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1
Petersen, Mark M. "A natural approach to watershed planning, restoration and management." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 12 (June 1, 1999): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0565.
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Each watershed has an overall hydrologic function to capture, store and safely release water. How well a watershed is able to perform this overall function is dependent upon how well each geomorphic component landform is functioning within the watershed. Each geomorphic component landform within a watershed has a specific hydrologic function and ecological potential. Component landforms that commonly occur in a watershed include stream channels, floodplains, stream terraces, alluvial valley bottoms, alluvial fans, mountain slopes, and ridge tops. When a component landform within a watershed becomes ecologically altered or degraded, its ability to perform its natural hydrologic and geomorphic functions becomes impaired and the watershed or ecosystem is unable to function properly. Component landforms within a watershed are interrelated. For example, the condition of a stream channel is closely related to the condition of its floodplain. Water from upland slopes is transported over and through alluvial fans and bottoms. Therefore, each component landform needs to be considered in the planning process and in setting watershed goals. This paper presents a simple field approach to inventory, evaluate and plan watershed restoration based on geomorphic, hydrologic and ecological principles. Examples of successful use of the approach on several watersheds in Utah, USA are given.
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Atkinson, Samuel F., and Matthew C. Lake. "Prioritizing riparian corridors for ecosystem restoration in urbanizing watersheds." PeerJ 8 (February 4, 2020): e8174. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8174.
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Background Riparian corridors can affect nutrient, organic matter, and sediment transport, all of which shape water quality in streams and connected downstream waters. When functioning riparian corridors remain intact, they provide highly valued water quality ecosystem services. However, in rapidly urbanizing watersheds, riparian corridors are susceptible to development modifications that adversely affect those ecosystem services. Protecting high quality riparian corridors or restoring low quality corridors are widely advocated as watershed level water quality management options for protecting those ecosystem services. The two approaches, protection or restoration, should be viewed as complementary by watershed managers and provide a foundation for targeting highly functioning riparian corridors for protection or for identifying poorly functioning corridors for restoration. Ascertaining which strategy to use is often motivated by a specific ecosystem service, for example water quality, upon which watershed management is focused. We have previously reported on a spatially explicit model that focused on identifying riparian corridors that have specific characteristics that make them well suited for purposes of preservation and protection focused on water quality. Here we hypothesize that focusing on restoration, rather than protection, can be the basis for developing a watershed level strategy for improving water quality in urbanizing watersheds. Methods The model described here represents a geographic information system (GIS) based approach that utilizes riparian characteristics extracted from 40-meter wide corridors centered on streams and rivers. The model focuses on drinking water reservoir watersheds that can be analyzed at the sub-watershed level. Sub-watershed riparian data (vegetation, soil erodibility and surface slope) are scaled and weighted based on watershed management theories for water quality, and riparian restoration scores are assigned. Those scores are used to rank order riparian zones –the lower the score the higher the priority for riparian restoration. Results The model was applied to 90 sub-watersheds in the watershed of an important drinking water reservoir in north central Texas, USA. Results from this study area suggest that corridor scores were found to be most correlated to the amount of: forested vegetation, residential land use, soils in the highest erodibility class, and highest surface slope (r2 = 0.92, p < 0.0001). Scores allow watershed managers to rapidly focus on riparian corridors most in need of restoration. A beneficial feature of the model is that it also allows investigation of multiple scenarios of restoration strategies (e.g., revegetation, soil stabilization, flood plain leveling), giving watershed managers a tool to compare and contrast watershed level management plans.
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Luo, Qi, Lin Zhen, and Yunfeng Hu. "The Effects of Restoration Practices on a Small Watershed in China’s Loess Plateau: A Case Study of the Qiaozigou Watershed." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 12, 2020): 8376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208376.
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Soil erosion and restoration affect the structure and function of ecosystems and society, and have attracted worldwide attention. Changes in runoff and sediment transport after restoration practices in China’s Loess Plateau have been widely studied and many valuable results have been reported. However, this research was mainly conducted in large watersheds, and quantified the effects of restoration practices through the restoration period. In this study, we compared two adjacent watersheds (one restored and the other natural) in a hill and gully region of China’s Loess Plateau to reveal the impacts of restoration practices. We collected annual rainfall, runoff, and sediment transport data from 1988 to 2018, then investigated temporal variation of runoff and sediment transport to examine their relationships with rainfall. We also calculated the retention rate of soil and water under the restoration practices. The restored watershed showed a significantly decreased sediment modulus (the amount per unit area); the natural watershed showed no significant change. In addition, the restored watershed had lower runoff and sediment modulus values than the natural watershed, with greater effectiveness as rainfall increased. Revegetation and terrace construction contributed more to the retention of soil and water (65.6 and 69.7%, respectively) than check dams (<10%). These results improve our understanding of the effects of restoration practices, and provide guidance on ways to preserve soil and water through restoration in a small watershed in the Loess Plateau.
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Hubbart, Jason A., Elliott Kellner, and Sean J. Zeiger. "A Case-Study Application of the Experimental Watershed Study Design to Advance Adaptive Management of Contemporary Watersheds." Water 11, no. 11 (November 9, 2019): 2355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11112355.
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Land managers are often inadequately informed to make management decisions in contemporary watersheds, in which sources of impairment are simultaneously shifting due to the combined influences of land use change, rapid ongoing human population growth, and changing environmental conditions. There is, thus, a great need for effective collaborative adaptive management (CAM; or derivatives) efforts utilizing an accepted methodological approach that provides data needed to properly identify and address past, present, and future sources of impairment. The experimental watershed study design holds great promise for meeting such needs and facilitating an effective collaborative and adaptive management process. To advance understanding of natural and anthropogenic influences on sources of impairment, and to demonstrate the approach in a contemporary watershed, a nested-scale experimental watershed study design was implemented in a representative, contemporary, mixed-use watershed located in Midwestern USA. Results identify challenges associated with CAM, and how the experimental watershed approach can help to objectively elucidate causal factors, target critical source areas, and provide the science-based information needed to make informed management decisions. Results show urban/suburban development and agriculture are primary drivers of alterations to watershed hydrology, streamflow regimes, transport of multiple water quality constituents, and stream physical habitat. However, several natural processes and watershed characteristics, such as surficial geology and stream system evolution, are likely compounding observed water quality impairment and aquatic habitat degradation. Given the varied and complicated set of factors contributing to such issues in the study watershed and other contemporary watersheds, watershed restoration is likely subject to physical limitations and should be conceptualized in the context of achievable goals/objectives. Overall, results demonstrate the immense, globally transferrable value of the experimental watershed approach and coupled CAM process to address contemporary water resource management challenges.
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Meals, D. W., and R. B. Hopkins. "Phosphorus reductions following riparian restoration in two agricultural watersheds in Vermont, USA." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 9 (May 1, 2002): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0203.
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Achievement of management goals for Lake Champlain (Vermont/New York, USA and Quebec, Canada) will require significant reductions of phosphorus (P) loads from agriculture, the dominant diffuse source in the basin. Cost-effective P reduction strategies must be based on reliable treatment techniques beyond basic erosion control and animal waste storage practices. The Lake Champlain Basin Agricultural Watersheds National Monitoring Program (NMP) Project evaluates the effectiveness of low-cost livestock exclusion, streambank protection, and riparian restoration practices in reducing concentrations and loads of diffuse-source pollutants from grazing land at the watershed level. Treatment and control watersheds in northwestern Vermont have been monitored since 1994 according to a paired-watershed design. Monitoring includes continuous stream discharge recording, flow-proportional sampling for total P and other pollutants, and documentation of land use and agricultural management activities. Strong statistical calibration between the control and treatment watersheds has been achieved. Landowner participation in the land treatment program was entirely voluntary and all treatments were 100% cost-shared by the project and cooperators. Installation of riparian fencing, alternative water supplies, protected stream crossings, and streambank bioengineering was completed in 1997 at a cost of less than US$40,000. The paired-watershed design was effective in controlling for the influence of extreme variations in precipitation and streamflow over six years of monitoring. Two years of post-treatment data have documented significant reductions in P concentrations and loads from both treated watersheds. Reductions of ∼20% in mean total P concentration and ∼20–50% in mean total P load have been observed, with greater reductions occurring in the watershed receiving more extensive treatment. The effectiveness of riparian zone restoration in P reduction tended to be lower during periods of very high runoff, especially outside the growing season.
