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1
Amatya, Devendra M., and Carl C. Trettin. "Long-Term Ecohydrologic Monitoring: A Case Study from the Santee Experimental Forest, South Carolina." Journal of South Carolina Water Resources, no. 6 (January 1, 2020): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.34068/jscwr.06.05.
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Long-term research on gauged watersheds within the USDA Forest Service’s Experimental Forest and Range (EFR) network has contributed substantially to our understanding of relationships among forests, water, and hydrologic processes and watershed management, yet there is only limited information from coastal forests. This article summarizes key findings from hydrology and water-quality studies based on long-term monitoring on first-, second-, and third-order watersheds on the Santee Experimental Forest, which are a part of the headwaters of the east branch of the Cooper River that drains into the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. The watersheds are representative forest ecosystems that are characteristic of the low-gradient Atlantic Coastal Plain. The long-term (35-year) water balance shows an average annual runoff of 22% of the precipitation and an estimated 75% for the evapotranspiration (ET), leaving the balance to groundwater. Non-growing season prescribed fire, an operational management practice, shows no effects on streamflow and nutrient export. The long-term records were fundamental to understanding the effects of Hurricane Hugo in 1989 on the water balance of the paired watersheds that were related to vegetation damage by Hugo and post-Hugo responses of vegetation. The long-term precipitation records showed that the frequency of large rainfall events has increased over the last two decades. Although there was an increase in air temperature, there was no effect of that increase on annual streamflow and water table depths. The long-term watershed records provide information needed to improve design, planning, and assessment methods and tools used for addressing the potential impacts of hydrologic responses on extreme events; risk and vulnerability assessments of land use; and climate and forest disturbance on hydrology, ecology, biogeochemistry, and water supply.
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Hoghooghi, Nahal, Heather Golden, Brian Bledsoe, Bradley Barnhart, Allen Brookes, Kevin Djang, Jonathan Halama, Robert McKane, Christopher Nietch, and Paul Pettus. "Cumulative Effects of Low Impact Development on Watershed Hydrology in a Mixed Land-Cover System." Water 10, no. 8 (July 27, 2018): 991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10080991.
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Low Impact Development (LID) is an alternative to conventional urban stormwater management practices, which aims at mitigating the impacts of urbanization on water quantity and quality. Plot and local scale studies provide evidence of LID effectiveness; however, little is known about the overall watershed scale influence of LID practices. This is particularly true in watersheds with a land cover that is more diverse than that of urban or suburban classifications alone. We address this watershed-scale gap by assessing the effects of three common LID practices (rain gardens, permeable pavement, and riparian buffers) on the hydrology of a 0.94 km2 mixed land cover watershed. We used a spatially-explicit ecohydrological model, called Visualizing Ecosystems for Land Management Assessments (VELMA), to compare changes in watershed hydrologic responses before and after the implementation of LID practices. For the LID scenarios, we examined different spatial configurations, using 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% implementation extents, to convert sidewalks into rain gardens, and parking lots and driveways into permeable pavement. We further applied 20 m and 40 m riparian buffers along streams that were adjacent to agricultural land cover. The results showed overall increases in shallow subsurface runoff and infiltration, as well as evapotranspiration, and decreases in peak flows and surface runoff across all types and configurations of LID. Among individual LID practices, rain gardens had the greatest influence on each component of the overall watershed water balance. As anticipated, the combination of LID practices at the highest implementation level resulted in the most substantial changes to the overall watershed hydrology. It is notable that all hydrological changes from the LID implementation, ranging from 0.01 to 0.06 km2 across the study watershed, were modest, which suggests a potentially limited efficacy of LID practices in mixed land cover watersheds.
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Nugroho, Adam Rus, Ichiro Tamagawa, Almaika Riandraswari, and Titin Febrianti. "Thornthwaite-Mather water balance analysis in Tambakbayan watershed, Yogyakarta, Indonesia." MATEC Web of Conferences 280 (2019): 05007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928005007.
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Depok sub-district in Yogyakarta is one of the most populous areas, which also develops rapidly. The Tambakbayan watershed, which includes Depok sub-district, has been seen as one crucial watershed in Yogyakarta. This study conducted a Thornthwaite-Mather water balance analysis in the watershed in order to understand its hydrology capability. The result of the study on three stream areas of the watershed (upstream, midstream and downstream) shows that the dry months begins in May- June and ends in September-October. August tends to be the driest month in the year with total deficit value reaches 179.2 mm. Still, the annual rainfall is higher than the annual evapotranspiration. The results also show that the lower area of the watershed has a lower capability to preserve water. However, the watershed still sufficient in providing the domestic water demand in the current state. Comprehensive water management plans suggested to be applied to protect the watershed from overstressing the water resources, especially in the downstream area.
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Sehgal, Vinit, Venkataramana Sridhar, Luke Juran, and Jactone Arogo Ogejo. "Integrating Climate Forecasts with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for High-Resolution Hydrologic Simulations and Forecasts in the Southeastern U.S." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (August 29, 2018): 3079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093079.
