Academic literature on the topic 'Watering interval'
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Journal articles on the topic "Watering interval"
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Ismoyojati, Roni, and Devi Devi. "Pengaruh Komposisi Media Tanam dan Interval Penyiraman Terhadap Laju Pertumbuhan Bibit Kopi Robusta." Agrisintech (Journal of Agribusiness and Agrotechnology) 5, no. 2 (2024): 65–74. https://doi.org/10.31938/agrisintech.v5i2.744.
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Various mixtures of planting media and watering with predetermined intervals are used to support the growth process of Robusta coffee seedlings in the early stages of plant cultivation. The aim of this research is to determine how various planting media compositions and watering intervals influence the growth rate of Robusta coffee seedlings. This study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replication blocks and a 3x3 factorial pattern as an experimental design. The two aspects studied were watering interval (I) and plant media (M). The planting media factor (M) consists of three levels: M0 is top soil media, M1 is top soil and 2:1 TKKS media, and M2 is top soil and 2:1 manure media. The watering interval factor (I) has three levels: I0 indicates a one-day watering interval, I1 indicates a two-day watering interval, and I2 indicates a three-day watering interval. The variables observed included growth rate, dry weight, number of leaves, root length, and plant height. Based on the research findings, there was no interaction between the combination of watering intervals and planting media treatments. However, at the age of 60 HST, 90 HST, and 120 HST there was a significant difference in the variable of plant height between the treatment intervals of watering once every two days (I1), watering once a day (I0), and watering treatment once every three days (I2). At the age of 60 HST there was also a difference in the variable of root length between the planting media treatments. There was a significant difference between the treatment of watering once a day (I0) and the treatment of watering once every two days (I1) in the variable of dry weight at 120 HST. The results of the slope analysis of the line on the logistic pattern growth curve in all treatments showed no significant difference and interaction between the combinations of treatments tested on the variables of plant height and root length. Berbagai campuran media tanam dan pemberian air dengan interval tertentu diuji untuk mendukung proses pembibitan kopi robusta. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana laju pertumbuhan bibit kopi Robusta dipengaruhi oleh berbagai komposisi media tanam dan interval penyiraman. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan tiga blok ulangan dan pola faktorial 3x3 sebagai rancangan percobaan. Dua faktor yang diteliti adalah interval penyiraman (I) dan media tanaman (M). Faktor media tanam (M) terdiri dari tiga taraf: M0 adalah media top soil, M1 adalah top soil dan media TKKS 2:1, dan M2 adalah top soil dan media pupuk kandang 2:1. Selain itu, Faktor interval penyiraman (I) yang diuji mencakup tiga taraf: I0 menunjukkan interval penyiraman satu hari, I1 menunjukkan interval penyiraman dua hari, dan I2 menunjukkan interval penyiraman tiga hari. Variabel yang diamati meliputi laju pertumbuhan, berat kering, jumlah daun, panjang akar, dan tinggi tanaman. Berdasarkan temuan penelitian, tidak terdapat interaksi antara kombinasi interval penyiraman dan perlakuan media tanam. Namun pada umur 60 HST, 90 HST, dan 120 HST terdapat perbedaan nyata variabel tinggi tanaman antara interval perlakuan penyiraman dua hari sekali (I1), penyiraman sehari sekali (I0), dan perlakuan penyiraman tiga hari sekali (I2). Pada umur 60 HST juga terdapat perbedaan variabel panjang akar antar perlakuan media tanam. Terdapat perbedaan nyata antara perlakuan penyiraman satu kali sehari (I0) dengan perlakuan penyiraman dua hari sekali (I1) pada variabel berat kering 120 HST. Hasil analisis kemiringan garis pada kurva pertumbuhan pola logistik di semua perlakuan menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan nyata dan interaksi antar kombinasi perlakuan yang diujicobakan pada variabel tinggi tanaman dan panjang akar.
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Husna, Faisal Danu Tuheteru, Al Basri, Asrianti Arif, Basruddin, and Yuningsih Umar. "SERAPAN HARA TANAMAN KAYU KUKU (Pericopsis mooniana Thw.) BERMIKORIZA PADA INTERVAL PENYIRAMAN BERBEDA." HUTAN TROPIKA 15, no. 2 (2022): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.36873/jht.v15i2.2165.
