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Academic literature on the topic 'Watercourses'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Watercourses"

1

Koski, Christian, Pyry Kettunen, Justus Poutanen, and Juha Oksanen. "Mapping small watercourses with deep learning – impact of training watercourse types separately." AGILE: GIScience Series 3 (June 11, 2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-3-43-2022.

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Abstract. Deep learning methods for semantic segmentation have shown great potential in automating mapping of geospatial features, including small watercourses such as streams and ditches. There are a variety of small watercourse types. In many use cases users are only interested in specific types of watercourses. However, the impact on results from neural networks trained with only some types of small watercourses, compared to all types of watercourses is not well known. We trained four deep learning models to semantically segment watercourses from an elevation model. One model was trained with all small watercourses in the labels as a single class, while three models were trained each with a single type of watercourse in the label data. The results show that training the network with a single type of watercourse results in worse recall for all three watercourse types, compared to when training all of them together. This indicates that if the goal is to get as complete set of features as possible, it is better to include all watercourse types in the training data. Future studies could use multi-class output from neural network to determine how well networks could automatically classify features when training with all small watercourses in an area.

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Sluchevskaya, Yu A. "Problems of formation of an international regime of the joint use and protection of international watercourses." Lex Russica, no. 3 (April 5, 2019): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2019.148.3.073-086.

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The article is devoted to the problem of formation of modern international legal regime of joint use and protection of international watercourses that is aimed at effective provision of water to the States of international watercourse with due respect to new challenges and threats that have a negative impact on international water resources. The model is based on the concept of “international watercourse” that has the following features: 1) international watercourses include surface and ground waters; 2) a spatial and territorial criterion of an international watercourse that means crossing of the border between two or more States or being on their border; 3) the use of international watercourses affects the interests of two or more States; 4) the special international legal regime for the use of international watercourses that has developed within the framework of international law development; 5) special requirements for the protection of ecosystems of international watercourses that include protection from pollution and other forms of degradation of lands and forests adjacent to international watercourses, their fauna and flora; as well as seas into which watercourses flow; 6) a high conflict potential in the use of water resources of international watercourses. The analysis of the provisions of the doctrines of joint use and protection of transboundary waters shows that the formation of international water law should timely take into account human factors, technological and socio-economic changes. The modern international law model of the joint use and protection of international watercourses is a system of international legal norms regulating inter-state relations in the following areas: prevention, limitation and reduction of transboundary impact; protection of ecosystems of international watercourses; rational use of waters of international watercourses, effective management of water resources of international watercourses (including establishment and functioning of international basin organizations); information support of the population with regard to international watercourses.

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Lampartová, Ivana, and Jiří Schneider. "Possibilities of Evaluation of the Recreational Potential of Close to Nature Watercourses." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 62, no. 4 (2014): 799–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201462040799.

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Creation of close-to-nature river beds is one of the results of watercourses revitalization. Watercourses are segments in the country increasing its recreational potential.The recreational potential of watercourses contributes to rich diversity of animal and plant species. They are well-preserved natural environment with a different atmosphere and an interesting psychological effect. The current goal of revitalization measures in the landscape primarily consists of the optimization of landscape water regime, incl. flood control measures and the promotion of biodiversity, but the current philosophy speaks of multifunctional land usage. However, the revitalization is currently underappreciated in the Czech Republic and it is important to increase the recreational potential of the landscape. The subject of this article is evaluation of close to nature watercources from the point of view of recreation potential. The example locality of close to nature watercourse is part of Váh river near Iľava city. In this area some elements of recreational potential by the proposed methodology are discussed. Two river courses make a possible comparison between a technical canal and a modified one, but close-to-nature water course with all parameters of river phenomenon. Properties of nature and close-to-nature watercourses could be an inspiration for repairing(modifying, adjusting) river stretches within urban space.

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Gwynn, Maria A. "Adapting Watercourse Agreements to Developments in International Law." Brill Research Perspectives in International Water Law 4, no. 1 (April 10, 2019): 3–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23529369-12340013.

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AbstractThe United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses (UN Watercourses Convention) recommends that states apply and adapt their watercourse agreements to the provisions of the UN Watercourses Convention. To explore the advantages of abiding to crucial developments in international water law, environmental law, and climate change law, this monograph will analyze the most important hydroelectric energy treaty in the South American region, the Itaipu Treaty. The monograph will argue that adapting watercourse agreements to developments in international law provides a way to foster sustainable development for the treaty parties, the countries sharing the watercourse ecosystem, as well as the international community as a whole.

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Baitchorov, V. M., M. D. Moroz, Yu G. Hihiniak, and I. Ju Giginyak. "Aquatic invertebrates of watercourses of the Republican landscape reserve “Naliboksky” (Belarus)." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Biological Series 69, no. 2 (April 28, 2024): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1029-8940-2024-69-2-110-119.

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Studies of watercourses of the Republican landscape reserve “Naliboksky” have revealed 134 lower defined taxa (LDTs) belonging to 3 types of invertebrates: Mollusca – 25, Annelida – 8, Arthropoda – 101 LDTs. A total of 106 taxonomic elements were identified to the species, of which 68 were new to the water bodies of the reserve. From 18 to 54 LTDs were collected in each watercourse. The average number of identified LTDs in the watercourse was 31.9 LTDs. The number of aquatic invertebrates in the studied watercourses varied from 18 to 776 specimens, the average value of this indicator was 234.6 specimens. Among the collected aquatic invertebrates, a protected species were identified – Brachytron pratense (Müller, 1764), as well as a poorly studied species in Belarus Gomphus flavipes Charpentier, 1825. Among the identified hydrobionts in the watercourses of the landscape reserve “Naliboksky”, 23 species are included in the Red Lists of a number of European countries.Thus, the fauna of the studied animals in the watercourses of the Republican landscape reserve “Naliboksky” is relatively rich and represented by rare and protected animal species in Belarus and Europe.