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Meals, D. W. "Water quality response to riparian restoration in an agricultural watershed in Vermont, USA." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 5 (March 1, 2001): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0280.
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Achievement of management goals for Lake Champlain (Vermont/New York, USA and Quebec, Canada) will require reduction of agricultural phosphorus loads, the dominant nonpoint source in the Basin. Cost-effective phosphorus reduction strategies need reliable treatment techniques beyond basic cropland and waste management practices. The Lake Champlain Basin Agricultural Watersheds National Monitoring Program (NMP) Project evaluates the effectiveness of livestock exclusion, streambank protection, and riparian restoration practices in reducing concentrations and loads of nutrients, sediment, and bacteria in surface waters. Treatment and control watersheds in northwestern Vermont have been monitored since 1994 according to a paired-watershed design. Monitoring consists of continuous stream discharge recording, flow-proportional sampling for total P, total Kjeldahl N, and total suspended solids, grab sampling for indicator bacterial, and land use/agricultural monitoring. Strong statistical calibration between the control and treatment watersheds has been achieved. Installation of riparian fencing, protected stream crossings, and streambank bioengineering was completed in 1997. Early post-treatment data suggest significant reduction in P concentrations and loads and in bacteria counts in the treated watershed. Monitoring is scheduled to continue through 2000.
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Sabin, Scott, Birori Dieudonne, John Mitchell, Jared White, Corey Chin, and Robert Morikawa. "Community-Based Watershed Change: A Case Study in Eastern Congo." Forests 10, no. 6 (May 31, 2019): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10060475.
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Conflict and environmental degradation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo are interrelated and complex. The authors conducted a case study of a community-based environmental restoration project in Eastern Congo and provide early results which suggest a link between community environmental action and multidimensional outcomes such as peace and reconciliation. The project examined in this study is based on a framework (Theory of Change) which networks communities through autonomous savings groups, churches, mosques, schools, and a community leadership network with the goal of catalyzing sustainable farming, reforestation, and community forest management. The primary project input was training, and the resulting voluntary community action included tree planting and the management of common forest areas. A mixed-methods approach was used to evaluate project results comparing two watersheds, and included a difference in differences analysis, participatory workshops, remote sensing analysis, and community activity reports. Positive change was observed in the treatment watershed in terms of ecosystem health and household economic condition. Results suggest a possible influence on peace conditions which, while fragile, offers hope for continued restorative action by communities. This study provides evidence that a community-based approach to environmental restoration may have a positive influence on multidimensional issues such as forests, watershed health, economic well-being, and peace.
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Baril, P., Y. Maranda, and J. Baudrand. "Integrated watershed management in Quebec (Canada): a participatory approach centred on local solidarity." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 10 (May 1, 2006): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.325.
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The Quebec Water Policy was launched in November 2002 in support of reform of the water governance. One of the government commitments is to gradually implement watershed-based management for 33 major watercourses located primarily in the St. Lawrence plain. At the local and regional levels, watershed organizations are responsible for implementing integrated management, from a sustainable-development perspective, by preparing a master plan for water (MPW), which will include watercourses, lakes, wetlands and aquifers. These watershed organizations rely on public consultation, as well as local and regional expertise, on the responsibilities for water of the municipalities and regional county municipalities of the territory, as well as those of the ministries and other government agencies. They are also required to observe national priorities regarding protection, restoration, and development of water resources and to comply with relevant guidelines, directives, standards, regulations, and legislation. The role of watershed organizations is to act as planning and consultation tables. Government representatives are present, on the initial process, as the facilitator and for scientific and technical support. They do not have, at this moment, any voting or decisional rights. After two years, integrated water management mobilized water stakeholders on watersheds and they are on their way to initiating their first MPW.
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Udías, Angel, Lorenzo Galbiati, Francisco Javier Elorza, Roman Efremov, Jordi Pons, and Gabriel Borras. "Framework for multi-criteria decision management in watershed restoration." Journal of Hydroinformatics 14, no. 2 (October 11, 2011): 395–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2011.107.
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This paper presents a hydroinformatics management tool designed to optimize the program of measures (PoM) to achieve the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) objectives in the internal Catalonian watersheds. The tool incorporates the Qual2kw water quality model to simulate the effects of the PoM used to reduce pollution pressure on the hydrologic network. It includes a Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm (MOEA) to identify efficient trade-offs between PoM cost and water quality. It also uses multi-criteria visualization and statistical analysis tools as a user-friendly interface. This management tool is based on the Pressure–Impact concept, selecting the most effective combinations of sewage treatment technologies from millions of technologically admissible combinations. Moreover, the tool is oriented to guide stakeholders and water managers in their decision-making processes. Some guidelines are also given in this paper on the use of analytical relationships from the field of evolutionary multi-criteria optimization algorithms for different parameters (elitism, crossover and mutation rate, population size) to ensure that the MOEA is competently designed to navigate the criteria space of the management problem. Additionally, this paper analyzes the results of applying the management tool in the Muga watershed, whereby guaranteeing its convergence within a reasonable computational time, in order to simplify the decision-making process.
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Stringfellow, William T. "Ranking methods to set restoration and remediation priorities on a watershed scale." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 10 (November 1, 2008): 2025–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.567.
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The establishment of a total maximum daily load (TMDL) is part of management process that results in the institution of watershed-based controls of otherwise unregulated sources of pollution. In California (USA), the implementation of a TMDL is driven forward in a process where watershed stakeholders are expected to cooperate on actions needed to improve ecosystem health. In the TMDL process, methods are needed for synthesizing complex scientific data into actionable management information. Where pollutant load analysis may be misleading or perceived as unfair, non-parametric statistical methods can be applied to flow and water quality data to guide the selection of drainages for remediation. The calculation of normalized rank means (NRMs) for flow and water quality can be used to set priorities for the implementation of TMDL management actions. Drainages can be classified into one of four categories (quadrants) based on the relationship between flow and water quality NRMs. Drainages can be included or excluded from management action based on their quadrant classification. Although there are many possible alternative approaches, this “quadrant analysis” is suggested as a scientifically rigorous methods for identifying priority watersheds in the often contentious, stakeholder driven TMDL implementation process.
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Garland, Sidney B., and Julie L. Pfeffer. "WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AS A BASIS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2000, no. 6 (January 1, 2000): 2155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864700785149530.
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Novotny, V., D. Clark, R. J. Griffin, and D. Booth. "Risk based urban watershed management under conflicting objectives." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 5 (March 1, 2001): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0253.
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Ecological impairment and flooding caused by urbanization can be expressed numerically by calculating the risks throughout the watershed (floodplain) and along the main stems of the streams. The risks can be evaluated in terms of the present and/or future. This article describes the methodologies for ascertaining the risks in the Geographical Information Systems (GIS) environment. The objectives of urban flood controls and ecological preservation/restoration of urban waters are often conflicting and, in the past, the sole emphasis on flood control led to destruction of habitat and deterioration of water quality. An optimal solution to these two problems may be achieved by linking the risks to the concepts of risk communication, risk perception, and public willingness to pay for projects leading to ecological restoration and ecologically sustainable flood control. This method is appropriate because, in each case, public funds are used and the projects require approval and backing of policy makers and stakeholders. This article briefly describes a research project that attempts to resolve the conflict between the flood protection and stream ecological preservation and restoration and suggests alternative ways of expressing benefits of urban stream flood control and restoration projects.