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The aim of the study was to determine the effect of a combination of mycorrhizal fungi and watering intervals on kayu kuku (Pericopsis mooniana) grown on gold tailings media. This research was conducted at the green house of the Indonesian Mycorrhizal Association (AMI) Southeast Sulawesi branch for 4 months (March-July 2019). The study used a factorial randomized block design (CRD) with two factors being tested, the first factors including no AMF inoculation, using Claroideoglomus etunicatum and Septoglomus constrictum which were given 10 grams each. The second factor included watering every day, every two days and every three days, with three replications and three crop units. The results showed that the treatment combination of AMF type S. constrictum with daily watering intervals increased P nutrient levels on the shoot and root, while three days watering intervals increased Mn uptake on the shoot. The combination of AMF treatment for C. etunicatum and daily watering intervals increased the Mn level of the roots and the two days watering interval increased the P uptake on the shoots and roots. The best treatment was a combination of AMF type C. etunicatum and two days watering intervals which effectively increased P uptake of the shoot. Independently, AMF treatment for S. constrictum and two days watering interval were effective in increasing the levels and P nutrients uptake on the shoot. Keywords: Drought stress, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Pericopsis mooniana, uptakeof nutrients.
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Gana, Lizeka Pretty, Ninon G. E. R. Etsassala, and Felix Nchu. "Interactive Effects of Water Deficiency and Endophytic Beauveria bassiana on Plant Growth, Nutrient Uptake, Secondary Metabolite Contents, and Antioxidant Activity of Allium cepa L." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 8 (2022): 874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8080874.
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The main aim of this research study was to assess the interactive effects of water deficiency and the inoculation of a growth medium with Beauveria bassiana on plant growth, nutrient uptake, secondary metabolite contents, and antioxidant capacity of Allium cepa. A. cepa seedlings were simultaneously exposed to one of three watering regime treatments (3-day, 5-day, and 7-day watering intervals) and B. bassiana or no-fungus treatment. While the longest watering interval induced reduced plant growth, plants inoculated with B. bassiana had better results than those in the no-fungus treatment. Significant interactive effects (DF = 2.0; p < 0.05) between fungus and the watering regime on P, K, and Fe contents were observed. Remarkably, at the 7-day watering interval, the polyphenol content (64.0 mg GAE/L) was significantly higher in the plants treated with B. bassiana than in the no-fungus-treated plants. The watering interval significantly affected (DF = 2, 6; F = 7.4; p < 0.05) total flavonol contents among the fungus-treated plants. The interaction of the watering interval and B. bassiana inoculation (DF = 2.0; F = 3.8; p < 0.05) significantly influenced the flavonol content in the onion bulbs and the antioxidant activities of onion bulbs in the FRAP assay (DF = 2.0; F = 4.1; p < 0.05).
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Agele, Aiyelari Peter Samuel, and Adeola Ojerinde. "Effects Of Watering Regime And Mycorrhizal Inoculation On Growth,Functional And Yield Traits Of Four Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Varieties." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1, Nov & Dec (2017): 01–25. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2574526.
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Abstract: A screen house experiment was conducted to determine the effects of watering intervals and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation on growth, functional trait, grain yield and yield components of four rice varieties. Treatments were 4 x 3 x 2 factorial combination consisting of three indigenous rice (Igbemo, Benue type, Ofada) and improved varieties (Nerica 8), watering regimes at 4-, 8- and 12– day intervals and with or without the application mycorrhizal inoculum. Data collected were shoot and root weights, number of roots per plant and total root length, number of green and senesced leaves at 50% flowering and maturity, seed and panicle weights. Treatment were significant (P < 0.05) on some measured growth variables of mycorrhizal inoculated rice plants including plant height, number of tillers and leaves, leaf area and biomass per plant except fresh root weight of rice. A positive influence of Ambuscular mycorrhizal inoculation and 4 – day watering interval on plant growth and panicle and seed weight and 100 seeds weight compared to the noninoculated and drought (12- day watering interval) were recorded. Inoculated Igbemo variety watered at 4– day intervals were consistently taller in height, had enhanced biomass and number of leaves and tillers. The 4- day watering interval enhanced rice growth which included, number of senesced leaves at 50% flowering and at maturity, number of green leaves at 50% flowering and at maturity, plant height at 50% flowering and biomass, except root length. Treatment effects were significant (P < 0.05) on some yield variables of rice which include, seed weight, 100 seed weight (g) and panicle weight. The values of these parameters were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in Igbemo and Benue varieties and were enhanced by the 4– day watering intervals. Inoculated Igbemo and Benue type watered at 4 – day interval had more seeds, higher seed weights and panicles with or without AMF inoculation compared with other varieties that were watered at 8– and 12– day watering intervals. The interactions between variety, watering intervals and mycorrhizal inoculation significantly enhanced plant height, leaf area, number of tillers and seed yields for Igbemo and Benue variety and number of spikes and spikelets for Ofada and Nerica 8.