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Kong, Lingjie. "The Dispute over the Status and Use of the Waters of the Silala case and the customary rules on the definition of international watercourse." Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law 29, no. 3 (November 2020): 322–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/reel.12377.

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The International Court of Justice is to determine, in the Dispute over the Status and Use of the Waters of the Silala case, the international status of the waters in question by customary rules of international law. In its identification of the existence and contents of the applicable rules on the definition of international watercourse, the Court may refer to the United Nations Watercourses Convention, other international instruments, State practice and international jurisprudence. The decisive fact for finding an international watercourse is that the components of the watercourse are situated in two or more States. Difficulties may lie in the determination of the components of the watercourse and their physical relationships. The Court may have to decide whether the status of waters can be altered by artificial means by certain general principles of the law of international watercourses.

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Rashidian, Elnaz. "Rivers in the making; the definition of “Nahr” as a hybrid watercourse based on geoarchaeological evidence from Southwestern Iran." Water History 13, no. 2 (June 21, 2021): 235–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12685-021-00283-7.

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AbstractThis paper explores a new perspective to study the settlement dynamics of riverine landscapes by addressing human–environment interaction in the Ancient Near East through integration of remote sensing, new geodata, and developing a definition of a new category of a watercourse. The complex and entangled network of watercourses in the archaeologically crucial region of southwestern Iran, the Greater Susiana, hinders a clear view of the spatial relations between ancient settlements and their respective environments. The watercourses are known to be of either natural (rivers) or anthropogenic (canals) origin. However, many current watercourses do not fit into either category, which causes misinterpretations of the archaeological record. This paper introduces a third category, which consists of a hybrid of the two existing categories and suggests using the term “Nahr” to address such watercourses. The author implements this idea to a case study, Nahr-e Atiq, a watercourse in north Susiana, which passes two prominent sites, Abu Fanduweh and Haft Tappeh. Based on the results of a geoarchaeological investigation(including a survey, eight sediment cores, and several soil profiles, as well as 58 known archaeological sites), several hydro-morphologic elements are presented for identifying Nahrs. These include sedimentation, morphology, and physical characteristics. The most crucial aspect is the biography of a Nahr, as these hybrid watercourses might consist of different sections with different genesis. The author argues that Nahr, as defined here, must be considered an artifact, and studied as such in the landscape archaeology of the Ancient Near East.

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Nadeem, Abdul Majeed, Tariq Ali, Wei Wei, Qi Cui, and Shaoan Huang. "Can Irrigation Conditions Improve Farmers’ Subjective Well-being? An Investigation in Rural Pakistan." Water 13, no. 4 (February 16, 2021): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040505.

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In many developing countries, including Pakistan, the enormous water losses due to outdated irrigation infrastructure threaten livelihoods and food security, while investment in the development of efficiency improvements can help the countries to cope with water scarcity and improve farmers’ wellbeing. This study evaluates how rural farmers’ decisions regarding improving irrigation watercourses and other irrigation conditions affect their wellbeing. We employ hypothesis testing and an ordered logit model on field survey data of 300 farming households from rural Pakistan. The mean test results suggest that farmers on lined watercourses are happier than those on unlined and partially lined watercourses. The regression results suggest that farmers on a fully lined watercourse have higher wellbeing than those on a partially lined watercourse. The time taken by canal water and groundwater to reach farmers’ land reduces their wellbeing. Irrigation quotas, the return of stolen water and the distance of groundwater sources from land have positive effects on farmers’ wellbeing. The study establishes a strong correlation between irrigation conditions, improved irrigation network and farmers’ wellbeing.

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Lebotse, Kabelo Kenneth. "Southern African Development Community Protocol on Shared Watercourses: Challenges of Implementation." Leiden Journal of International Law 12, no. 1 (March 1999): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156599000059.

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The Rundu – Grootfontein Project, a project by which Namibia wants to divert waters of the Okavango river, may significantly affect the flow of that river through Botswana. The present paper discusses and tests rules of global and regional international watercourse law as to their applicability to the problems posed by the project. In this respect the UN Framework Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses, as well as the Southern African Development Community Protocol on Shared Watercourses form the main focal point.

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Piętka, Sławomir, and Wojciech Misiukiewicz. "Impact of European Beaver (Castor fiber L.) on Vegetation Diversity in Protected Area River Valleys." Conservation 2, no. 4 (October 13, 2022): 613–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/conservation2040040.

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The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of European beaver (Castor fiber L.) on vegetation diversity and the expansion of non-native plant species in areas surrounding watercourses in Polesie National Park, Poland. The investigation was carried out within six watercourses inhabited by beavers and four comparison watercourses where beaver were absent. European beaver living in the park had a small excursion range, reaching a maximum distance of 25 m from the watercourse so that effects on vegetation diversity were limited to the immediate vicinity of the watercourse. Beaver significantly influenced diversity of the tall tree and forest floor vegetation, while it did not significantly modify the diversity of the low tree and shrub layer. Five alien plant species were documented. The alien species most strongly associated with beaver activity was devil’s beggartick (Bidens frondosa L.), which occurred in the immediate vicinity of beaver dams. Other alien species most benefiting from the presence of beaver were giant goldenrod (Solidago gigantea Aiton) and black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.). Our study confirmed hypotheses found in literature according to which beaver activities that reduce the proportion of native species can promote the expansion of plant alien species.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Watercourses"

1

Denk, B. Erdem. "Relative sovereignty over international watercourses : rights and obligations of watercourse states." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.528648.