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Mintegui Aguirre, Juan Ángel, José Carlos Robredo Sánchez, Carlos De Gonzalo Aranoa, Pablo Huelin Rueda, Jorge Fallas, Felipe Cisneros, Pedro Cisneros, Adriana Urciuolo, and Rodolfo Iturraspe. "Forest use strategies in watershed management and restoration: application to three small mountain watersheds in Latin America." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 45, no. 1 (June 20, 2014): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2014.221.
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The effect of forests on flow and flood lamination decreases as the magnitude and intensity of torrential events and the watershed surface increase, thus resulting negligible when extreme events affect large catchments. However the effect of forests is advantageous in case of major events, which occur more often, and is particularly effective in soil erosion control. As a result, forests have been extensively used for watershed management and restoration, since they regulate water and sediments cycles, preventing the degradation of catchments.
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Merriman, Katherine, Prasad Daggupati, Raghavan Srinivasan, Chad Toussant, Amy Russell, and Brett Hayhurst. "Assessing the Impact of Site-Specific BMPs Using a Spatially Explicit, Field-Scale SWAT Model with Edge-of-Field and Tile Hydrology and Water-Quality Data in the Eagle Creek Watershed, Ohio." Water 10, no. 10 (September 21, 2018): 1299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10101299.
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The Eagle Creek watershed, a small subbasin (125 km2) within the Maumee River Basin, Ohio, was selected as a part of the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) “Priority Watersheds” program to evaluate the effectiveness of agricultural Best Management Practices (BMPs) funded through GLRI at the field and watershed scales. The location and quantity of BMPs were obtained from the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service National Conservation Planning (NCP) database. A Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was built and calibrated for this predominantly agricultural Eagle Creek watershed, incorporating NCP BMPs and monitoring data at the watershed outlet, an edge-of-field (EOF), and tile monitoring sites. Input air temperature modifications were required to induce simulated tile flow to match monitoring data. Calibration heavily incorporated tile monitoring data to correctly proportion surface and subsurface flow, but calibration statistics were unsatisfactory at the EOF and tile monitoring sites. At the watershed outlet, satisfactory to very good calibration statistics were achieved over a 2-year calibration period, and satisfactory statistics were found in the 2-year validation period. SWAT fixes parameters controlling nutrients primarily at the watershed level; a refinement of these parameters at a smaller-scale could improve field-level calibration. Field-scale modeling results indicate that filter strips (FS) are the most effective single BMPs at reducing dissolved reactive phosphorus, and FS typically decreased sediment and nutrient yields when added to any other BMP or BMP combination. Cover crops were the most effective single, in-field practice by reducing nutrient loads over winter months. Watershed-scale results indicate BMPs can reduce sediment and nutrients, but reductions due to NCP BMPs in the Eagle Creek watershed for all water-quality constituents were less than 10%. Hypothetical scenarios simulated with increased BMP acreages indicate larger investments of the appropriate BMP or BMP combination can decrease watershed level loads.
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Campbell, Holly V., and A. M. Campbell. "Community-Based Watershed Restoration in He‘eia (He‘eia ahupua‘a), O‘ahu, Hawaiian Islands." Case Studies in the Environment 1, no. 1 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2017.sc.450585.
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Historically, Hawaiian lands were divided into ahupua‘a, adjacent watersheds stretching from mountains to sea. While communities once farmed, cared for, and sustained a spiritual land ethic toward ahupua‘a holistically from mauka (mountainside) to makai (seaside), today many are no longer the clean and productive watersheds they once were as these traditional practices have fallen away. In He‘eia, an ahupua‘a on the island of O‘ahu, several nonprofit organizations are working to revitalize a cohesive ahupua‘a management system that can serve as a model for other ahupua‘a in Hawai‘i and around the Pacific, as well as serve as an example of holistic management practices in the twenty-first century. In the uplands, one organization works to restore the ahupua‘a’s stream by removing invasive plant species and replanting native flora. In the kula lands (flatlands), another group works to restore the wetland that filters inflow into the bay by planting kalo (taro) and revitalizing traditional Hawaiian polyculture. At the seashore, a third nonprofit is working to restore an 800-year-old fishpond with the intent to promote food security while conducting research on Hawaiian history and water quality. All three groups run extensive educational programs for locals and visitors of all ages and work to keep pollutants out of the watershed and stream as it flows downhill and out onto the reef. By weaving modern technologies, tools, and information together with stories, songs, and attitudes that embody deep and ancient ties between mankind and land, this creative and cooperative management is returning food security, sustainable culture, and resilience to the hands of the community.
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Aldhila, Adang, Hardi Warsono, Sri Suwitri, and Retno Sunu Astuti. "Management of Slum Settlements based on Sustainable Development in the Deli Watershed of Medan City." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (May 27, 2021): 2791–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v4i2.1988.
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The population in urban areas continues to increase while the land owned is limited which results in slum settlements in urban areas. Slum settlements in Medan City often appear in areas where buildings should not be allowed, such as in watersheds. Deli River as a large river that divides Medan City, there are still many slum settlements in the watershed. Management of slum settlements based on sustainable development is needed to provide a long-term impact, especially for the preservation and restoration of the function of the Deli River. This study aims to analyze the management of slum settlements based on sustainable development indicators in achieving sustainable development, namely ecological sustainability, economic sustainability, socio-cultural sustainability, political sustainability, and defense and security sustainability. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. Sources of research data by collecting primary data through interviews and secondary data through documentation and observation studies. The management of slum settlements based on sustainable development in the Deli watershed is still not optimal in terms of ecological sustainability, economic sustainability, and defense and security sustainability. Meanwhile, socio-cultural sustainability and political sustainability are quite optimal. The government must manage slum settlements based on sustainable development through an approach with the community and provide viable housing alternatives so that people do not live in watershed areas.
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Pennino, M. J., S. S. Kaushal, P. M. Mayer, R. M. Utz, and C. A. Cooper. "Stream restoration and sanitary infrastructure alter sources and fluxes of water, carbon, and nutrients in urban watersheds." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 12 (December 16, 2015): 13149–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-13149-2015.
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Abstract. An improved understanding of sources and timing of water and nutrient fluxes associated with urban stream restoration is critical for guiding effective watershed management. We investigated how sources, fluxes, and flowpaths of water, carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) shift in response to differences in stream restoration and sanitary infrastructure. We compared a restored stream with 3 unrestored streams draining urban development and stormwater management over a 3 year period. We found that there was significantly decreased peak discharge in response to precipitation events following stream restoration. Similarly, we found that the restored stream showed significantly lower monthly peak runoff (9.4 ± 1.0 mm d−1) compared with two urban unrestored streams (ranging from 44.9 ± 4.5 to 55.4 ± 5.8 mm d−1) draining higher impervious surface cover. Peak runoff in the restored stream was more similar to a less developed stream draining extensive stormwater management (13.2 ± 1.9 mm d−1). Interestingly, the restored stream exported most carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus loads at relatively lower streamflow than the 2 more urban streams, which exported most of their loads at higher and less frequent streamflow. Annual exports of total carbon (6.6 ± 0.5 kg ha−1 yr−1), total nitrogen (4.5 ± 0.3 kg ha−1 yr−1), and total phosphorus (161 ± 15 g ha−1 yr−1) were significantly lower in the restored stream compared to both urban unrestored streams (p < 0.05) and similar to the stream draining stormwater management. Although stream restoration appeared to potentially influence hydrology to some degree, nitrate isotope data suggested that 55 ± 1 % of the nitrate in the restored stream was derived from leaky sanitary sewers (during baseflow), similar to the unrestored streams. Longitudinal synoptic surveys of water and nitrate isotopes along all 4 watersheds suggested the importance of urban groundwater contamination from leaky piped infrastructure. Urban groundwater contamination was also suggested by additional tracer measurements including fluoride (added to drinking water) and iodide (contained in dietary salt). Our results suggest that integrating stream restoration with restoration of aging sanitary infrastructure can be critical to more effectively minimize watershed nutrient export. Given that both stream restoration and sanitary pipe repairs both involve extensive channel manipulation, they can be considered simultaneously in management strategies. In addition, ground water can be a major source of nutrient fluxes in urban watersheds, which has been less considered compared with upland sources and storm drains. Goundwater sources, fluxes, and flowpath should also be targeted in efforts to improve stream restoration strategies and prioritize hydrologic "hot spots" along watersheds where stream restoration is most likely to succeed.
