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1

Spear, R. C., E. Seto, J. Remais, E. J. Carlton, G. Davis, D. Qiu, X. Zhou, S. Liang;, and A. Fenwick. "Fighting Waterborne Infectious Diseases." Science 314, no. 5802 (November 17, 2006): 1081c—1083c. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.314.5802.1081c.

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2

Hunter, Paul R., Jack M. Colford, Mark W. LeChevallier, Susan Binder, and Paul S. Berger. "Panel on Waterborne Diseases." Emerging Infectious Diseases 7, no. 7 (June 2001): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0707.017723.

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3

Prier, Richard, and Jay V. Solnick. "Foodborne and waterborne infectious diseases." Postgraduate Medicine 107, no. 4 (April 2000): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/pgm.2000.04.1006.

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4

Osman, Gamal. "Protection Against of Waterborne Diseases." International Conference on Chemical and Environmental Engineering 7, no. 7 (May 1, 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/iccee.2014.35466.

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5

Cesa, M., G. Fongaro, and C. R. M. Barardi. "Waterborne diseases classification and relationship with social-environmental factors in Florianópolis city – Southern Brazil." Journal of Water and Health 14, no. 2 (November 12, 2015): 340–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2015.266.

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This study aimed to investigate and classify the occurrence of waterborne diseases in Florianópolis city, Santa Catarina State, Southern Brazil and to correlate these diseases with the following social-environmental indicators of the local population: type of water supply, adequate collection and sewage treatment, areas of flooding and domestic water tank cleaning. Reports of outpatients were analyzed for surveillance of waterborne diseases during the period of 2002 to 2009. Waterborne diseases were classified into four groups: Group A: diarrheal diseases; Group B: parasitological diseases; Group C: skin diseases and Group D: eye diseases. The diarrheal, parasitological and skin diseases were the most frequently reported. Waterborne diseases belonging to Group A in all sites were correlated with other waterborne diseases groups, which can be an indicator of the circulation of other waterborne diseases. Regarding the social-environmental indicators assessed, the most correlated with waterborne diseases were the origin and quality of the water supply, followed by inadequate collection and treatment of sewage, frequent flooding, and finally the lack of cleanliness of the water reservoir. The results highlight the need for policies aiming for improvement of the sanitation service in the maintenance of human, animal and environmental health.
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6

Forstinus, Nwabor, Nnamonu Ikechukwu, Martins Emenike, and Ani Christiana. "Water and Waterborne Diseases: A Review." International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health 12, no. 4 (January 10, 2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2016/21895.

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7

Leclerc, H., L. Schwartzbrod, and E. Dei-Cas. "Microbial Agents Associated with Waterborne Diseases." Critical Reviews in Microbiology 28, no. 4 (January 2002): 371–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1040-840291046768.

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8

Kramer, Michael H., Gustav Quade, Philippe Hartemann, and Martin Exner. "Waterborne Diseases in Europe-1986-96." Journal - American Water Works Association 93, no. 1 (January 2001): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2001.tb09098.x.

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9

Ohwo, Odafivwotu. "Analysis of households' vulnerability to waterborne diseases in Yenagoa, Nigeria." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 9, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2018.052.

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Abstract Waterborne diseases have serious implications for public health and socio-economic development; hence, this study analyzes households' vulnerability to waterborne diseases in Yenagoa. The study adopted the survey research design, which involves the administration of a structured questionnaire to 400 sampled households using the stratified and systematic sampling techniques, and direct field observation of households' drinking water, sanitation and hygiene facilities. Households' vulnerability to waterborne diseases was determined by households' response to five vulnerability drivers (drinking water source, sanitation facility, hygiene, education, and income). The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Spearman's rank correlation and a waterborne disease vulnerability (WDV) model. The findings revealed that households in Yenagoa were moderately vulnerable to waterborne diseases as the calculated WDV was 55.65%. The Spearman's correlation coefficients for education with sanitation, drinking water sources and hygiene were 0.75, 1, and 0.6, respectively. This shows that the educational status of households is a major determinant of the choice of water source, sanitation, and hygiene practices. It is therefore recommended that much effort should be made by respective households and the government to improve on the quality of the vulnerability drivers, which have the capacity to reduce households' vulnerability to waterborne diseases in Yenagoa.
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10

Squier, Cheryl, Victor L. Yu, and Janet E. Stout. "Waterborne nosocomial infections." Current Infectious Disease Reports 2, no. 6 (December 2000): 490–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11908-000-0049-1.