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Shepard, Dawn Joy. "Modeling water temperature in small agricultural drainage watercourses." Online access for everyone, 2005. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2005/D%5FShepard%5F061505.pdf.

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Olsson, Cecilia. "Amphibian and reptile distribution in forests adjacent to watercourses." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Social and Life Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-3301.

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<p>Worldwide amphibians and reptiles are declining with habitat fragmentation and destruction as the primary cause. Riparian areas are important for the herpetofauna, but as land is converted to agriculture or harvested for timber the areas are diminishing. The aim of this study was to examine amphibian and reptile abundance in relation to distance from water and in relation to habitat characteristics, foremost per cent deciduous trees. The survey was conducted during spring at six different locations, with continuous forest along streams or rivers, outside of Karlstad, Sweden. Animals were searched along four lines parallel to the water and each study area was visited five times. Statistical analyses were made for grass snake (<em>Natrix natrix</em>), common lizard (<em>Lacerta vivipara</em>) and frogs with joined data of common frog (<em>Rana temporaria</em>) and moor frog (<em>R. arvalis</em>). As expected both reptiles were positively correlated with per cent deciduous trees, with the strongest significance for the common lizard. For grass snake there was also a difference between survey periods, which might reflect the importance of weather. Frogs revealed no trends to trees, but there was a significant difference for habitat characteristics like amount woody debris and per cent bare ground. None of the species were correlated with distance from water which was surprising, especially for the frogs which is more dependent on water than the reptiles. Grass snakes hunt in the water, but the common lizard has no such associations to the water, yet the latter did reveal a slight trend towards being more numerous closer to the water. The causes behind lacking correlation to distance from water may be many, but water characteristics seem very important. Many amphibians prefer warm and calm ponds over running water that in general are colder and likely to inhabit more predators. It was assumed that the amphibians breed in the streams or rivers, but it is possible that other water bodies may have served as breeding sites, which mean the starting point was incorrect.</p>

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Wessollek, Christine, Pierre Karrasch, and Marie-Luise Kautz. "Surface irradiance estimations on watercourses with remote sensing data." SPIE, 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35177.

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The vegetation in the riparian zone of a watercourse in fluences the water state with multiple factors, first via direct substance discharge and secondly via shadow casting on the water surface. Shadowing directly regulates the solar radiant energy arriving at the water surface. Solar radiation input to aquatic environments is the most important abiotic factor for aquatic flora and fauna habitat development. Thus, to adequately asses the ecological state of water courses it is necessary to quantify the solar surface irradiance E (W=m2) arriving on the water surface. When estimating the solar surface irradiance the complex coherence between incoming solar radiation, atmospheric in uences, and spatial-temporal geometries need to be investigated. This work established a work flow to compute the solar surface irradiance for water bodies using different remote sensing data. The work flow was tested on regional level for a section of the river Freiberger Mulde, Saxony, for the year 2016. Product of the calculations is a map visualising the annual sum of the solar surface irradiance (kWh=m2) arriving on the Freiberger Mulde water surface and the surrounding terrain. Based on these information bio-hydrological issues can be further examinated.

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Raven, Paul John. "Ecological effect of two-stage flood relief channels on River Roding, Essex, England." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318554.

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The River Roding near Abridge, Essex was monitored during 1979-82 to assess the short-term ecological effects of recent and contemporary river engineering works on a small, rural watercourse. Increased environmental awareness by Thames Water Authority river engineers and scientists resulted in implementation of an ecologically-sensitive flood alleviation scheme which provided an ideal opportunity for a pioneer case study. Sampling procedure was designed to describe aquatic and riparian habitats, flora and fauna along the watercourse. An extensive, 27 Jan survey revealed that the middle Roding was a typical, highly modified clay river, with limited conservation value. Intensive, continuous monitoring was confined to a 5km stretch; with reference to annual variations recorded in a control site, ecological change produced by three phases of engineering works between 1974 and 1980, each involving two-stage flood relief channels, are described. The magnitude of disturbance to the original habitat determined ecological impact. Retention of in-channel and waterside habitats ensured normal vegetation growth the following Spring, benefitting dragonflies and fish; furthermore, the subsequent development of a richer 'channel-margin' flora produced an increase in waterbird territories. By contrast, excavation below water level severely retarded waterside vegetation recovery, while construction of a trapezoidal, concrete-lined channel produced an impoverished environment which greatly reduced habitat diversity. Silting, plus greater aquatic plant growth in response to increased light levels caused by berm excavation, reduced channel discharge capacity, accentuated by dense Phalaris arundinacea stands on unmanaged berms subject to regular summer inundation. An hydraulically efficient two-stage profile which improves riverine wildlife potential could be produced by retention of the original dry-weather channel; excavation, from one bark, of shallow flood berms which remain dry throughout the summer; tree-planting to counter the effects of increased light; sowing low-profile grasses; and regular grazing or cutting of berm vegetation.

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Koberwein, Manuela de Franca Doria Farrajota Luciano. "The principle of co-operation in the law of international watercourses." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444161/.

