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Journal articles on the topic 'Watershed management – Zambezi River Watershed'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Meier, P., A. Frömelt, and W. Kinzelbach. "Hydrological real-time modelling in the Zambezi river basin using satellite-based soil moisture and rainfall data." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 3 (March 23, 2011): 999–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-999-2011.

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Abstract. Reliable real-time forecasts of the discharge can provide valuable information for the management of a river basin system. For the management of ecological releases even discharge forecasts with moderate accuracy can be beneficial. Sequential data assimilation using the Ensemble Kalman Filter provides a tool that is both efficient and robust for a real-time modelling framework. One key parameter in a hydrological system is the soil moisture, which recently can be characterized by satellite based measurements. A forecasting framework for the prediction of discharges is developed and applied to three different sub-basins of the Zambezi River Basin. The model is solely based on remote sensing data providing soil moisture and rainfall estimates. The soil moisture product used is based on the back-scattering intensity of a radar signal measured by a radar scatterometer. These soil moisture data correlate well with the measured discharge of the corresponding watershed if the data are shifted by a time lag which is dependent on the size and the dominant runoff process in the catchment. This time lag is the basis for the applicability of the soil moisture data for hydrological forecasts. The conceptual model developed is based on two storage compartments. The processes modeled include evaporation losses, infiltration and percolation. The application of this model in a real-time modelling framework yields good results in watersheds where soil storage is an important factor. The lead time of the forecast is dependent on the size and the retention capacity of the watershed. For the largest watershed a forecast over 40 days can be provided. However, the quality of the forecast increases significantly with decreasing prediction time. In a watershed with little soil storage and a quick response to rainfall events, the performance is relatively poor and the lead time is as short as 10 days only.
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2

Meier, P., A. Frömelt, and W. Kinzelbach. "Hydrological real-time modeling using remote sensing data." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 6 (November 10, 2010): 8809–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-8809-2010.

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Abstract. Reliable real-time forecasts of the discharge can provide valuable information for the management of a river basin system. Sequential data assimilation using the Ensemble Kalman Filter provides a both efficient and robust tool for a real-time modeling framework. One key parameter in a hydrological system is the soil moisture which recently can be characterized by satellite based measurements. A forecasting framework for the prediction of discharges is developed and applied to three different sub-basins of the Zambezi River Basin. The model is solely based on remote sensing data providing soil moisture and rainfall estimates. The soil moisture product used is based on the back-scattering intensity of a radar signal measured by the radar scatterometer on board the ERS satellite. These soil moisture data correlate well with the measured discharge of the corresponding watershed if the data are shifted by a time lag which is dependent on the size and the dominant runoff process in the catchment. This time lag is the basis for the applicability of the soil moisture data for hydrological forecasts. The conceptual model developed is based on two storage compartments. The processes modeled include evaporation losses, infiltration and percolation. The application of this model in a real-time modeling framework yields good results in watersheds where the soil storage is an important factor. For the largest watershed a forecast over almost six weeks can be provided. However, the quality of the forecast increases significantly with decreasing prediction time. In watersheds with little soil storage and a quick response to rainfall events the performance is relatively poor.
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3

Michailovsky, C. I., and P. Bauer-Gottwein. "Operational reservoir inflow forecasting with radar altimetry: the Zambezi case study." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 7 (July 22, 2013): 9615–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-9615-2013.

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Abstract. River basin management can greatly benefit from short-term river discharge predictions. In order to improve model produced discharge forecasts, data assimilation allows for the integration of current observations of the hydrological system to produce optimal forecasts and reduce prediction uncertainty. Data assimilation is widely used in operational applications to update hydrological models with in situ discharge or level measurements. In areas where timely access to in situ data is not possible, remote sensing data products can be used in assimilation schemes. While river discharge itself cannot be measured from space, radar altimetry can track surface water level variations at crossing locations between the satellite ground track and the river system called virtual stations (VS). Use of radar altimetry in operational settings is complicated by the low temporal resolution of the data (between 10 and 35 days revisit time at a VS depending on the satellite) as well as the fact that the location of the measurements is not necessarily at the point of interest. Combining radar altimetry from multiple VS with hydrological models could overcome these limitations. In this study, a rainfall runoff model of the Zambezi River Basin is built using remote sensing datasets and used to drive a routing scheme coupled to a simple floodplain model. The Extended Kalman filter is used to update the states in the routing model with data from 9 Envisat VS. Model fit was improved through assimilation with Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiencies increasing from 0.21 to 0.63 and from 0.82 to 0.87 at the outlets of two distinct watersheds. However, model reliability was poor in one watershed with only 54% and 55% of observations falling in the 90% confidence bounds, for the deterministic and assimilation runs respectively, pointing to problems with the simple approach used to represent model error.
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4

Michailovsky, C. I., and P. Bauer-Gottwein. "Operational reservoir inflow forecasting with radar altimetry: the Zambezi case study." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 3 (March 12, 2014): 997–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-997-2014.

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Abstract. River basin management can greatly benefit from short-term river discharge predictions. In order to improve model produced discharge forecasts, data assimilation allows for the integration of current observations of the hydrological system to produce improved forecasts and reduce prediction uncertainty. Data assimilation is widely used in operational applications to update hydrological models with in situ discharge or level measurements. In areas where timely access to in situ data is not possible, remote sensing data products can be used in assimilation schemes. While river discharge itself cannot be measured from space, radar altimetry can track surface water level variations at crossing locations between the satellite ground track and the river system called virtual stations (VS). Use of radar altimetry versus traditional monitoring in operational settings is complicated by the low temporal resolution of the data (between 10 and 35 days revisit time at a VS depending on the satellite) as well as the fact that the location of the measurements is not necessarily at the point of interest. However, combining radar altimetry from multiple VS with hydrological models can help overcome these limitations. In this study, a rainfall runoff model of the Zambezi River basin is built using remote sensing data sets and used to drive a routing scheme coupled to a simple floodplain model. The extended Kalman filter is used to update the states in the routing model with data from 9 Envisat VS. Model fit was improved through assimilation with the Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiencies increasing from 0.19 to 0.62 and from 0.82 to 0.88 at the outlets of two distinct watersheds, the initial NSE (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency) being low at one outlet due to large errors in the precipitation data set. However, model reliability was poor in one watershed with only 58 and 44% of observations falling in the 90% confidence bounds, for the open loop and assimilation runs respectively, pointing to problems with the simple approach used to represent model error.
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5

Nones, M., M. Guerrero, and P. Ronco. "Opportunities from low-resolution modelling of river morphology in remote parts of the world." Earth Surface Dynamics 2, no. 1 (January 17, 2014): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-9-2014.

