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Nasjono, J. K., Dinul Amin, D. N. Khaerudin, and D. S. Krisnayanti. "The impact of watershed characteristics on flood behaviour in the Noelmina River region." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1311, no. 1 (2024): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1311/1/012012.
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Abstract Timor Island has two river regions, one of which is the Noelmina River Region. There are 91 watersheds in the Noelmina River Region, covering a total area of 5,418.85 km2. Each watershed possesses unique characteristics that influence the amount of flood discharge. The key watershed features that can be analysed to assess their impact on floods include shape, area, river length, slope of the watershed, slope of the river, and runoff coefficient. The aim of this study was to identify the specific characteristics of watersheds within the Noelmina River Region that contribute to significant flood discharge. The study focused on examining 20 watersheds within the Noelmina River Region, utilising spatial data such as the Timor Island DEM, land use, and hydrogeological map. The rainfall analysis was performed using the Log Pearson III distribution method with a return period of 500 years. Analysis of flood discharge using the SCS-CN method. The results obtained are that the shape of the watershed, the land use, and the curve number values have a greater impact on the amount of flood discharge produced. The time required to reach peak flood discharge in the Noelmina River Region typically ranges from 7-12 hours.
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Oli, Keshar, and Kabita Pandey. "Sub-Watershed Prioritization for Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Through Geospatial Analysis in Babai Watershed, Dang District, Nepal." Forestry: Journal of Institute of Forestry, Nepal 21, no. 1 (2024): 12–28. https://doi.org/10.3126/forestry.v21i1.79658.
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As global environmental challenges such as water scarcity, soil erosion, and habitat degradation continue to escalate, the importance of effective watershed management becomes increasingly evident. Freshwater resources are under mounting pressure, particularly in regions with limited financial and technical capacities, underscoring the necessity of sustainable management practices. One essential approach to achieving this goal is sub-watershed prioritization, which plays a pivotal role in optimizing conservation efforts and resource allocation. This study focuses on prioritizing sub-watersheds within the upper region of the Babai Watershed, located in the Dang District of Nepal, through a GIS-based land use-land system morphometric analysis. The prioritization process integrates biophysical and anthropogenic factors, weighted at 60% and 40% respectively, to assess ten sub-watersheds ranging from 64 to 148 square kilometers. Among these, Gwar Khola emerged as the highest priority sub-watershed, primarily due to its high erosion potential and dense population, while Hapur Khola ranked second and Kaptine Khola ranked lowest. These results emphasize urgent need for targeted interventions in high-priority sub-watersheds, particularly in Gwar Khola, while also advocating for ongoing monitoring and management efforts across all sub-watersheds. By establishing a robust framework for effective resource allocation, this study aims to enhance the long-term resilience of the Babai Watershed, contributing to sustainable watershed management practices in the region.
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Dadasaheb, R. Jawre, and G. Unde Maya. "Prioritization of Sub-Watersheds in Semi Arid Region: A Case Study of Shevgaon and Pathardi Tahsils in Maharashtra." International Journal of Advance and Applied Research 4, no. 1 (2023): 76–88. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7546388.
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Watershed management is an important in today’s environment. Prioritization of sub-watershed plays an important role in watershed management studies. It shows the requirement of watershed study to go for the green growth of the region. Physical and social factors are also play an important role in identifying the sub-watershed for Prioritization. The present research is throwing a focus on how morphometric parameters in association with GIS analysis will help in identifying the ranking of sub-watersheds for further development with the help of suggested watershed structures. Shevgaon and Pathardi tahsils are known for drought prone tahsils of Ahmednagar district in Maharashtra. These tahsils comes under the semi-arid region. Sub-watershed prioritization is necessary for proper planning and management of natural resources for sustainable development of the study area. Scarcity of rainfall and increasing population pressure on the land as well as water resources. Hence, researcher has selected Shevgaon and Pathardi tahsils for sub-watershed prioritization. There are seven sub-watersheds selected from two tahsils for present research work. Morphometric analysis of all these sub-watersheds is taken into consideration for this research. The largest sub-watershed is Erdha sub-watershed which is located in Karanji circle of Pathardi tahsil, having an area of 145.06 km<sup>2</sup> and smallest sub-watershed is Erandgaon sub-watershed in Shevgaon tahsil, having an area of 40.143 Km<sup>2</sup>. The drainage density of sub-watersheds varies between 1.83 to 2.80 p/km<sup>2 </sup>it indicates coarser drainage structure. Lowest drainage density value is found in Chapadgaon sub-watershed which is 1.83 p/km<sup>2 </sup>and highest drainage density value is found in Chandani watershed which is 2.80 p/km<sup>2</sup>. The elongation ratio varies from 0.32 to 0.70. It indicates that all sub-watersheds have elongated shape. The high value of circularity ratio of Erandgaon watershed which is 0.64. The compound parameter values are calculated for selected sub-watersheds. Lowest compound parameter value is given the highest priority and highest compound parameter value is given the lowest priority. In this research Erandgaon sub-watershed has a lowest compound parameter value which is 2.99 and Chandani sub-watershed has a highest compound parameter value which is 5.38. Prioritization is done on three levels depending on the result such as high, moderate and low priority groups.
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Kelaiya, J. H., H. D. Rank, and D. K. Dwivedi. "Evaluation of morphometric characteristics and watershed prioritization of Bhadar basin of Saurashtra region, Gujarat." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 11, no. 2 (2019): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i2.2032.
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Morphometric analysis is one of the important aspects of quantitative geomorphology which is primarily used to study the geometrical aspects of the landforms. The study was undertaken with the objectives of evaluating morphometric characteristic and prioritizing the watersheds of Bhadar basin based on its morphometric characteristics. Linear, relief and aerial aspects were calculated for watershed characterization. The watersheds were ranked on the basis of high values of linear parameters and low values of shape parameters. A total of 16 watersheds 5G1B1, 5G1B2, 5G1B3, 5G1B4, 5G1B5, 5G1B6, 5G1B7, 5G1B8, 5G1B9, 5G1B10, 5G1B11, 5G1B12, 5G1B13, 5G1B14, 5G1B15 and 5G1B16 were identified in the Bhadar basin and morphometric characteristic of each watershed was determined. Highest priority indicated the greater degree of erosion in the particular watershed and it therefore priority should be given in applying soil conservation measures. It was concluded that the watershed 5G1B15 should be given highest priority because of higher erosion problems over other watersheds of Bhadar basin while 5G1B4 should be given the least priority.
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Pravin Dahiphale, Manmohanjit Singh, and Abrar Yousuf. "Watershed prioritization based on morphometric analysis in Kandi region of Punjab using geospatial technology." Indian Journal of Soil Conservation 50, no. 1 (2025): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.59797/ijsc.v50.i1.153.
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In this study morphometric analysis of eight watersheds of the Kandi region of Punjab, India was done using remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS). On the basis of the morphometric analysis, prioritizations of the watersheds for the application of soil and water conservation (SWC) measures and preparation of watershed plan was carried out. The study included computation of linear parameters (stream order, stream length, bifurcation ratio etc.), areal parameters (drainage density, stream frequency, texture ratio, length of overland flow etc.), shape parameters (form factor, circulatory ratio, elongation ratio etc.) and relief parameters (relief, relief ratio, ruggedness number etc.). The other watershed parameters like relative perimeter (P ), rel Mean basin width (W ), Fitness ratio (R ), Lemniscate ratio (K), Hypsometric integral mb f (HI), RHO coefficient (ρ), Drainage intensity (D ), Drainage texture (D ), Infiltration i t number (I ) and Melton ruggedness number (M ) were estimated for the assessment of n Rn the soil erosion in the watersheds. The Simbal Mazara, Lalpur, Ballowal Saunkhari, Dohali and Fatepur watersheds are having fifth order stream network. The priority rank for each watershed was assigned using compound factor value. The results of this analysis illustrated that Lalpur watershed has lowest compound parameter value so it is subjected to more erosion hence first priority is given to this watershed for the application of appropriate SWC measures for its development and management. Then Sahungra, Rakran Dahan and Dobhali watersheds needs immediate attention for the application of the SWC measures because Sahungra watershed was given second and Rakran Dahan and Dobhali watersheds were given third priority for its development and management.
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Wibowo, A., Suwarto, E. Lestari, and Rahayu. "Challenges and opportunities in building environmental awareness in the Keduang Watershed Region in Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1302, no. 1 (2024): 012073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1302/1/012073.
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Abstract Watersheds are ecosystems which are crucial for water quality, biodiversity, and overall environmental sustainability. Increasing pressure from human activities such as deforestation, water pollution, and changes in land use has begun to threaten the sustainability of watersheds throughout the world. This research discusses the challenges and opportunities in building environmental awareness in a watershed region. A qualitative research method with a phenomenological approach is used to understand the experiences, attitudes, and actions of the watershed community in relation to environmental issues. The research results show the challenges faced include a lack of understanding about the watershed ecosystem, insufficient access to information technology, economic problems, and poor local leadership to support environmental preservation. An integrated environmental education program, together with community participation and development of technological innovation may offer an effective solution. Strong environmental awareness in watershed regions not only supports environmental preservation but also creates sustainable economic opportunities, strengthens environmental resilience, and improves the life quality of the community. Therefore, building environmental awareness in watershed regions is not only the job of local communities but also the shared responsibility of various stakeholders, which is needed to achieve sustainability of the river ecosystem and the broader environment.