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Fateha, Riska Nur, Bait Ilhaminnur, Soemarno Soemarno, and Niken Rani Wandansari. "Efektivitas Pupuk Organik dan Interval Penyiraman terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Tomat." Agrotechnology Research Journal 4, no. 1 (2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/agrotechresj.v4i1.41393.
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<p class="Abstract">This research aimed to determine the effect of various organic fertilizer and watering intervals on plant growth and tomato yield, also soil nutrient content. The method used was factorial completely randomized design with a combination of organic fertilizer types (kaliandra compost, water hyacinth and Mexican sunflower compost, cow manure and straw compost, and vermicompost) and watering intervals (1, 3 and 7 days). Mycorrhizal dose used was 2 grams/plant, while organic fertilizer used was 160 g/plant. The results showed that the interaction between organic fertilizer and watering intervals did not affected significantly on tomato plant height, stem diameter, root length, initial flowering, fruit diameter, number of fruits and fresh fruit weight and soil nutrient content. Watering interval affected significantly to all parameters of the observation. Addition of organic fertilizer can increase soil C-organic content by 6.58% and P-available by 170.51% compared to controls. In general, the highest tomato production was obtained in the combination of treatments water hyacinth and Mexican sunflower compost and watering interval of 1 day, which was 231 g/plant or equivalent 7.22 tons/ha.</p>
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Mardisiwi, Ririh Sekar, Ani Kurniawati, Eko Sulistyono, and Dan Didah Nur Fardidah. "Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Jintan Hitam pada Beberapa Komposisi Media Tanam dan Interval Penyiraman." Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy) 46, no. 1 (2018): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24831/jai.v46i1.16723.
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Black cumin plant ‘Habatussaudah’ (Nigella sativa L.) is a new introduced plant in Indonesia, therefore it is necessary to study cultivation method in order to produce high yield of good quality. This study was aimed to evaluate the growth of black cumin on different composition of media and watering intervals. The experiment was conducted at Sarongge Experimental Station, Cipanas, West Java (1,117 m asl) from June to October 2016. The experiment used a randomized block design with three replications. The treatment consisted of two factors, namely the composition of the planting media and the watering interval. The composition of planting medium consisted of soil only (M0), soil: manure (1:1, v/v) (M1), soil: manure: rice-hull charcoal (1: 1: 1) (M2), soil: manure: rice-hull charcoal (2: 1: 1) (M3). The watering interval consisted of 4 levels, i.e., watering every 4, 7, 10 and 13 days. The results showed that soil with manure and or rice-hull charcoal increased the growth of vegetative, generative and production of black cumin 1.5 g per plant. Watering at intervals of 4 and 7 days produced better plant growth than those of watering with longer intervals.<br /> <br />Keywords: Habbatusauda, high altitude, introduced plant, medicinal plant, tropical area
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Lubis, K., and R. Satria. "Effect of watering interval on growth and production of 2 maize (Zea mays L.) varieties in drought stressed media treated with chitosan." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1413, no. 1 (2024): 012039. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1413/1/012039.
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Abstract Maize is an important food source after rice, but its production is often hampered by drought stress. This study aimed to assess the effect of watering intervals on two maize varieties by applying chitosan from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) cocoon shell waste. The study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two treatment factors. The first factor was watering interval consisting of five levels: daily watering, no watering for 4, 8, 12, and 16 days. The second factor was maize variety, Bonanza F1 and Bisi-18. The results showed that the watering interval had a significant effect on plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter at 7 weeks of age, cob weight, 100 seed weight, root volume and length, and time of female flower emergence. The treatment of Bonanza F1 and Bisi-18 varieties also had a significant effect on plant height at 7 weeks of planting, stem diameter at 6-7 weeks of planting, root volume, root length, female flowering time, cob weight and length. In addition, the interaction between watering interval and maize varieties significantly affected plant height, 100 seed weight, cob length, root volume, root length, and time to female flower emergence.
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Sine, Heny M. C., I. Komang Sudarma, and Aloysius Ngongo Lende. "The Growth of Anglonema Dus Anjamani Plants Due to the Composition of the Growing Medium and Different Water Intervals." International Journal of Social Service and Research 4, no. 02 (2024): 629–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.46799/ijssr.v4i02.730.