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Abstract. River morphodynamics are the result of a variety of processes, ranging from the typical small-scale of fluid mechanics (e.g. flow turbulence dissipation) to the large-scale of landscape evolution (e.g. fan deposition). However, problems inherent in the long-term modelling of large rivers derive from limited computational resources and the high level of process detail (i.e. spatial and temporal resolution). These modelling results depend on processes parameterization and calibrations based on detailed field data (e.g. initial morphology). Thus, for these cases, simplified tools are attractive. In this paper, a simplified 1-D approach is presented that is suited for modelling very large rivers. A synthetic description of the variations of cross-sections shapes is implemented on the basis of satellite images, typically also available for remote parts of the world. The model's flexibility is highlighted here by presenting two applications. In the first case, the model is used for analysing the long-term evolution of the lower Zambezi River (Africa) as it relates to the construction of two reservoirs for hydropower exploitation. In the second case, the same model is applied to study the evolution of the middle and lower Paraná River (Argentina), particularly in the context of climate variability. In both cases, having only basic data for boundary and initial conditions, the 1-D model provides results that are in agreement with past studies and therefore shows potential to be used to assist sediment management at the watershed scale or at boundaries of more detailed models.
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Nones, M., and M. Guerrero. "Opportunities from low-resolution modelling of river morphology in remote parts of the world." Earth Surface Dynamics Discussions 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2013): 407–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurfd-1-407-2013.

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Abstract. The study of rivers morphodynamics requires modelling of a variety of processes ranging from the typical small scale of fluid mechanics (e.g. flow turbulence dissipation) to the large scale of landscape evolution (e.g. fan deposition). However, simplifications inherent in the long-term modelling of large rivers derive from limited computational resource and the high level of processes detail (i.e. spatial and temporal resolution). These modelling results depend on processes parameterization and calibration over detailed field data (e.g. initial morphology). Thus, in these cases, simplified tools are attractive. Here, a simplified 1-D code is used for the modelling of very large rivers. A synthetic description of the variation of cross-sections shape is implemented on the basis of satellite images, typically available also in remote parts of the world. The model's flexibility is highlighted here, by presenting two applications. In the first case the model is used for analysing the long-term evolution of the Lower Zambezi (Africa) related to the construction of two reservoirs for hydropower exploitation; while, in the second case, the same code is applied for studying the evolution of the Middle and Lower Parana (Argentina) in light of climate variability. In both cases, having only basic data for boundary and initial conditions, the 1-D model provides results that are in agreement with past studies and that may be used to assist sediment management at watershed scale or at boundaries of more detailed modelling.
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7

Brenner, A. J., L. A. Brush, J. S. Martin, K. Y. Olsson, P. L. Rentschler, and J. K. Wolf. "The huron river watershed council: grassroots organization for holistic watershed management." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 12 (June 1, 1999): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0563.

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The Huron River Watershed Council is a coalition of Huron Valley residents and local governments with the mission to inspire attitudes, behaviors, and economies that protect, rehabilitate, and sustain the Huron River. Its role as the coordinator and facilitator of river protection activities has been growing rapidly in recent years. The success of the Council has been its ability to respond to local conditions and deal with the concerns expressed by local communities. Its ability to cross jurisdictional and political boundaries that inhibit other organizations enables it to address water quality issues in an innovative and holistic manner. It does this through the series of programs listed below:The “Adopt-A-Stream” network of volunteers that regularly collect data on the biological integrity of the Huron River.A wellhead protection program to help communities prevent groundwater supply contamination caused by pollution leaching into local aquifers.The facilitation of a partnership to reduce phosphorus and soil entering the river system from storm water runoff in the urbanizing middle portion of the watershed.Land use planning and natural feature preservation tools to prevent the headwaters of the Huron River from developing in an environmentally destructive way.An information and education plan to reduce non-point source pollution by targeting specific behaviors of watershed residents.
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8

Jin, Chun Jiu, Jian Qiao Zhang, Yi Zhang, Na Li, Jun Peng, Ajay Kumar Jha, and Chong Liu. "Research on the Watershed Ecological Risk Management." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.272.

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The risk management of watershed ecology is an important topic in the field of water resources management. To improve the present situation of the water ecological risk management in Songhua River and Liao River watershed, based on the policy of eco-management of the important water function zone in China, and the potential risk source investigation of watershed, investigate hazard components, predict risk probability and the possible negative effects, put forward the mitigation measure on water ecological response in watershed. It is necessary to explore water ecotoxicological variation, resolve biodiversity watershed, establish a suitable ecological evaluation index system, and put forward the multi-objective of optimizing management strategies.
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9

Senecal, Catherine, and Chandra A. Madramootoo. "Watershed management: review of Canadian diversity." Water Policy 7, no. 5 (October 1, 2005): 509–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2005.0030.

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Watershed management combines the concept of the watershed as the most appropriate spatial management unit for water resources and the concept of integrated water resources management. The movement toward this form of management has resulted in the emergence of new forms of governance in Canada. The Canadian water management context has resulted in various forms of river basin management organizations co-existing within the same country. Four examples are presented of river basin management organizations as they have evolved in Ontario, British Columbia, Quebec and the Prairies, with emphasis on government policy, organizational structure, roles and responsibilities, sources of funding and implementation of integrated watershed management programs and policies. These case studies are selected because they range from government institutions to organizations partially supported by government, to grass roots and stakeholder involvement models, reflecting different levels of funding and stakeholder participation.
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10

Bandy, Subrata, Junshan Su, Derek Doughty, and Raymond Kurz. "Hillsborough River Watershed Management Plan – An Integrated Approach." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2002, no. 2 (January 1, 2002): 1825–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864702785665382.

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11

Peng, Benrong, Nengwang Chen, Hui Lin, and Huasheng Hong. "Empirical appraisal of Jiulong River Watershed Management Program." Ocean & Coastal Management 81 (September 2013): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.06.013.

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12

Enloe, S. K., L. A. Schulte, and J. C. Tyndall. "Toward a collaborative approach to watershed management: Lessons learned from the Boone River Watershed, Iowa." Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 69, no. 5 (September 1, 2014): 149A—153A. http://dx.doi.org/10.2489/jswc.69.5.149a.