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In international law, co-operation is a general concept applied in a variety of contexts. In the context of the law of international watercourses, the general obligation to co-operate and the procedural rules it comprises have a crucial role to play in the implementation of the substantive principles of equitable and reasonable utilisation and of diligent prevention of transboundary harm. The problems lie in the identification of the scope of the obligation, its specific content, legal status and application. The principal objective pursued in this thesis is to present a detailed examination of the nature, scope, specific content, application, and consequences of non-compliance with the obligation to co-operate in the particular context of the law of international watercourses, in order to contribute to the clarification of this vague but fundamental principle. To illustrate how the theories relating to the obligation to co-operate on international watercourses can be translated into concrete acts, several examples are provided, including planned works in a basin State such as dams. Due to the variety and the nature of the issues involved in the context of international watercourses, an interdisciplinary approach was adopted between law and geography. This approach permits the sharing of insights and information, and a better understanding of several technical questions presented to the international lawyer when dealing with international watercourses. The thesis finally presents conclusions regarding the evolution and consolidation of the principle of co-operation, and assesses the feasibility of constructing and securing wider acceptance for a model of co-operation and the potential utility of such a model.

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Torrijo, Ximena Fuentes. "The criteria of equitable utilization of international watercourses in general international law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312747.

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Hytteborn, Julia. "Water Quality in Swedish Lakes and Watercourses : Modeling the Intra-Annual Variability." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-234480.

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Water quality is of great importance for ecosystems and society. This thesis characterized and modeled the variation in several key constituents of Swedish surface waters, with particular consideration given to intra-annual variability and sensitivity to climate change. Cyanobacterial data from 29 lakes and basins as well as total organic carbon (TOC) from 215 watercourses were used. Extensive data on catchment characteristics, morphometry, discharge, temperature and other water chemistry data were also analyzed. Models characterizing the seasonality in cyanobacterial concentration and relative cyanobacterial abundance were developed with common lake variables. Concentrations of TOC, iron and absorbance were simulated using discharge, seasonality and long-term trend terms in the Fluxmaster modeling system. Spatial patterns in these model terms were investigated, and the sensitivity of cyanobacteria and TOC to future climate was explored. Nutrients were the major control on cyanobacterial concentration seasonality, while temperature was more important for relative cyanobacterial abundance. No cyanobacterial blooms occurred below a total phosphorus threshold of 20 µg l-1. Discharge and seasonality explained much of the intra-annual variability in TOC, but catchment characteristics could only explain a limited amount of the spatial patterns in the sensitivity to these influences. North of Limes Norrlandicus the discharge term had a larger impact on the TOC concentration in large catchments than in small catchments, while south of Limes Norrlandicus the seasonality had a larger impact in small catchments than in larger catchments. According to the climate change scenarios, both TOC and cyanobacterial concentrations will be higher in the future. The cyanobacterial dominance will start earlier and persist longer. The spring TOC concentration peak will come earlier. The changes in TOC loads are more uncertain due to predicted declines in discharge. Parsimonious statistical regression models could explain observed variability in cyanobacteria and TOC. For predictions, these models assume that future aquatic ecosystems will exhibit the same sensitivity to major drivers as in the past. If this proves not to be the case, the modeling can serve as a sentinel for changing catchment function as indicated by degradation in model performance when calibrations on older data are used to model later observations.

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Upreti, Trilochan. "Equitable utilisation of international watercourses : a case study of India and Nepal." Thesis, University of Reading, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402612.

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Kawas, M. "Studies of sediment erosion and of the geometry of sediment carrying watercourses." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371314.

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Books on the topic "Watercourses"

1

T, ap Rheinhallt, National Rivers Authority, and Water Research Centre, eds. Nature conservation in urban watercourses. [London]: National Rivers Authority and Water Research Centre, 1990.

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McCaffrey, Stephen C. The law of international watercourses. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

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Community, Southern African Development. Revised Protocol on Shared Watercourses. [Gaborone]: Southern African Development Community, 2000.

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Agency, Scottish Environment Protection. Watercourses in the community: A guide to sustainable watercourse management in the urban environment. Stirling: SEPA, 2000.

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Ontario. Ministry of Agriculture and Food. Fencing of Watercourses to Contgrol Erosion. S.l: s.n, 1990.

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Madsen, Bent Lauge. Danish watercourses: Ten years with the new watercourse act : collected examples of maintenance and restoration. Copenhagen: Ministry of Environment and Energy, Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 1995.

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Spirin, Yuriy, Sergey Zotov, Evgeniy Krasnov, and Nadezhda Cvetkova. Polder watercourses: research methods and geoecological assessment. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1903343.

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The monograph describes research methods and geoecological assessment of polder lands. The history of research and practical use of surface waters of the Kaliningrad region is characterized, modern problems of their geoecological state are revealed. The characteristic of polder lands as complex natural and economic systems is given, the necessity of geoecological studies of the catchments of small rivers located on them is substantiated. A methodological approach has been developed to assess the geoecological condition of the basins of small watercourses through the combined analysis of hydrological, hydrochemical and geoecological data. Hydrological calculations of the key characteristics of the river flow of small watercourses of polder lands were carried out, the dependencies between them were revealed. Field studies were carried out, hydrochemical data sets were obtained on the rivers of polder lands for four hydrological seasons of 2020-2021. Retrospective hydrochemical information has been processed. The prevailing pollutants, integral indicators of water quality and the main sources of pollution are calculated. Based on the results obtained, a scheme of spatial distribution of pollution of the river network of polder lands is constructed. The geoecological condition of the basins is assessed on the basis of a complex of natural and anthropogenic data; based on the result obtained, recommendations for its improvement are given. It is of interest to specialists in the field of geoecology, hydrology, hydrochemistry, environmental management and environmental protection.

