate the scarcity in Bulawayo. Field work partially confirmed the usefulness of WDM in the life of the city and revealed the need to synchronize the conceptualizations of WDM among different stakeholders in order for the paradigm to do even more in terms of mitigating scarcity. The results were interpreted in terms of TPB. The key recommendation of the study is that the city invests in water use behaviour change in order to realise huge water savings.Development Studies
M.A. (Development Studies)
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Lecler, Neil Louis. "Performance of irrigation and water management systems in the lowveld of Zimbabwe." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3987.
Full textAbstract:
In order to assess the performance of water management approaches and irrigation systems used by the sugar industry in the Lowveld of Zimbabwe, a sugarcane yield and irrigation systems simulation model was developed. The model, named ZIMsched 2.0, was used to predict how field derived indices of irrigation systems performance, such as the coefficient of uniformity, CV, impacted on estimated recoverable crystal, ERC, yields and the water balance. This was done across a range of soil conditions, seasonal climates, irrigation system types and existing and refined irrigation scheduling strategies. Results of a verification study of the model showed an index of agreement, 'd', equal to 0.96 and a Pearson's correlation coefficient equal to 0.94, between observed and simulated yields of ERC, relative to a reference treatment. Application of the model showed the actual and also the potential performance of the different irrigation system hardware. Additional applications of the tools and information which were developed as a result of this research included an integrated economic assessment of peak irrigation system design specifications and associated deficit irrigation watering strategies. In an effort to translate theoretical water savings into practical realities a range of novel water management tools was also developed. Most of the drip irrigation systems in the Lowveld were performing below potential due to excessive infield variations in applied water. The performance of furrow irrigation systems was limited by the large variations in water applied to individual furrows, and water applications that were, on average, excessively high relative to soil water holding characteristics. Simulations showed that sub-surface drip irrigation systems have a slight edge on other irrigation systems in terms of potential efficiency. Average water savings for drip irrigation systems ranged from approximately 2.2 to 1.5 Ml/ha relative to floppy irrigation systems, and 3.5 to 2.3 Ml/ha relative to typical furrow irrigation systems, depending on how water applications were scheduled. A major finding was that there was potential for the Lowveld sugar industry to use up to 30% less water per hectare on an annual basis if ZIMsched, a specialist spreadsheet-based irrigation scheduling tool developed during the course of the project, was used to derive more appropriate and system specific water management guidelines. However, simulations showed that with the more precise irrigation scheduling there could be a slight crop yield penalty when the distribution uniformity of applied water was poor.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2004.
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Mukonoweshuro, Tonderai Fadzai. "Barriers to the provision of basic sanitation in two selected informal settlements in Harare, Zimbabwe." Thesis, 2014.
Find full textAbstract:
Historically, Zimbabwe’s urban population enjoyed high water supply and sanitation
service levels and standards, having one of the highest coverage levels in Africa. However,
over the last two decades, the quality of Zimbabwe’s urban water supply and sanitation
services has slowly been eroded. The poor, displaced and disenfranchised Zimbabweans
that occupy Harare’s informal urban settlements are vulnerable to challenges posed by
unavailability of basic water and sanitation services. This qualitative research project,
carried out between January and June 2013 in Harare’s Hopley and Retreat informal
settlements, investigates factors that have been preventing delivery of basic sanitation
services to residents in these two settlements.
Presenting evidence from the two informal settlements of Hopley and Retreat, this research
establishes that there is a complex relationship at play between policy processes, the
prevailing political environment and the way in which institutions have responded to the
problem of sanitation in these settlements. The study was undertaken towards the end of an
era of a negotiated Government of National Unity between ZANU-PF and the Movement
for Democratic Change, highlights the dominance of power and political contestation
between the two parties that has spilled into policy decisions on basic service provision in
the informal settlements. The deep rooted culture of political violence which characterised
the political environment from 2000 onwards, with very little commitment to democratic
processes, was instrumental in the development of Hopley settlement after the 2005
elections. At face value, ZANU-PF was providing displaced people with alternative
accommodation. However, as Muzondidya notes, this along with other ZANU-PF strategies
is ‘(c)onsistent with its hegemonic political culture… to engage in cosmetic political and
economic reforms that will not result in further democracy or result in a loss of its historic
monopoly over power…’ (Muzondidya in Raftopolous, 2013, p.50).