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13

NOBLE, BRAM F., POORNIMA SHEELANERE, and ROBERT PATRICK. "ADVANCING WATERSHED CUMULATIVE EFFECTS ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT: LESSONS FROM THE SOUTH SASKATCHEWAN RIVER WATERSHED, CANADA." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 13, no. 04 (December 2011): 567–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333211004012.

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Watersheds are under increasing pressures from the cumulative environmental effects of human actions. Reviews of recent practice suggest that cumulative effects assessment and management (CEAM) has failed to capture the full range of stressors to Canada's watersheds. Indeed, the limitations to CEAM have been well documented; yet, there has been limited constructive evaluation to help explain why CEAM has failed to advance. In this paper we examine the underlying challenges to the assessment and management of cumulative effects in a watershed context. Based on lessons emerging from the South Saskatchewan watershed, Canada, challenges to CEAM in watersheds include stakeholder understanding and interpretation of cumulative effects; limitations in the scale of current EA practices in watersheds; data challenges; the lack of established thresholds for watershed effects; and lack of clarity regarding watershed science and regulatory capacity. The merits of a watershed-based approach to CEAM to help address these challenges to practice are explored.
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14

Rudianto, Rudianto, Syarifuddin Kadir, Kissinger Kissinger, and Mahrus Aryadi. "DINAMIKA PERUBAHAN PETA BATAS DAS MALUKA PROVINSI KALIMANTAN SELATAN." Jurnal Hutan Tropis 8, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jht.v8i3.9740.

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A study on the dynamics of the Change Dynamics of the Maluka Watershed Boundary Map in South Kalimantan Province, which aims to analyze the Maluka Watershed Boundary is a large-scale approach, analyzing the dynamics of changes in some watershed characteristics (morphological and morphometric aspects) and conducting a policy direction towards the Compilation of the Maluka Watershed Boundary Watershed. The results of the Maluka watershed boundary scale of 1:50.000 there are changes and improvements in watershed boundaries in the downstream watershed due to river drainage, dredging, river displacement caused by human activities, new watersheds formed and SRTM level 30 x 30 m resolution, line repair and correction coastal and river networks and optical remote sensing. Morphometric and morphologic characteristics of Watersheds Significant changes in watershed area and administration area (reduced by 4.678 Ha or 5,3%). Other properties did not change significantly (Hydrologic DAS: 2 sub-watersheds, namely the Bati-Bati sub-watershed and Banyuhirang sub-watersheds), (Watershed shape: elongated (Rc <0,5)), (Slope class: flat 90,24%, steep and rather steep 2,14%), (Altitude/Elevation) Watershed: 2 masl to 50 masl 81,71%, above 300 masl 4,37%), (Watershed orientation: heading east to west in a straight direction, middle watershed symmetrical ballooning), (flow density, index value: 1,09 medium category) and (DAS flow pattern: Dendritic). Policy recommendations are suggested to synchronize the implementation of UU No. 23 Tahun 2014 and UU No. 37 Tahun 2014 in terms of carrying out the mandate of PP. 37 Tahun 2012, namely the implementation of the management of watershed management in the context of conservation of land, water in the ecosystem/watershed unit by giving the mandate to assist the task of sub-affairs management of watershed management from the provincial government to the district / city government.
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15

Wicaksono, Arief, Shandra S. Pertiwi, Ade Febri Sandhini P, and Prima Widayani. "Water Catchment Zone Mapping for Watershed Management in Gesing Sub-Watershed, Purworejo." Journal of Applied Geospatial Information 3, no. 2 (May 9, 2019): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.30871/jagi.v3i2.1163.

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Water is a very important resource involved in almost all life processes on earth, especially for human life. The rapid growth of water consumption with a decrease in the quantity and quality of water sources certainly creates problems of water scarcity or even flooding, which already occurs in some areas of Indonesia. In the last decades, some areas in Purworejo District, Indonesia have experienced floods, landslides, and droughts. This condition indicates that there has been a water quantity problem in the watershed in Purworejo. This study tends to focus on water resource management in terms of management planning. The purpose of this research is to create a water catchment zone map with the integration of remote sensing methods and geographic information systems. Identification of potential water catchment considers several parameters, such as soil permeability, rainfall, soil surface type, slope, and groundwater level. The results map consists of five classes of water catchment zone in the Gesing Sub-watershed. The higher classes were found in the upper watershed and the center of the watershed, especially in the valley section of the river. The lower classes, such as in the center of the watershed were considered as suitable areas to protect the water quality. With the mapping of water catchment zone, it is expected that the government can make appropriate policies related to water resources management of each sub-watershed so that in the end the water supply problem-especially in terms of quantity-can be managed and controlled effectively.
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16

Kao, C. M., K. F. Chen, Y. L. Liao, and C. W. Chen. "Water quality management in the Kaoping River watershed, Taiwan." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 7-8 (April 1, 2003): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0691.

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The Kaoping River basin is the largest and the most intensively used river basin in Taiwan. It is 171 km long and drains a catchment of more than 3,250 km2. Based on the current water quality analysis, the Kaoping River is heavily polluted. Concern about the deteriorating condition of the river led the Government of Taiwan to amend the relevant legislation and strengthen the enforcement of the discharge regulations to effectively manage the river and control the pollution. Investigation results demonstrate that both point and non-point source pollutants are now the causes of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nutrients, and pathogens in the river. The main water pollution sources are livestock wastewater from hog farms, municipal wastewater, industrial wastewater, non-point source (NPS) pollutants from agricultural areas, and leachate from riverbank landfills. The current daily BOD, NH3-N, and TP loadings to Kaoping River are 74,700, 39,400, and 5,100 kg, respectively. However, the calculated BOD, NH3-N, and TP carrying capacities are 27,700, 4,200, and 600 kg per day. To protect public health and improve the river water quality, a comprehensive management and construction strategy is proposed. The proposed strategy includes the following measures to meet the calculated river carrying capacity: (1) a hog ban in the entire Kaoping River basin, (2) sewer system construction to achieve 30% of connection in the basin within 10 years, (3) removal of 10 riverbank landfills, and (4) enforcement of the industrial wastewater discharge standards. After the implementation of the proposed measures, the water quality should be significantly improved and the BOD and nutrient loadings can be reduced to below the calculated carrying capacities.
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17

Rossi, C. G., T. J. Dybala, C. Amonett, J. G. Arnold, and T. Marek. "Manure nutrient management effects in the Leon River Watershed." Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 67, no. 3 (May 1, 2012): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2489/jswc.67.3.147.