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This research investigates the influence of planting media and watering intervals on the growth of Aglaonema. The study utilizes a Randomized Group Design (RAK) with various compositions of planting media, including husk charcoal, chicken manure bokashi, and eggshell flour, in ratios M1=1:2:1, M2=2:1:2, M3=3:2:1. Watering time intervals were set as I1=once every 2 days, I2=once every 4 days, and I3=every 6 days. There were 27 experimental units, each combination repeated thrice. Statistical analysis, including Sidik Ragam and Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT), revealed a significant interaction effect between planting media and watering intervals on plant height, leaf number, leaf length, and leaf width of Aglaonema. Notably, the composition 3:2:1 showed the highest growth in plant height (5.03cm), leaf number (4.53 strands), leaf length (4.83cm), and leaf width (4.13cm). This composition did not significantly differ from 1:2:2 with a 2-day watering interval and 3:2:1 with a 2 and 6-day watering interval, but it significantly outperformed other treatments. The findings contribute valuable insights into optimizing Aglaonema growth conditions for enhanced quality and productivity.
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Shadrack Kinyua Inoti and Doris Cherop. "Appropriate watering interval for Prunus africana nursery seedlings in Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya." International Journal of Scientific Research Updates 3, no. 1 (2022): 034–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.53430/ijsru.2022.3.1.0026.
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Water is essential in raising seedlings but needs to be efficiently utilized since it is a scarce resource. Hardening off of nursery seedlings through reduction of watering regime leads to better survival. Watering interval is not well determined and this can vary with species type and locality. An experiment was set up in dry season to determine the most appropriate watering interval for African stinkwood (Prunus africana) seedlings in Egerton University, Kenya. The experiment was laid down as a Completely Randomized Design with 4 treatments replicated 3 times. Treatments comprised of different watering intervals, which were as follows; twice daily, once daily, 2 days and 4 days, which were applied for 2 months on seedlings during January to March 2018. ANOVA was used to determine treatment differences while SED was used to determine the significantly different treatment means at p ≤ 0.05. Results showed that watering twice daily gives the best growth of Prunus seedlings but encourages succulent foliage growth which is not favourable for planting out seedlings. Therefore two days watering interval is the most ideal for hardening off seedlings that are non-succulent in the highlands since it reduces foliage growth and encourages woodiness. The recommended interval is 2 days since it showed good growth with minimal water use equivalent to 25% of the water used by seedling watered twice daily. The results can be applied in the Kenyan highlands for non-succulent species. Further studies needs to be done for different pot sizes and soil mixtures.
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Mooy, Lenny, Lena Walunguru, Yunus K. Remitana, and Theresia Ginting. "APLIKASI PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR SUMBER NITROGEN DAN INTERVAL PEMBERIAN AIR PADA PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN SELADA MERAH." AgriPeat 25, no. 02 (2024): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36873/agp.v25i02.15386.
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The growth and produce of red lettuce are influenced by plant growth factors such as the availability of nutrients and water content in planting medium. This study aims to determine the growth and produce of red lettuce by using liquid organic fertilizer and watering intervals. This research employed Randomized Block Design (RBD) Factorial consisting of 12 combinations of treatments and 3 replications with the first factor tested was liquid organic fertilizer consisting of 4 levels namely: without organic liquid fertilizer; Liquid organic fertilizer from tofu pulp; liquid organic from chicken manure; and liquid organic fertilizer from lamtoro leaf. The second factor was the interval of watering: interval 1, 2, and 3 days. The parameters observed were plant height, leaf chlorophyll, wet weight, and dry weight. The results showed that the organic fertilizer treatment of tofu dregs gave the best result of plant height at 2 weeks after planting (WAP) (14.71 cm), 3 WAP (18.19 cm), 4 WAP (23.11 cm), leaf chlorophyll (21.89 mg l-1), wet weight (0.175 g), and dry weight (0.037 g). The treatment of once a day watering interval gave the best result of plant height 2 WAP (15.04 cm), 3 WAP (18.73 cm), 4 WAP (24.17 cm), leaf chlorophyll (20.68 mg l-1), Wet weight (0.183 g), dry weight (0.0038 g), while watering interval once every 3 days gave the highest water efficiency (0.026), and the treatment of liquid organic fertilizer of tofu and once a day watering interval gave the highest wet weight (0.189 g).
Books on the topic "Watering interval"
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Oriolo, Anna. The Zuchtvieh-Export GmbH v. Stadt Kempten Case—The Triggering of a Substantial Link to ‘Export’ EU Animal Welfare Law? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190848194.003.0006.
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In the 2015 judgment in the Zuchtvieh-Export GmbH v. Stadt Kempten case, the European Court of Justice extended EU standards on animal welfare beyond the Union’s boundaries, stating that the requirements relating to watering and feeding intervals as well as the duration of journeys and resting periods also apply to those stages of the transport taking place outside the European Union. In addition to representing a landmark judgment in the sphere of improving EU animal welfare policy, in the author’s view, this case is particularly innovative as it indicates a Court of Justice’s novel trend to export EU law to third states, offering a substantial link to the “territorial extension” of EU social and environmental norms to non-EU states.