Informal settlements are a relatively new phenomenon in Zimbabwe. However, since their
inception, they have continued to grow, fuelled by ZANU-PF’s strategy to allocate unserviced
residential stands in exchange for residents’ allegiance to the party, with the most
recent illegal residential stand allocations taking place in Chitungwiza town in 2013.
A close examination of Hopley and Retreat revealed that water and sanitation services
provided in Zimbabwe’s informal settlements are typically inadequate or non-existent – a
situation that has the potential for severe public health impacts. The emergency actions
taken by Non-Governmental Organisations during the height of the 2008 cholera outbreak
only provided short-term sanitation solutions.
The research concludes that water and sanitation services in Zimbabwe’s informal urban
settlements have come to this point, mainly due to the interacting forces of politics. These
have influenced policy processes on decision-making, formulation and implementation of
sanitation policies for informal settlements. Despite the political origins of several informal
settlements, there is a notable absence of practical policies to tackle the issues posed by this
development and a lack of institutions capable of instigating the plans needed for change.
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Nyikadzino, Ben. "Assessing the effectiveness of environmental management structures and participation process in the upper Pungwe River Basin, Zimbabwe." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/21212.
Full textAbstract:
The study assessed the effectiveness of environmental management structures and participation process in the upper Pungwe River basin. It looked at the interaction of environment and water management institutions and stakeholder structures in environmental management.
A concurrent mixed methods approach was used. Qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis techniques were employed. Seventeen questionnaires were administered to environmental management committee chairpersons. Interviews were held with three water resources management experts from the ZINWA and PSCC. Another three questionnaires were administered to the EMA, Mutasa RDC and Mutasa District Administrator. Water quality, sediment load and river runoff data for the Pungwe River was analysed using Mann-Kendal and Regression Analysis Statistics to detect trends and
predict future levels. River sediment load showed a negative linear relationship with pH levels. Stakeholder participation still require enhancement. Coordination of land/environment and water management institutions and local stakeholders remains
the key to achieving sustainable environmental management.Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Management)
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Ntozini, Robert. "Conducting water and sanitation survey using Personal Digital Assistants and Geographic Information System technologies in rural Zimbabwe." Diss., 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/4877.
Full textAbstract:
Access to clean water and improved sanitation are basic human right. This quantitative, descriptive study sought to establish current water and sanitation coverage in Chirumanzu and Shurugwi districts in Zimbabwe and develop methods of assessing coverage using Geographic Information Systems. Google Earth was used to identify homesteads. Personal digital assistant-based forms were used to collect geo-referenced data on all water points and selected households. Geospatial analysis methods were used to calculate borehole water coverage.
Using Google Earth, 29375 homesteads were identified. The water survey mapped 4134 water points; 821 were boreholes; and only 548 were functional. Functional borehole water coverage was: 57.3%, 46.2%, and 33.5% for distance from household to water point of within 1500 m, 1000 m, and 500 m respectively. Sanitation coverage was 44.3%, but 96% of the latrines did not meet Blair Ventilated Pit latrine standards.Health Studies
M.A. (Public Health) (Medical Informatics)
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Mudunge, Reginald. "Comparison of an anaerobic baffled reactor and a completely mixed reactor : start-up and organic loading tests." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5584.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the investigation was to compare the performance of an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR)
with a completely mixed anaerobic reactor (CMAR). The ABR was operated with a hydraulic retention
time (HRT) of 20 h while the CMAR was operated at 20 d. A control experiment was conducted with a
CMAR operated at a constant hydraulic retention time and substrate feed concentration. During the
first phase, the start-up performance of the ABR and CMAR were compared. In the second phase of the
study the steady state COD removals were compared.
The laboratory completely mixed anaerobic reactor was a 20L glass vessel with a stirrer coming in
through the neck. A second type of reactor, anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) was also operated. The
ABR was a rectangular perspex box with internal vertical baffles alternately hanging and standing. The
baffles divide the reactor into eight compartments with a total working volume of 7.5 L. Each baffle is
angled at about 45Q to distribute the flow towards the centre of the upcomer. The reactors were seeded
with raw sewage and allowed to stand for 3 days after which a continous feed of sucrose and basal salts
was commenced. The initial HRT for the ABR and the CMAR were 60 h and 30 days respectively.