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Krisnayanti, Denik Sri, Wilhelmus Bunganaen, John H. Frans, Yustinus A. Seran, and Djoko Legono. "Curve Number Estimation for Ungauged Watershed in Semi-Arid Region." Civil Engineering Journal 7, no. 6 (2021): 1070–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2021-03091711.
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The Benanain Watershed is located in East Nusa Tenggara with an area of 3,181 km2 and is divided into 29 sub-watersheds. The East Nusa Tenggara itself is an eastern region of Indonesia with a unique climate condition called semi-arid. The high rainfall intensity occurring in short duration results in large surface runoff and erosion. Floods and erosion in semi-arid areas due to sensitive soils to drought and heavy rainfall extremely. This paper presents the application of the Soil Conservation Services-Curve Number (SCS-CN) real-flood flows through a digital map of soil type, land use, topography, and the heterogeneity of physical condition, especially for ungauged watersheds. The method used is an approach empirical to estimate runoff from the relationship between rainfall, land use, and soil hydrology groups. This watershed has a large area that must analyze every sub-watershed. The land-use of the Benanain watershed is secondary dryland forest by 44.26% and the hydrological soil group on the B group classification with medium to high absorption potential by 46.502% from the total area. The curve number value of the Benanain Watershed ranges from 56.54 to 73.90, where the mean CN value of 65.32. The rainfall (mm) for the 29 sub-watersheds in the Benanain Watershed has decreased by about 74.65% when being surface runoff or only 25.35% of water becomes surface runoff. The relationship between rainfall depth and CN is classified as standard response and trend line (flat slope) equilibrium occurs when rainfall depth value of 56.71 mm and CN is close to 66.30. The high variability of intense rainfall between the rainy season and the dry season had a significant influence on the curve number value in a large watershed area. Further analysis will be more accurate if it is supported by long rainfall data and observation runoff data as a control. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091711 Full Text: PDF
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Maman Noprayamin, Anis Saggaff, Arie Setiadi Moerwanto, and Kiagus Muhammad Aminuddin. "Identification of Watershed Conditions and Formulation of Watershed Management Strategies." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BUILDING AND TRANSPORTATION 7, no. 1 (2023): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/jcebt.v7i1.9185.
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In Indonesia, 39 watersheds were deemed essential in 1994, and the importance of watersheds grew in 2000. The existence of a watershed has the role of being able to sustain water availability, maintain the balance of the ecosystem and as a container for flowing water. The Musi-Sugihan-Banyuasin-Lemau River Area (WS MSBL), which has an area of 86680 km2 and is made up of 23 primary watersheds, is one of the largest watersheds in the Sumatra region. Research was done to determine the state of the watershed so that a strategy for watershed conservation could be chosen. In-depth interviews with stakeholders in the form of focus group discussions (FGD) were utilized as the study method to collect both secondary and primary data about the circumstances of the watershed as well as to gain in-depth management outcomes. The study's findings demonstrate that managing the WS MSBL watershed involves more than only technical issues; it also necessitates involving associated institutions and stakeholders, necessitating the creation of operational watershed management strategies.
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Wang, Lingxia, Zhongwu Li, Danyang Wang, Xiaoqian Hu, and Ke Ning. "Self-Organizing Map Network-Based Soil and Water Conservation Partitioning for Small Watersheds: Case Study Conducted in Xiaoyang Watershed, China." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (2020): 2126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12052126.
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Soil and water conservation partitioning (SWCP) considers complex environmental statutes and development demands and serves as a scientific basis for conducting soil erosion management and practice. However, few studies have researched partitioning in small watersheds (< 50 km2), and guidelines for enabling region-specific measures are lacking. In this study, the Xiaoyang watershed located in the red soil region of southern China was selected as a representative small watershed in which to conduct partitioning. The pressure–state–response (PSR) model was used as a framework for establishing an indicator system that included soil erosion sensitivity, the soil erosion condition, and ecosystem services. With three soil and water conservation variables as the input layer, a one-dimensional self-organizing map was applied to identify clusters in the small watershed. The silhouette width was evaluated to determine the optimal number of regions. Based on the associated results, the Xiaoyang watershed was divided into five regions accounting for 82%, 9%, 8%, 2%, and 1% of the total area, respectively. This study provides a framework on which region-specific soil erosion measures can be planned, and it also provides a partitioning method that can be employed in other areas.
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Hermawan, Erwin, Santun R. P. Sitorus, Marimin Marimin, and Suria Darma Tarigan. "Evaluasi Status Keberlanjutan Penggunaan Lahan di Das Ciliwung Bagian Hulu." TATALOKA 22, no. 4 (2020): 515–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/tataloka.22.4.515-527.
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The Upper Ciliwung watershed is classified into 15 watersheds that must be restored. This study aims to evaluate the existing conditions of the sustainability status of land use based on environmental, economic and social aspects in the Upper Ciliwung Watershed Region. The Multidimensional Scaling technique through the development of the Rap-Watershed application was used to evaluate the Status of Sustainability of land use in the upstream Ciliwung watershed. The results of the study show that in general the identification of sustainable land use in each sub-watershed in the Upper Ciliwung watershed is categorized as moderately sustainable. The condition of the sub-watersheds in the Ciliwung Hulu watershed which is quite good in conditions that are sufficiently environmentally, economically and socially sustainable are the Upper Ciliwung watershed and the Cisarua watershed. The Cibalok sub-watershed and the Ciesek sub-watershed need to be considered specifically for the status of sustainability in the environmental and economic dimensions.
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Kurniawan, Aptu Andy, Sunardi, Hendarmawan, and Iwan Ridwansyah. "Evaluation of Watershed Carrying Capacity on Flood Management in Greater Malang East Java Indonesia." Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 18, no. 3 (2024): e07378. http://dx.doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n3-155.
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Purpose: The over-depletion of natural resources in the Ambang watershed is the recent cause of the flooding in the region. The Ambang watershed, located in the larger Malang region of Indonesia's East Java Province, is the subject of this article because of the importance of this resource to local residents.This study follows the rules set out by Regulation No. P.61/2014 of the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry, which governs the assessment and monitoring of watershed management, in order to determine the Ambang watershed's effectiveness. Finding out how much water the Ambang watershed can hold and how well the regulation works to control floods were the two main goals of this research Method: This study primarily uses data on floods, conservation initiatives, land use, and water value in the Ambang river basin. Data and information on floods, conservation regulations, and the worth of water infrastructure comes from government sources and community discussions. The data on land usage was derived from the analysis of satellite images. Literature reviews and reports from key government agencies (such as the regional agricultural agency, the regional environmental protection agency, and the district government) were used to gather secondary data for the Ambang watershed management study Results and Conclusion: Land cover, as a percentage, can reduce run-off rates and enhance infiltration capacity in a watershed, hence monitoring it is crucial for assessing the state of land carrying capacity. With an area of 86,783.77 ha, the Ambang sub-watershed has 27,311.79 ha of vegetative land cover (PPV), which is classed as poor, falling between 20 and 40%. The result is expressed as a percentage. One way to measure the difference between allowed and actual erosion is via the Erosion Index. Based on the analysis, the Ambang sub-watershed, which covers an area of 86,783.77 ha, experiences heavy erosion on average with 190.8 tons/ha/year. The erosion index is 14.2, and the IE classification is > 2, which is very bad. This is due to factors such as steep to very steep slopes in some areas, poor to moderate soil conservation, and the presence of annual plants on the land, with some exceeding 25%. Research Implications: In order to better educate the public about the conservation and restoration efforts of different stakeholders and to improve the recommendations for potential conservation and restoration actions in each of the Ambang watershed regions, a series of investigations and experimental projects are planned. Laws enacted by the Indonesian government (number 37/2012) and the Ministry of Forestry (number 6061/2014) control the administration of water-related regions in the country. Before receiving any funds from the National State Budget, regional (provincial) governments must develop a management plan that takes into account the watershed's ability to sustain initiatives. Our investigation showed that Regulation 61/2014, issued by the Federal Forestry Minister, does not adequately evaluate the Ambang watershed's harbor capacity. Especially in arid regions, further studies should help Indonesian watersheds better gauge the potential of their water supplies.
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Ghariba Y. H., J. I. Salim, and H. S. Mohammad Ali. "MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF DUHOK WATERSHED." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 56, no. 1 (2025): 554–69. https://doi.org/10.36103/tfayty62.