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Morel, Carol J., Sujay S. Kaushal, Maggie L. Tan, and Kenneth T. Belt. "Developing Sensor Proxies for “Chemical Cocktails” of Trace Metals in Urban Streams." Water 12, no. 10 (October 14, 2020): 2864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102864.
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Understanding transport mechanisms and temporal patterns in the context of metal concentrations in urban streams is important for developing best management practices and restoration strategies to improve water quality. In some cases, in-situ sensors can be used to estimate unknown concentrations of trace metals or to interpolate between sampling events. Continuous sensor data from the United States Geological Survey were analyzed to determine statistically significant relationships between lead, copper, zinc, cadmium, and mercury with turbidity, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and discharge for the Hickey Run, Watts Branch, and Rock Creek watersheds in the Washington, D.C. region. We observed a significant negative linear relationship between concentrations of Cu and dissolved oxygen at Rock Creek (p < 0.05). Sometimes, turbidity had significant positive linear relationships with Pb and Hg concentrations. There were negative or positive linear relationships between Pb, Cd, Zn, and Hg and specific conductance. There also appeared to be relationships between watershed areal fluxes of Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd in streams with turbidity. Watershed monitoring approaches using continuous sensor data have the potential to characterize the frequency, magnitude, and composition of pulses in concentrations and loads of trace metals, which could improve the management and restoration of urban streams.
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Merriman, Katherine, Amy Russell, Cynthia Rachol, Prasad Daggupati, Raghavan Srinivasan, Brett Hayhurst, and Todd Stuntebeck. "Calibration of a Field-Scale Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) Model with Field Placement of Best Management Practices in Alger Creek, Michigan." Sustainability 10, no. 3 (March 16, 2018): 851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10030851.
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Subwatersheds within the Great Lakes “Priority Watersheds” were targeted by the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) to determine the effectiveness of the various best management practices (BMPs) from the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service National Conservation Planning (NCP) Database. A Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model is created for Alger Creek, a 50 km2 tributary watershed to the Saginaw River in Michigan. Monthly calibration yielded very good Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) ratings for flow, sediment, total phosphorus (TP), dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), and total nitrogen (TN) (0.90, 0.79, 0.87, 0.88, and 0.77, respectively), and satisfactory NSE rating for nitrate (0.51). Two-year validation results in at least satisfactory NSE ratings for flow, sediment, TP, DRP, and TN (0.83, 0.54, 0.73, 0.53, and 0.60, respectively), and unsatisfactory NSE rating for nitrate (0.28). The model estimates the effect of BMPs at the field and watershed scales. At the field-scale, the most effective single practice at reducing sediment, TP, and DRP is no-tillage followed by cover crops (CC); CC are the most effective single practice at reducing nitrate. The most effective BMP combinations include filter strips, which can have a sizable effect on reducing sediment and phosphorus loads. At the watershed scale, model results indicate current NCP BMPs result in minimal sediment and nutrient reductions (<10%).
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Bohn, B. A., and J. L. Kershner. "Establishing aquatic restoration priorities using a watershed approach." Journal of Environmental Management 64, no. 4 (April 2002): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jema.2001.0496.
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Hou, Yiping, Mingfang Zhang, Xiaohua Wei, Shirong Liu, Qiang Li, Tijiu Cai, Wenfei Liu, Runqi Zhao, and Xiangzhuo Liu. "Quantification of ecohydrological sensitivities and their influencing factors at the seasonal scale." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 3 (March 25, 2021): 1447–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1447-2021.
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Abstract. Ecohydrological sensitivity, defined as the response intensity of streamflow to per unit vegetation change is an integrated indicator for assessing hydrological sensitivity to vegetation change. Understanding ecohydrological sensitivity and its influencing factors is crucial for managing water supply, reducing water-related hazards and ensuring aquatic functions by vegetation management. Yet, there is still a systematic assessment on ecohydrological sensitivity and associated driving factors especially at a seasonal scale lacking. In this study, 14 large watersheds across various environmental gradients in China were selected to quantify their ecohydrological sensitivities at a seasonal scale and to examine the role of associated influencing factors such as climate, vegetation, topography, soil and landscape. Based on the variables identified by correlation analysis and factor analysis, prediction models of seasonal ecohydrological sensitivity were constructed to test their utilities for the design of watershed management and protection strategies. Our key findings were the following: (1) ecohydrological sensitivities were more sensitive under dry conditions than wet conditions – for example, 1 % LAI (leaf area index) change, on average, induced 5.05 % and 1.96 % change in the dry and wet season streamflow, respectively; (2) seasonal ecohydrological sensitivities were highly variable across the study watersheds with different climate conditions, dominant soil types and hydrological regimes; and (3) the dry season ecohydrological sensitivity was mostly determined by topography (slope, slope length, valley depth and downslope distance gradient), soil (topsoil organic carbon and topsoil bulk density) and vegetation (LAI), while the wet season ecohydrological sensitivity was mainly controlled by soil (topsoil-available water-holding capacity), landscape (edge density) and vegetation (leaf area index). Our study provided a useful and practical framework to assess and predict ecohydrological sensitivities at the seasonal scale. The established ecohydrological sensitivity prediction models can be applied to ungauged watersheds or watersheds with limited hydrological data to help decision makers and watershed managers effectively manage hydrological impacts through vegetation restoration programs. We conclude that ecohydrological sensitivities at the seasonal scale are varied by climate, vegetation and watershed property, and their understanding can greatly support the management of hydrological risks and protection of aquatic functions.
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Veról, Aline Pires, Ianic Bigate Lourenço, João Paulo Rebechi Fraga, Bruna Peres Battemarco, Mylenna Linares Merlo, Paulo Canedo de Magalhães, and Marcelo Gomes Miguez. "River Restoration Integrated with Sustainable Urban Water Management for Resilient Cities." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 8, 2020): 4677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114677.
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Urban floods can threaten citizens’ quality of life, produce socioeconomic losses, and act as an urban degradation driver. Restoring urban rivers, however, is not simple and its results are usually limited. It would be desirable to enhance urban fluvial systems, control flood risks, and increase city resilience while improving the city itself. This work suggests that river restoration, when applied to an urban watershed, should be supported by sustainable urban drainage measures to compensate for the negative effects induced by city growth in the water cycle, in a systemic approach to the entire watershed. A methodological framework is proposed to verify this hypothesis intending to assess urban flooding projects in a wide sense. This framework uses a hydrodynamic mathematical model and a set of multicriteria indices. A case study in Dona Eugênia Watershed, in Brazil, was developed. Two different design concepts were considered: the usual drainage design and the river restoration combined with sustainable urban drainage. Both solutions were designed to completely solve the problems, leading to virtually zero flooding in the present situation; however, environmental and urban gains were greater when using the proposed combination. Besides, when testing resilience behavior, it was also shown to be more consistent over time.