When the reactors reached steady state (pH, gas production, gas composition and alkalinity), the HRT
was reduced in a stepwise fashion (ABR 60 h to 35 h to 20 h and CMAR 35 d to 30 d to 20 d). At the
final HRT the COD removals were similar (67 %). The ABR took 120 d to attain final steady state
while the CMAR took 200 d.
The organic loading tests were undertaken with a stepwise increase (doubling) in the influent substrate
concentration. The feeding commenced at an organic loading rate (OLR) of 4.8 kg/m(3).d for the ABR.
The flow rate (HRT) into both reactors and other parameters were kept constant (HRT of 20 h and 20 d
for ABR and CMAR respectively). The substrate concentration was increased from 4 gCOD/L (4.8
kg/m(3).d) to 64 gCOD/L (76.8 kg/m(3).d) for the ABR. For the CMAR it was increased from 4 gCOD/L
(0.25 kg/m(3).d) to 32 gCOD/L (2 kg/m(3).d). The method used was to increase the organic loading rate
until the reactors failed. Since the two reactors had different operating HRTs, the tests began when both
had the same COD removal rate of about 60 % COD reduction. The same parameters as in the start-up
period were monitored for both reactors. The CMAR had a COD removal efficiency ca. 70 %, which
did not fluctuate when OLR was increased. The ABR reached a maximum COD removal of 80 %. An
increase in the OLR led to an initial decrease in the COD removal until the biomass recovered and the
high COD (80 %) removal rates resumed. The ABR reached a maximum OLR of 76.8 kg/m(3).d whilst
the CMAR reached a maximum OLR of 2.0 kg/m(3).d. The investigations showed that the ABR could be
operated at higher organic loads than the CMAR and give the same organic removal rate. This verified
the importance of increasing the SRT/HRT ratio in anaerobic reactors. The CMAR, however, proved to
be stable to changes in the influent feed strength, as there was no immediate noticeable changes in the
gas production.Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2000.
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Tekwa, Newman. "Gender, land reform and welfare outcomes : a case study of Chiredzi District, Zimbabwe." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27126.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis explores questions of gender equality in social welfare theory; methodologies;
approaches and policymaking in the Global South in the context of land reforms. This stems
from the realisation that gender equality issues in social welfare are increasingly receiving
greater attention in the context of the Global North and less in the South. By adopting a
Transformative Social Policy framework, the research departs from hegemonic livelihoods,
poverty reduction and the ‘classical models’ of land reforms often designed from the mould
of the neoliberal discourse of individual tenure to focus on land reform as a relational
question. Empirical data was gathered using a sequential explanatory mixed-methods
approach involving survey questionnaires; in-depths interviews; focus group discussions; key
informant interviews and field observations. A total of 105 randomly selected households,
comprising 56 male-headed households (MHHs) and 49 female-headed households (FHHs)
participated in the quantitative component of the study, comprising a control group of nonland
reform beneficiaries. Additionally, 30 purposively selected in-depths interviews
comprising 20 FHHs and 10 MHHs were conducted in resettlement study sites. Findings
from this this study indicates that despite the country’s depressed economic environment and
the effects of climate change, transfer of land enhanced the productive capacities of
individuals and rural households, including those headed by females. At micro-level, in-kind
transfer of land to rural households proved to be a more superior social protection measure
compared to either food or cash transfer. However, social relations and institutions proved
resistant to change, posing a greater obstacle to social transformation. And more importantly,
from a social reproductive perspective, the same land reform that enhanced the productive
capacities of women, inadvertently, increased their social reproductive work with
implications on the welfare of women relative to men. The thesis makes a contribution to
social policy debates in Africa, which hitherto have been dominated by the introduction of
cash transfers as witnessed in many countries across the continent. The transformative social
policy approach brings novelty to the study of land reforms. By Conceptualising gender as a
relational and social construct, the study adds knowledge on the nexus between gender, land
reform and welfare using the Fast Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP) as reference.