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This study provides high-resolution modeling of daily water budget components at Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC)-12 resolution for 50 watersheds of the South Atlantic Gulf (SAG) region in the southeastern U.S. (SEUS) by implementing the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model in the form of a near real-time, semi-automated framework. A near real-time hydrologic simulation framework is implemented with a lead time of nine months (March–December 2017) by integrating the calibrated SWAT model with National Centers for Environmental Prediction coupled forecast system model version 2 (CFSv2) weather data to forecast daily water balance components. The modeling exercise is conducted as a precursor for various future hydrologic studies (retrospective or forecasting) for the region by providing a calibrated hydrological dataset at high spatial (HUC-12) and temporal (1-day) resolution. The models are calibrated (January 2003–December 2010) and validated (January 2011–December 2013) for each watershed using the observed streamflow data from 50 United States Geological Survey (USGS) gauging stations. The water balance analysis for the region shows that the implemented models satisfactorily represent the hydrology of the region across different sub-regions (Appalachian highlands, plains, and coastal wetlands) and seasons. While CFSv2-driven SWAT models are able to provide reasonable performance in near real-time and can be used for decision making in the region, caution is advised for using model outputs as the streamflow forecasts display significant deviation from observed streamflow for all watersheds for lead times greater than a month.
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Frenierre, Jeff La, and Bryan G. Mark. "A review of methods for estimating the contribution of glacial meltwater to total watershed discharge." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 38, no. 2 (January 30, 2014): 173–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133313516161.
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Glaciers store water over a range of temporal scales with important implications for downstream human and natural systems. Assessment of the contribution of glacial meltwater runoff to total watershed discharge is an essential part of climate change risk assessment and sustainable water management in glacierized watersheds. Over the past decade, a range of techniques for quantifying the proportional contribution of glacial meltwater has been presented in the scientific literature. Here we examine five different methodological approaches: direct discharge measurement, glaciological approaches, hydrological balance equations, hydrochemical tracers, and hydrological modeling. After a brief summary of the role of glaciers in watershed hydrology, we evaluate each approach, with regard to their respective data requirements, assumptions, and associated uncertainties. Next, we discuss factors that researchers must consider in deciding upon a particular methodological approach, then conclude with a discussion of future research needs. We underscore the need for expanded meteorological, hydrological, and glaciological monitoring networks in glacierized watersheds worldwide, for more comprehensive assessment of uncertainty and for better integration of research with the specific needs of watershed stakeholders.
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Irmayani, I., Muh Ikbal Putera, Syahirun Alam, Suryansyah Surahman, and M. Masnur. "Land Use Potential on Water Balance Based on SWAT Method in Saddang Watershed in Bendung Benteng Irrigation System." Agrotech Journal 3, no. 2 (December 28, 2018): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31327/atj.v3i2.857.
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Saddang Watershed (DAS) as a large watershed in Sulawesi, rich in natural resource potential in the form of land, topography, slope, geology, soil, vegetation, climatology; rainfall, temperature, humidity, and sunshine. In maintaining and utilizing (watershed management) availability and water requirements for; humans, plants and animals. The availability and demand of water in watershed management requires the role of land in regulating agroclimatology and hydrology conditions. The water balance approach method used is SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) method of soil and water assessment tools, to determine the condition of availability and demand of water in an effort to maintain water flow conditions at all times (number and distribution) of Bendung Benteng irrigation system, which is capable of supply water for paddy field irrigation in two regencies of South Sulawesi’s paddy granaries namely Pinrang Regency and Sidrap Regency. According to the Schmidth-Fergusson climate classification, the type of climate in Saddang watershed area belongs to type C climate = slightly wet area with tropical rainforest vegetation, the average amount of rainfall ranges from 2.155 mm/year. This indicates that there is large level of rainfall every year and land use with a forest area of 676,39 or 26,41% of the watershed area, thus Saddang watershed is able to save tremendous amount of water supply. Based on the results of the water balance analysis using SWAT method, the amount of water available in the average watershed ; 3.133 mm year-1, the amount of water being flowed ; 1.040,9 mm, and stored as ground water ; 29,60 mm, as well as direct runoff ; 366,9 mm and flow coefficient of 0,45. Hence, there is 45% of the flow loss as surface stream and there is 55% of the flow stored in the watershed, and the model application is categorized as good both in conducting simulations and validating the flow discharge on Saddang River. Watershed processing classified as having good watershed conditions, because one indicator of a watershed's water performance can be seen from the river discharge fluctuation. River discharge fluctuations can be seen from the river regression coefficient (KRS), which is a number that shows ratio between maximum discharge (Qmax) and minimum discharge (Qmin). The highest discharge (Qmax) was 30.805 m³/sec while the lowest discharge (Qmin) was 994 m³/sec. The regression coefficient value (KRS) of Saddang River watershed was 26.650 m³/sec. Based on the results of the 2017 data analysis, the condition of Saddang watershed provides surplus value of 1.911.986 (m3 year-1), out of the total water availability of 2.155.273 (m3 year-1) minus the total irrigation water requirement of 243.286,50 m3 year-1, with the pattern of planting paddy-paddy-secondary crops (palawija). Therefore, Saddang watershed has the ability to store large amounts of water throughout the year
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Caballero, Luis A., Zachary M. Easton, Brian K. Richards, and Tammo S. Steenhuis. "Evaluating the bio-hydrological impact of a cloud forest in Central America using a semi-distributed water balance model." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 61, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jhh-2013-0003.