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Sciulli, A. E., and D. G. Minnear. "Electronic Data Management System for Watershed Assessment and Restoration Planning." Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation 2004, no. 1 (2004): 1627–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21000/jasmr04011627.
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Sciulli, A. Edward, and David G. Minnear. "ELECTRONIC DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR WATERSHED ASSESSMENT AND RESTORATION PLANNING." Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation 2004, no. 1 (June 30, 2004): 1627–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21000/jasmr0401627.
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VanHouten, Jacob W. "Large watershed management and restoration: dioxin sediment remediation case study." International Journal of Environmental Studies 71, no. 4 (July 4, 2014): 570–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2014.940127.
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Shi, Yun, Sha Geng, and Wen Bao Mi. "A Study on Topographic Differentiation of Small-Watershed Landscapes in the Loess Hilly Region Based on Ecological Restoration Measures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 675-677 (October 2014): 989–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.675-677.989.
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Small watershed is the basic unit of soil and water conservation management in the Loess Hilly Region, and the spatial distribution of different landscapes for land use in small watershed has restricted a variety of ecological processes and ecological benefits of landscapes. This paper combines a geographic information system (GIS) and statistical analysis to reveal the relationship between the spatial distribution of landscape types and topographic factors such as elevation, slope and aspect so as to explore the influences of topographic factors on the spatial distribution pattern of different ecological restoration measures. Gaojianbao Watershed, a typical loess hilly region , is the study area. A land-use map (scale1:50000,2013) of the study area and the topographic map (1:100,000) were used as the base data. The study area is divided into 8 landscape types by the classification of ecological restoration measures. The results showed that: topographic factor is an important factor affecting the watershed ecological restoration, and the spatial distribution of ecological restoration landscapes in Gaojianpu Watershed was significantly associated with topographic factors, featuring obvious vertical distribution. With the rise of elevation, the distribution of landscape types showed the order of ditch protection forest to fruit forest to afforestation (grassland restoration) to barren hills under natural enclosing to level terrace to fish-scale pit to barren hill under afforestation; the spatial distribution of each landscape component was greatly influenced by slope, and the distribution ratio first increased gradually and then decreased; when the aspect shifts from shady to sunny, the distribution ratio of landscapes like afforestation (grassland restoration), level terrace and barren hills under afforestation decreased while the distribution ratio of barren hills under natural enclosing and fruit forests increased, and the landscapes of fish-scale pits and ditch protection forests were basically not affected by aspect.
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Xin, Zhuohang, Lei Ye, and Chi Zhang. "Application of Export Coefficient Model and QUAL2K for Water Environmental Management in a Rural Watershed." Sustainability 11, no. 21 (October 30, 2019): 6022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11216022.
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Water quality deterioration caused by excessive nutrient discharge from various point and non-point sources are a global challenge. Understanding the pollution sources and their respective contribution is the prerequisite for environmental planning, management and restoration. In this study, the influence of complex pollution sources on the water quality of the Dengsha River watershed in Dalian, China, was investigated. The export coefficient method was coupled with the QUAL2K water quality model to estimate the loads of ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N) and total phosphorus (TP) from different sources, and to explore their respective contributions. Results indicated that animal feedlot and crop production were major sources for NH4-N load, and crop production, soil erosion and animal feedlot are the largest three sources of TP load with an annual total contribution of 98.4%. The pollutant load exhibited an intra-annual variation mainly due to the seasonality of rainfall and anthropogenic agricultural activities. The overall waste assimilation capacity (WAC) is overloaded and suggestions for water pollution control and treatment regarding each pollution source were proposed. This study addressed a new application of QUAL2K model coupled with the export coefficient model for watershed managers towards a sustainable water environmental management, and can therefore be a reference example for other small and medium-sized rural watersheds.
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Park, Se-Rin, and Sang-Woo Lee. "Spatially Varying and Scale-Dependent Relationships of Land Use Types with Stream Water Quality." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5 (March 4, 2020): 1673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051673.
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Understanding the complex relationships between land use and stream water quality is critical for water pollution control and watershed management. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between land use types and water quality indicators at multiple spatial scales, namely, the watershed and riparian scales, using the ordinary least squares (OLS) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models. GWR extended traditional regression models, such as OLS to address the spatial variations among variables. Our results indicated that the water quality indicators were significantly affected by agricultural and forested areas at both scales. We found that extensive agricultural land use had negative effects on water quality indicators, whereas, forested areas had positive effects on these indicators. The results also indicated that the watershed scale is effective for management and regulation of watershed land use, as the predictive power of the models is much greater at the watershed scale. The maps of estimated local parameters and local R2 in GWR models showcased the spatially varying relationships and indicated that the effects of land use on water quality varied over space. The results of this study reinforced the importance of watershed management in the planning, restoration, and management of stream water quality. It is also suggested that planners and managers may need to adopt different strategies, considering watershed characteristics—such as topographic features and meteorological conditions—and the source of pollutants, in managing stream water quality.
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Fullerton, A. H., E. A. Steel, Y. Caras, M. Sheer, P. Olson, and J. Kaje. "Putting watershed restoration in context: Alternative future scenarios influence management outcomes." Ecological Applications 19, no. 1 (January 2009): 218–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/07-1040.1.
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Hambridge, Carol Z., and Robert M. Stein. "DUKE POWER STATE PARK LAKE RESTORATION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLANNING STUDY." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2001, no. 16 (January 1, 2001): 828–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864701790901870.
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Newcomer Johnson, Tamara A., Sujay S. Kaushal, Paul M. Mayer, and Melissa M. Grese. "Effects of stormwater management and stream restoration on watershed nitrogen retention." Biogeochemistry 121, no. 1 (June 18, 2014): 81–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10533-014-9999-5.
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Novotny, Vladimir. "INTEGRATING DIFFUSEINONPOINT POLLUTION CONTROL AND WATER BODY RESTORATION INTO WATERSHED MANAGEMENT." Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35, no. 4 (August 1999): 717–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04169.x.
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Murray, J. E., K. A. Cave, and D. S. Bryson. "Wet weather control demonstration activities in southeast Michigan: some lessons learned." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 12 (June 1, 1999): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0556.
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Wayne County's Rouge River National Wet Weather Demonstration Project (Rouge Project) is a comprehensive program to restore the water quality of the Rouge River, a tributary to the Detroit River in southeast Michigan. The Rouge River Watershed is largely urbanized with over 1.5 million people in 48 communities and 3 countries. Sources of pollution to the river include industrial and municipal point sources, storm water runoff, combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and other minor sources. While the Rouge Project first focused on controlling the 150 CSO discharges the focus shifted to other sources of pollution, such as storm water in order to restore the river. This paper describes the lessons learned in building institutional and regulatory frameworks necessary to accommodate a watershed approach to wet weather pollution management. Also described are the consensus building strategies which were used to engage numerous stakeholders, provide them opportunities to influence decisions, and participate in the Rouge River restoration. The Rouge Project is demonstrating that a watershed-based pollution management program is achieving faster and more cost-effective restoration and protection of water resources.
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Dennedy-Frank, P. James, and Steven M. Gorelick. "Insights from watershed simulations around the world: Watershed service-based restoration does not significantly enhance streamflow." Global Environmental Change 58 (September 2019): 101938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.101938.
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Lu, Shibao, Yizi Shang, Wei Li, Xiaohe Wu, and Hongbo Zhang. "Basic theories and methods of watershed ecological regulation and control system." Journal of Water and Climate Change 9, no. 2 (April 17, 2018): 293–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.051.