Book chapters on the topic "Watering interval"
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Anjar, Lasmini Sri, Hayati Nur, Tangkesalu Dance, Nasir Burhanuddin, and Edy Nur. "Environmental Modification of Growing Cabbage Flower (Brassica oleracea. L). in Dryland with Organic Fertilizer and Watering Interval." In Advances in Biological Sciences Research. Atlantis Press International BV, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-334-4_40.
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Worthy, Ben. "The 1999 draft Bill: the retreat becomes a rout." In The Politics of Freedom of Information. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719097676.003.0005.
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This chapter follows the process from January 1998 to the much delayed publication of the draft bill in 1999. The FOI bill ‘swapped’ policy team and, at this point, shifted the source of policy drive. With no internal champions the push came from a combination of the legislature, the media and the government’s own waning sense of duty to its manifesto. The chapter focuses on the growing internal pressure from within the government to change the FOI commitment. Irvine’s combative approach led to short term success but a lack of consensus for moving forward. The proposed policy was threatening to key politicians and officials but also vulnerable due to the flaws within it. As Irvine’s radical plans stalled, senior figures, including the Prime Minister had growing doubts about the policy. Flaws in the White Paper were used to revise and weaken the policy while the fading power of the radical FOI group was reduced by Lord Irvine’s own personal loss of influence. The key moment came in 1998 when FOI was transferred from supporter Irvine to sceptic Jack Straw and the Cabinet Office team broken up. This led to a much more detailed but much weaker draft FOI bill, which inserted a veto power for government and reduced the power of the independent reviewer. The original proposals were modified within the Cabinet committee. Yet the bill survived in part due to the insertion of a ‘five year’ implementation gap and the government’s lukewarm commitment to its reform agenda. However, the bill was not a wholesale watering down, as it added Parliament to the Act’s coverage.
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Benger Alaluf, Yaara. "Defining the Product." In The Emotional Economy of Holidaymaking. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866152.003.0004.
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This chapter explores how the objectives of the nascent holiday resort industry transformed in relation to dynamics of health, pleasure, and social class. It analyses the process of defining holiday as a product by drawing on source material from the different actors in the resort economy, including internal documents of the local corporations, resort publications, travel guides, railway advertising, vacationers’ accounts, and medical literature referring directly to holiday practices. It shows that the emotionally loaded encounter between different social classes at the resort was a core aspect of the shifting practices of holidaymaking from ‘taking the waters’ to commercial amusements, or from health to recreation. In order to comprehend these transformations, the chapter focuses on three watering-places that were among the most popular holiday destinations in Victorian and Edwardian Britain, but which differed in their characteristics: Harrogate—an aristocratic inland spa; Scarborough—a spa and seaside resort with mixed social clientele; and Blackpool—the exemplary working-class seaside town. The chapter concludes by pointing to the impact of the therapeutic rationalization of recreational activities on the resort industry, arguing that the notions of health and pleasure in the history of holidaymaking should not be addressed as opposites, but as interrelated concepts defined and valued within a wider context, namely the relation between leisure, class, gender, scientific expertise, and emotion knowledge.
Conference papers on the topic "Watering interval"
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Ruschau, Gregory, Weiji Huang, Erin Sullivan, and Michael Surkein. "Hydrotesting of LNG Tanks Using Untreated Brackish Water." In CORROSION 2011. NACE International, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2011-11216.
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Abstract Hydrostatic pressure testing, or hydrotesting, of oilfield production and storage equipment requires that the damage done to equipment during testing is minimal. In this case study, the storage tanks at a large liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminal were to be hydrotested using the natural brackish water found near the site. Due to environmental regulations and schedule/cost implications, chemical treatment of the hydrotest water was not possible. Concerns over both microbiologically influenced corrosion and preferential corrosion in the heat affected zone of the tank plate welds were the major technical issues. The hydrotests were conducted successfully using brackish water without chemical treatment. Post-test visual inspection verified that some flash rusting was evident near the heat affected zones but no significant damage was registered. The primary mitigation step taken was temporary cathodic protection of the stainless steel internal piping, ladders, and other fixtures using sacrificial anodes and protective coatings. Additionally, the duration of test was minimized through efficient execution as well as potable water rinsing post-test and de-watering and drying steps immediately after draining. Microbiological testing of the brackish water was conducted prior to and at intervals throughout the test duration to determine if risk of microbiological activity was present.