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Abstract Water scarcity poses a major threat to food security and human health in Central America and is increasingly recognized as a pressing regional issues caused primarily by deforestation and population pressure. Tools that can reliably simulate the major components of the water balance with the limited data available and needed to drive management decision and protect water supplies in this region. Four adjacent forested headwater catchments in La Tigra National Park, Honduras, ranging in size from 70 to 635 ha were instrumented and discharge measured over a one year period. A semi-distributed water balance model was developed to characterize the bio-hydrology of the four catchments, one of which is primarily cloud forest cover. The water balance model simulated daily stream discharges well, with Nash Sutcliffe model efficiency (E) values ranging from 0.67 to 0.90. Analysis of calibrated model parameters showed that despite all watersheds having similar geologic substrata, the bio-hydrological response the cloud forest indicated less plantavailable water in the root zone and greater groundwater recharge than the non cloud forest cover catchments. This resulted in watershed discharge on a per area basis four times greater from the cloud forest than the other watersheds despite only relatively minor differences in annual rainfall. These results highlight the importance of biological factors (cloud forests in this case) for sustained provision of clean, potable water, and the need to protect the cloud forest areas from destruction, particularly in the populated areas of Central America.
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Gunn, Kpoti M., Anthony R. Buda, Heather E. Preisendanz, Raj Cibin, Casey D. Kennedy, and Tamie L. Veith. "Integrating Daily CO2 Concentrations in SWAT-VSA to Examine Climate Change Impacts on Hydrology in a Karst Watershed." Transactions of the ASABE 64, no. 4 (2021): 1303–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13711.
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HighlightsWe used SWAT-VSA to assess the effects of climate change with rising CO2 on the water balance of a karst basin.For future climate, SWAT-VSA with rising CO2 yielded 7.1% less ET and 6.3% more runoff than standard SWAT-VSA.Rising CO2 also affected variable source areas, with greater ET declines and runoff increases in the wettest soils.Findings suggest CO2 effects on water balance should be included in future climate change studies with SWAT-VSA.Abstract. Characterizing the effects of climate change on hydrology is important to watershed management. In this study, we used SWAT-VSA to examine the effects of climate change and increasing atmospheric CO2 (CO2) on the water balance of Spring Creek watershed, a mixed land-use karst basin in the Upper Chesapeake Bay watershed. First, we modified the stomatal conductance and leaf area index (LAI) routines of SWAT-VSA’s Penman-Monteith evapotranspiration (ET) procedure and enabled the model to accept daily CO2 data. Using downscaled climate projections from nine global climate models (GCMs), we then compared water balance estimations from baseline SWAT-VSA against two modified versions of SWAT-VSA. One SWAT-VSA version integrated daily CO2 levels (SWAT-VSA_CO2), while another version added flexible stomatal conductance and LAI routines (SWAT-VSA_CO2+Plant) to the dynamic CO2 capacity. Under current climate (1985-2015), the three SWAT-VSA models produced generally similar water balance estimations, with 51% of precipitation lost to ET and the remainder converted to runoff (10%), lateral flow (9%), and percolate (30%). For future climate (2020-2065), water balance simulations diverged between baseline SWAT-VSA and the two modified SWAT-VSA models with CO2. Notably, variable stomatal conductance and LAI routines produced no detectable effects beyond that of CO2. For the 2020-2065 period, baseline SWAT-VSA projected ET increases of 0.7 mm year-1, while SWAT-VSA models with CO2 suggested that annual ET could decline by approximately -0.4 mm year-1 over the same period. As a result, the two CO2-based SWAT-VSA models predicted streamflow increases of almost 1.6 mm year-1 over the 2020-2065 period, which were roughly double the streamflow increases projected by baseline SWAT-VSA. In general, SWAT-VSA models with CO2 effects produced 22.4% more streamflow in 2045-2065 than the SWAT-VSA model without CO2. Results also showed that adding daily CO2 to SWAT-VSA reduced ET in wetter parts of Spring Creek watershed, leading to greater runoff losses from variable source areas compared to baseline SWAT-VSA. Findings from the study highlight the importance of considering increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations in water balance simulations with SWAT-VSA in order to gain a fuller appreciation of the hydrologic uncertainties with climate change. Keywords: Carbon dioxide, Climate change, Hydrologic model, Water balance, Watershed.