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18

Frevert, Donald, Terrance Fulp, Edith Zagona, George Leavesley, and Harry Lins. "Watershed and River Systems Management Program: Overview of Capabilities." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 132, no. 2 (April 2006): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(2006)132:2(92).

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19

Sulaksono, Hery Budi, Gusfan Halik, and Retno Utami Agung Wiyono. "Performance Assessment of Bondoyudo Watershed Management." UKaRsT 5, no. 1 (April 3, 2021): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.30737/ukarst.v5i1.1429.

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Continues decrease of vegetation will result in a high erosion and sedimentation rate in the Bondoyudo watershed. This will result in reduced water retention capacity and accelerate land degradation. This study aims to monitor and evaluate the performance conditions of the Bondoyudo watershed according to the assessment parameters of the weighting criteria, which include land criteria, water management criteria, socio-economic criteria, water construction investment criteria, and space utilization criteria. Information about the upper part, middle part, and lower part of Bondoyudo River is collected from primary data, secondary data, and analysis results. The score of the watershed evaluation's carrying capacity is obtained from the results of the analysis from each weighting and scoring value of each criterion and sub-criteria. Watershed performance classifications are obtained by adding up the scores of each criterion. The watershed classification's total score is 103.25, which is classified as a medium recovery level category. It necessary to manage and restore the carrying capacity of the Bondoyudo watershed in supporting the development of water resources so that there is no decline in the performance of the Bondoyudowathersed. Recommended activity plans are water resources conservation, and utilization integrated control and involving stakeholders in watershed management
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20

Tairong, HE, YANG Dayuan, and CHEN Kefeng. "Study on the Basic Principle in Watershed Management——Taking the Yangtze River Watershed as an Example." Journal of Lake Sciences 16, Z1 (2004): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18307/2004.sup09.

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21

Briones, Nicomedes, and Jose Castro. "Effective Management of a Tropical Watershed: The Case of the Angat River Watershed in the Philippines." Water International 11, no. 4 (1986): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508068608686432.

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22

Sha, Jian, Min Liu, Dong Wang, Dennis P. Swaney, and Yuqiu Wang. "Application of the ReNuMa model in the Sha He river watershed: Tools for watershed environmental management." Journal of Environmental Management 124 (July 2013): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.03.030.

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23

Alonso, Patricia Dominguez. "Water European Law And The Watershed Management." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 11, no. 13 (December 19, 2012): 1545. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v11i13.7460.

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Water is one of the main concerns of EU environmental policy and as such has been considered one of the environmental priorities of the European Commission. The paper analyzes the transcendent Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. Directive extends its objective the protection of all waters, surface and groundwater, and introducing water management based on river basins
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24

Arsyad, Usman, Beta Putranto, Nur Aeni, Wahyudi Isnan, and Hasnawir Hasnawir. "Analysis of biogeophysics characteristics and discharge of Lompo Riaja Atas river and Lompo Riaja Bawah river, Ralla sub watershed." Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan Wallacea 8, no. 1 (March 29, 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18330/jwallacea.2019.vol8iss1pp27-38.

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The biogeophysical characteristics of watersheds have an important role as a determinant of the river discharge amount in the watershed. Various watershed problems such as flood and drought related to river discharge require data and information. The importance of this data and information will determine a better watershed management plan. The issue of flooding and drought are the important issues in Ralla sub watershed, Souht Sulawesi Province. This study aims to describe the biogeophysical characteristics and the discharge of Lompo Riaja Atas and Lompo Riaja Bawah Rivers in Ralla sub watershed, Lisu Watershed. This research was conducted in from November 2016 to August 2017. Primary data collection was done through river discharge and precipitation measurements during 34 days of observation. Secondary data obtained from government or related agencies such as geological data obtained from Geological map of the Ujung Pandang sheet 1982, the slope data from Aster DEM, land type from RePPProt 1987, land cover data from google earth image 2015. A quantitative descriptive method was used to analyze the data obtained. The results showed that the Lompo Riaja Atas and Lompo Riaja Bawah rivers have relatively similar discharge fluctuation, although they have a different amount of discharge. River discharge of both rivers is more influenced by rainfall compared to biogeophysical conditions such as geology, topography, soil type, watershed area, watershed shape, river length and order, gradient, flow pattern, flow density, and land cover.
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Lin, C. E., C. M. Kao, C. J. Jou, Y. C. Lai, C. Y. Wu, and S. H. Liang. "Preliminary identification of watershed management strategies for the Houjing river in Taiwan." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 7 (October 1, 2010): 1667–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.460.

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The Houjing River watershed is one of the three major river watersheds in the Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. Based on the recent water quality analysis, the Houjing River is heavily polluted. Both point and non-point source (NPS) pollutants are the major causes of the poor water quality in the Houjing River. Investigation results demonstrate that the main point pollution sources included municipal, agricultural, and industrial wastewaters. In this study, land use identification in the Houjing River watershed was performed by integrating the skills of geographic information system (GIS) and global positioning system (GPS). Results show that the major land-use patterns in the upper catchment of the Houjing River watershed were farmlands, and land-use patterns in the mid to lower catchment were residential and industrial areas. An integrated watershed management model (IWMM) and Enhanced Stream Water Quality Model (QUAL2K) were applied for the hydrology and water quality modeling, watershed management, and carrying capacity calculation. Modeling results show that the calculated NH3-N carrying capacity of the Houjing River was only 31 kg/day. Thus, more than 10,518 kg/day of NH3-N needs to be reduced to meet the proposed water quality standard (0.3 mg/L). To improve the river water quality, the following remedial strategies have been developed to minimize the impacts of NPS and point source pollution on the river water quality: (1) application of BMPs [e.g. source (fertilizer) reduction, construction of grassy buffer zone, and land use management] for NPS pollution control; (2) application of river management scenarios (e.g. construction of the intercepting and sewer systems) for point source pollution control; (3) institutional control (enforcement of the industrial wastewater discharge standards), and (4) application of on-site wastewater treatment systems for the polishment of treated wastewater for water reuse.
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Randall, C. W., and T. J. Grizzard. "Management of the Occoquan River basin: a 20-year case history." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 5-6 (September 1, 1995): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0613.