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Schmitt, G., R. Feser, C. Kapsalis, K. Steinkamp, and B. Sagebiel. "Splash Zone Protection of Hot Risers by Sheathing with CuNi Alloys." In CORROSION 2010. NACE International, 2010. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2010-10386.
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Abstract The performance of CuNi 90 10 (C70600) , CuNi 70 30 (C71500) and NiCu 70 30 (N04400, alloy 400) was investigated under conditions encountered in the splash and spray zone of hot risers with special consideration of the heat transfer at the wall causing salt crusts formation. Tubes of these alloys were heated internally to an inside temperature of 100 and 120 °C, respectively, and were exposed vertically for 1000 h i) half-submerged in ASTM seawater thermostated at 50°C and ii) to a spray of artificial ASTM seawater in a salt spray chamber kept at 50°C. Corrosion loss was quantified by topographic scanning. In the spray test all alloys experienced only general metal losses in the order of 2 to 4 μm regardless of the applied internal temperature. Very small needle-like pits were found only under the salt crusts. The pit depths were generally only 5 to 10 μm, the deepest pits amounted to 22 μm (NiCu70/30). Below the salt crusts on half submerged tube samples metal dissolution was widely uniform. At 100 °C internal tube temperature the wall loss was 10 to 40 μm (deepest local penetrations 30 to 45 μm). At 120°C internal tube temperature the general material loss ranged between 10 and 25 μm (local penetrations generally 15 to 40 μm, max 80 μm). In all cases no measurable corrosion attack was found below the waterline (&lt;2μm). All alloys tested are applicable as sheating material for hot risers in the splash zone.
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Bowry, Earl. "Preservation of Working Vessels." In Paint and Coatings Expo (PACE) 2008. SSPC, 2008. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2008-00006.
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Abstract Synopsis This paper will offer general guidance regarding preservation by liquid applied coatings to the owners and operators of coastal and inland working vessels. The paper will discuss both new construction and maintenance painting, and will offer suggested coating systems for the main areas of these vessels. Background Thousands of tugboats, pushboats, barges, dredges, fishing boats, ferries, scows, and other working vessels sail the harbors, coastal areas and inland waterways of the world. Large corporations employing hundreds of mariners control many of these vessels. However, there are a large number of individuals with small companies that operate them as their sole source of income. To each of these owners the preservation of their equipment is one of the keys to profitability. The major difficulties facing them are finding the time and the money for the necessary maintenance. On areas above the waterline the crews typically perform maintenance during non-producing hours. This work is seldom planned very far in advance and is subject to interruption when the vessels use is required. Below the water line work is done during dry docking intervals made mandatory to meet insurance or governmental regulations or for other emergency hull work. Rarely is a working boat pulled out of the water just to repaint the bottom. Working vessels are painted to protect them from corrosion, for safety, to enhance working conditions and to promote business by showing their company colors. Designing for corrosion control and timely maintenance are the two key factors in protecting your investment. Why would you take time and spend hard earned money to paint your boat? Simply put if you do not the steel will rust away and the boat will become useless. Paint either provides a barrier on the steel, keeping the water from coming in contact with it, or by providing galvanic protection much as the anodes you may place on the bottom. Every single square inch of carbon steel on your vessel must be covered with a protective coating barrier or corrosion will start at that point and spread. It will start and spread faster on vessels in salt or brackish water, but even fresh water boats must be protected.
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Kusumastuti, Cicilia Tri, Ardiyanta, and Anindita Imam Basri. "Vegetative growth of soybean plants (Glycine mark L.) on the type and interval of PGPR watering." In PROCEEDING OF THE 7TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH (IC-STAR 2021). AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0105494.
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Халадов, А. Ш., Р. Х. Моллаев, М. М. Бакраев, М. М. Шовхалов, and А. И. Керимов. "INSULATION OF WATER FLOWS AND INTERVAL TREATMENT OF THE FORMATION IN CONDITIONS OF CRACK-PORE COLLECTORS." In «АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ НАУКИ: ТЕОРИЯ, ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ, МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ И ПРАКТИКА». Международная научно-практическая онлайн-конференция, приуроченная к 60-ти летию член-корреспондента Академии наук ЧР, доктора технических наук, профессора Сайд-Альви Юсуповича Муртазаева. Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34708/gstou.conf..2021.11.48.021.
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Мировая нефтепромысловая практика показывает, что в условиях неоднородных трещинно-поровых пластов высокопроницаемые интервалы, доля которых составляет обычно 30 - 40 %, зачастую являются и основными путями опережающего обводнения скважин, что является очень большой проблемой, требующей привлечения дополнительных материальных ресурсов по борьбе с обводнением скважин и коррозией нефтепромыслового оборудования. The world oilfield practice shows that in the conditions of heterogeneous fractured-porous formations, high-permeability intervals, the share of which is usually 30-40%, are often the main ways of anticipatory watering of wells, which is a very big problem requiring additional material resources to combat water-cutting and corrosion of oilfield equipment.