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Shawul, A. A., T. Alamirew, and M. O. Dinka. "Calibration and validation of SWAT model and estimation of water balance components of Shaya mountainous watershed, Southeastern Ethiopia." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 11 (November 15, 2013): 13955–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-13955-2013.
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Abstract. To utilize water resources in a sustainable manner, it is necessary to understand the quantity and quality in space and time. This study was initiated to evaluate the performance and applicability of the physically based Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model in analyzing the influence of hydrologic parameters on the streamflow variability and estimation of monthly and seasonal water yield at the outlet of Shaya mountainous watershed. The calibrated SWAT model performed well for simulation of monthly streamflow. Statistical model performance measures, coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.71, the Nash–Sutcliffe simulation efficiency (ENS) of 0.71 and percent difference (D) of 3.69, for calibration and 0.76, 0.75 and 3.30, respectively for validation, indicated good performance of the model simulation on monthly time step. Mean monthly and annual water yield simulated with the calibrated model were found to be 25.8 mm and 309.0 mm, respectively. Overall, the model demonstrated good performance in capturing the patterns and trend of the observed flow series, which confirmed the appropriateness of the model for future scenario simulation. Therefore, SWAT model can be taken as a potential tool for simulation of the hydrology of unguaged watershed in mountainous areas, which behave hydro-meteorologically similar with Shaya watershed. Future studies on Shaya watershed modeling should address the issues related to water quality and evaluate best management practices.
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Thayyen, R. J., and J. T. Gergan. "Role of glaciers in watershed hydrology: ''Himalayan catchment'' perspective." Cryosphere Discussions 3, no. 2 (July 15, 2009): 443–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-3-443-2009.
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Abstract. A large number of Himalayan glacier catchments are under the influence of humid climate with snowfall in winter (November–April) and South-West monsoon in summer (June–September) dominating the regional hydrology. Such catchments are defined as ''Himalayan catchment'', where the glacier melt water contributes to the river flow during the period of annual high flows produced by the monsoon. Other two major glacio-hydrological regimes of the Himalaya are winter snow dominated Alpine catchments of the Kashmir and Karakoram region and cold-arid regions of the Ladakh mountain range. Factors influencing the river flow variations in a ''Himalayan catchment'' were studied in a micro scale glacier catchment in the Garhwal Himalaya, covering an area of 77.8 km2. Discharge data generated from three hydrometric stations established at different altitudes of the Din Gad stream during the summer ablation period of 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003 and 2004. These data has been analysed along with winter/summer precipitation, temperature and mass balance data of the Dokriani glacier to study the role of the glacier and precipitation in determining the runoff variations along the stream continuum from the glacier snout to 2360 m a.s.l. Study shows that the inter-annual runoff variations in a ''Himalayan glacier catchment'' is directly linked with the precipitation rather than mass balance changes of the glacier. Study suggest that warming induced initial increase of glacier degraded runoff and subsequent decline is a glaciers mass balance response and cannot be translated as river flow response in a ''Himalayan catchment'' as suggested by the IPCC, 2007. Study also suggest that the glacier runoff critically influence the headwater river flows during the years of low summer discharge and proposes that the Himalayan catchment could experience higher river flows and positive glacier mass balance regime together in association with strong monsoon. This paper intended to highlight the importance of creating credible knowledge on the Himalayan cryospheric processes to develop a global outlook on river flow response to cryospheric change and locally sustainable water resources management strategies.
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Kang, Youcai, Jianen Gao, Hui Shao, and Yuanyuan Zhang. "Quantitative Analysis of Hydrological Responses to Climate Variability and Land-Use Change in the Hilly-Gully Region of the Loess Plateau, China." Water 12, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010082.
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Climate and land-use change are the two main driving forces that affect watershed hydrological processes. Separately assessing their impacts on hydrology is important for land-use planning and water resource management. In this research, the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) and statistical methods were applied to evaluate the effects of climate and land-use change on surface hydrology in the hilly-gully region of the Loess Plateau. The results showed that surface runoff and soil water presented a downward tendency, while evapotranspiration (ET) presented an upward tendency in the Yanhe watershed from 1982 to 2012. Climate is one the dominant factors that influence surface runoff, especially in flooding periods. The average contribution rate of surface runoff on stream flow accounted for 55%, of which the flooding period accounted for 40%. The runoff coefficient declined by 0.21 after 2002 with the land-use change of cropland transformed to grassland and forestland. The soil water exhibited great fluctuation along the Yanhe watershed. In the upstream region, the land-use was the driving force to decline soil water, which reduced the soil water by 51%. Along the spatial distribution, it converted from land-use change to climate variability from northwest to southeast. The ET was more sensitive to land-use change than climate variability in all sub-basins, and increased by 209% with vegetation restoration. To prevent the ecosystem degradation and maintain the inherent ecological functions of rivers, quantitative assessment the influence of climate variability and land-use change on hydrology is of great importance. Such evaluations can provide insight into the extent of land use/cover change on regional water balance and develop appropriate watershed management strategies on the Loess Plateau.