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McIntyre, Owen. Environmental protection of international watercourses under international law. Hants, Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2007.

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Joint Finnish-Russian Commission on the Utilization of Frontier Watercourses. Cooperation on the frontier watercourses during thirty years. [Helsinki]: Joint Finnish-Russian Commission on the Utilization of Frontier Watercourses, 1995.

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Beasley, Gary. Macroinvertebrates, heavy metals and PAHs in urban watercourses. Leeds: University of Leeds, School of Geography, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Watercourses"

1

Axe, Matthew. "Green Corridors and Watercourses." In Smart Urban Regeneration, 191–200. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017. |: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315677521-12.

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Alasaarela, Erkki, Jouko Havu, Kaisa Heikkinen, and Kjell Weppling. "Neutralization of Acidified Watercourses." In Acidification in Finland, 1117–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75450-0_56.

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del Castillo-Laborde, Lilian. "Case Law on International Watercourses." In The Evolution of the Law and Politics of Water, 319–35. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9867-3_19.

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Scotton, Paolo, Stefano De Toni, and Catia Monauni. "Main Features of Watercourses' Hydrodynamics." In Water Quality Measurements, 33–45. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470863781.ch3.

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Fitzmaurice, Malgosia, and Olufemi Elias. "Northern European Co-Operation Regarding Watercourses." In Watercourse Co-operation in Northern Europe, 95–118. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-617-6_4.

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Jaia, Alessandro Maria, and Laura Ebanista. "The Latium coast from Ostia to Circeo: settlement dynamics in a peculiar context." In Monitoring of Mediterranean Coastal Areas: Problems and Measurement Techniques, 614–25. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0556-6.53.

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The contribution aims to investigate the settlement dynamics of the Latium coastal stretch of approximately 100 kilometres between Ostia and Circeo. This is a strip characterized by peculiar geomorphological and hydrographic features which have determined the outcomes of settlement dynamics starting from prehistoric times. After the protohistoric settlement process, also defined by the presence of watercourses and basins, the Latin cities developed in the coastal and para-coastal strip and found their economic basis on the control of the landings. Coastal basins and their landing places and watercourses are fundamental elements in the definition of economic processes and territorial control. The fundamental caesura of the settlement process for this area is 338 BC. The Roman conquest determined a series of dynamics that will be highlighted in the contribution proposed in the light of the relationships of the urban centres with Rome and with each other. Finally, an example on the settlement dynamics of the southernmost district is presented. It is the area historically known as Palus Pontina characterized by a greater thinning out of settlements and by peculiar dynamics.

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Bernikovа, T. A., N. N. Nagornova, N. A. Tsoupikova, and S. V. Shibaev. "Environmental Features of Watercourses in the Kaliningrad Region." In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 223–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/698_2017_108.

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Devlaeminck, David J. "Sovereignty claims in the law of international watercourses." In Reciprocity and China’s Transboundary Waters, 40–60. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429291753-3.

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Eckstein, Gabriel. "Groundwater and Aquifers Under the UN Watercourses Convention." In The International Law of Transboundary Groundwater Resources, 68–80. Abingdon, Oxon [UK] New York : Routledge, 2017. | Series: Earthscan water text: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315731216-5.

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Schneider, J., Ž. Kalasová, and J. Fialová. "Ecosystem Services and Disservices of Watercourses and Water Areas." In Springer Water, 337–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18363-9_14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Watercourses"

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Tretyakov, Victor, Stepan Klubov, Vasiliy Dmitriev, and Anna Nikulina. "ROLE OF UNACCOUNTED SOURCES OF TOTAL NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS IN THE NEVA BAY ANTHROPOGENIC EUTROPHICATION." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024, 427–34. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/3.1/s15.50.

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There is a worldwide ecological problem of anthropogenic eutrophication. The problem is especially serious one for the ecosystems of lakes, water-storage basins, and closed seas, such as the Baltic Sea. The eastern part of the sea is the Neva Bay. The water area is totally located within the administrative border of St. Petersburg and is influenced by the megacity. There is monitoring of the total nitrogen and phosphorus inflow into the Neva Bay with water of the Neva River and its spill streams. Nevertheless, there are watercourses entering the bay without points of monitoring. We presented the methodology for evaluation of the total nitrogen and substances outflow from the catchment areas without the monitoring points into the Neva Bay and the eastern part of the Finnish Gulf, and the evaluation results at the previous conferences SGEM2023 and SGEM Vienna GREEN 2023 �GREEN Science for GREEN Life�. However, there is the problem: �What is the unaccounted income influence on the bay ecosystem life?� If the influence is negligible, the authorities have not to organize monitoring points on the unaccounted watercourses. Otherwise, the authorities have to organize the monitoring points. The paper presents methodology for the problem solution by means of the ecosystem functioning computer simulation and some results of the numerical experiments. The influence significance is evaluated by modification of the Nash�Sutcliffe criterion.

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Aydin, Elena. "THE HUMAN IMPACT ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE RIPARIAN VEGETATION IN THE RURAL AREA." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024, 285–92. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/5.1/s20.37.