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Toombs, E., T. Stowell, N. Austin, and P. Danyluk. "Development and Commercialization of Large Stationary Engines Utilizing Low BTU Fuel Containing H2/CO." In ASME 2003 Internal Combustion Engine and Rail Transportation Divisions Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2003-0771.
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In 1996 Cabot Corporation begun development of engines capable of burning the off-gas from a pyrolysis process used to make carbon black. The fuel gas comes off the process at near atmospheric pressure, high temperature, and saturated with water. After de-watering the gas composition was approximately 16–20% Hydrogen, 16–20% Carbon Monoxide, 1–3% Sulfur compounds and the rest Nitrogen and water. Dewatered heating value of the fuel was around 3350–3720 kJ/nm3. Many engine configurations including both spark and oil ignited were evaluated to utilize this low energy fuel. The paper describes the development cycle and the early experience at commercialization at three sites.
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Qi, Q., and I. Ershaghi. "The Importance of De-Watering Before Storing Carbon Dioxide in Saline Aquifer." In SPE Western Regional Meeting. SPE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.2118/224140-ms.
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Abstract This paper discusses the important need for creating voidage before carbon dioxide storage in saline aquifers. We show how creating voidage within the aquifer has the potential to significantly increase the overall capacity for CO2 storage. We demonstrate how the voidage can help in accommodating larger volumes of CO2, making the storage process more efficient and effective. The paper includes the results of computations to ensure the storage sites do not add an environmental concern from high-pressure gradients that can be generated without dewatering. In the computational and modeling work, we considered various aquifer sizes and different depths for a saline aquifer that could be considered for permanent carbon dioxide storage. In our detailed modeling, we also considered the case of no voidage generation. Furthermore, we addressed various desalination options for handling produced brine. By creating voidage, or lowering pressure, within the aquifer, there is potential to increase the overall capacity for CO2 storage. This can help in accommodating larger volumes of CO2, making the storage process more efficient and effective. Introducing CO2 into a saline aquifer increases the pressure within that geological formation. We show how creating voidage can help alleviate the net pressure increases, reducing the risk of leakage or other structural failures in subsurface geological containment. The results show voidage creation can facilitate the movement and distribution of CO2 throughout the saline aquifer. CO2 can more easily infiltrate porous rock formations by creating pathways, ensuring more uniform and effective storage. Furthermore, voidage can also make it easier to monitor CO2 storage sites. We examined noted more effective tracking of CO2 movement that ensures secure storage in the intended geological formations without migrating to unintended areas. By managing the voidage and internal pressure, we show how to mitigate the risk of caprock failure, thus enhancing both the safety and permanence of the CO2 storage solution. Our results show how creating voidage must be performed carefully to ensure maintain the geological integrity of the aquifer. The paper demonstrates how creating voidage before CO2 storage in saline aquifers is essential for maximizing capacity, ensuring safety, maintaining pressure, enhancing fluid dynamics, and preserving geological integrity.
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Islam, Hafizul, Ricardo M. Campos, Tobias R. S. Ferreira, and C. Guedes Soares. "Hydrodynamic Assessment of a Biofouled Wave Buoy in Coastal Zone." In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-18235.
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Abstract Accumulation of biological growth or biofouling can significantly influence the measurement accuracy of a buoy, unless it is cleaned on frequent intervals. This paper addresses the hydrodynamic impact of biofouling on met-ocean buoys moored in coastal zones. The analyses are mostly based on a Brazilian Navy buoy on the coast of Rio de Janeiro – Brazil. After only four months moored in the warm waters of the Guanabara Bay, the same buoy gained 25% in weight due to fouling, with additional important modifications on the shape and drag below the waterline. Initially, historical data measured by the buoy was analyzed to observe changes in its response over time. A motion response factor (lateral motion/vertical motion) was calculated from the data that showed a significant impact of biofouling for particular wave conditions. Next, OpenFOAM is used to perform RANS simulations for the buoy, at three different wave scenarios, in both clean and fouled condition to observe the difference in hydrodynamic response. The results indicated that the response amplitude operator varies notably for low and high-frequency cases between cleaned and fouled buoy. Our paper suggests that standard guidelines related to buoy cleaning intervals for biofouling and uncertainty applied in their measured readings may not be equal for all conditions. Buoys placed near the coast with warmer waters are more prone to biofouling and might have higher uncertainty in their measured data.