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11

COLLIER, S. A., L. J. STOCKMAN, L. A. HICKS, L. E. GARRISON, F. J. ZHOU, and M. J. BEACH. "Direct healthcare costs of selected diseases primarily or partially transmitted by water." Epidemiology and Infection 140, no. 11 (January 11, 2012): 2003–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268811002858.

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SUMMARYDespite US sanitation advancements, millions of waterborne disease cases occur annually, although the precise burden of disease is not well quantified. Estimating the direct healthcare cost of specific infections would be useful in prioritizing waterborne disease prevention activities. Hospitalization and outpatient visit costs per case and total US hospitalization costs for ten waterborne diseases were calculated using large healthcare claims and hospital discharge databases. The five primarily waterborne diseases in this analysis (giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, Legionnaires' disease, otitis externa, and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection) were responsible for over 40 000 hospitalizations at a cost of $970 million per year, including at least $430 million in hospitalization costs for Medicaid and Medicare patients. An additional 50 000 hospitalizations for campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, shigellosis, haemolytic uraemic syndrome, and toxoplasmosis cost $860 million annually ($390 million in payments for Medicaid and Medicare patients), a portion of which can be assumed to be due to waterborne transmission.
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12

Chirenda, Tatenda Grace, Roman Tandlich, Viwe Krele, Catherine Diane Luyt, Chandra Sunitha Srinivas, and Chidinma Uche Iheanetu. "Legislation, Vulnerability and Disaster Risk Management of Waterborne Diseases in Zimbabwe." Information & Security: An International Journal 40, no. 1 (2018): 61–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.11610/isij.4005.

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13

Bartlett, C. L. R. "An overview of emerging foodborne and waterborne diseases." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 2, no. 1 (August 31, 2021): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/1996.2.1.51.

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Several foodborne and waterborne diseases have emerged in the past two decades as a consequence of changes in etiological agents, hosts and the environment. The burden of foodborne and waterborne disease is not uniformly distributed globally:because of the inequitable distribution of the world’s resources some countries carry a disproportionately heavy burden of infectious disease, and what is considered a re-emergent pathogen in one location may be endemic in another
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14

HIJIOKA, Yasuaki, Kiyoshi TAKAHASHI, Yuzuru MATSUOKA, and Hideo HARASAWA. "Impact of Global Warming on Waterborne Diseases." Journal of Japan Society on Water Environment 25, no. 11 (2002): 647–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2965/jswe.25.647.

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15

Funari, Enzo, Maura Manganelli, and Luciana Sinisi. "Impact of climate change on waterborne diseases." Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità 48, no. 4 (December 2012): 473–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4415/ann_12_04_13.

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16

Kim*, Ho, Clara Tammy Kim, Hae-Kwan Cheong, Masahiro Hashizume, Yasushi Honda, Jinseop Kim, Jinhee Eum, et al. "Climate Change and Waterborne Diseases in Mongolia." ISEE Conference Abstracts 2014, no. 1 (October 20, 2014): 3023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/isee.2014.s-003.

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17

Brewer, Catherine. "Vaccine advice for food- and waterborne diseases." Practice Management 29, no. 7 (July 2, 2019): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/prma.2019.29.7.22.

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It is common for travellers to experience severe disruption from becoming unwell with food- and waterborne diseases. Catherine Brewer looks at the diseases of hepatitis A, typhoid, polio and cholera and the administration of these vaccines
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18

Lippy, Edwin C. "Chlorination to Prevent and Control Waterborne Diseases." Journal - American Water Works Association 78, no. 1 (January 1986): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1986.tb05677.x.

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19

Woodall, C. J. "Waterborne diseases – What are the primary killers?" Desalination 248, no. 1-3 (November 2009): 616–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.05.110.