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Riparian vegetation of water streams represents dynamic ecosystem, which meets various functions. Since it forms a buffer zone between the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, it is of great importance in the ecological stability of landscape. Its importance is even higher nowadays when the effect of human activities on the environment is much stronger than in the past. The structure and quality of the vegetation comprising the riparian zone plays an important role in its ability to provide various ecosystem functions such as filtration of the sediment being transported by the surface runoff due to water erosion. This study investigated the impact of human activities on the structure and biodiversity of riparian vegetation in a rural area of the Sadowka watercourse in Poland, focusing on the effects of channelization and embankment on the riparian vegetation ecosystem functions. The canopy density at 11 selected sites along the river was estimated in 2008 as a global degree of canopy cover (GDCC). The mean GDCC in the upper part of the watercourse was 54 % and it occasionally reached up to 68%. Several rural settlements are in the middle part of the stream, what affected the GDCC ranging from 19 up to 68%. In this area also most of the regulated embarked sections of the watercourse are located. The lowest part of the river channel still shows its natural state with the mean GDCC of 66% besides the area is intensively used for agriculture. There are several sections of regulated flow, however the embankment is of mainly natural � grassy type. Human modifications to the channel, such as artificial embankments and regulation, had a negative impact on the structure and biodiversity of the riparian vegetation, with the most natural sections exhibiting the highest GDCC and biodiversity. The degree of human impact varied along the length of the watercourse. Understanding the impact of human activities on riparian vegetation is crucial for maintaining ecological stability and mitigating the effects of erosion and flooding.

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Smith, Sheldon, Shannon Enes, Jackie Metcalfe, Rick Guthrie, and Chuck Dubeau. "Does Open Cut Pipeline Installation Affect the Geomorphology of Rivers?" In 2020 13th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9334.

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Abstract Open cut has traditionally been the preferred method of pipeline installation traversing watercourses. It is well understood and accepted that open cut excavation of the channel bed and banks during construction causes temporary disturbance to watercourse and aquatic habitat. Horizontal directional drilling, direct push and other subsurface installation methods can potentially avoid channel bed and bank disturbance but may have unique environmental effects such as frac-outs of drilling fluid. Although highly dependent on site conditions, open cut crossings are generally less costly than comparable subsurface installation methods. When a pipeline is installed in an open cut, the pipe is typically installed on a gravel or sand bed, laid in place, surrounded by a sand pack and surrounding soils placed back in the cut in a manner that attempts to replicate the soil lithology, horizons and native compaction of the cut. It has long been thought that this sediment and soil disturbance and backfilling has the potential create a zone of geomorphological weakness at the cut where soil and sediment become dissimilar to the surrounding channel bed and banks and can result in the acceleration of bed scour, bank erosion, widening and slope instability. In this paper we examine the longer-term effects of open cut pipeline installations on the geomorphic characteristics of watercourses. Over the course of four years of field investigation, nearly 750 pipeline watercrossings throughout Ontario were visited and assessed for geomorphic stability and depth of cover. The fluvial geomorphology of Ontario is diverse and ranging from alluvial, sinuous, unconfined, low gradient watercourses in the southwest to karst-influenced morphologies in eastern Ontario and often greater slope, confined and bedrock dominated watercourses in the north. By examining the field-based geomorphological characteristics of pipeline watercourse crossings in Ontario installed by open cut and crossing a wide range of fluvial geomorphological types we will explore and draw empirically-based conclusions on whether open cuts do in fact affect the long term geomorphological conditions of the watercourse.

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Jasper, Steve, Jason D. Harris, and Raymond Doering. "The SWAT Approach for Pipeline Watercourse Crossings." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31358.

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This paper describes a multi-year program to assess pipeline crossings of sensitive watercourses along a major pipeline project. During the Front End Engineering and Design (FEED) phase a sensitive watercourse assessment team (SWAT) was established to provide a biophysical and construction assessment of selected watercourses to be crossed by a proposed pipeline project in western Canada. The SWAT comprised a fisheries biologist, a pipeline watercourse construction specialist and other technical support personnel. The field work included assessing biophysical data, fish habitat values, access to the crossing location, construction issues, site-specific mitigative measures and potential habitat compensation options, as well as providing photo documentation and a conceptual crossing sketch. The advantages of the SWAT assessment at a crossing site were: • It provided an effective and efficient field assessment of the proposed watercourse crossing in the early phase of the project. • It was a multidisciplinary assessment. • It provided a recommendation as to a preferred crossing location at the site. • It provided a recommendation as to preferred crossing method and timing of construction at the site. • The data were site-specific to the preferred crossing location. Three consecutive years of baseline biophysical field data were compiled and site reports generated using a custom designed database. Over 200 sensitive watercourses were identified based on environmental, geotechnical, and constructability factors and were visited by the SWAT team, sometimes more than once, for a total of 271 individual site assessments. Data collected during the FEED phase included site-specific information that can be used for ongoing project discussions, regulatory and community consultations, permitting and Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) authorizations. The SWAT program also provided recommendations for minor or significant shifts in crossing location for 40% of the sites visited, resulting in changes to the pipeline alignment during the route evolution process.

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Ripley, Neil, Elisa Scordo, and Alex Baumgard. "A GIS-Based System to Assess the Environmental Consequence of a Liquid Pipeline Rupture at Watercourse Crossings." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90473.