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Abstract Watershed is an important existing form of water, with various functions such as water supply, irrigation, fishery, tourism, and flood prevention, playing a major role in the daily production and lives of residents and regional social and economic development. As a brand new management objective, watershed development is a significant means for supporting and ensuring the sustainability of social, economic and environmental development. This paper elaborates the importance of preserving the ecological and hydrological connections of river systems to sustain their healthy life cycle, as a harmonious relationship is essential for the current and future watershed management. By emphasizing the importance of the watershed ecological and environmental management and restoration, on the basis of the existing research results, this paper sums up the basic concepts and connotation of the ecological operation of reservoirs, analyzing the research achievements and existing problems of ecological operation study, and resulting in a fundamental framework of ecological operation model based on the multiscale coupling mechanism, objective coordination mechanism, generative mechanism of characteristic flows and operation scheme of the rolling correction mechanism.
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Petrakis, Roy E., Laura M. Norman, Oliver Lysaght, Benson C. Sherrouse, Darius Semmens, Kenneth J. Bagstad, and Richard Pritzlaff. "Mapping Perceived Social Values to Support a Respondent-Defined Restoration Economy: Case Study in Southeastern Arizona, USA." Air, Soil and Water Research 13 (January 2020): 117862212091331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178622120913318.
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Investment in conservation and ecological restoration depends on various socioeconomic factors and the social license for these activities. Our study demonstrates a method for targeting management of ecosystem services based on social values, identified by respondents through a collection of social survey data. We applied the Social Values for Ecosystem Services (SolVES) geographic information systems (GIS)-based tool in the Sonoita Creek watershed, Arizona, to map social values across the watershed. The survey focused on how respondents engage with the landscape, including through their ranking of 12 social values (eg, recreational, economic, or aesthetic value) and their placement of points on a map to identify their associations with the landscape. Additional information was elicited regarding how respondents engaged with water and various land uses, as well as their familiarity with restoration terminology. Results show how respondents perceive benefits from the natural environment. Specifically, maps of social values on the landscape show high social value along streamlines. Life-sustaining services, biological diversity, and aesthetics were the respondents’ highest rated social values. Land surrounding National Forest and private lands had lower values than conservation-based and state-owned areas, which we associate with landscape features. Results can inform watershed management by allowing managers to consider social values when prioritizing restoration or conservation investments.
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Zhang, Jian, Yi-Cheng Fu, Wan-Li Shi, and Wen-Xian Guo. "A method for estimating watershed restoration feasibility under different treatment levels." Water Supply 17, no. 5 (February 27, 2017): 1232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.017.
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The restoration of watershed health can be influenced by ecological, technical and socio-economic factors. The paper presents a conceptual framework and typology to assess watershed ecological restoration based on the properties and processes of sustainable watershed development. According to multiple life stages, habitat properties and existing legal frameworks and applicable valuation approaches, the bio-indicator that integrates natural, political and socio-economic dimensions is proposed. With existing assessment results and official web-pages as references, evaluation systems concerning human impacts on aquatic systems are set forth. Suitable aquatic bio-indicators can standardize the monitoring methodology with respect to water quality, organic pollutants and pesticides, generation time, migration ability, saprobic status, taxonomic composition and diversity. A large number of fish-based indexes have been developed to monitor and manage river ecosystems. Biophysical and statistical models are being used to identify influential stream variables that correlate with macroinvertebrate indices. A probabilistic fuzzy hybrid model to assess river water quality is proposed. The method and process of ecological risk assessment are provided based on adaptive management principles. The environmental sustainability index (ESI) is used to estimate the degree of environmental restoration sustainability with the emergy triangle as a reference.
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Refliss, Refliss. "REKLAMASI DAN RESTORASI EKOLOGI KAWASAN TANJUNG API – API PROVINSI SUMATERA SELATAN." Jurnal AGRISEP 16, no. 1 (March 8, 2017): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.16.1.57-70.
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Damage to mangrove forests should be stopped by holding conservation activities, even restore to reorganize. These activities not only protect and preserve the species as well as providing a tourist attraction (ecotourism) but should also serve to improve the socio-economic conditions of the surrounding community in the context of sustainable development. This paper is to explain the problems of environmental degradation, especially the large-scale exploitation of mangrove forests in the region of Tanjung Api-Api Reclamation, Banyuasin regency of South Sumatra province. The method used is a review of research papers and reports on Reclamation area of Tanjung Api-Api and management of Special Economic Zones (SEZ). Reclamation activities Tanjung Api-Api is basically not recommended because it lowers the quality of mangrove Environment and Watershed Musi, but the public interest by taking into account all the benefits that this can be continued reclamation of origin according to applicable regulations and pay attention to aspects related impact and benefits. Damage to ecosystems due to reclamation Tanjung Api-Api quite alarming, therefore it is necessary to the recovery through the restoration of mangrove forest and watershed restoration Musi integrated. Ecological restoration is expected to restore the function and role of the mangrove ecosystem and watershed Musi.Keywords: mangrove forests, reclamation, restoration and sustainable development
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Townsend, P. V., R. J. Harper, P. D. Brennan, C. Dean, S. Wu, K. R. J. Smettem, and S. E. Cook. "Multiple environmental services as an opportunity for watershed restoration." Forest Policy and Economics 17 (April 2012): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2011.06.008.
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Talib, Ammara, and Timothy O. Randhir. "Climate change and land use impacts on hydrologic processes of watershed systems." Journal of Water and Climate Change 8, no. 3 (March 24, 2017): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2017.064.
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Land use, land cover and climate change (CC) can significantly influence the hydrologic balance and biogeochemical processes of watershed systems. These changes can alter interception, evapotranspiration (ET), infiltration, soil moisture, water balance, and biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nitrogen, and other elements. The need to evaluate the combined effect of land use change and CC of watershed systems is a focus of this study. We simulated watershed processes in the SuAsCo River watershed in MA, USA, using a calibrated and validated Hydrological Simulation Program Fortran model. Climatic scenarios included downscaled regional projections from Global Climate Model models. The Land Transformation Model was used to project land use. Combined change in land cover and climate reduce ET with loss of vegetation. Changes in climate and land cover increase surface runoff significantly by 2100 as well as stream discharge. Combined change in land cover and climate cause 10% increase in peak volume with 7% increase in precipitation and 75% increase in effective impervious area. Climate and land use changes can intensify the water cycle and introduce seasonal changes in watershed systems. Understanding dynamic changes in watershed systems is critical for mitigation and adaptation options. We propose restoration strategies that can increase the resilience of watershed systems.
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D'Andrea, Michael, William J. Snodgrass, and Patrick D. Chessie. "Receiving Water Response to a Master Plan for Wet Weather Flow Management Developed for the City of Toronto." Water Quality Research Journal 39, no. 4 (November 1, 2004): 417–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2004.053.