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The high dam on the Occoquan River of Northern Virginia, United States of America, was constructed in 1957, forming a drinking water reservoir with a capacity of 37.1 × 106m3 formed by drainage from a 1 460 km2 watershed, and providing a safe yield of 189 251 m3 per day. Deteriorating water quality in the late 1960s led to a special “policy” for the watershed, designed to preserve the reservoir as a drinking water supply. Key provisions of the policy mandated replacement of the watershed's 11 publicly owned wastewater treatment works with a single advanced wastewater treatment plant (AWT), and establishment of the Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Programme. Early results from the programme established non-point nutrient pollution as a major cause of water quality deterioration and resulted in the implementation of non-point pollution controls throughout the watershed during the late 1970s. The AWT plant went on-line in July 1978. Continuous monitoring since 1973 has demonstrated both the necessity and the effectiveness of point and non-point nutrient controls for the preservation of the reservoir's water quality. The AWT plant provides excellent removal of organics and phosphorus, plus complete nitrification. The nitrates are discharged to the receiving stream to enhance conditions in the reservoir. Control policies include land-use management for the preservation of this essential water supply for 750 000 people in the Washington, D.C. suburbs. Land-use management decisions are based on the results obtained with a watershed-reservoir linked computer model which predicts water quality changes resulting from land-use changes.
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Hidayat, Dina Paramitha Anggraeni, and Yuddi Yudistira. "MODELLING OF DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND USING SPATIAL DATA POPULATION FOR CISADANE UPSTREAM WATERSHED." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (CESD) 1, no. 1 (September 15, 2018): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/cesd.v1i1.3240.

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<p><em>In Indonesia, water resources management planning has done based on river area. But the problem is the calculation still based on population data with administrative boundary. This is caused by the lack of population data with watershed or river area boundary. Geographical Information System (GIS) is a tools to analyze, visualize and interpret data with spatial and geographic data. For this research, GIS is used to generate population data with watershed and river area boundary,then the result will used for domestic water demand calculation for Cisadane upstream watershed. For all district in Cisadane Upstream Watershed, the largest district in entire watershed are Cibungbulang, Leuwiliang and Nanggung. But the most dense population are Ciomas, Ciampea and Cibungbulang. The calculation using watershed boundary resulting significant difference from district boundary. With spatial data population using watershed boundary, domestic water demand calculation result can be more accurate than using all district population data. </em></p>
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Sène, A. M., S. Bonin, and O. Soubeyran. "Watershed regulation and local action: analysis of the Senegal River watershed management by a regional organisation and public participation." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4, no. 3 (June 28, 2007): 1917–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-4-1917-2007.

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Abstract. Several social scientists have dealt with the usefulness of a participative approach in development plans. The call for sustainable development has increased the focus on this type of approach in a very classical way, which is the case for the creation of new water tanks. Most of these scientists have also pinpointed the major difficulties and failures faced during the execution of this new approach in developing countries. This study is a concrete example which underlines the lack of this type of approach as far as water management in the Senegal River is concerned, mainly in relation to watershed. We base our study on the analysis and criticism of the regional organization OMVS (Organization for the Development of the Senegal River) which is in charge of water management in the Senegal River. The results of the study can, therefore, be summed up as follows: (i) An on-site direct observation, individual interviews, group discussion and information analysis point out the lack of participation of local people in water management in the Senegal River and, in general, the harmful socio-economic impacts resulting from it. (ii) The reasons for this lack of participative approach are mainly due to the model set up by the OMVS in terms of water management in the Senegal River, a model that has excluded or tackled in a very light way the issue of public participation in decision-making through out its juridical and regulation instruments. (iii) Elements of consideration on some measures, which could possibly improve the level of participation of local people in river water management.
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MAYNARD, ISABELLA FERREIRA NASCIMENTO, MARCUS AURÉLIO SOARES CRUZ, and LAURA JANE GOMES. "APPLYING A SUSTAINABILITY INDEX TO THE JAPARATUBA RIVER WATHERSHED IN SERGIPE STATE." Ambiente & Sociedade 20, no. 2 (June 2017): 201–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422asoc0057r1v2022017.

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Abstract Sustainability indexes are important tools in water resource management. The aim of the current study is to calculate the sustainability index of the Japaratuba River watershed, Sergipe State, Brazil. The Japaratuba River watershed comprises a 1.687,67 km2 area. The watershed sustainability index (WSI) has taken into consideration hydrographic, environmental, life, and political dimensions, according to the pressure-state-response methodology. The WSI value was 0.66. Such value indicates that the watershed shows intermediate sustainability level. The indexes showing the lowest scores were the quantitative hydrological index, which is related to water availability per capita, and the qualitative hydrological index, which is related to the wastewater treatment in the cities belonging to the watershed region.
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Wibowo, Yunus Aris, Lintang Ronggowulan, Dian Adhetya Arif, Rikki Afrizal, Yaskinul Anwar, and Ayu Fathonah. "Perencanaan Mitigasi Bencana Banjir Non-Struktural Di Daerah Aliran Sungai Comal Hilir, Jawa Tengah." JPIG (Jurnal Pendidikan dan Ilmu Geografi) 4, no. 2 (September 1, 2019): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.21067/jpig.v4i2.3632.

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Abstract: River flooding has become a serious disruption for community which lives in downstream area of a watershed. Comal Watershed is annually experience river flooding caused by Comal River. Therefore, it is necessary to proper mitigation planning. This study organized the arrangement of river flooding non-structural mitigation planning. Qualitative approach was used in this study; not to mention the research design utilzed literature study and field survey. Literature study was used for finding out the river flood events record and affected area in downdstream area of Comal Watershed. Meanwhile, field survey was conducted to overview the socio-cultural condition of the community which live in it. The results indicated that river flooding non-structural mitigation planning area in downdstream area of Comal Watershed consisted of spatial planning in harmony with landuse management of Comal Watershed, detection and prediction of the Comal River discharge conditions through recording and observing hydrometeorological data, management planning of riparian zone, Disaster literacy toward schools and community, community communication system improvement, local wisdom enhancement, evacuation route arrangement, early warning system utilization, disaster simulation and reforestation. Mitigation planning is not only the responsibility of the government, but requires awareness and cooperation from the community.
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Sagehashi, Masaki, Hiroko Mori, Yuta Hareyama, Kazuyuki Sakuma, Michihiro Akiba, and Masaaki Hosomi. "Integration of the rice paddy water management into a coupled surface-subsurface water flow model in the Sakuragawa River watershed (Japan)." Hydrology Research 47, no. 1 (June 6, 2015): 137–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2015.162.