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20

Nichols, Gordon, Iain Lake, and Clare Heaviside. "Climate Change and Water-Related Infectious Diseases." Atmosphere 9, no. 10 (October 2, 2018): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9100385.

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Background: Water-related, including waterborne, diseases remain important sources of morbidity and mortality worldwide, but particularly in developing countries. The potential for changes in disease associated with predicted anthropogenic climate changes make water-related diseases a target for prevention. Methods: We provide an overview of evidence on potential future changes in water-related disease associated with climate change. Results: A number of pathogens are likely to present risks to public health, including cholera, typhoid, dysentery, leptospirosis, diarrhoeal diseases and harmful algal blooms (HABS). The risks are greatest where the climate effects drive population movements, conflict and disruption, and where drinking water supply infrastructure is poor. The quality of evidence for water-related disease has been documented. Conclusions: We highlight the need to maintain and develop timely surveillance and rapid epidemiological responses to outbreaks and emergence of new waterborne pathogens in all countries. While the main burden of waterborne diseases is in developing countries, there needs to be both technical and financial mechanisms to ensure adequate quantities of good quality water, sewage disposal and hygiene for all. This will be essential in preventing excess morbidity and mortality in areas that will suffer from substantial changes in climate in the future.
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21

Elko, Lucinda, Keith Rosenbach, and John Sinnott. "Cutaneous manifestations of waterborne infections." Current Infectious Disease Reports 5, no. 5 (September 2003): 398–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11908-003-0020-z.

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22

Farrokhi, Mehrdad. "Letter to Editor: Climate Change and Waterborne Diseases." Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly 1, no. 4 (November 1, 2016): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/nrip.hdq.1.4.175.

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23

Kim, Clara Tammy, Ho Kim, Hae-Kwan Cheong, Masahiro Hashizume, Yasushi Honda, Jinseob Kim, Yoonhee Kim, Jin-Hee Eum, Chisato Imai, and Burmaajav Badrah. "Global climate change and waterborne diseases in Mongolia." ISEE Conference Abstracts 2013, no. 1 (September 19, 2013): 5111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/isee.2013.p-3-12-13.

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24

Mudur, G. "India s burden of waterborne diseases is underestimated." BMJ 326, no. 7402 (June 12, 2003): 1284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7402.1284.

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25

Embrey, Martha. "Subpopulations Susceptible to Waterborne Diseases Are Surprisingly Diverse." Journal - American Water Works Association 95, no. 3 (March 2003): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2003.tb10307.x.

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26

Semenza, Jan C. "Cascading risks of waterborne diseases from climate change." Nature Immunology 21, no. 5 (April 20, 2020): 484–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41590-020-0631-7.

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27

Zeind, Caroline S., and R. Rebecca Couris. "Prevention of Food and Waterborne Diseases While Traveling." Nutrition Today 41, no. 2 (March 2006): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00017285-200603000-00008.

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28

&NA;. "Prevention of Food and Waterborne Diseases While Traveling." Nutrition Today 41, no. 2 (March 2006): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00017285-200603000-00009.

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29

Anaissie, Elias J., and Silvia F. Costa. "Nosocomial Aspergillosis Is Waterborne." Clinical Infectious Diseases 33, no. 9 (November 2001): 1546–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/322967.

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30

Collier, Sarah, Katharine Benedict, Kathleen Fullerton, Li Deng, Jennifer R. Cope, Jonathan Yoder, and Vincent Hill. "1887. Estimating the Burden of Waterborne Disease in the United States." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S53—S54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz359.117.