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BGC Engineering Inc. (BGC) was retained by a large pipeline operator to develop a GIS-based system to assess and rank the environmental consequence of a pipeline rupture on watercourse crossings within their pipeline system. Several physical, biological and socio-economic factors contribute to the environmental consequence of a pipeline rupture on a watercourse. This study examined select spatial and vulnerability factors, and did not consider biologic or economic impacts. Three factors were selected as part of the initial study to prioritize the pipeline watercourse crossings according to: (1) size of the watercourse at the pipeline crossing, (2) proximity of each individual crossing to larger downstream watercourses, and (3) pipeline liquid flow rate volume. A spatial analysis was conducted to determine the first two factors, while input for the third factor was provided by the pipeline operator. Watercourse size was determined using Strahler’s stream order classification (Strahler 1952), while proximity to larger downstream watercourses was assessed using a Geographic Information System (GIS). This paper presents an overview of the data sources and methods used to develop an initial screening tool for identifying high consequence crossings within a pipeline system, and highlights the challenges encountered with acquiring and processing data to include in a consequence rating system. As with other pipeline risk assessments, the main challenges of this work include data availability, data integrity and resource limitations. This system is intended to fit within the pipeline operator’s current geohazard integrity management program and direct resources for a multi-year baseline field inspection program.

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Nilsson, Karin, Erik Segergren, Jan Sundberg, Elisabeth Sjo¨stedt, and Mats Leijon. "Converting Kinetic Energy in Small Watercourses Using Direct Drive Generators." In ASME 2004 23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2004-51213.

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Tidal currents, ocean currents and unregulated watercourses are all large sources of energy that can be converted into electricity. Several technical and economical solutions within this research area have been demonstrated. In literature there exists two different turbine types, horizontal and vertical axis. The present paper focuses on the design of a permanent magnetized generator directly coupled to a vertical axis turbine. The proposed theoretical concept is adapted to data measurements regarding water current velocities and flow profiles from a Swedish watercourse. A high electromagnetic efficiency of 90% is obtained.

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Jadviscok, Petr. "THE DETAILED MAPPING OF WATERCOURSES." In 13th SGEM GeoConference on INFORMATICS, GEOINFORMATICS AND REMOTE SENSING. Stef92 Technology, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2013/bb2.v2/s09.059.

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Ruiz-Villanueva, V., A. Badoux, R. Boes, D. Rickenmann, C. Rickli, I. Schalko, L. Schmocker, et al. "Large wood research in Swiss watercourses." In The International Conference On Fluvial Hydraulics (River Flow 2016). Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315644479-358.

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Ferris, Gerry, Patrick Grover, and Aron Zahradka. "Real Time Rainfall Monitoring for Pipeline Geohazards." In ASME-ARPEL 2021 International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipg2021-63162.

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Abstract Oil and gas pipelines are subjected to multiple types of geohazards which cause pipeline failures (loss of containment); two of the most common types occur at watercourse crossings and at landslides. At watercourse crossings, the most common geohazard which causes pipeline failures is flooding during which excessive scour may result in the exposure of the buried pipeline and if the exposure results in a free spanning pipeline, then this may fail due to fatigue caused by cyclic loading from vortex-induced vibration. Fortunately the free span length and water velocity combinations that lead to failure can be defined and can be used to identify the flood discharge that should be monitored for in order to trigger actions to manage the hazard and avoid failure. Most watercourse crossings in a pipeline network are on ungauged watercourses and necessitate the use of a proxy gauged watercourse. The “proxy” gauged watercourse is used to infer whether flooding is occurring on the ungauged crossing, and the owner can take appropriate actions. Often the proxy gauged watercourse is too far away or the watercourse may not be representative of the crossing of concern (e.g. large difference in the drainage areas). Real-time rainfall data can be used in conjunction with streamflow monitoring to determine when extreme precipitation has occurred within the ungauged watercourses catchment which may result in flooding. Where pipelines cross landslide prone areas, large scale movements can be initiated, or slow on-going movement rates increased when extreme rainfall occurs. The definition of the extreme rainfall event for slope sites is the key component of providing a suitable warning of potentially dangerous conditions; shallow slides can be caused by short term events from sub-hourly to 3 day duration precipitation events whereas large deep seated (creeping) landslides can be driven by annual and intra-annual rainfall amounts. Monitoring of real time rainfall can be used to determine when extreme rainfall occurs at a landslide site. The density of in-situ weather stations collecting real-time rainfall data prevents the application along remote sections of pipeline routes and within large sections of Canada. Gridded real time rainfall from quantitative precipitation estimations which integrate a multiple data sources including in-situ, numerical weather prediction, satellite and weather radar, can be used to overcome this problem and provide warnings when pre-determined rainfall thresholds are exceeded on a site-specific basis.

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Ferris, Gerald, Sarah Newton, and Minh Ho. "Watercourse Crossing Program: 10 Years Performance." In ASME-ARPEL 2019 International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipg2019-5314.

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Abstract Plains Midstream Canada (PMC) completes a watercourse crossing program as part of its overall integrity management program. The approximately 9,900 kilometers of operating and discontinued pipelines are evaluated within the watercourse crossing program. The pipelines are located throughout the Canadian Provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Ontario. The terrain traversed ranges from relatively steep near the Rocky Mountains to extremely flat in northern Alberta and Southern Ontario. Since 2008, PMC’s systematic watercourse crossing program has evolved and now consists of approximately 5,000 individual watercourse crossings. The bankfull width of the watercourses ranges from less than 1 m for intermittent streams to more than 700 m at major rivers. The watercourse crossing program is subjected to a continuous improvement process, with a focus on key learnings from pipeline failures, free spans and exposure. This paper describes the results from the program over the last 10 years and highlights program improvements. In addition, data from a failure and three free spans on the pipelines now owned by PMC, but where the exposure, free span or failure occurred prior to PMC purchasing the pipelines were added to expand the available data for the key learnings.