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This study was aimed to obtain morphometric parameters of Duhok watershed evaluated through three aspects. The area was located at Duhok governorate with covers 394.87Km2. Depending on stream orders, ten of sub-watersheds were extracted from the main watershed. Furthermore, Duhok watershed stream orders ranged from 1 to 6, as well as the total number of segmented stream reported for the total number of orders was (4175). The results of the current study indicate the Duhok watershed has a high relief ratio (0.026 m/km) and relative relief (0.95) which refers to steep slopes and excessive runoff. The ruggedness value is (4.09) indicates the study region is rugged with high density of streams also the low value of hypsometric integral (0.37) indicates the mature stage of watershed age. However, the watershed's flatter flow regime and elongated shape are confirmed by the values of form factor (0.23), elongation ratio (0.54), and circulation ratio (0.40). The watershed mean bifurcation ratio is 4.13, indicating significant structural disruption, while the value of stream frequency (10.69 streams/km2) suggests dense surface runoff and steeper topography. a very fine drainage texture (37.66) which leads to a higher risk of erosion. The findings of this study will be valuable in watershed management, water resources and protecting the environment in the future.
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Mali, S. S., S. K. Naik, D. K. Raghav, Omkar Kumar, and A. K. Singh. "Runoff, Sediment and Nutrients Loss from Two Small Watersheds in Eastern Plateau and Hill Region of India." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 58, no. 02 (2021): 149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2021581.1742.
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Hydrologic behaviour of many small watersheds around the world are changing mainly due to alterations in land use land cover, and creating new regimes of hydrologic response by driving changes in runoff, sediment and nutrient dynamics. In this study, response of two small watersheds, Plandu and Keribanda, located in eastern plateau and hill region (EPHR) of India was assessed in terms of runoff, sediment and nutrient loss. Daily discharge at the outlets of watersheds was monitored, and water samples were collected at weekly intervals during the monsoon seasons of the years 2015, 2016, and 2017. Water samples were analysed for sediment, Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P) and Potassium (K) concentrations. The peak discharge rate from the Plandu and Keribanda watersheds ranged between 5.35 m3 .s−1 to 8.58 m3 .s−1, and 8.41 m3 .s−1 to 11.79 m3 .s−1, respectively. The Plandu watershed yielded 47.4 % higher sediment yields compared to the Keribanda watershed on account of extensive agricultural activities during the monsoon season. The Plandu watershed also recorded higher N (1.17 kg.ha−1.y−1) and P (0.19 kg.ha−1.y−1) losses; however, the K loss (22.92 kg.ha−1.y−1) was higher in the Keribanda watershed. Linear regression models were also developed between rainfall-runoff (R2: 0.86-0.89), runoffsediment yield (R2: 0.82-0.88), N, P, and K loss with runoff volume (R2: 0.82-0.94). The findings of this study would aid in devising informed policies for soil, water and nutrient management strategies at the watershed scale.
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Cordeiro, Marcos R. C., Henry F. Wilson, Jason Vanrobaeys, John W. Pomeroy, and Xing Fang. "Simulating cold-region hydrology in an intensively drained agricultural watershed in Manitoba, Canada, using the Cold Regions Hydrological Model." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 7 (2017): 3483–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3483-2017.
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Abstract. Etrophication and flooding are perennial problems in agricultural watersheds of the northern Great Plains. A high proportion of annual runoff and nutrient transport occurs with snowmelt in this region. Extensive surface drainage modification, frozen soils, and frequent backwater or ice-damming impacts on flow measurement represent unique challenges to accurately modelling watershed-scale hydrological processes. A physically based, non-calibrated model created using the Cold Regions Hydrological Modelling platform (CRHM) was parameterized to simulate hydrological processes within a low slope, clay soil, and intensively surface drained agricultural watershed. These characteristics are common to most tributaries of the Red River of the north. Analysis of the observed water level records for the study watershed (La Salle River) indicates that ice cover and backwater issues at time of peak flow may impact the accuracy of both modelled and measured streamflows, highlighting the value of evaluating a non-calibrated model in this environment. Simulations best matched the streamflow record in years when peak and annual discharges were equal to or above the medians of 6.7 m3 s−1 and 1.25 × 107 m3, respectively, with an average Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.76. Simulation of low-flow years (below the medians) was more challenging (average NSE < 0), with simulated discharge overestimated by 90 % on average. This result indicates the need for improved understanding of hydrological response in the watershed under drier conditions. Simulation during dry years was improved when infiltration was allowed prior to soil thaw, indicating the potential importance of preferential flow. Representation of in-channel dynamics and travel time under the flooded or ice-jam conditions should also receive attention in further model development efforts. Despite the complexities of the study watershed, simulations of flow for average to high-flow years and other components of the water balance were robust (snow water equivalency (SWE) and soil moisture). A sensitivity analysis of the flow routing model suggests a need for improved understanding of watershed functions under both dry and flooded conditions due to dynamic routing conditions, but overall CRHM is appropriate for simulation of hydrological processes in agricultural watersheds of the Red River. Falsifications of snow sublimation, snow transport, and infiltration to frozen soil processes in the validated base model indicate that these processes were very influential in stream discharge generation.
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Koulov, Boian. "Održivo upravljanje okolišem u marinskim područjima: primjer Crnog mora." Geoadria 17, no. 1 (2012): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.234.
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The EU Marine Strategy Directive (2008/56/EC) proposes four marine regions as a political geographic framework for implementation of the Community's environmental policy. This study critically analyzes the state-based approach, which the Directive uses to outline the regions' boundaries. It suggests that environmental sustainability of marine odies strongly depends on the geographic congruence between their watersheds and the borders of the respective environmental management system, i.e., marine regions have to be environmentally managed within their watersheds. The proposed watershed-based approach also takes into consideration all elements – water, land, and air – of marine regions, which is a conditio sine qua non for their integrated and sustainable management. In the case of the Black Sea region in particular, the borders of a watershed-based environmental management system include a much wider set of stakeholder countries and enable a higher level of environmental cooperation among them.
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Jeon, J. H., C. G. Yoon, K. W. Jung, and J. H. Jang. "HSPF-Paddy simulation of water flow and quality for the Saemangeum watershed in Korea." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 1 (2007): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.443.
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The Hydrological Simulation Program–FORTRAN (HSPF) is a comprehensive model that was developed to simulate many processes related to water flow and quality in watersheds of almost any size and complexity. Paddy rice fields often dominate extensive portions of the landscape in the Asian monsoon region. The hydrological and environmental conditions of paddy fields differ somewhat from those of other land uses, and HSPF may not adequately simulate watersheds in paddy farming regions. HSPF was previously modified to HSPF-Paddy; here, we examined the applicability of the modified model. The model was applied to simulate the water flow and quality of the Saemangeum watershed (2523 km2) in Korea, where paddy rice fields comprise about one-third of the total watershed area. Long-term monitoring data (5 years for water flow, 10 years for water quality) were used in the calibration and verification processes. Model performance was in the range of “very good” and “good” based on model efficiency (R2) and percent difference. The accuracy of the daily simulation was lower than that of monthly simulation for water flow. The water-quality simulation results were encouraging for this sizable watershed with mixed land uses; HSPF-Paddy proved adequate, and its application is recommended to simulate watershed processes in paddy farming regions.
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Çtgez, Tark, Refik Karagül, and Mehmet Özcan. "Evaluation of the effects of some watershed characteristics on water and suspended sediment yield in agricultural and forest dominated watersheds." Šumarski list 145, no. 5-6 (2021): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31298/sl.145.5-6.4.
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Topography, geological structure and land use play a determinative role in the streamflow and total suspended sediment yield of watersheds having similar climate, soil and vegetation characteristics. In order to facilitate sustainable water resource management and effective land use planning, there is an increasing need for research investigating the effects of these factors. This study was carried out in forested and agricultural dominated subwatersheds of the Big Melen watershed in the Western Black Sea Region of Turkey. Hazelnut plantations are grown on most of the agricultural areas in both watersheds. The forested watershed has a steep topography and its geological structure consists of sandstone-mudstone and sedimentary rock. The agricultural watershed area is larger and unlike the forested watershed, there is argillaceous limestone in its geological structure. The precipitation, streamflow and total suspended sediment yield in the watersheds were measured for two years. The total precipitation of the study area over the two years was 2217.3 mm. The water yield of the forested watershed was 867.6 mm, while that of the agricultural watershed was 654.9 mm. In the two years, the total suspended sediment transported from the forested watershed was 19.51 t ha<sup>-1</sup> and from the agricultural watershed 7.70 t ha<sup>-1</sup>. However, except for the high values measured after an extreme rainfall event, the unit surface suspended sediment yield of the agricultural watershed was found to be higher than that of the forested watershed. These findings showed that watershed characteristics such as slope, geological structure and rainfall intensity may be more effective on the streamflow and total suspended sediment yield of the watersheds than land use.
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Ki, S. J., Y. G. Lee, S. W. Kim, Y. J. Lee, and J. H. Kim. "Spatial and temporal pollutant budget analyses toward the total maximum daily loads management for the Yeongsan watershed in Korea." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 1-2 (2007): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.039.