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Rice paddy water management was integrated into a distributed three-dimensional surface and subsurface coupling hydrological model of the Sakuragawa River watershed. This watershed is located in the Kanto Plain in Japan and includes the hillside of Mt. Tsukuba. Therefore, this watershed includes both steep mountainous areas and rice paddy-dominated flat land. Thus, water management of rice paddies is important and was calculated separately using a paddy model. The use of groundwater for rice paddy irrigation was considered as well as a water supply from outside of the watershed (Kasumigaura Lake). The model parameters were calibrated and validated with reference to the predictability of river water flow and the groundwater level. Using the calibrated model, three-dimensional streamlines, water travel time distributions, and water balance in some grids were clarified. The developed model will facilitate sustainable water resource management in the watershed.
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Morgenschweis, G., T. Brudy-Zippelius, and J. Ihringer. "Operational water quantity management in a river basin." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 10 (November 1, 2003): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0552.

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The real-time water quantity management of complex water resources systems can be successfully supported by mathematical models. Since there were no models available for integrated water management on the catchment scale, a generally applicable model system for quantitative water management has been developed and adapted to the watershed of the River Ruhr in Germany. The first results attained with this model system in the Ruhr catchment basin show that it is a powerful tool for operational water quantity management and is able to simulate a differentially structured watershed with high anthropogenic impacts. The use of this model has enabled Ruhrverband to make crucial improvements and increase the objectivity of operational water quantity management.
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Ohno, Tomohiko, Takuya Tanaka, and Masaji Sakagami. "Does Social Capital Encourage Participatory Watershed Management? An Analysis Using Survey Data From the Yodo River Watershed." Society & Natural Resources 23, no. 4 (March 16, 2010): 303–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941920802078224.

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34

Khairy, Wael M. "Spatial Analysis of Base Flow and Stream Flow from the Abbay River Basin after Watershed Management Interventions." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 12, no. 11 (2021): 316–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2021.12.11.1356.

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Recently, increasing concern in Africa has been registered on the potential impacts on base flow and stream flow due to the implementation of watershed management interventions. This research incorporates spatially monthly geographical hydrological data sets into a developed spreadsheet water balance model to estimate the changes in surface runoff, base flow and stream flow as a result of implementing watershed management interventions in the Abbay River Basin during the period (2010-2018). The model was implemented at sub-catchment level. Considering Year 2005 as a datum for watershed management intervention, results of the modeling and spatial analysis indicated that watershed management interventions relatively reduced surface runoff, increased deep infiltration to groundwater and accordingly increased base flow to the stream. Among the key results in the Abbay Basin that change from Year 2010 to Year 2018 was reduction of surface runoff from the Abbay Basin in the amount of 1,753 million m3/yr. As a result, an increase in annual base flow in the amount of 23 million m3/yr was estimated, leaving a reduction in annual mean flow of the Abbay River in the amount of 1,731 million m3/yr of the Abbay River at El-Diem site. It is expected that the flow of the Abbay River will continue to decrease due to the continuous implementation of the watershed management interventions and agriculture expansion in the Abbay Basin.
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Dawei, He, and Chen Jingsheng. "Issues, perspectives and need for integrated watershed management in China." Environmental Conservation 28, no. 4 (December 2001): 368–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290100039x.

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Water management issues at the scale of whole river basins are becoming significant public concerns in China. Adverse aspects of basin-wide mismanagement of water resources in China are reviewed and analysed with respect to watershed management organizations, systems and policies, legislation and implementation of law, public participation, and other pertinent fields. Several critical issues in watershed management should be addressed in the immediate future, including divided jurisdiction and overlapping responsibilities of water management agencies, water pricing, lack of attention to non-point sources, absence of legislation regarding both watershed organizations and public participation, and illegal implementation of existing environmental laws and national policies concerning agriculture and farmers. Based on those analyses and worldwide practices, conceptual frameworks for integrated watershed management in China, including organization, legislation and institutions, are put forward both for the short and the long term. As a national focus, the Three Gorges Project is expected to have potentially disastrous environmental impacts. Mismanagement in the Three Gorges watershed is indicated, including piecemeal approaches to management, absence of legislation and a watershed approach that is disintegrated by administrative boundaries.
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Brezonik, Patrick L., K. W. Easter, Lorin Hatch, David Mulla, and James Perry. "Management of diffuse pollution in agricultural watersheds: lessons from the minnesota river basin." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 12 (June 1, 1999): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0562.

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The Minnesota River (Minnesota, USA) receives large non-point source pollutant loads. Complex interactions between agricultural, state agency, environmental groups, and issues of scale make watershed management difficult. Subdividing the basin's 12 major watersheds into agro-ecoregions based on soil type, geology, steepness, and climate enhances predictability of stream water quality parameters. An eight-step framework for agricultural watershed management is presented.
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37

Gu, Ruochuan, and Mei Dong. "Water quality modeling in the watershed-based approach for waste load allocations." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 10 (November 1, 1998): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0398.

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The conventional method for waste load allocations (WLA) employs spatial-differentiation, considering individual point sources, and temporal-integration, using a constant flow, typically 7Q10 low flow. This paper presents a watershed-based seasonal management approach, in which non-point source as well as point sources are incorporated, seasonal design flows are used for water quality analysis, and WLA are performend in a watershed scale. The strategy for surface water quality modeling in the watershed-based approach is described. The concept of seasonal discharge management is discussed and suggested for the watershed-based approach. A case study using the method for the Des Moines River, Iowa, USA is conducted. Modeling considerations and procedure are presented. The significance of non-point source pollutant load and its impact on water quality of the river is evaluated by analyzing field data. A water quality model is selected and validated against field measurements. The model is applied to projections of future water quality situations under different watershed management and water quality control scenarios with respect to river flow and pollutant loading rate.
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38

Wang, Xinhao, Charlotte White-Hull, Scott Dyer, and Ying Yang. "GIS-ROUT: A River Model for Watershed Planning." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 27, no. 2 (April 2000): 231–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b2624.