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Bailey, Ryan T., Katrin Bieger, Jeffrey G. Arnold, and David D. Bosch. "A New Physically-Based Spatially-Distributed Groundwater Flow Module for SWAT+." Hydrology 7, no. 4 (October 9, 2020): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology7040075.
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Watershed models are used worldwide to assist with water and nutrient management under conditions of changing climate, land use, and population. Of these models, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and SWAT+ are the most widely used, although their performance in groundwater-driven watersheds can sometimes be poor due to a simplistic representation of groundwater processes. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new physically-based spatially-distributed groundwater flow module called gwflow for the SWAT+ watershed model. The module is embedded in the SWAT+ modeling code and is intended to replace the current SWAT+ aquifer module. The model accounts for recharge from SWAT+ Hydrologic Response Units (HRUs), lateral flow within the aquifer, Evapotranspiration (ET) from shallow groundwater, groundwater pumping, groundwater–surface water interactions through the streambed, and saturation excess flow. Groundwater head and groundwater storage are solved throughout the watershed domain using a water balance equation for each grid cell. The modified SWAT+ modeling code is applied to the Little River Experimental Watershed (LREW) (327 km2) in southern Georgia, USA for demonstration purposes. Using the gwflow module for the LREW increased run-time by 20% compared to the original SWAT+ modeling code. Results from an uncalibrated model are compared against streamflow discharge and groundwater head time series. Although further calibration is required if the LREW model is to be used for scenario analysis, results highlight the capabilities of the new SWAT+ code to simulate both land surface and subsurface hydrological processes and represent the watershed-wide water balance. Using the modified SWAT+ model can provide physically realistic groundwater flow gradients, fluxes, and interactions with streams for modeling studies that assess water supply and conservation practices. This paper also serves as a tutorial on modeling groundwater flow for general watershed modelers.
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Hlásny, Tomáš, Dušan Kočický, Martin Maretta, Zuzana Sitková, Ivan Barka, Milan Konôpka, and Helena Hlavatá. "Effect of deforestation on watershed water balance: hydrological modelling-based approach / Vplyv odlesnenia na vodnú bilanciu povodia: prístup na báze hydrologického modelovania." Forestry Journal 61, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/forj-2015-0017.
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Abstract Changes in land cover, including deforestation, can have significant effect on watershed hydrology. We used hydrological model with distributed parameters to evaluate the effect of simulated deforestation on water balance components in the watershed Ulička (97 km2, 84.3% forest cover) located in the eastern Slovakia. Under the current land cover, average interception accounted for 21.1% of the total precipitation during the calibration period 2001-2013. Most of the precipitation (77%) infiltrated into the soil profile, and less than half of this amount percolated into the ground water aquifer. The surface runoff accounted for 1.2% of the total precipitation only, while the interflow accounted for ca. 12%. The largest proportion of the precipitation contributed to the base flow (23%). Watershed`s deforestation induced significant decrease in the interception and evapotranspiration (by 76% and 12%, respectively). At the same time, total runoff, surface runoff, interflow and base flow increased by 20.4, 38.8, 9.0 and 25.5%, respectively. Daily discharge increased by 20%. The deforestation significantly increased peak discharge induced by a simulated extreme precipitation event with the recurrence interval of 100 years. In the deforested watershed, the peak discharge was higher by 58% as compared with the current land cover. Peak discharge occurred in 432 minutes with the current land cover and in 378 minutes with deforestation, after the precipitation event had started. The presented assessment emphasized the risk of adverse effect of excessive deforestation on watershed hydrology. At the same time, the developed model allows testing the effect of other land cover scenarios, and thus supports management in the investigated watershed.
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Ma, Yonggang, Yue Huang, Xi Chen, Yongping Li, and Anming Bao. "Modelling Snowmelt Runoff under Climate Change Scenarios in an Ungauged Mountainous Watershed, Northwest China." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/808565.
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An integrated modeling system has been developed for analyzing the impact of climate change on snowmelt runoff in Kaidu Watershed, Northwest China. The system couples Hadley Centre Coupled Model version 3 (HadCM3) outputs with Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM). The SRM was verified against observed discharge for outlet hydrological station of the watershed during the period from April to September in 2001 and generally performed well for Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (EF) and water balance coefficient (RE). The EF is approximately over 0.8, and the water balance error is lower than ± 10%, indicating reasonable prediction accuracy. The Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) was used to downscale coarse outputs of HadCM3, and then the downscaled future climate data were used as inputs of the SRM. Four scenarios were considered for analyzing the climate change impact on snowmelt flow in the Kaidu Watershed. And the results indicated that watershed hydrology would alter under different climate change scenarios. The stream flow in spring is likely to increase with the increased mean temperature; the discharge and peck flow in summer decrease with the decreased precipitation under Scenarios 1 and 2. Moreover, the consideration of the change in cryosphere area would intensify the variability of stream flow under Scenarios 3 and 4. The modeling results provide useful decision support for water resources management.