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This paper delivers two issues: water quality in the Yeongsan (YS) watershed which is one of the major watersheds in Korea and new watershed management plans with respect to the total maximum daily loads (TMDL) management. Field studies were conducted to estimate the pollutant loads according to the spatial and temporal distribution based on the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) concentration and the volumetric flow rate (VFR) data from YS watershed. The results of both spatial and temporal analyses show the main pollutant source was originated from the city of Gwangju and the pollutant load from the city to YS watershed was the most out of five cities during this study period. Concerning YS reservoir located downstream of YS watershed, it also shows the worst water quality in the entire watershed during the study period. These results collectively demonstrate that the city of Gwangju is a main region which generates numerous point and non-point pollutant sources and eventually the pollutants are accumulated in YS reservoir. Based on the results, we suggest two different management plans for YS watershed. One is the flow-control approach that is to increase the amount of dam discharge in order to guarantee the river management flow for the midstream region. The other is the mass-control approach that is to dredge the contaminated sediments in YS reservoir for removing pollutants chronically accumulated in the sediment. Simulations for the former and the latter provide the pollution mitigation rate in the watershed up to 6 and 8% for BOD5, respectively. The methodology proposed here for TMDL management can be applied to a wide range of watersheds in Korea.
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Tang, Xiaolan, and John Adekunle Adesina. "Integrated Watershed Management Framework and Groundwater Resources in Africa—A Review of West Africa Sub-Region." Water 14, no. 3 (2022): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14030288.
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Human activities mostly impact the trend and direction of rainwater, groundwater, and other river basin resources in the watershed in Africa. These activities alter river flows and the quality of usable water supplies at both highlands and lowlands. A watershed is indeed a conserved area of land that collects rain, sleet and snow, and empties or penetrates groundwater sources. The act of managing the activities around the watershed is integrated watershed management, which considers the social, economic, and environmental issues in tandem with the human, institutional, natural, and sustainability systems, which are the key drivers as identified in this study, as well as community interests and participation, to manage groundwater resources sustainably. These watersheds, river basins, and groundwater resources provide important services for communities and biodiversity. This paper reveals that the best way to protect groundwater resources is on a watershed basis using sustainable management measures. This technique enables us to handle a variety of concerns and objectives while also allowing us to plan in a complicated and uncertain environment. Sustaining a regional and sub-regional watershed involves cooperation and participation from a wide range of community interests and water users, including municipalities, companies, people, agencies, and landowners, for stakeholders’ input to be successful. All of the strategies and plans are produced with regard to one another, as well as the overall conditions of the watershed, local land uses, and specific regional transboundary issues.
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Harmiyati and A. Sulistio Fuaji. "Analysis of Water Availability in the Upper Siak Basin Using the GR2M Model Application." Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology 8, no. 3 (2023): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jgeet.2023.8.3.11559.
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The Siak watershed is one of the critical watersheds, where natural disasters such as floods, landslides and erosion often occur in this area. The Siak watershed has 4 main sub-watersheds, namely the Tapung Kanan sub-watershed, the Tapung Kiri sub-watershed, the Mandau sub-watershed and the Siak Hilir sub-watershed. The existence of these 4 sub-watersheds is also not able to meet the water needs of the community due to the rapid development of the region which will then cause the demand for water to continue to increase in line with the rate of population growth, especially in the Siak watershed area. Fulfillment of food needs and population activities is always closely related to the need for water. These demands cannot be avoided, but must be predicted and planned for the best possible use. The purpose of this study is to describe the application of the GR2M modeling and the amount of raw water availability in the Upper Siak Watershed.
 The research method used is descriptive quantitative with data collection techniques in the form of map data, rain data, climatology data and field discharge data. And the research location is in the Upper Siak Watershed, namely the Tapung Kiri Sub-watershed.
 The results of the study show that 1) GR2M modeling can be applied to the Tapung Kiri Sub-watershed with an R2 performance of 0.41 with a satisfactory interpretation, a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.67 with a strong interpretation, and an efficiency coefficient (CE) of 0.59 with sufficient optimization interpretation. The reliable discharge obtained based on the GR2M modeling data for the availability of drinking water (Q99%) in the Siak Hulu watershed is 15.69 m3/second.
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Gurung, Sher Bahadur. "Soil Erosion Status of Nepal." NUTA Journal 8, no. 1-2 (2021): 112–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nutaj.v8i1-2.44109.
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Soil erosion is one of the problems in Nepal because about 73 percent of the land surface is mountainous and still tectonically active where 60.43 percent people involved in agricultural activities. The paper assesses the soil erosion status based on ecological region and watershed boundary with population density. The ecological region determined based on elevation and the watershed boundary of Nepal was generated using the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer–ASTER, 30m resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) on May 14, 2010. The DEM data was processed using remote sensing technique then hydrological analysis conducted using remote sensing and geographic information system to delineate the watershed boundary. The study generates 19 watersheds based on available soil erosion data. The soil erosion rate of ecological zone and watershed are assessed with population data of Nepal from central bureau of statistic, 2011. There is below 50 people per square kilometer watersheds have average soil erosion rate (about 20 t ha-1/ y-1) and 100 to 500 people per square kilometer watersheds have high soil erosion rate ranges from 27 to 102 t ha-1/ y-1 . These scenarios partial follow the theory of Himalayan degradation. So that there is still environmental degradation is observed and it is needed in detail field based study of Himalaya degradation
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Saouita, Jihane, Abdellah El-Hmaidi, Habiba Ousmana, et al. "Use of geomatics and multi-criteria methods to assess water erosion in the Tigrigra watershed (Azrou region, Morocco)." BIO Web of Conferences 115 (2024): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202411501007.
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In Morocco, the capacity of dam reservoirs has decreased in recent years due to water erosion. This study aims to identify the sub-watersheds most vulnerable to soil erosion in the Tigrigra watershed by utilizing morphometric analysis of linear, landscape, and shape parameters and various multi-criteria decision models. These approaches allow for the prioritization of areas or sub-watersheds at high erosion risk. In the study area, erosion assessment is conducted using multi-criteria decision support models (MCDM) such as MOORA, VIKOR, TOPSIS, COPRAS, WASPAS, and SAW within a GIS environment. This approach highlights the significant role of morphometric parameters and multi-criteria methods in identifying sub-watersheds susceptible to erosion. Overall, the results indicate that morphometric parameters are highly effective in identifying erosion-prone areas. The Tigrigra watershed generally exhibits low to medium sensitivity to erosion, except for certain sub-watersheds. Subcatchment 28 showed significant erosion in most methods used.
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Shalini Oogathoo, Shiv O. Prasher, Ramesh P. Rudra, and Ramanbhai M. Patel. "Evaluation of the MIKE SHE Model in a Cold Region." Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 48, no. 1 (2024): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2011481.1430.
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Given its rapid urbanization, the Canagagigue Creek watershed, located in Grand River Basin (Ontario, Canada), is subjected to shifting hydrological patterns. Consequently, surface runoff was simulated using a watershed-scale model MIKE SHE. The model was calibrated with four years of data and validated with another four years data. Satisfactory levels of overall correlation (R2) between monitored and model-simulated monthly runoff were: 0.87 and 0.77 for the calibration and validation periods, respectively. Corresponding values of the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient, 0.86 and 0.75, were similar. The model was also used to simulate different management scenarios, urbanization, deforestation, conversion of pastureland into agriculture, diversification of corn system into cash crops, and application of tile drainage. Urbanization showed little impact on surface runoff as increase in urbanized area was a small fraction of the watershed area. Deforestation considerably increased (11%) the total flow. Change in cropping patterns and installation of drainage system had marginal impacts on the surface runoffs. Overall, the model was able to simulate surface runoff reasonably well on monthly and annual basis, although slightly poorer on daily basis. It was concluded that the model could be used to investigate hydrological behaviour of the watersheds in cold climate.
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Ogasawara, Matheus E. K., Eduardo M. Mattos, Humberto R. Rocha, Xiaohua Wei, and Silvio F. B. Ferraz. "Assessing Hydrological Response and Resilience of Watersheds as Strategy for Climatic Change Adaptation in Neotropical Region." Sustainability 16, no. 20 (2024): 8910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16208910.
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This study aimed to assess the hydrological response and resilience of watersheds in a neotropical region to identify regions sensitive to climate variations, enabling the development of adaptive strategies in response to global environmental changes. This study applied Budyko’s framework using Fuh’s hydrological model rewritten by Zhou to estimate hydrological response and Budyko’s metrics (deviation and elasticity) to estimate hydrological resilience to climatic changes in 26 watersheds in southeastern Brazil. The proposed modeling was able to capture the differences among the watersheds, with “m” values ranging from 1.79 to 3.63. It was possible to rank the hydrological resilience from low to high across watersheds using Budyko’s metrics, where the highest values of elasticity were found in watersheds with a higher percentage of forest cover. The sensitive analyses showed that watersheds with higher “m” values are more sensitive to changes in precipitation and potential evapotranspiration. The results also demonstrate that mean elevation and stream density were two key variables that influence the “m” value; these physiographic characteristics may alter the water and energy balance of the watershed affecting the water yield. A relationship between watershed’s hydrological response and resilience was proposed to identify critical areas for the stability of water yield in the watersheds, providing a guide for public policy and suggesting ways to help the management of water resources in watersheds.
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Indarto, Indarto. "Study on The Physical Characteristics and Hydrology of 15 Watershed in East Java." Forum Geografi 27, no. 2 (2013): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v27i2.2374.