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Abstract Background Treatment of drinking water is one of the greatest US public health achievements of the twentieth century and provides a safe, reliable water supply. However, waterborne disease and outbreaks continue to occur, and are associated with a variety of water sources and exposure routes. New estimates of the burden of waterborne disease in the United States will direct prevention activities and set public health goals. Methods We chose 17 waterborne diseases for which domestic waterborne transmission was plausible, substantial burden of illness or death was likely, and data were available. Diseases included were campylobacteriosis, cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, Legionnaires’ disease, norovirus infection, nontuberculous mycobacteria [NTM] infection, otitis externa, Pseudomonas pneumonia and septicemia, salmonellosis, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli infection, shigellosis, and vibriosis. Adapting previously used methods, disease-specific multipliers were used to adjust the reported/documented number of cases of each disease for under-reporting, under-diagnosis, proportion domestically acquired, and proportion transmitted via water, to generate point estimates with 95% credible intervals (CrI). Data sources included surveillance data, population studies, and expert judgment if no other data were available. We estimated the number of illnesses, ED visits, hospitalizations, and deaths, and costs of ED visits and hospitalizations due to waterborne disease in the United States in 2014. Results 7.2 million waterborne illnesses (CrI 3.9–12.0 million) from the selected diseases occur annually, including 600,000 (CrI 365,000–865,000) ED visits, 120,000 (CrI 85,000–150,000) hospitalizations, and 6,500 deaths (CrI 4,300–8,900) deaths, incurring US$3.2 billion (2014 dollars) in direct healthcare costs. Hospitalizations and deaths were predominantly caused by environmental pathogens commonly associated with biofilm in plumbing systems (NTM, Pseudomonas, Legionella) costing US$2 billion annually. Conclusion Millions of domestically acquired waterborne illnesses from these 17 infections occur in the United States each year, and incur billions of dollars in healthcare costs. Disclosures All Authors: No reported Disclosures.
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31

Colley, Daniel. "Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis Threat Addressed." Emerging Infectious Diseases 1, no. 2 (June 1995): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0102.950211.

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32

Heukelbach, Jorg, Vanessa Meyer-Cirkel, Rômulo César Sabóia Moura, Márcia Gomide, José Ajax Nogueira Queiroz, Peter Saweljew, and Oliver Liesenfeld. "Waterborne Toxoplasmosis, Northeastern Brazil." Emerging Infectious Diseases 13, no. 2 (February 2007): 287–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1302.060686.

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33

Smith, H. V., W. J. Patterson, R. Hardie, L. A. Greene, C. Benton, W. Tulloch, R. A. Gilmour, R. W. A. Girdwood, J. C. M. Sharp, and G. I. Forbes. "An outbreak of waterborne cryptosporidiosis caused by post-treatment contamination." Epidemiology and Infection 103, no. 3 (December 1989): 703–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800031101.

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SUMMARYAn outbreak of waterborne cryptosporidiosis affecting 27 persons, diagnosed stool positive, occurred in Ayrshire in April 1988. Twenty-one of the 27 confirmed cases required some form of fluid replacement therapy. Local general practitioners indicated a two- to fivefold increase in diarrhoeal disease during the outbreak, and following enquiries made by Environmental Health Officers it became apparent that many hundreds of people had suffered a diarrhoeal illness at that time.Cryptosporidiumspp. oocysts were detected in the treated chlorinated water supply system, in the absence of faecal bacterial indicators. Oocyst contamination of a break-pressure tank containing final water for distribution was the cause of this waterborne outbreak. An irregular seepage of oocyst-containing water, which increased during heavy rains, was the cause of the break-pressure tank contamination, rather than a failure of the water-treatment processes. The waterborne route should be considered when clusters of cryptosporidiosis associated with potable water occur. Waterborne cryptosporidiosis can occur in the absence of other faecal indicators of contamination.
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34

Kumar, Ravindra. "Food and waterborne diseases and their prevention’ among selected high school going students." Scientific Journal of India 1, no. 1 (November 16, 2016): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/24565644/2016.v1.i1.2.

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35

Rodrigues, Anthony Joachim, Wandiga Shem Oyoo, Francis O. Odundo, and Enos W. Wambu. "Socio-economic factors influencing the spread of drinking water diseases in rural Africa: case study of Bondo sub-county, Kenya." Journal of Water and Health 13, no. 2 (December 4, 2014): 500–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.039.