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van Bochove, E., G. Thériault, F. Dechmi, A. N. Rousseau, R. Quilbé, M. L. Leclerc, and N. Goussard. "Indicator of risk of water contamination by phosphorus from Canadian agricultural land." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 2 (January 1, 2006): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.064.
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The indicator of risk of water contamination by phosphorus (IROWC_P) is designed to estimate where the risk of water P contamination by agriculture is high, and how this risk is changing over time based on the five-year period of data Census frequency. Firstly developed for the province of Quebec (2000), this paper presents an improved version of IROWC_P (intended to be released in 2008), which will be extended to all watersheds and Soil Landscape of Canada (SLC) polygons (scale 1:1, 000, 000) with more than 5% of agriculture. There are three objectives: (i) create a soil phosphorus saturation database for dominant and subdominant soil series of SLC polygons – the soil P saturation values are estimated by the ratio of soil test P to soil P sorption capacity; (ii) calculate an annual P balance considering crop residue P, manure P, and inorganic fertilizer P – agricultural and manure management practices will also be considered; and (iii) develop a transport-hydrology component including P transport estimation by runoff mechanisms (water balance factor, topographic index) and soil erosion, and the area connectivity to water (artificial drainage, soil macropores, and surface water bodies).
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Thayyen, R. J., and J. T. Gergan. "Role of glaciers in watershed hydrology: a preliminary study of a "Himalayan catchment"." Cryosphere 4, no. 1 (February 9, 2010): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-4-115-2010.
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Abstract. A large number of Himalayan glacier catchments are under the influence of humid climate with snowfall in winter (November–April) and south-west monsoon in summer (June–September) dominating the regional hydrology. Such catchments are defined as "Himalayan catchment", where the glacier meltwater contributes to the river flow during the period of annual high flows produced by the monsoon. The winter snow dominated Alpine catchments of the Kashmir and Karakoram region and cold-arid regions of the Ladakh mountain range are the other major glacio-hydrological regimes identified in the region. Factors influencing the river flow variations in a "Himalayan catchment" were studied in a micro-scale glacier catchment in the Garhwal Himalaya, covering an area of 77.8 km2. Three hydrometric stations were established at different altitudes along the Din Gad stream and discharge was monitored during the summer ablation period from 1998 to 2004, with an exception in 2002. These data have been analysed along with winter/summer precipitation, temperature and mass balance data of the Dokriani glacier to study the role of glacier and precipitation in determining runoff variations along the stream continuum from the glacier snout to 2360 m a.s.l. The study shows that the inter-annual runoff variation in a "Himalayan catchment" is linked with precipitation rather than mass balance changes of the glacier. This study also indicates that the warming induced an initial increase of glacier runoff and subsequent decline as suggested by the IPCC (2007) is restricted to the glacier degradation-derived component in a precipitation dominant Himalayan catchment and cannot be translated as river flow response. The preliminary assessment suggests that the "Himalayan catchment" could experience higher river flows and positive glacier mass balance regime together in association with strong monsoon. The important role of glaciers in this precipitation dominant system is to augment stream runoff during the years of low summer discharge. This paper intends to highlight the importance of creating credible knowledge on the Himalayan cryospheric processes to develop a more representative global view on river flow response to cryospheric changes and locally sustainable water resources management strategies.
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Srivastava, Anurag, Joan Q. Wu, William J. Elliot, Erin S. Brooks, and Dennis C. Flanagan. "A Simulation Study to Estimate Effects of Wildfire and Forest Management on Hydrology and Sediment in a Forested Watershed, Northwestern U.S." Transactions of the ASABE 61, no. 5 (2018): 1579–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12326.
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Abstract. Suitable fuel reduction treatments are needed in the Colville National Forest, Washington, to reduce the risk of severe wildfire. This study aimed to identify high-risk erosion hillslopes following wildfire to aid in forest fuel reduction planning and to evaluate the effects of fuel treatments on the watershed hydrological response. The specific objectives were (1) to assess the soil burn severity associated with wildfires and use that information to identify critical hillslopes for forest fuel treatments, and (2) to evaluate the potential changes in water yield and peak flows from pre-treatment (undisturbed forest) to post-treatment (thinning and prescribed burn) conditions, in the East Deer Creek Watershed (EDCW), a subwatershed of the Colville National Forest. Assessments were made using a modeling approach for hypothetical wildfire and fuel treatment scenarios. FlamMap, a fire behavior model, was used to predict the spatial distribution of wildfire intensity for a hypothetical event under current vegetation conditions. WEPP simulations were subsequently completed to obtain sediment and water yields based on fire intensity and topography. WEPP erosion estimations following a simulated wildfire showed hillslope sediment yield varying from 0 to 49.4 Mg ha-1 year-1 from the 777 hillslopes, which were ranked in descending order of sediment yield to identify critical hillslopes for fuel treatments. The WEPP model calibrated for a nearby gauged watershed was then applied to the EDCW for pre-treatment and post-treatment conditions. At the watershed scale, the increase in water yield from pre-treatment to post-treatment conditions ranged from 0.7% to 5.6% on hillslopes delivering 10% to 50% of the predicted post-fire sediment. Simulated water balance components at the treated hillslopes showed substantial changes. Surface runoff, subsurface lateral flow, and deep percolation increased 150% (5 mm), 50% (9 mm), and 40% (41 mm), respectively, whereas evapotranspiration (ET) decreased 23% (124 mm). The relative differences between pre- and post-harvest peak flows showed no clear trends as treatment area increased. The results suggest that thinning and prescribed burns to treated hillslopes in the EDCW may lead to an increase in water yield and significant alterations in hydrological processes. Keywords: Fuel treatments, Modeling, Peak flows, Sediment, Water yield, Wildfire.