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Abstract The City of Toronto has development a Wet Weather Flow Management Master Plan incorporating a new philosophy in wet weather flow management where rainwater is recognized as a resource. Wet weather flows are to be managed on a watershed basis, and a hierarchical approach to wet weather flow management is to be used, starting with at source, followed by conveyance and finally end-of-pipe control measures. The study area extended across the City of Toronto, encompassing six major watersheds and the waterfront. The Plan development followed the planning principles of Ontario's Environmental Assessment Act and incorporated broad public and agency consultation. A series of 13 objectives was identified and grouped into four major categories: water quality, water quantity, natural areas and wildlife, and sewer system. An innovative approach was used which integrated hydrologic, hydraulic and water quality predictions from land-based, watershed and lake models, respectively, to assess the effectiveness of various strategies. The receiving water response indicated that source controls and conveyance controls were insufficient to achieve the receiving water objectives of the Plan. This was only possible through the implementation of a comprehensive set of measures consisting of: source controls, conveyance controls, end-of-pipe controls, basement flooding protection works, stream restoration works, shoreline management, enhanced municipal operations and an enhanced public education and community outreach program. Overall benefits expected through the Plan include: swimmable waterfront beaches, control of combined sewer overflows in compliance with legislative requirements, basement flooding protection, protection of the City's infrastructure from stream erosion, restoration of degraded local streams and aquatic habitat and the reduction of algal growth along the waterfront, and improved stream water quality in area watercourses. The cost of the Plan over the 25 years is estimated to be $1.047 billion with an additional $233 million in operational and maintenance costs.
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Ristic, Ratko, Boris Radic, Nevena Vasiljevic, and Zoran Nikic. "Land use change for flood protection: A prospective study for the restoration of the river Jelasnica watershed." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 103 (2011): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf1103115r.
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Serbia?s hilly-mountainous regions are extremely vulnerable to flooding as a consequence of their natural characteristics and human impacts. Land mismanagement influences the development of erosion processes, and causes soil degradation that significantly reduces the land?s capacity to infiltrate and retain rainwater. Inappropriate land use as well as development activities replace permeable with impervious surfaces in the watershed. This leads to more rapid runoff generation and the more frequent appearance of torrential floods and bed-load deposits on downstream sections. Environmental degradation creates economicsocial problems within local societies which is often followed by depopulation. Restoring watersheds to their optimal hydrologic state would reduce flood discharge and by increasing groundwater recharge would increase both low-flow and average discharges in springs and streams. Best management practices could be developed through the application of specific combinations of biotechnical, technical and administrative measures, and by using the concept of ?natural reservoirs?. The design of such practices is explored through a case study of the watershed of the river Jelasnica, southeastern Serbia. Realization of these planned restoration works should help decrease the annual yields of erosive material by 44.1% and the specific annual transport of sediment through hydrographic network by 43.6%. Representative value of the coefficient of erosion will be reduced from Z=0.555 to Z=0.379. The value of maximal discharge Qmax-AMCIII (1%)=54.17 m3?s-1, before restoration, is decreased to Qmax-AMCIII (1%)=41.22 m3?s-1 after restoration, indicating the improvement of hydrological conditions, as a direct consequence of land use changes. Administrative measures are applied through ?Plans for announcement of erosive regions and protection from torrential floods in the territory of Leskovac municipality?.
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Yu, Enxu, Mingfang Zhang, Yali Xu, Sheng Zhang, Zuozhu Meng, and Yiping Hou. "The Development and Application of a GIS-Based Tool to Assess Forest Landscape Restoration Effects on Water Conservation Capacity." Forests 12, no. 9 (September 21, 2021): 1291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091291.
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In forest landscape restoration, one of the key objectives is to improve the water conservation capacity of the deforested land. A rapid, accurate assessment of the effects of the restoration measures on the water conservation capacity of targeted forests can help forest managers to identify the best practices for forest restoration. However, the traditional assessment tools of forest water conservation function lack a description of forest growth, and are featured by complex computation, which fails to evaluate the effects of forest restoration on the regional forest water conservation capacity in an efficient way. To address this issue, through combining the forest restoration evaluation model (equivalent recovery area, ERA), classic forest water storage capacity estimation (total water storage capacity), this study has taken advantage of ENVI/IDL, ArcGIS Engine/C#.Net to develop the Forest and Water Assessment Tool (FWAT) for assessing the changes of the regional forest landscape and the associated forest water conservation capacity in various forest restoration scenarios. This tool has been successfully applied in the Upper Zagunao watershed, a large forested watershed in the Upper Yangtze River basin. According to the assessment, the forest water conservation capacity of the study watershed consistently increased from about 1580.76 t/hm2 in 2010 to a projected 2014.34 t/hm2 by natural restoration, and 2124.18 t/hm2 by artificial restoration by 2030. The artificial restoration measures yield a better effect on forest water conservation function than natural restoration. By 2030, the forest water conservation capacity of artificial restoration scenario is expected to be about 7% higher than that of natural restoration scenario. The FWAT as an efficient tool to assess the effects of forest restoration measures on regional forest water conservation capacity can provide scientific support for the design of forest restoration and management strategies worldwide.
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González-Álvarez, Álvaro, José Molina-Pérez, Brandon Meza-Zúñiga, Orlando M. Viloria-Marimón, Kibrewossen Tesfagiorgis, and Javier A. Mouthón-Bello. "Assessing the Performance of Different Time of Concentration Equations in Urban Ungauged Watersheds: Case Study of Cartagena de Indias, Colombia." Hydrology 7, no. 3 (July 25, 2020): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology7030047.
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In ungauged watersheds, the estimation of the time of concentration (Tc) is always a challenging task due to the intrinsic uncertainty involved when making assumptions. Given that Tc is one of the main inputs in a hydrological analysis for the design of hydraulic structures for stormwater management, ten equations (including one proposed in several local studies) and two Tc methodologies (overland flow time plus channel flow time) were used to compute the Tc in fifteen urban ungauged watersheds, located in Cartagena de Indias (Colombia), with different area sizes and slopes to statistically assess their performance against the value obtained via the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) velocity method (assumed to be the true value). According to the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency index, none of the equations proved to be reliable in all watersheds as only four equations predicted the Tc value in 53% of the cases. In addition, based on the percent bias, all equations tended to significantly over- or underestimate the Tc, which affects the quantification of the runoff volume necessary for, among others, the implementation of best management practices for watershed management (e.g., conventional and/or sustainable drainage system design), flood-prone area delineation and flood risk analyses, urban planning, and stream restoration.
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He, Minxue, Michael Anderson, Andrew Schwarz, Tapash Das, Elissa Lynn, Jamie Anderson, Armin Munévar, Jordi Vasquez, and Wyatt Arnold. "Potential Changes in Runoff of California’s Major Water Supply Watersheds in the 21st Century." Water 11, no. 8 (August 9, 2019): 1651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11081651.
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This study assesses potential changes in runoff of California’s eight major Central Valley water supply watersheds in the 21st century. The study employs the latest operative climate projections from 10 general circulation models (GCMs) of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) under two emission scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) to drive a hydrologic model (VIC) in generating runoff projections through 2099. Changes in peak runoff, peak timing, seasonal (major water supply season April–July) runoff, and annual runoff during two future periods, mid-century and late-century, relative to a historical baseline period are examined. Trends in seasonal and annual runoff projections are also investigated. The results indicate that watershed characteristics impact runoff responses to climate change. Specifically, for rain-dominated watersheds, runoff is generally projected to peak earlier with higher peak volumes on average. For snow-dominated watersheds, however, runoff is largely projected to peak within the same month as historical runoff has, with little changes in peak volume during mid-century but pronounced decreases during late-century under the higher emission scenario. The study also identifies changes that are common to all study watersheds. Specifically, the temporal distribution of annual runoff is projected to change in terms of shifting more volume to the wet season, though there is no significant changing trend in the total annual runoff. Additionally, the snowmelt portion of the total annual runoff (represented by April–July runoff divided by total annual runoff) is projected to decline consistently under both emission scenarios, indicative of a shrinking snowpack across the study watersheds. Collectively, these changes imply higher flood risk and lower water supply reliability in the future that are expected to pose stress to California’s water system. Those findings can inform water management adaptation practices (e.g., watershed restoration, re-operation of the current water system, investing in additional water storage) to cope with the stress.