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Previous studies have shown that significant environmental changes are the result of human activities such as urbanization occurring at the spatial scale of landscapes. The challenge faced by many planners today is how to understand such relationships in order to support integrated watershed planning and management. Although many mathematical models have been developed to simulate the chemical transport process in a river, few are actually used in watershed assessment and management. Recently, incorporating analytical models into GIS platforms has emerged as a promising research area attracting planners and other resource managers. In this paper we present a GIS-based river water quality model (GIS-ROUT) to predict chemistry changes in river water as a result of sewage discharge changes in a watershed. Integration of spatial data, GIS, and analytical models in GIS-ROUT makes it possible to examine the dynamic linkages between water quality and human activities in a watershed. Furthermore, the user-friendly interface of the model allows its users to concentrate on the planning issues, such as examining the “What if…” questions related to different development scenarios. The study not only contributes to the application of GIS and water quality models in planning, but it also provides a comprehensive view of the watershed that can help government agencies and other stakeholders to make informed decisions.
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Yustika, Rahmah Dewi, and Ratri Ariani. "Water quality in Cidurian watershed, Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 306 (2021): 04009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130604009.

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Studies about river water quality are essential since the decreasing of water quality could threaten hydrology watershed function. The objective of this study was to identify water quality in rainy and dry seasons of Cidurian watershed. Water quality data were obtained from Main River Basin Organization Territory Cidanau – Ciujung – Cidurian for 2018 and 2019. The parameters of water quality consist of total suspended solids (TSS), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), phosphate (PO4), nitrite (NO2 – N), electrical conductivity (EC), temperature, Ca, and Mg. Water sampling location were in Jasinga (upstream), Neglasari (middle stream), Rancasumur (middle stream), and Tanara (downstream). The result showed that TSS concentration showed higher in rainy season than dry season in all sampling points with values higher than river water quality standard 50 mg/L. Therefore, need attention to adopt soil conservation practices in mixed tree crops, dry cultivation land, and crop plantation to decrease soil erosion. Downstream had values of pH, DO, COD, and BOD outside of water quality standards. Accordingly, government should issue some policies to protect from decreasing water quality. The information on river water quality in Cidurian watershed could support better watershed management for sustainable hydrology watershed function.
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40

Mulamoottil, G., N. Hofmann, J. Marshall, S. Smith, and M. Paley. "THE EVOLUTION OF STORMWATER MANAGEMENT IN THE GRAND RIVER WATERSHED." Canadian Water Resources Journal 20, no. 4 (January 1995): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4296/cwrj2004249.

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41

Herrmann, Patricia. "Management Conflicts in the Ambato River Watershed, Tungurahua Province, Ecuador." Mountain Research and Development 22, no. 4 (November 2002): 338–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2002)022[0338:mcitar]2.0.co;2.

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42

Jiang, Tong, Thomas Fischer, and Xixi Lu. "Larger Asian rivers: Climate change, river flow, and watershed management." Quaternary International 226, no. 1-2 (October 2010): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2010.06.011.

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43

Namara, Idi, Djoko M Hartono, Yusuf Latief, and Setyo Sarwanto Moersidik. "Institution and Legal Aspect Based River Water Quality Management." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.9 (July 9, 2018): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.9.15283.

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About 75% of rivers in Indonesia are experiencing severe pollution. The pollution comes from domestic waste. One of the important rivers in Indonesia that is experiencing pollution is the Cisadane River. The Cisadane River issues in Tangerang are erosion, sedimentation, not yet controlled public space, availability water, and water quality. The background of this research is the existence of water quality problems Cisadane Tangerang City of Banten Province. There are many institutions that manage the Cisadane watershed, but the effectiveness of these institutions in solving environmental problems in the Cisadane watershed is ineffective. Similarly, current regulations have not been effectively implemented. The purpose of this study is to determine the authority and agencies that manage the Cisadane watershed in Tangerang, examining the effectiveness of cooperation among agencies, seeking the most effective alternative institutions in Cisadane water quality management, as well as optimizing the implementation of regulations. This research is a qualitative research, this research also is multi case and explorative, so this research uses three stages of research, previous study phase study, focus group discussion and data analysis. The conclusion of this research is to get the best and effective alternative institution in managing Cisadane River and to strengthen regulation or law.
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44

Mulyono, Daru. "PENGEMBANGAN PERTANIAN BUDIDAYA LORONG (ALLEY CROPPING) UNTUK KONSERVASI LAHAN KRITIS DI HULU DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI (DAS) CIMANUK, JAWA BARAT." Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 11, no. 2 (December 2, 2016): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jtl.v11i2.1213.

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The role and function of Cimanuk Watershed tend to declining, where total of critical area reach to a high of 131,384 ha from the total of 358,400 ha or about 36.6 %. In wet season debit of Cimanuk River reach 1,004 m3/second and in dry season reavh 4m3/second.Therefore the Debit Ratio of Cimanuk River reach to a high of 251, it is indicate that Cimanuk Watershed become very critical condition and need appropriate management especially in the upper watershed. One altervative of the watershed management is application of Alley Cropping system. The biomass from prunning of hedgerows Flemengia congesta have significant effect to land fertility through improvement of nutrients availability. Furthermore, the successful application of Alley Cropping system willlead to conserve land and water where it will support flood control, agricultural irrigation,fisheries development, electric generation, industrial development, etc.Keywords: agricultural, alley cropping, land conservation, watershed
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45

Sobatnu, Ferry, Faris Ade Irawan, and Agus Salim. "Identifikasi Dan Pemetaan Morfometri Daerah Aliran Sungai Martapura Menggunakan Teknologi GIS." Jurnal Gradasi Teknik Sipil 1, no. 2 (December 27, 2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31961/gradasi.v1i2.432.

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The low location of the Banjar district land from the sea surface causes the flow of water on the soil surface becomes substandard. Consequently some areas always stagnant to reach 29.93 %, some 0.58 % flooded periodically. Almost every year when the rainy season arrives with a high intensity in the Martapura area there is a flood with an altitude of up to ± 1 meter. Based on data of regional disaster management agency (BPBD), there are eight districts that are prone to flooding. Namely, Sungai Pinang district, Sambung Makmur, Pengaron, Astambul, Karang Intan, Martapura, Sungai Tabuk, dan Mataraman. Research was conducted with the help of Arcgis software using a calculate geometry tool to identify morphometry. Watershed morphometry is a quantitative measure of watershed characteristics associated with the geomorphological aspects of a region. These characteristics are related to the rainwater drainage process that falls within the watershed. The research results show watershed Martapura has an area of 453.88 km2, the length of the main river reaches 36,566 meters, the slope (gradient) of 0.022 %. River density level is 0.828 km/km2.The order level of the river reaches 10 level. The pattern of the river is rektangular with the type of watershed in parallel. Based on data mapping and identification of Martapura river basin, so that important. information can be generated. such morphometric data can be used as reference for environmental problem solving and watershed management.
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Locke, M. A., R. E. Lizotte, L. M. W. Yasarer, R. L. Bingner, and M. T. Moore. "Surface runoff in Beasley Lake watershed: Effect of land management practices in a Lower Mississippi River Basin watershed." Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 75, no. 3 (2020): 278–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2489/jswc.75.3.278.