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Socio-economic and medical information on Bondo sub-county community was studied to help establish the relationship between the water quality challenges, community health and water rights conditions. Health challenges have been linked to water quality and household income. A total of 1,510 households/respondents were studied by means of a questionnaire. About 69% of the households have no access to treated water. Although 92% of the respondents appear to be aware that treatment of water prevents waterborne diseases, the lowest income group and children share a high burden of waterborne diseases requiring hospitalization and causing mortality. Open defecation (12.3%) in these study areas contributes to a high incidence of waterborne diseases. The community's constitutional rights to quality water in adequate quantities are greatly infringed. The source of low-quality water is not a significant determinant of waterborne disease. The differences in poverty level in the sub-county are statistically insignificant and contribute less than other factors. Increased investment in water provision across regions, improved sanitation and availability of affordable point-of-use water purification systems will have major positive impacts on the health and economic well-being of the community.
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36

Zafar, Rabia, Asghar Ali, Sarfraz Hassan, and Khalid Mushtaq. "Household Perceptions about Drinking Water Quality and Human Health: A Comparative Analysis of Urban and Rural Areas in Pakistan." NICE Research Journal 13, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 108–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51239/nrjss.v13i4.233.

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Public awareness about safe drinking water plays a significant role in household choices for drinking water sources and the prevention measures of water contamination. The present study was aimed to explore the awareness of households about groundwater quality and investigate the incidence of waterborne diseases in comparison with urban and rural households. Primary data were collected from 600 households by using the stratified random sampling technique. To analyze the outcomes descriptive and graphical approaches were used, however, to check the association between water sources and waterborne diseases bi-variate techniques were employed. It was found that the households belonging to urban localities were more aware about health risks associated with drinking water quality. Outcomes disclosed that on an average 48.8% of the household’s get affected from drinking water quality and face waterborne diseases, however, the incidence were greater (49.7%) in rural households compared to (48.0%) urban households. Findings also revealed that on an average 58.8% of the households suffered from belly pain and stomach problems and its incidence were 60.4% and 57.4% in rural and urban areas, respectively. Results disclosed that household’s income and medical expenditures were significantly associated with drinking water facility. It is suggested that the awareness about water quality should be disseminated among households in order to reduce the incidence of waterborne diseases.
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37

Sherchand, JB. "Future Emerging Issues in waterborne diseases and microbial agents." Journal of Institute of Medicine Nepal 34, no. 3 (October 12, 2013): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jiom.v34i3.8905.

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38

Semenza, Jan C., Susanne Herbst, Andrea Rechenburg, Jonathan E. Suk, Christoph Höser, Christiane Schreiber, and Thomas Kistemann. "Climate Change Impact Assessment of Food- and Waterborne Diseases." Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 42, no. 8 (April 15, 2012): 857–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2010.534706.

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39

Franzen, Caspar, and Andreas Müller. "Cryptosporidia and microsporidia—waterborne diseases in the immunocompromised host." Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 34, no. 3 (July 1999): 245–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0732-8893(99)00003-6.

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40

Dyer, Owen. "Waterborne diseases pose threat in Pakistan as floods strike." BMJ 335, no. 7610 (July 12, 2007): 66.1–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39272.584688.db.

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41

Fenwick, A. "Waterborne Infectious Diseases--Could They Be Consigned to History?" Science 313, no. 5790 (August 25, 2006): 1077–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1127184.

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42

Morton, Patricia, Gillian Barlow, and Ross Bailie. "Bug Breakfast in theBulletin: Waterborne diseases among Aboriginal people." New South Wales Public Health Bulletin 21, no. 8 (2010): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/nb09020.

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43

Harris, J. B. "Foodborne and Waterborne Bacterial Pathogens." Clinical Infectious Diseases 56, no. 12 (March 13, 2013): 1849–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit138.

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44

Stephen Gradus, M. "Water quality and waterborne protozoa." Clinical Microbiology Newsletter 11, no. 16 (August 1989): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-4399(89)90061-5.

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45

Rainbow, Joshua, Eliska Sedlackova, Shu Jiang, Grace Maxted, Despina Moschou, Lukas Richtera, and Pedro Estrela. "Integrated Electrochemical Biosensors for Detection of Waterborne Pathogens in Low-Resource Settings." Biosensors 10, no. 4 (April 13, 2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios10040036.