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Sayles, Jesse S., and Jacopo A. Baggio. "Social–ecological network analysis of scale mismatches in estuary watershed restoration." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 10 (February 21, 2017): E1776—E1785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1604405114.
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Resource management boundaries seldom align with environmental systems, which can lead to social and ecological problems. Mapping and analyzing how resource management organizations in different areas collaborate can provide vital information to help overcome such misalignment. Few quantitative approaches exist, however, to analyze social collaborations alongside environmental patterns, especially among local and regional organizations (i.e., in multilevel governance settings). This paper develops and applies such an approach using social–ecological network analysis (SENA), which considers relationships among and between social and ecological units. The framework and methods are shown using an estuary restoration case from Puget Sound, United States. Collaboration patterns and quality are analyzed among local and regional organizations working in hydrologically connected areas. These patterns are correlated with restoration practitioners’ assessments of the productivity of their collaborations to inform network theories for natural resource governance. The SENA is also combined with existing ecological data to jointly consider social and ecological restoration concerns. Results show potentially problematic areas in nearshore environments, where collaboration networks measured by density (percentage of possible network connections) and productivity are weakest. Many areas also have high centralization (a few nodes hold the network together), making network cohesion dependent on key organizations. Although centralization and productivity are inversely related, no clear relationship between density and productivity is observed. This research can help practitioners to identify where governance capacity needs strengthening and jointly consider social and ecological concerns. It advances SENA by developing a multilevel approach to assess social–ecological (or social–environmental) misalignments, also known as scale mismatches.
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Combalicer, Edwin A., Maricon R. Perez, Sangjun Im, Marilyn S. Combalicer, and Sujung Ahn. "Realities of forest landscape restoration: The case of Barobbob watershed, Philippines." Forest Science and Technology 3, no. 2 (December 2007): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2007.9656327.
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Gibbs, David A., Jordan M. West, and Patricia Bradley. "Incorporating adaptation and resilience into an integrated watershed and coral reef management plan." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 24, 2021): e0253343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253343.
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Changing environmental conditions are forcing natural resource managers and communities to adapt their strategies to account for global shifts in precipitation, temperature, sea level and more, all of which are occurring in addition to local human impacts. Adapting to threats from climate change requires a fundamental shift in the practice of natural resource management through the development of forward-looking “climate-smart” goals and strategies. Here we present a proof-of-concept application of a decision-support tool to help design climate-smart management actions for the watershed and coral reef management plan for Guánica Bay watershed in southwest Puerto Rico. We also explore the connection between adaptation planning and coral reef resilience, using a recently developed Puerto Rico-wide reef resilience assessment. In the first phase of the study, we used the publicly available Adaptation Design Tool to draft initial climate-smart versions of twelve proposed management actions. In the second phase, two actions (dirt road management on steep slopes, and coral reef restoration) were further refined through consultations with local experts to make more detailed design adjustments; this included the option to use information from the coral reef resilience assessment to inform design improvements. The first phase resulted in moderately detailed assessments that broadly accounted for anticipated direct and indirect effects of climate change on the planned management actions. The second phase resulted in more site-specific technical assessments and additional important design details. The expert panel charged with discussing climate-smart reef restoration around Guánica used the reef resilience assessment to guide discussion of reef restoration, highlighting the importance of having such information available for adaptation planning. This study demonstrates how climate change impacts can be effectively incorporated into a management plan at the most granular level of planning and how a structured, formalized process can be as valuable as the resulting adaptation information.
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Fang, Xuening, Wenwu Zhao, Lixin Wang, Qiang Feng, Jingyi Ding, Yuanxin Liu, and Xiao Zhang. "Variations of deep soil moisture under different vegetation types and influencing factors in a watershed of the Loess Plateau, China." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 8 (August 12, 2016): 3309–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3309-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Soil moisture in deep soil layers is a relatively stable water resource for vegetation growth in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China. Characterizing the variations in deep soil moisture and its influencing factors at a moderate watershed scale is important to ensure the sustainability of vegetation restoration efforts. In this study, we focus on analyzing the variations and factors that influence the deep soil moisture (DSM) in 80–500 cm soil layers based on a soil moisture survey of the Ansai watershed in Yan'an in Shanxi Province. Our results can be divided into four main findings. (1) At the watershed scale, higher variations in the DSM occurred at 120–140 and 480–500 cm in the vertical direction. At the comparable depths, the variation in the DSM under native vegetation was much lower than that in human-managed vegetation and introduced vegetation. (2) The DSM in native vegetation and human-managed vegetation was significantly higher than that in introduced vegetation, and different degrees of soil desiccation occurred under all the introduced vegetation types. Caragana korshinskii and black locust caused the most serious desiccation. (3) Taking the DSM conditions of native vegetation as a reference, the DSM in this watershed could be divided into three layers: (i) a rainfall transpiration layer (80–220 cm); (ii) a transition layer (220–400 cm); and (iii) a stable layer (400–500 cm). (4) The factors influencing DSM at the watershed scale varied with vegetation types. The main local controls of the DSM variations were the soil particle composition and mean annual rainfall; human agricultural management measures can alter the soil bulk density, which contributes to higher DSM in farmland and apple orchards. The plant growth conditions, planting density, and litter water holding capacity of introduced vegetation showed significant relationships with the DSM. The results of this study are of practical significance for vegetation restoration strategies, especially for the choice of vegetation types, planting zones, and proper human management measures.
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van Noordwijk, Meine, Lisa Tanika, and Betha Lusiana. "Flood risk reduction and flow buffering as ecosystem services – Part 2: Land use and rainfall intensity effects in Southeast Asia." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 5 (May 5, 2017): 2341–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2341-2017.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Watersheds buffer the temporal pattern of river flow relative to the temporal pattern of rainfall. This ecosystem service is inherent to geology and climate, but buffering also responds to human use and misuse of the landscape. Buffering can be part of management feedback loops if salient, credible and legitimate indicators are used. The flow persistence parameter Fp in a parsimonious recursive model of river flow (Part 1, van Noordwijk et al., 2017) couples the transmission of extreme rainfall events (1 − Fp), to the annual base-flow fraction of a watershed (Fp). Here we compare Fp estimates from four meso-scale watersheds in Indonesia (Cidanau, Way Besai and Bialo) and Thailand (Mae Chaem), with varying climate, geology and land cover history, at a decadal timescale. The likely response in each of these four to variation in rainfall properties (including the maximum hourly rainfall intensity) and land cover (comparing scenarios with either more or less forest and tree cover than the current situation) was explored through a basic daily water-balance model, GenRiver. This model was calibrated for each site on existing data, before being used for alternative land cover and rainfall parameter settings. In both data and model runs, the wet-season (3-monthly) Fp values were consistently lower than dry-season values for all four sites. Across the four catchments Fp values decreased with increasing annual rainfall, but specific aspects of watersheds, such as the riparian swamp (peat soils) in Cidanau reduced effects of land use change in the upper watershed. Increasing the mean rainfall intensity (at constant monthly totals for rainfall) around the values considered typical for each landscape was predicted to cause a decrease in Fp values by between 0.047 (Bialo) and 0.261 (Mae Chaem). Sensitivity of Fp to changes in land use change plus changes in rainfall intensity depends on other characteristics of the watersheds, and generalisations made on the basis of one or two case studies may not hold, even within the same climatic zone. A wet-season Fp value above 0.7 was achievable in forest–agroforestry mosaic case studies. Inter-annual variability in Fp is large relative to effects of land cover change. Multiple (5–10) years of paired-plot data would generally be needed to reject no-change null hypotheses on the effects of land use change (degradation and restoration). Fp trends over time serve as a holistic scale-dependent performance indicator of degrading/recovering watershed health and can be tested for acceptability and acceptance in a wider social-ecological context.