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Reports on the topic "Watercourses"

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Budzich, Jeffrey. PR-685-184506-R02 Additional Hydrotechnical Hazard Pipeline Integrity. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011713.

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The purpose of this document is to identify and discuss hydrotechnical hazards and the threats they pose to an exposed pipeline in a watercourse. The discussion herein is intended to assist operators in identifying and assessing the hazards to facilitate safe operation of the pipeline. Although some topics in this report such as wave-action erosion are also applicable to sub-sea pipelines, they are meant to be applied in context to inland watercourses. The scope of this document is limited to the discussion of threats that could potentially affect the integrity of onshore pipelines at water crossings.

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Prokopov, Roman Anatolyevich. Determination of hydrographic and physico-geographical characteristics of watercourses and catchments. DOI СODE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/doicode-2023.121.

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Beltman, W. H. J., and G. H. Aalderink. Fate of bromide, nicosulfuron and prosulfocarb in a system of watercourses : Field experiment near Brakel. Wageningen: WOT Natuur & Milieu, 2024. https://doi.org/10.18174/684717.

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Malik, S. M., Waheed-uz-Zaman, and M. Kuper. Farmers' organized behavior in irrigated agriculture in Pakistan's Punjab: a case study of six watercourse command areas in Junejwala Minor, Lower Chenab Canal System. International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI), 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.5337/2013.038.

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Author, Unknown. L51752 Water Crossing Design and Installation Manual. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), August 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010323.

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The pipeline industry has recognized the need for a reference guide to assist design personnel in the selection of the most environmentally appropriate and cost-effective construction techniques for pipeline water and wetland crossings. Operating companies have already been developing, implementing, and perfecting water and wetland crossing techniques and associated preventative, mitigative, and monitoring procedures in order to minimize the impacts on water quality and associated habitat. However, these activities, to date have largely been performed on an individual basis with little transfer of technology or information, which has led to duplication of effort inmany areas. This document outlines relevant background studies and investigations, crossing technique selection and design, methods of prevention and mitigation, inspection and monitoring, restoration and the present regulatory framework under which pipeline watercourse crossings are assessed and constructed. The specific study contents and design procedures are presented as a guide from which qualified personnel can develop specific programs and mitigative techniques.

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Hudgens, Bian, Jene Michaud, Megan Ross, Pamela Scheffler, Anne Brasher, Megan Donahue, Alan Friedlander та ін. Natural resource condition assessment: Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park. National Park Service, вересень 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2293943.

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Natural Resource Condition Assessments (NRCAs) evaluate current conditions of natural resources and resource indicators in national park units (parks). NRCAs are meant to complement—not replace—traditional issue- and threat-based resource assessments. NRCAs employ a multi-disciplinary, hierarchical framework within which reference conditions for natural resource indicators are developed for comparison against current conditions. NRCAs do not set management targets for study indicators, and reference conditions are not necessarily ideal or target conditions. The goal of a NRCA is to deliver science-based information that will assist park managers in their efforts to describe and quantify a park’s desired resource conditions and management targets, and inform management practices related to natural resource stewardship. The resources and indicators emphasized in a given NRCA depend on the park’s resource setting, status of resource stewardship planning and science in identifying high-priority indicators, and availability of data and expertise to assess current conditions for a variety of potential study resources and indicators. Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park (hereafter Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP) encompasses 1.7 km2 (0.7 mi2) at the base of the Mauna Loa Volcano on the Kona coast of the island of Hawaiʻi. The Kona coast of Hawaiʻi Island is characterized by calm winds that increase in the late morning to evening hours, especially in the summer when there is also a high frequency of late afternoon or early evening showers. The climate is mild, with mean high temperature of 26.2° C (79.2° F) and a mean low temperature of 16.6° C (61.9° F) and receiving on average 66 cm (26 in) of rainfall per year. The Kona coast is the only region in Hawaiʻi where more precipitation falls in the summer than in the winter. There is limited surface water runoff or stream development at Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP due to the relatively recent lava flows (less than 1,500 years old) overlaying much of the park. Kiʻilae Stream is the only watercourse within the park. Kiʻilae Stream is ephemeral, with occasional flows and a poorly characterized channel within the park. A stream gauge was located uphill from the park, but no measurements have been taken since 1982. Floods in Kiʻilae Stream do occur, resulting in transport of fluvial sediment to the ocean, but there are no data documenting this phenomenon. There are a small number of naturally occurring anchialine pools occupying cracks and small depressions in the lava flows, including the Royal Fishponds; an anchialine pool modified for the purpose of holding fish. Although the park’s legal boundaries end at the high tide mark, the sense of place, story, and visitor experience would be completely different without the marine waters adjacent to the park. Six resource elements were chosen for evaluation: air and night sky, water-related processes, terrestrial vegetation, vertebrates, anchialine pools, and marine resources. Resource conditions were determined through reviewing existing literature, meta-analysis, and where appropriate, analysis of unpublished short- and long-term datasets. However, in a number of cases, data were unavailable or insufficient to either establish a quantitative reference condition or conduct a formal statistical comparison of the status of a resource within the park to a quantitative reference condition. In those cases, data gaps are noted, and comparisons were made based on qualitative descriptions. Overall, the condition of natural resources within Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP reflects the surrounding landscape. The coastal lands immediately surrounding Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP are zoned for conservation, while adjacent lands away from the coast are agricultural. The condition of most natural resources at Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP reflect the overall condition of ecological communities on the west Hawai‘i coast. Although little of the park’s vegetation...

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