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Zheng, Jiangkun, Ge Sun, Wenhong Li, Xinxiao Yu, Chi Zhang, Yuanbo Gong, and Lihua Tu. "Impacts of land use change and climate variations on annual inflow into the Miyun Reservoir, Beijing, China." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 4 (April 22, 2016): 1561–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1561-2016.
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Abstract. The Miyun Reservoir, the only surface water source for Beijing city, has experienced water supply decline in recent decades. Previous studies suggest that both land use change and climate contribute to the changes of water supply in this critical watershed. However, the specific causes of the decline in the Miyun Reservoir are debatable under a non-stationary climate in the past 4 decades. The central objective of this study was to quantify the separate and collective contributions of land use change and climate variability to the decreasing inflow into the Miyun Reservoir during 1961–2008. Different from previous studies on this watershed, we used a comprehensive approach to quantify the timing of changes in hydrology and associated environmental variables using the long-term historical hydrometeorology and remote-sensing-based land use records. To effectively quantify the different impacts of the climate variation and land use change on streamflow during different sub-periods, an annual water balance model (AWB), the climate elasticity model (CEM), and a rainfall–runoff model (RRM) were employed to conduct attribution analysis synthetically. We found a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in annual streamflow, a significant positive trend in annual potential evapotranspiration (p < 0.01), and an insignificant (p > 0.1) negative trend in annual precipitation during 1961–2008. We identified two streamflow breakpoints, 1983 and 1999, by the sequential Mann–Kendall test and double-mass curve. Climate variability alone did not explain the decrease in inflow to the Miyun Reservoir. Reduction of water yield was closely related to increase in actual evapotranspiration due to the expansion of forestland and reduction in cropland and grassland, and was likely exacerbated by increased water consumption for domestic and industrial uses in the basin. The contribution to the observed streamflow decline from land use change fell from 64–92 % during 1984–1999 to 36–58 % during 2000–2008, whereas the contribution from climate variation climbed from 8–36 % during the 1984–1999 to 42–64 % during 2000–2008. Model uncertainty analysis further demonstrated that climate warming played a dominant role in streamflow reduction in the most recent decade (i.e., 2000s). We conclude that future climate change and variability will further challenge the water supply capacity of the Miyun Reservoir to meet water demand. A comprehensive watershed management strategy needs to consider the climate variations besides vegetation management in the study basin.
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Wei, Xiaolu, Pablo Garcia-Chevesich, Francisco Alejo, Vilma García, Gisella Martínez, Fariborz Daneshvar, Laura C. Bowling, Edgard Gonzáles, Richard Krahenbuhl, and John E. McCray. "Hydrologic Analysis of an Intensively Irrigated Area in Southern Peru Using a Crop-Field Scale Framework." Water 13, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13030318.
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Majes is one of the largest agricultural areas in the Arequipa region (southern Peru). Low seasonal precipitation and increasing water demands for agricultural irrigation, industry, and human consumption have made water supply projections a major concern. Agricultural development is becoming more extensive in this dry, sunny climate where crops can be grown year-round. However, because this type of project usually involves significant perturbations to the regional water cycle, understanding the effects of irrigation on local hydrology is crucial. Based on the watershed-scale Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), this investigation focuses on the impacts of intensive irrigation on hydrological responses in the Majes region. This study is unique because we allow for crop-field scale input within our regional-scale model to provide information at this smaller scale, which is important to inform local stakeholders and decision makers. Each hydrologic response unit (HRU) was generated to represent an individual crop field, so that management practices could be applied according to real-world scenarios. The management file of each HRU was modified to include different operation schedules for crop rotation, irrigation, harvest, and tillage. The model was calibrated and validated against monthly observed stream discharge during the 2009–2020 period. Additionally, evapotranspiration, irrigation water volume, and daily stream discharge downstream of the local river (Siguas) were used to verify the model performance. A total of 49 sub-basins and 4222 HRUs were created, with 3000 HRUs designated to represent individual crop fields. The simulation results revealed that infiltration from agricultural activities in Majes represents the majority of annual groundwater return flow, which makes a substantial contribution to streamflow downstream of the Siguas River. Simulations also suggested that groundwater flow processes and the interactions between surface and groundwater have a major impact on the water balance of the study area. Additionally, climate variability had a higher impact on surface runoff than on groundwater return flow, illustrating that the groundwater component in the study area is important for future water resources resiliency under expected climate change scenarios. Finally, there is a need to perform a follow-up implementation to provide a guideline for decision-makers to assess future sustainable water resources management under varying climatic conditions for this arid irrigated system.