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The study demonstrated the application of statistical method to describe physical and hydro-meteorological characteristics by means of time series analysis. Fifteen(15) watersheds in East Java were selected for this study. Data input for the analysis include: physical data, rainfall and discharge. Physical data of the watershed (topography, river network, land use, and soil type) are extracted from existing database and treated using GIS Software. Daily rainfall data were collected from existing pluviometers around the region. Daily discharge data were obtained from measurement station located at the outlet of each watershed. Areal Rainfall for each watershed was determined using average value of existing pluviometers around the watershed and determined using simple arithmetic method. These time series data are then imported to RAP (River Analysis Package). Analysis on the RAP, include: general statistical, flow duration curve (FDC), and baseflow analysis. The result then presented in graphic and tables. Research shows that among the watersheds have different physical and hydrological characteristics.
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Hussein, Ameer Hashim, Thair Jabbar Mizhir Alfatlawi, and Reham Alwash. "Hydrological Modelling of Sediment Yield in the Upper Basin Region of Kirkuk City Watershed." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 125, no. 2 (2024): 66–81. https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.125.2.6681.
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Mountain sedimentation and undue erosion provide significant challenges for dams since materials accumulate within reservoirs that hold water, reducing the capacity for storing living water, which is the most important goal of dam building. Iraq is one of the nations that will have a big problem getting sufficient water because its water requirement continues to climb, and the supplying countries provide less water to Iraq. The present research focuses on the upper basin of the Kirkuk City watershed in northeastern Iraq. The largest watershed region, spanning approximately 420 km2 within Al-Sulaymaniyah and Kirkuk Provinces. The objective is to quantify and foresee the sediment yield in this basin using 43 years of daily environment information and various rainstorm events with various intensities. The model was adjusted and confirmed by comparing it to the monthly mean surface flow and sediment readings obtained at the Kirkuk gauging station. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was utilized to simulate the upper basin region of Kirkuk City. The aforementioned model uses the geographic information system (GIS) software to analyse necessary information from GIS layers of the electronic contour modelling kind of soil, using of land, and coverage by integrating it with the appropriate climatic information. The kinematic erosion (KINEROS) and runoff model can simulate intricate watershed behaviour by precisely adjusting for the geographical variation of soils, distribution of rainfall sequences, and vegetation. The hydrological features of the Kirkuk city basin reveal that the subdivisions with the highest erosion rates cannot transport the debris or deposits to the reservoir, primarily due to propagation damages, percolating, and other smaller barriers. The optimal curve number (CN) was determined to be between 84 and 88, while the land cover factor (C) ranged from 0.005 to 0.04. The model validation results indicate that the Kirkuk Dam reservoir received a total volume of water estimated at 118.7 million cubic metres (MCM) and a total silt yield of 0.85 million tonnes. The “KINEROS” simulation modelling for the sediment yield closely matches the upper basin of Kirkuk watershed's deformation and sedimentation behaviour during singular rainfall events; this is particularly true for parts of watersheds located near the watershed area entrance.
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Torres, Camilo, Margaret Gitau, Jaime Lara-Borrero, and Diego Paredes-Cuervo. "Framework for Water Management in the Food-Energy-Water (FEW) Nexus in Mixed Land-Use Watersheds in Colombia." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (2020): 10332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410332.
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The food-energy-water (FEW) nexus approach has emerged as an alternative for managing these resources more efficiently. Work from studies conducted in the FEW nexus in Latin America is scarce in the scholarly literature. This study aims to develop a framework for water management at the FEW Nexus, with a focus on Colombia. The study focuses on a typical mixed land-use watershed in the Andean region with specific objectives being to: (1) characterize the watershed with respect to land use, climate, water resources, and other factors pertinent to the nexus; (2) explore the relationship between factors in the FEW nexus that may affect water management in terms of quality and availability; and (3) propose a methodology for conducting a FEW Nexus analysis for watersheds located in the Andean region. The results indicate that the Pereira/Dosquebradas urban area has a significant impact on the FEW nexus components in the Otun River Watershed (ORW). Subsequently, an urban FEW nexus framework is proposed for its implementation at the watershed.
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Shafiq, Muhammad, Muhammad Irfan, and Mehrab Khan. "Using Multi-Mission Satellite Elevation Data for Delineation of Gilgit Watershed in Pakistan in Geographical Information Technology Environment." International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 11, no. 2 (2020): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol11.iss2.2020.441.
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The hydro-climatological variations in Gilgit watershed of Upper Indus basin is less scientifically understood due to diverse geography, remoteness of the region and larger variations in climatic conditions. Extraction of catchments at multiple scales is an important task in undertaking the watershed management studies. Satellite remote sensing (SRS) and geographical information technology (GIT) provide a very useful method to study the watersheds. In view of the facts, watershed/ natural resources management in Gilgit river basin, application of geospatial techniques to various elevation datasets is required in order to obtain more accurate results using these elevation datasets. To achieve this goal, the topographic feature extraction has been studied in the catchment of Gilgit river using different Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) viz., SRTM, ASTER GDEM and GTOPO30. Several small watersheds for the Phakor, Karamber, East Gammu, Bhort and Bad-e-Swat glaciers were delineated for the basin definition. The delineated watersheds have been visually analyzed against the optical Landsat 8 OLI imagery for mountainous ridge matching. The results revealed that, SRTM 30m (radar based) exhibited more accuracy among these DEMs because of its precise delineation in the Gilgit sub-basin. However, it is appropriate to say that computed area from all three DEMs generally show close agreement. This study is a good contribution towards better understanding of the watershed management and the hydrological responses in Gilgit watershed of the upper Indus catchment.
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Phillip Guertin, D., Paul K. Barten, and Kenneth N. Brooks. "The Peatland Hydrologic Impact Model: Development and Testing." Hydrology Research 18, no. 2 (1987): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1987.0007.
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Questions concerning the effects of drainage, peat mining and timber harvesting on streamflow response in the northern Lake States of the U.S.A. led to the development of the Peatland Hydrologic Impact Model (PHIM). PHIM is a generalized, deterministic, continuous simulation model, that is physically-based to the extent possible. Three independent landtype submodels represent watershed conditions common in the region. The appropriate land-type submodel(s), either natural peatland (NWATBAL), mined peatland (MWATBAL), or mineral soil upland (UWATBAL) are configured by the model user to represent the watershed. The submodels were applied to test the model on the streamflow response from three different peatland watersheds. Stormflow events were simulated for a 3,758 ha natural peatland and a 155 ha mined peatland. Annual water yield simulations for a 9.72 ha upland-peatland watershed produced a mean ratio of predicted/observed streamflow of 1.01 ± 0.08 for six test years. The model is generalized so that it should be adaptable to similar physiographic regions with minor modifications.
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Ramadhan, Aditya, and Damar Fauzan Bayuhasta. "Prediction of Land Cover Changes in Evaluation of Regional Spatial Planning in the Keduang Sub-Watershed, Wonogiri Regency." Journal of Geographical Sciences and Education 2, no. 3 (2024): 82–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.69606/geography.v2i3.92.
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River watersheds have an important function for water absorption for human life. The Pemudang sub-watershed is a national priority because its condition is increasingly critical due to land degradation. This research aims to carry out spatial modeling of land cover changes in 2031 in the Uangng Sub-watershed which will be compared with the 2011-2031 Regional Spatial Plan scenario. The method used uses the Cellular Automata-Markov Chain method. Based on predictions of land cover in 2031, agricultural areas dominate in the Uangng Sub-watershed covering an area of 14,783.4 ha (37.5%). Agricultural area according to the model in 2031 is estimated to increase by 97.5 ha. The difference between the 2031 model area and the region spatial plan is 5,168.9 ha, which means that the region spatial plan settlements are not expected to be able to accommodate future settlements. The forest area in the 2031 model is 12,351.6 ha, while in the region spatial plan it is 12,300.3 ha with an area difference of 51.2 ha. This shows that controlling the use of space in forests is not in accordance with the policies in the region spatial plan.
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Sadaf, Rakhshanda, Abel Ramoelo, Rana Zain Nabi khan, Isma Younes, and Haris Zafar. "Quantitative Assessment of Hab Watershed Using Geoinformatics." Land Science 1, no. 1 (2019): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/ls.v1n1p1.
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Morphometric assessment of the watersheds is considered highly critical to appraise its hydrological characteristics, such as, general geology, structure, geomorphology and climate conditions. In this study, morphometric analysis of Hab Watershed has been carried out through Geospatial Technology (RS & GIS) in a systematic manner to examine its Geo-hydrological characteristics. The drainage network of Hab is typically dendritic and semi-dendritic indicating its heterogeneous lithology. Recent study reveals increase in stream order, substantially decreases the stream total length. drainage density of the Hab Watershed indicates the characteristics of its typical soil. Drainage texture value for Hab watershed is 0.18. Low drainage density value reveals that the region has a permeable and porous subsurface material with low relief. The shape of the basin has been observed as quite elongated. The findings of this study reveal that GIS based morphometric analysis is highly effective tool for geo-hydrological study of watersheds.