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Liu, Zhenhui, Jo̸rgen Amdahl, and Sveinung Lo̸set. "A Parametric Study on the External Mechanics of Ship/Iceberg Collision." In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-20064.
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Generally, in the accidental limits design domain, the ship/iceberg impacts are divided into external mechanics and internal mechanics. The external mechanics deals with the momentum and energy balance while the internal mechanics is dealing with local structure failure. The present paper focuses on the former one. Due to large contact force, it is reasonable to neglect all other forces here. The ship/iceberg impact might usually happen as an eccentric impact, because the collision is likely to take place in the foreship area. Experience has shown that in such cases, the ship and iceberg motion, like roll, pitch and yaw ect., all should be considered. Based on this, a full 6 DOF closed form theory of the external mechanics of ship/iceberg collision is derived based on Strong (2004) and T.Pedersen and Zhang’s work (1998). And the theory is applied to study the ship/iceberg collision. One challenge here is to obtain the geometrical features of the iceberg, like the COG (center of gravity), mass and also the gyration radius. Due to the large possibilities of the iceberg shape and size, a simplified iceberg geometry shape is proposed to be representative of real shapes. The parametric study here focuses on the geometry shape of the ship hull in the bow area in the form of waterline angle and frame angle. What’s more, the vertical collision position and the friction factor are also investigated. Discussions and conclusions based on the results will be presented.
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Etter, Robert J., Jewel B. Barlow, Ahmad Kassaee, and Hareen Aparakakankanange. "Wind Tunnel Tests of a Trimaran Hull." In SNAME 29th American Towing Tank Conference. SNAME, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/attc-2010-034.
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The U.S. Navy is developing technologies to produce surface warships with higher speeds and varying mission capabilities. An enhanced understanding of the hydrodynamics of high speed multi-hull ships is one of the key technologies. The experimental set-up and very limited sample data reported in this paper were developed for tests of a trimaran hull in a large cross-section, Mach 0.3 capable, closed circuit wind tunnel. The purpose of the paper is principally to describe the technique used to design and execute the test program. The hull model is of the “reflex” type in which a mirror image of the hull below the waterline is used to create a symmetric model representing the ship at zero pitch and yaw and with no waves at the plane of the “free-surface” To evaluate the influence of the hulls, main hull and side hulls, on the frictional and form drag resistance of each other, the model was configured with two longitudinal and three transverse side hull (outrigger) spacings relative to the main hull. The paper discusses the model design, mounting technique and drag and pressure distribution measurements. The wind tunnel model hull geometry is a nominally 1/30 scale model of a preliminary version of the Royal Navy Technology Demonstrator R.V. TRITON (2001- 2005). This geometry was chosen since it closely represented an actual trimaran ship that had been designed and built and for which technical information existed in the unclassified literature. This preliminary hull geometry had been previously tow tank model tested (Gale, et al, 1996) with a main hull waterline length of 6.0 meters. The wind tunnel model had a main hull length of 3.0 meters and side hulls 1.2 meters long at the waterline. Non-dimensional maximum side hull spacing corresponded to the towing tank transverse location. The minimum sidehull transverse spacing was as close to the mainhull at the waterline as felt reasonable. An intermediate spacing was selected midway between the maximum and minimum. The minimum sidehull spacing was actually so small as to negate the roll stability improvement which might lead one to choose a trimaran configuration over a monohull in the first place, but was selected to insure that at least some influence of the hulls on each other could be measured in the current tests. The longitudinal locations of the sidehulls relative to the mainhull matched two of the five non-dimensional locations used in the towing tank tests. A third intermediate longitudinal location was provided for in the wind tunnel model, but was not used due to budget and schedule constraints. The wind tunnel speed was varied from 27.5 to 95.7 m/s or 62 to 215 mph to provide a range of Reynolds numbers on the model and the mounting system. Mounting the model in the wind tunnel test section provided a challenge. The model needed to be mounted in a rigid configuration that could accommodate alignment and utilize the wind tunnel external balance six-component force measuring system (Barlow, et al, 1999, 2009). Supplementary drags of the sidehulls and the sidehull mounting system were measured by a force gage mounted inside the mainhull. Pressures at 91 locations on the mainhull were measured by pressure transducers inside the mainhull. Signals from the internal instrumentation were transferred out of the transom of the model mainhull and into the aft sting mount on the on the wind tunnel external balance system. To support the model forward of the sting mount, faired cables or “flying wires” were utilized from the main hull to the external balance system. Removable duplicate cables and struts were used to allow dummy drag values to be determined for tares to correct for mounting system drags.