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More than 783 million people worldwide are currently without access to clean and safe water. Approximately 1 in 5 cases of mortality due to waterborne diseases involve children, and over 1.5 million cases of waterborne disease occur every year. In the developing world, this makes waterborne diseases the second highest cause of mortality. Such cases of waterborne disease are thought to be caused by poor sanitation, water infrastructure, public knowledge, and lack of suitable water monitoring systems. Conventional laboratory-based techniques are inadequate for effective on-site water quality monitoring purposes. This is due to their need for excessive equipment, operational complexity, lack of affordability, and long sample collection to data analysis times. In this review, we discuss the conventional techniques used in modern-day water quality testing. We discuss the future challenges of water quality testing in the developing world and how conventional techniques fall short of these challenges. Finally, we discuss the development of electrochemical biosensors and current research on the integration of these devices with microfluidic components to develop truly integrated, portable, simple to use and cost-effective devices for use by local environmental agencies, NGOs, and local communities in low-resource settings.
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46

Jiménez-Moleón, M. C., and M. A. Gómez-Albores. "Waterborne diseases in the state of Mexico, Mexico (2000–2005)." Journal of Water and Health 9, no. 1 (February 3, 2011): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2010.149.

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This paper reports a spatial-temporal examination of waterborne disease data from the State of Mexico, 2000 to 2005, by county as the spatial unit. It was found that the incidence of waterborne disease did not decrease during the period under study. Inequality between metropolitan areas and rural zones was observed. People living in population centres had lower incidence of water-related diseases, possibly due to better access to services. In all cases, children under five years old suffered a much higher relative morbidity than the population in general. Improvement of the water distribution network between 2000 and 2005 could explain the decrease in morbidity from 30% to 15%, for the total population, and from 34% to 18.5%, for children under five years old. Coverage of sewer services over the period was not substantially improved; as a result the coefficient of determination remained nearly constant: 16.5% for the total population and 25% for children under five. Maintenance and operation deficiencies in the water distribution and wastewater sanitation systems play an important role in the incidence of this type of disease. It was found that the institutional division of the territory does not correspond to the actual distribution of the risk areas.
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Syed Abdul Rahim, Syed Sharizman, Shamsul Azhar Shah, Shaharudin Idrus, Zahir Izuan Azhar, Mohd Rohaizat Hassan, and Nazarudin Safian. "Spatial Analysis of Food and Waterborne Diseases in Sabah, Malaysia." Sains Malaysiana 49, no. 7 (July 31, 2020): 1627–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2020-4907-14.

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48

Ruggeri, Franco Maria, and Lucia Fiore. "Vaccine preventable viral diseases and risks associated with waterborne transmission." Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità 48, no. 4 (December 2012): 460–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4415/ann_12_04_12.

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49

Rehman, Shuja Ur, and Saima Baig. "Water Consumption Patterns and Waterborne Diseases in Slums of Karachi." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 6, no. 1 (March 28, 2017): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/ajis.2017.v6n1p37.

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Abstract The prime objective of the present study was to evaluate the water consumption patterns and systems in relation to water borne diseases in slum areas of Karachi. It also aimed to, to highlight the major incidence of water-borne diseases due to unhygienic practices and also investigated the role of Government and Non-Governmental Organizations for the provision of safe drinking water. The field-based exploratory approached and quantitative method of research was operated and has been given weighted in accordance with the primary data collection. A structured interview schedule was used as the tool for the collection of data. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used for the purpose of interpretation of the results. The result of the study indicates and elaborates that the people in slum areas of Karachi face problems related to water shortage, water pollution and water borne diseases. The results also depict that the majority of the population suffered from water related diseases such as Typhoid, Dysentery, Diarrhea, etc. The result of the study clearly highlights the fact that the condition of water supply system is quite unhygienic and poor which is the main cause behind the outbreak of these diseases.
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SEMENZA, JAN C., CHRISTOPH HÖSER, SUSANNE HERBST, ANDREA RECHENBURG, JONATHAN E. SUK, TOBIAS FRECHEN, and THOMAS KISTEMANN. "Knowledge Mapping for Climate Change and Food- and Waterborne Diseases." Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 42, no. 4 (February 15, 2012): 378–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2010.518520.

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