With the FTLRP––as a leftist policy in a liberalised economy––there is a need for the government to re-align its social and economic policies to avoid inconsistencies in the
country’s development path. On the gender front there is need to legislate resettlement areas
as outside the jurisdiction of traditional structures; promulgate statutory instruments dealing
with land and setting up designated land claims courts linked right up to the Constitutional
Court. Specifically, for Chiredzi, there is a need to establish a corporate body to administer
the affairs of Mkwasine following the pulling out of the Estate.
Keywords: gender, land reforms, water reforms, transformativeSociology
Ph. D. (Sociology)
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Mutisi, Luke. "An investigation into the contribution of housing developments to wetland degradation within the city of Harare, Zimbabwe." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18778.
Full textAbstract:
Wetlands are fragile ecosystems that deliver a wide range of environmental and ecosystem services that contribute to human well-being. This fragility has seen a number of wetlands succumb to degradations and loss arising from different causes. The positive contribution of wetlands to various ecosystems and the increasing rate of their degradation and loss has been a cause for concern to different stakeholders for a long time. One of the landmark indications of this concern is the constitution of the Ramsar Convention that was held in Iran in 1971 with the objective of addressing concerns regarding to wetland degradation and loss. Among the competing land uses resulting in wetlands loss and degradation could be listed urban agriculture, industrial development and housing.
The research sought to assess the extent of wetland degradation with respect to housing
developments in Harare, Zimbabwe. The dilemma as to why and how wetlands were being degraded was an issue of concern. The research sought to determine whether abatement or mitigation measures were in place to address the challenges Associated with wetlands loss and degradation. The subsequent growth of developments, their associated activities and possible intervention measures had to be thoroughly assessed.
The administration of questionnaires and conducting of interviews was done to solicit data from the respondents. Collected data was analyzed through the Statistical Package for Social Scientists. Further to this, Google satellite imagery was used in the mapping of the Belvedere North and Epworth suburbs. Disturbed and undisturbed portions of the wetlands were analyzed by Geographical Information System software. Direct observation of the wetland area was used to examine existing natural features. To determine extent of pollution, water samples were collected in the wetlands and submitted to the laboratory for analysis. Analysis of selected chemical and physical parameters was carried out in the laboratory using selected methods.
The research made two important and broad findings. First, both the Belvedere North and Epworth wetlands have been severely degraded by anthropogenic activities with housing developments and urban agriculture as the major contributors of this degradation. The development of residential properties in the wetlands is a result of a high demand for residential space in Harare. Whereas housing developments in Belvedere are formal and planned, developments in Epworth were informal and haphazard. With no formal planning, the Epworth wetlands have been severely impacted by water and sand extraction as well as contamination of underground water by pit-latrines that are common in these informal settlements. Second, the research also found that wetland degradation was closely associated with the lack of clear
wetland policies both at national and local levels. The laboratory results showed that the water in Epworth was more polluted than the water in Belvedere. The measure of pollutants in Epworth was higher due to the activities being carried out as compared to Belvedere. Measures of Dissolved Oxygen, Total Dissolved Substances and conductivity increased from October to March in Epworth. Of note is the measure of Dissolved Oxygen that increased between October and March with a mean of 7.9 and 2.5 respectively. Total nitrogen and total phosphate also increased significantly in midstream and downstream sections. In essence, averages of 0.01 in October and 0.04 in March were recorded respectively for total nitrogen. The study concludes that an integrated land use approach has the potential of minimizing wetland loss and
degradation. This is possible through the formulation and implementation of a comprehensive policy involving all relevant stakeholders. This will ensure a coherent decision making process. In as much as integrated land use planning and policy formulation are potential approaches to wetland sustainability, the drive to implement policy by policy makers concerning wetlands has to be explored. As ignorance concerning the ecological importance of wetlands exists in some cases, it is critical to consider wetland benefits above other competing developments such as housing and urban agriculture. This can be achieved through merging interrelated disciplines with the idea of integrating wetland information. For instance, deriving engineering solutions
could promote development yet preserving wetlands. It is also suggested that environmental impact assessments, as planning tools should be carried out simultaneously with the town planning aspect. If given to proper planning, wetlands have a huge chance of survival.Environmental Sciences
M.Sc. (Environmental Management)