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Wang, Shusen, Junhua Li, and Hazen A. J. Russell. "A novel method for cold-region streamflow hydrograph separation using GRACE satellite observations." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 5 (2021): 2649–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2649-2021.
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Abstract. Streamflow hydrograph analysis has long been used for separating streamflow into baseflow and surface runoff components, providing critical information for studies in hydrology, climate and water resources. Issues with established methods include the lack of physics and arbitrary choice of separation parameters, problems in identifying snowmelt runoff, and limitations on watershed size and hydrogeological conditions. In this study, a Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)-based model was developed to address these weaknesses and improve hydrograph separation. The model is physically based and requires no arbitrary choice of parameters. The new model was compared with six hydrograph separation methods provided with the U.S. Geological Survey Groundwater Toolbox. The results demonstrated improved estimates by the new model particularly in filtering out the bias of snowmelt runoff in baseflow estimate. This new model is specifically suitable for applications over large watersheds which is complementary to the traditional methods that are limited by watershed size. The output from the model also includes estimates for watershed hydraulic conductivity and drainable water storage, which are useful parameters in evaluating aquifer properties, calibrating and validating hydrological and climate models, and assessing regional water resources.
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Nilam, Surve, D. P. Patel, P. K. Shrivastava, and K. F. Satasiya. "Impact of different cropping systems on properties of soil and water in different micro watersheds." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 6, no. 2 (2014): 524–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v6i2.493.
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Studies on soils of Navsari Agricultural University (NAU) having different cropping system were carried out in the four micro watersheds that exist in the 400 ha University campus. Soil samples from 0-15 cm depth and water samples from adjacent bore wells were collected and analyzed from different locations of micro watersheds. Soils of watersheds showed that soils texture was clay in nature, having more than 65 % clay, whereas silt was more in watershed ‘A’. Soil organic carbon content (SOC) was 0.32 %, found in the field near University play ground and the highest 0.88 %, in Forestry farm, thus underlining the need of forest species in agricultural farms. SOC levels have reduced significantly due to intensive cultivation in all the watersheds. The result of exchangeable sodium percent (ESP) is supported by the topographic features, as, ESP was more in watershed ‘B’ (5.15) than C (2.95), this showed that infiltration rate was lesser in ‘B’ as compared to ‘C’ due to availability of more sodium (Na). Available N was highest in watershed ‘A’ (246 kg/ha) followed by ‘C’ (225 kg/ha) than ‘B’ (203 kg/ha), the reason was watershed ‘A’ had only horticulture crops whereas B and C had different crops of the region. Electrical conductivity (EC) of ground water collected from wells in watershed ‘C’ was found to be very high both before (3.44 dS/m) and after monsoon (2.95 dS/m), showing that water is highly saline and not fit for surface irrigation and there is need of ground water recharging.
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Ichiki, A., K. J. Hall, Y. Maruta, and K. Yamada. "Comparison of pollutant runoff in Lake Biwa tributaries, Japan and the brunette river watershed, Canada." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 7 (2001): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0392.
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This study is aimed at verifying runoff pollutant loadings from urban areas. Urban runoff has been considered an important source of diffuse pollution especially during storm events. This paper describes the pollutant runoff during storm events, mainly in terms of effects of watershed characteristics. Data collected from Lake Biwa tributaries, Japan, have shown fundamental information to control pollutant runoff into receiving water. Also, data from the Brunette River watershed, Canada, which is a highly urbanized watershed in the Vancouver region, have been used for a comparative analysis. In the results, available information for the environmental management of urban storm water runoff was obtained by comparing the data on pollutant runoff in both watersheds.
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Pastor, Ioana, Danut Tanislav, Alexandru Nedelea, et al. "Morphometric Analysis and Prioritization of Sub-Watersheds Located in Heterogeneous Geographical Units—Case Study: The Buzău River Basin." Sustainability 16, no. 17 (2024): 7567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16177567.
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The present study evaluates selected morphometric characteristics of 39 direct tributaries of the Buzău River (area of 4112 km2) to prioritize development actions in these sub-watersheds, which are distributed in three geographical regions within the full Buzău River watershed: the Carpathian, Subcarpathian, and plains regions. By combining a variable number of morphometric parameters, using various mathematical models, we can evaluate the state of balance or imbalance in a watershed and identify sub-watersheds vulnerable to natural processes. Prioritization was achieved using composite (Cp) values by comparing two scenarios. In the first scenario, 11 derived morphometric parameters were used, and in the second scenario, another 7 parameters were added. The obtained values were grouped into five classes (very high, high, medium, low, and very low). Due to the heterogeneity of relief units among geographical regions, there are classification differences for sub-watersheds among those regions. Watersheds classed as very high priority for intervention actions are located in the Carpathian (SW1, SW2, SW15, SW16) and Subcarpathian areas (SW24, SW30), which are characterized by high relief energy and pronounced slope instability, which leads to an increase in the risk of flooding and land degradation. For comparison, all sub-watersheds in the plains region, are classified as very low or low priority. Since the arithmetic mean is sensitive to extreme values, its use in the calculation of composite (Cp) values causes the values to be “eclipsed” and the sub-watersheds to be placed in different prioritization classes (SW18 and SW34), depending on the analyzed scenario, due to the large number of parameters and classified sub-watersheds.
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Negi, Raghuveer, Sarswati Prakash Sati, Ashish Rawat, et al. "Assessment of soil erosion using WSA and SPR techniques for Giri watershed, Himachal Pradesh, NW Himalaya, India." Disaster Advances 16, no. 6 (2023): 18–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1606da18044.
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A watershed is the result of several geomorphic processes such as weathering, erosion, degradation and aggradation which are influenced by several factors viz. tectonics, lithology, climate, landslides and mass wasting processes etc. In a tropical climate, watersheds contribute a significant amount of eroded material which is reflecting the impact of lithology, precipitation, tectonics, relief and anthropogenic activities. In the Himalayan region besides significant heterogeneity in lithology, stratigraphy, structure and tectonics, it is observed that variability is exhibited in climatic conditions over a small region. These factors contribute to the development of geomorphic landforms and are best studied in watersheds or river basins. In the present study, Giri Watershed (GW) is assessed to contemplate susceptibility to erosion for 66 sub-watersheds using geomorphic parameters. The prioritization of subwatersheds has been done using Weighted Sum Analysis (WSA) and Sediment Production Rate (SPR) methods. The quantitative analysis of subwatersheds is categorized into different priority classes viz. very high, high, moderate, low and very low, among which 27 subwatersheds have very high to high susceptibility to erosion.
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Abiy, F., N. H. Hanifah, H. G. Mawandha, C. Setyawan, L. M. Kesuma, and D. S. Rulisyani. "Annual flow trend analyses in the Tuntang watershed caused by Kedungsepur national strategic area development." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1180, no. 1 (2023): 012051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1180/1/012051.
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Abstract Tuntang watershed is one of the national priority watersheds in the Jratunseluna river basin that has a big potential for water availability. The development of a national strategic area in the Tuntang watershed causes changes in land cover in the Tuntang watershed which can result in reduced water catchment areas. The purpose of this study was to simulate the effect of land change on annual discharge trends in the Tuntang watershed and analyze the water balance projection based on land change. This study uses land cover data for the Tuntang watershed in 2019 and land cover for the Kedungsepur National Strategic Area (KSN) development plan. Daily rainfall data for 11 years from 2010 to 2020 was obtained through the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite and validated using data from 7 rain stations located in the Tuntang watershed. Meanwhile, evapotranspiration data was obtained through the Global Land Data Assimilation System. In addition, Digital Elevation Model (DEM), flow accumulation, and direction flow data obtained through HydroSHEDS are used to provide information on the surface shape of the Tuntang watershed. Then the data that has been obtained is used as input for the simulation of the spatial hydrological model to determine the annual discharge in the Tuntang watershed using the Rainfall-runoff-inundation (RRI) model. The result of this simulation is an annual discharge for 11 years. Furthermore, a comparison is made between the flow rate of land cover map input in 2019 with land cover input for Kedungsepur KSN development. Based on the result, it is known that there has been a change in the area of the water absorption region in the development of the Kedungsepur KSN, this change has resulted in an increased extreme discharge trend and reduced annual water flow in the Tuntang watershed region.
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Maaroof, Bashar, Hashim Kareem, Jaffar Al-Zubaydi, et al. "CLASSIFYING FLUVIAL LANDFORMS USING GEOSPATIAL MODELING IN AL-ASHAALI WATERSHED, IRAQI SOUTHERN DESERT." Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum 18, no. 3 (2025): 739–63. https://doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2025.18.3.0739.