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47

Jung, Kwang-Wook, Choon-G. Yoon, Jae-Ho Jang, and Dong-Soo Kong. "Estimation of pollutant loads considering dam operation in Han River Basin by BASINS/Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 2329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.832.

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Effective watershed management often demands qualitative and quantitative predictions of the effect of future management activities as arguments for policy makers and administration. The BASINS geographic information system was developed to compute total maximum daily loads, which are helpful to establish hydrological process and water quality modeling system. In this paper the BASINS toolkit HSPF model is applied in 20,271 km2 large watershed of the Han River Basin is used for applicability of HSPF and BMPs scenarios. For proper evaluation of watershed and stream water quality, comprehensive estimation methods are necessary to assess large amounts of point source and nonpoint-source (NPS) pollution based on the total watershed area. In this study, The Hydrological Simulation Program–FORTRAN (HSPF) was estimated to simulate watershed pollutant loads containing dam operation and applied BMPs scenarios for control NPS pollution. The 8-day monitoring data (about three years) were used in the calibration and verification processes. Model performance was in the range of “very good” and “good” based on percent difference. The water-quality simulation results were encouraging for this large sizable watershed with dam operation practice and mixed land uses; HSPF proved adequate, and its application is recommended to simulate watershed processes and BMPs evaluation.
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Habiyakare, Telesphore, and Nianqing Zhou. "Water Resources Conflict Management of Nyabarongo River and Kagera River Watershed in Africa." Journal of Water Resource and Protection 07, no. 12 (2015): 889–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2015.712073.

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49

Staddal, Ikrima, Oteng Haridjaja, and Yayat Hidayat. "Analisis debit aliran sungai DAS Bila, Sulawesi Selatan." JURNAL SUMBER DAYA AIR 12, no. 2 (March 17, 2017): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32679/jsda.v12i2.56.

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The streamflow is an important component in the management of a watershed. Streamflow data in the form of maximum flow and minimum flow and average discharge can be used for sustainable watershed planning. Bila watershed is a priority watershed in South Sulawesi. Tempe Lake is located at the downstream of Bila watershed, in rainy season Tempe Lake is flooding, and will inundate rice fields, residential and other social infrastructures. In addition of flooding problem, sedimentation factor in Tempe Lake becomes a priority that must be saved.The amount of people needs for agriculture land and settlements resulting in the conversion of catchment area, and this has led to an imbalance hydrology in Bila watershed. This study aimed to observe the effect of landuse changes on streamflow. Streamflow analysis of is done by looking at the value of the maximum and minimum discharge over a period of 10 years and runoff coefficient. The results showed that landuse changes trend has effecting maximum and minimum discharge trends and runoff coefficient. Conversion of primary forests to secondary forests of 8.6% has been changing river conditions from good to bad. River conditions become worse has followed by increased river flow coefficient of 21.9% from 0.56 becomes 0.72, which means that 72% of precipitation in Bila watershed is runoff.
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Irmayani, I., Muh Ikbal Putera, Syahirun Alam, Suryansyah Surahman, and M. Masnur. "Land Use Potential on Water Balance Based on SWAT Method in Saddang Watershed in Bendung Benteng Irrigation System." Agrotech Journal 3, no. 2 (December 28, 2018): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31327/atj.v3i2.857.

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Saddang Watershed (DAS) as a large watershed in Sulawesi, rich in natural resource potential in the form of land, topography, slope, geology, soil, vegetation, climatology; rainfall, temperature, humidity, and sunshine. In maintaining and utilizing (watershed management) availability and water requirements for; humans, plants and animals. The availability and demand of water in watershed management requires the role of land in regulating agroclimatology and hydrology conditions. The water balance approach method used is SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) method of soil and water assessment tools, to determine the condition of availability and demand of water in an effort to maintain water flow conditions at all times (number and distribution) of Bendung Benteng irrigation system, which is capable of supply water for paddy field irrigation in two regencies of South Sulawesi’s paddy granaries namely Pinrang Regency and Sidrap Regency. According to the Schmidth-Fergusson climate classification, the type of climate in Saddang watershed area belongs to type C climate = slightly wet area with tropical rainforest vegetation, the average amount of rainfall ranges from 2.155 mm/year. This indicates that there is large level of rainfall every year and land use with a forest area of 676,39 or 26,41% of the watershed area, thus Saddang watershed is able to save tremendous amount of water supply. Based on the results of the water balance analysis using SWAT method, the amount of water available in the average watershed ; 3.133 mm year-1, the amount of water being flowed ; 1.040,9 mm, and stored as ground water ; 29,60 mm, as well as direct runoff ; 366,9 mm and flow coefficient of 0,45. Hence, there is 45% of the flow loss as surface stream and there is 55% of the flow stored in the watershed, and the model application is categorized as good both in conducting simulations and validating the flow discharge on Saddang River. Watershed processing classified as having good watershed conditions, because one indicator of a watershed's water performance can be seen from the river discharge fluctuation. River discharge fluctuations can be seen from the river regression coefficient (KRS), which is a number that shows ratio between maximum discharge (Qmax) and minimum discharge (Qmin). The highest discharge (Qmax) was 30.805 m³/sec while the lowest discharge (Qmin) was 994 m³/sec. The regression coefficient value (KRS) of Saddang River watershed was 26.650 m³/sec. Based on the results of the 2017 data analysis, the condition of Saddang watershed provides surplus value of 1.911.986 (m3 year-1), out of the total water availability of 2.155.273 (m3 year-1) minus the total irrigation water requirement of 243.286,50 m3 year-1, with the pattern of planting paddy-paddy-secondary crops (palawija). Therefore, Saddang watershed has the ability to store large amounts of water throughout the year
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