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This study examines the Al-Ashaali drainage basin, a watershed in the southern Iraqi desert, which constitutes a hydro-geomorphological system within the lower valleys region according to Iraq's geomorphological classification. The study uses a digital elevation model to classify the landforms of the watershed. Landform maps from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) were combined with topographic maps to understand the formation of landforms. Geospatial simulation models were developed to create a simplified geomorphological base map. The data was analyzed utilizing ArcGIS software, which included color mapping tools, topographic maps, as well as geological and hydrological maps. The study aims to enhance the interpretation and geomorphological analysis of the watershed's landform characteristics. The Dutch Geosciences Institute (ITC) geomorphological classification system was used to categorize the landforms. The results indicated that the valleys in the study area are significant terrain due to their desiccation during the Quaternary period and their current location in arid regions. They exhibit fluvial erosion and are associated with Al-Ashaali watershed and Abu Hadair watershed in its western and southwestern areas. Rijlat Al-Tuwaitha is characterised by "captivity elbow" and "wind gaps", due to the accelerated flow of one river. The erosion plain is affected by erosion factors, including river sedimentation, floodplains, river islands, and braided streams. Alluvial fans develop in regions with steep slopes and lowlands, while floodplains are created by sediments carried by valleys and streams from steep highlands. Braided streams undergo multiple cycles of deposition and erosion, and most flora in the region consists of pioneer species.
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Khand, Kul, and Gabriel B. Senay. "Land Cover Change Effects on Stormflow Characteristics across Broad Hydroclimate Representative Urban Watersheds in the United States." Water 14, no. 14 (2022): 2256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14142256.
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Urban development alters stormflow characteristics and is associated with increasing flood risks. The long-term evaluation of stormflow characteristics that exacerbate floods, such as peak stormflow and time-to-peak stormflow at varying levels of urbanization across different hydroclimates, is limited. This study investigated the long-term (1980s to 2010s) effects of increasing urbanization on key stormflow characteristics using observed 15 min streamflow data across six broad hydroclimate representative urban watersheds in the conterminous United States. The results indicate upward trends in peak stormflow and downward trends in time-to-peak stormflow at four out of six watersheds. The watershed in the Great Plains region had the largest annual increasing (decreasing) percent change in peak stormflow (time-to-peak stormflow). With the current change rates, peak stormflow in the Great Plains region watershed is expected to increase by 55.4% and have a 2.71 h faster time-to-peak stormflow in the next decade.
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Carmona, Ana Rosa, and Victor Ella. "Exploring Homogeneity among Catchments forEfficient Province-wide Watershed Managementin Negros Occidental, Philippines." Journal of Environmental Science and Management 25, no. 1 (2022): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.47125/jesam/2022_1/03.
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Catchment classification is one approach in natural resource management that is widely adopted in taking efficient steps towards implementing suitable soil and water conservation measures across a basin or region. Catchments have unique characteristics emerging from the heterogeneity and complexity of the systems and classifying them paves way to achieve order and simplicity. However, some constraints related to data availability could be a problem in a region where only few rivers are gauged and with only one type of climate data available. This study presents a way to decrease complexity by grouping these catchments based on their biophysical characteristics extracted from readily available datasets and using simple statistical approaches. Principal component analysis was first conducted to twenty-four biophysical variables which were reduced to eight factor components. A hierarchical clustering method was then performed to define the number of clusters and K-means clustering procedure was followed for the final grouping. Nine watershed clusters were formed with watershed size having the greatest contribution. Grouping catchments into clusters with similar biophysical characteristics does not only promote simplicity but also facilitates understanding of the nature of not only one watershed but also its relationship with other watersheds in a bigger landscape. The study also confirmed that spatially close watersheds exhibit similar characteristics.
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Bowen, Mark W., and Luis Lepe. "Examining patterns and drivers of variability in playa water status on the High Plains of western Kansas, 2016–2019." Midcontinent Geoscience 2 (August 31, 2021): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/mg.v2i.15910.
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Playa wetlands are widely distributed across the High Plains of the central United States, providing a range of ecosystem services, such as groundwater recharge, surface water storage, and wetland habitat. Although playas are essential resources, few studies have examined the variability and controls on playa water storage. The purpose of this project is to determine how playa and watershed morphology, watershed land cover, and precipitation patterns affect timing and duration of water storage in playas. This project focuses on 92 playas distributed throughout a 10-county region in western Kansas.
 Playa and watershed morphology were calculated in a GIS environment and classified into quartiles based on playa and watershed surface area. Watershed tilled index (i.e., percent cropland versus grassland) was determined using 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019 Cropland Data Layers available from the National Agricultural Statistics Service and classified as either cropland (more than 75% cropland), grassland (more than 75% grassland), or mixed. Monthly precipitation data for 2016–2019 were compiled from the Oakley 22S High Plains Regional Climate Center weather station. Playa water status for 2016–2019 was classified monthly as either standing water or dry (i.e., no visible standing water) by visually examining four-band satellite imagery with 3.7 m resolution available from Planet Explorer (www.planet.com).
 Playa water status is influenced by a combination of factors, including playa and watershed morphology, watershed land cover, and precipitation patterns. Larger playas have larger watersheds and standing water more frequently and for longer periods than smaller playas. Playas in cropland watersheds store water more frequently and for longer periods than playas in grassland watersheds, though differences are not statistically significant. Standing water within playas is positively correlated with monthly precipitation and reflects a short-term response to precipitation patterns, regardless of playa size or watershed land cover. The strongest controls on playa water status are playa area, monthly precipitation, and watershed area.
 Playas are critical resources for the High Plains, providing a range of ecosystem services that are dependent upon the playa’s ability to store water. Playa functions are under continued threat from cropland expansion, climate change, and playa and watershed modifications. To sustain playa functions in Kansas, efforts should focus on conserving larger grassland playas and reducing sediment inputs to playas in cropland watersheds.
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Stawiaski, Jean, and Etienne Decenciére. "REGION MERGING VIA GRAPH-CUTS." Image Analysis & Stereology 27, no. 1 (2011): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5566/ias.v27.p39-45.
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In this paper, we discuss the use of graph-cuts to merge the regions of the watershed transform optimally. Watershed is a simple, intuitive and efficient way of segmenting an image. Unfortunately it presents a few limitations such as over-segmentation and poor detection of low boundaries. Our segmentation process merges regions of the watershed over-segmentation by minimizing a specific criterion using graph-cuts optimization. Two methods will be introduced in this paper. The first is based on regions histogram and dissimilarity measures between adjacent regions. The second method deals with efficient approximation of minimal surfaces and geodesics. Experimental results show that these techniques can efficiently be used for large images segmentation when a pre-computed low level segmentation is available. We will present these methods in the context of interactive medical image segmentation.
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Akbari, A., F. Othman, and A. Abu Samah. "Probing on suitability of TRMM data to explain spatio-temporal pattern of severe storms in tropic region." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 5 (2011): 9435–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-9435-2011.
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Abstract. Spatial and temporal pattern of rainfall play an important role in runoff generation. Raingauge density influences the accuracy of spatial pattern and time interval influence the accuracy of temporal pattern of storms. Usually due to practical and financial limitation the perfect distribution is not achievable. Several sources of data are used to define the behavior of rainfall over a watershed. Raingauges station, radar operation and satellite sensor are the main source of rainfall estimation over the space and time. Recording raingauges are the most common source of rainfall data in many countries. However raingauge network has not adequate coverage in many watersheds spatially in developing countries. Therefore other global source of rainfall data may be useful for hydrological analysis such as flood modeling. This research assessed the ability of TRMM rainfall estimates for explain the Spatio-temporal pattern of severe storm over Klang watershed which is a hydrologically well instrumented watershed. It was experienced that TRMM rainfall estimates are 35% less than actual data for the investigated events. Due to coarse temporal resolution of TRMM (3 h) compare to gauge rainfall (15 min), significant uncertainty influences identifying the start and end of storm event and consequently their resultant time to peak of flood hydrograph which is extremely important in flood forecasting systems. Due to coarse pixel size of TRMM data, watershed scale is important issue.
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Luo, Qi, Lin Zhen, and Yunfeng Hu. "The Effects of Restoration Practices on a Small Watershed in China’s Loess Plateau: A Case Study of the Qiaozigou Watershed." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (2020): 8376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208376.
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Soil erosion and restoration affect the structure and function of ecosystems and society, and have attracted worldwide attention. Changes in runoff and sediment transport after restoration practices in China’s Loess Plateau have been widely studied and many valuable results have been reported. However, this research was mainly conducted in large watersheds, and quantified the effects of restoration practices through the restoration period. In this study, we compared two adjacent watersheds (one restored and the other natural) in a hill and gully region of China’s Loess Plateau to reveal the impacts of restoration practices. We collected annual rainfall, runoff, and sediment transport data from 1988 to 2018, then investigated temporal variation of runoff and sediment transport to examine their relationships with rainfall. We also calculated the retention rate of soil and water under the restoration practices. The restored watershed showed a significantly decreased sediment modulus (the amount per unit area); the natural watershed showed no significant change. In addition, the restored watershed had lower runoff and sediment modulus values than the natural watershed, with greater effectiveness as rainfall increased. Revegetation and terrace construction contributed more to the retention of soil and water (65.6 and 69.7%, respectively) than check dams (<10%). These results improve our understanding of the effects of restoration practices, and provide guidance on ways to preserve soil and water through restoration in a small watershed in the Loess Plateau.
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KUMAR, SUNIL, VARTIKA SINGH, and JITENDER SAROHA. "Application of Geospatial Techniques in Soil Erosion Assessment in Sarbari Khad of Himachal Pradesh, India." Journal of Advanced Zoology 44, no. 3 (2023): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/jaz.v44i3.215.
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The accurate measurement of geomorphometric parameters is crucial for assessing the condition of watersheds, particularly in mountain ecosystems and extensive areas where it can be challenging to obtain precise measurements. In this study, drainage density was used to evaluate soil erosion in the Sarbari Khad watershed located in the lesser Himalayan region of Himachal Pradesh, India, using Geographical Information System (GIS) and remotely sensed digital data. The analysis of drainage density indicated that the Sarbari Khad watershed is susceptible to surface erosion and soil degradation. The watershed was classified into low, moderate, severe, and very severe erosion categories based on the drainage density values, which revealed that about 60 percent of the area suffers from very severe erosion. The findings of this study suggest that drainage density can be used as an effective indicator for estimating erosion status of watersheds. This information can be used to prioritize watershed areas for soil and water conservation measures, which are critical for ensuring the sustainability of the watershed. Overall, this research work highlights the significance of using GIS and remotely sensed data along with direct survey-based topographical maps for assessing soil erosion in mountain ecosystems and extensive areas. The results of this study can be used to guide conservation efforts and inform policy decisions aimed at mitigating the negative impacts of soil erosion on the environment and local communities.
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Aditya, Shekhar, and Sinha Subha. "Hydrological Simulation of Runoff for a Watershed in Punpun Basin using SWAT." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) 9, no. 6 (2020): 183–87. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.F1309.089620.
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Runoff is a very important phenomenon of hydrological cycle and it is relevant for the watershed management programme for conservation and development or natural resources and its management. However, In India the availability of accurate information on runoff is very scarce and needs to be calculated empirically for further developments. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a physical parameter model which has been developed to estimate values for the runoff, sediment and nutrient carry off from the agricultural watersheds under various distinct land management practices. For the present study, a small agricultural watershed has been selected for runoff assessment. Watershed is considered to be the ideal unit for management of the natural resources. Extraction of watershed parameters using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) and use of mathematical models is one of the current trends for hydrologic evaluation of these watersheds monitored. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) having an interface with Quantum GIS (QGIS) software (QSWAT version 1.3) was selected for the estimation of surface runoff from an area of Punpun basin near Patna an intermediate watershed of Punpun river, located in southern Bihar region. Maps of the region obtained from the Bihar Remote Sensing Application Centre (BIRSAC) were used for computation. The model was run and validated with the observed runoff and for the years 2005-2010. The performance of the model was evaluated using statistical and graphical methods to assess the capability of the model in simulating the surface runoff from the study area. According to the model estimates, the value for the surface runoff was maximum for the year 2007 as 710 mm and was minimum for the year 2005 with about 185 mm. As per the observed values of discharge from the Central Water Commission (CWC), the values for surface runoff for these years were different by about 10 to 11%.
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Thammadi, Swetha Priya Darshini, and Sateesh Kumar Pisini. "Soil Erosion mapping using Remote Sensing and GIS - A case study of Rewa River Watershed, Naitasiri province, Fiji." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1084, no. 1 (2022): 012050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1084/1/012050.
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Abstract Rewa river watershed covers approximately up around 33% of the Viti Levu’s total Land area in Fiji’s central division. Due to anthropogenic development activities, this region has undergone soil erosion and flooding. Soil erosion leads to a variety of environmental issues, with a direct impact on agriculture and infrastructure development. An evaluation of soil erosion in the Rewa river watershed can be used to plan conservation activities. Modeling provides a quantitative and consistent technique to estimating the quantity of soil loss under various situations. The goal of this research is to estimate average annual soil erosion in the Rewa river watershed in Naitasiri province, Fiji, using a GIS (Geographic Information System) combined with the RUSLE (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation) model. According to the findings, a maximum annual soil loss occurs near to developing regions and river tributaries in areas with a high risk of erosion. To avoid potential concerns in places prone to moderate to high erosion risk, erosion control and watershed protection measures must be implemented immediately. In this context, the RUSLE model can be used to analyse soil erosion in small watersheds in a quick, cost-effective, and less labor-intensive manner, hence assisting in sustainable development and supporting healthy land use practices.
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Muis, H., N. A. Santi, B. Toknok, R. F. Baharuddin, and H. Hamzari. "Miu sub-watershed: Flood vulnerability assessment using spatial model." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1253, no. 1 (2023): 012104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1253/1/012104.
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Abstract Frequent floods and droughts, which cause significant material and intangible losses, are a result of watershed destruction especially in Central Sulawesi. Flash floods have been a common occurrence in portions of Central Sulawesi in recent years, and Miu Sub-watershed is one of those watersheds. Both the material and non-material effects were fairly significant, especially for the local population. The biophysical conditions of the area must be known in order to identify flood target areas and flood causes. The application of Geographic Information Systems is the technique used to assess floods. This study’s objective is a spatial examination of the Miu sub-watershed flood susceptibility. Flood-prone areas are analyzed using a variety of techniques, including overlaying, categorization, scoring, weighting, and modeling. The three types of flood danger classes are non-prone, medium, and prone. The Miu sub-watershed region has an area with a flood hazard class for the non-prone category of 64,255.173 ha, a medium category of 57,909.003 ha, and a vulnerable category of 4,838.917 ha. Bangga Village in Dolo Selatan Sub-district, Tuva Village in Gumbasa Sub-district, and Bolapapu Village in Kulawi Sub-district are the Miu Das regions with the widest category of high flood threat.
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Utami, Widya Ulfah, Enni Dwi Wahjunie, and Suria Darma Tarigan. "Karakteristik Hidrologi dan Pengelolaannya dengan Model Hidrologi Soil and Water Assessment Tool Sub DAS Cisadane Hulu." Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia 25, no. 3 (2020): 342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18343/ipi.25.3.342.
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One of the priority watersheds to be managed in Indonesia is the Cisadane watershed due to the high degradation problems. The Cisadene watershed degradation could be indicated by a high river flow during rainy season, low baseflow in dry season, and high erosion and sedimentation. One of the main problems in the Cisadane watershed is a huge landcover changes in the Cisadane Hulu watershed that causes a decrease in water absorption region and a surface runoff. The study aimed to analyze landcover changes in the Cisadane Hulu Watershed during 2013-2018 and analyze the watershed conditions based on their hydrological characteristics. Analysis of landcover changes patterns was carried out by processing spatial data using GIS software. Analysis for hydrological characteristics was conducted by using SWAT modelling (Soil and Water Assessment Tool). The results showed that there were land cover changes during 2013-2018. The most significant landcover changes in the Cisadane Hulu watershed was residential area (455.95 ha). The result simulation scenario of the model SWAT showed scenario 2 was the best scenario for the management of the Cisadane Hulu watershed. The application of Soil and Water Conservation can decrease surface runoff by 32.1% and increase lateral flow by 8.89%. Therefore, it is expected that the results of this SWAT model simulation will be taken into consideration by the local government for the optimal management of the Cisadane Hulu watershed.
 
 Keywords: Cisadane watershed, land cover change, SWAT modelling
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Broberg, Len. "Relative snowpack response to elevation, temperature and precipitation in the Crown of the Continent region of North America 1980-2013." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (2021): e0248736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248736.
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Water availability in western Canada and the United States is dependent on the accumulation of snowpack in the montane regions and threatened by increased winter temperature and more precipitation as rain linked to climate change. In order to make reasoned decisions to adapt to climate change managers require knowledge of the role of temperature and precipitation in SWE development and data to distinguish the relative retention response of snowpack regions to expected temperature and precipitation regime shifts at the watershed scale. Using the Daymet interpolated 1 km2 dataset, effects of elevation, temperature (Tmax, Tmin and Tavg) and precipitation on April 1 SWE in the Crown of the Continent were tested by linear regression and Kendall correlation. Changes in Daymet estimated snow water equivalent (SWE) in response to increased temperatures and changes in precipitation were estimated in two ways: 1) comparing April 1SWE in the 11 warmest (mean Tmax February) and driest (mean precipitation January to March) years with the 22 cooler/wetter years 1981–2013 and 2) SWE retention from April 1 to June 1 over the period 1980 to 2013 across 120 watersheds in a major continental headwater region, the Crown of the Continent of North America. Historical analysis of period warm year April 1 SWE was assumed to indicate the recent impact of warmer winter temperatures. Changes in snowpack April 1 to June 1 reflected likely effects on peak runoff and were, therefore, also relevant for future climate change adaptation considerations. Winter (JFM) precipitation proved more influential than temperature in shaping April 1 SWE response at the regional scale. Of the three factors, elevation was most positively associated with April 1 SWE at the watershed scale. Temperature and precipitation influenced SWE accumulation and persistence at the watershed scale, but higher precipitation was more closely associated with higher April 1 SWE retention. Ranking of watershed snowpack retention in warm and dry years, combined with spring snowpack retention offers data to assist identification of watersheds with greatest snowpack persistence in the face of anticipated climate change effects.