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Novotná, Beáta, Eric van Bochove, and Georges Thériault. "Potential ecological impact of climate change on the water quality of an intensively managed agricultural watershed in Quebec, Canada." Journal of Water and Climate Change 5, no. 1 (October 22, 2013): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2013.121.
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This study investigated the effects of climate change (CC) on water redistribution in a micro-watershed of a lowland agricultural area of the Bras d'Henri River in the temperate cold climate of Quebec, Canada. A Water Flow and Balance Simulation Model (WaSiM-ETH) was used to simulate the hydrology using current climatic conditions and land use characteristics, applying Richards’ equation. A one-day temporal resolution was used with a spatial resolution of 2 × 2 m. The CC scenarios Coupled Global Climate Model, version 1 (CGCM1) and Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3.1 (HadCM3.1) were downscaled to the regional level and integrated into WaSiM-ETH and evaluated for both current and modified climatic conditions. Mean annual precipitation values (P) increased from 15–33%, evapotranspiration from 7–26%, and discharge (Q) from 16–45%. The identification of the significant water quality problem represented by average value of total suspended solids (TSS) 265.29 (kg ha−1), nutrients: nitrogen (NO3-N) 16.83 (kg ha−1) and total phosphorus (TP) 0.59 (kg ha−1) for the whole evaluated period; and (TSS) 148.09 (kg ha−1), (NO3-N) 5.65 (kg ha−1) and (TP) 0.31 (kg ha−1) during the days with surface runoff, in relation to water quantity and CC creates the basis for erosion risk assessment.
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Wendt, Doris Elise, Lineu Neiva Rodrigues, Roel Dijksma, and Jos C Van Dam. "ASSESSING GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL USE FOR EXPANDING IRRIGATION IN THE BURITI VERMELHO WATERSHED." IRRIGA 1, no. 2 (August 31, 2015): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2015v1n2p81.
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ASSESSING GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL USE FOR EXPANDING IRRIGATION IN THE BURITI VERMELHO WATERSHED DORIS ELISE WENDT1; LINEU NEIVA RODRIGUES2; ROEL DIJKSMA3; JOS C VAN DAM4 [1] Wageningen University, the Netherlands. doris.de.wendt@gmail.com;2Embrapa Cerrados, BR020, km18, CEP 73310970, Planaltina, DF. lineu.rodrigues@embrapa.br;3 Hydrology and Quantative Water Management Group, Wageningen University, the Netherlands. roel.dijksma@wur.nl;4 Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University, the Netherlands. jos.vandam@wur.nl; 1 ABSTRACT In Brazil, the increasing middle class has raised food demand substantially. The Brazilian Savannah (Cerrados) is one of the rare places where agriculture can expand and address this new demand without jeopardizing the environment. Cerrados has a strictly divided dry and wet season. The dry season lasts from May to September. This long period contributes to various problems such as water shortages, conflicts and insecure food production. Without irrigation, only two crops can be grown per year in this region. Production suffers with a recurrent drought. Because agricultural production is uncertain, irrigation has an important role in this context, but its expansion is limited by water availability. Water conflicts have already occurred in some watersheds, which may jeopardize agriculture and decrease the livelihood of rural communities. In general, water for irrigation is limited to surface water. Therefore, it is important to investigate alternative sources of water, like groundwater. The purpose of this study is to assess the groundwater potential for expanding the irrigated area in a small-scale catchment (Buriti Vermelho, DF, Brazil). The current water demand was investigated and simulated by an Irrigation Strategies Simulation Model (MSEI). A daily water balance was computed, which quantified catchment storage over time. In addition, groundwater behavior and availability were investigated by recession curve analysis. The irrigated area was changed using two scenarios that showed different effects in both catchment surface water balance and groundwater levels. A decline in groundwater levels is seen in all scenarios one year after the beginning of extra extraction. With time, water levels may decline beyond the natural recovery capacity, which will certainly penalize poorer farmers and result in areas being taken out of agricultural production. Keywords: Base flow Recession, Catchment Hydrology, Hydrogeology, Crop Water Productivity WENDT, D.E.; RODRIGUES, L.N.; DIJKSMA, R.; DAM, J.C. VANAVALIAÇÃO DO POTENCIAL DE USO DA ÁGUA SUBTERRÂNEA PARA EXPANSÃO DA IRRIGAÇÃO NA BACIA DO BURITI VERMELHO 2 RESUMO A demanda por alimentos no Brasil cresceu substancialmente devido, entre outras coisas, ao aumento da classe média. O Cerrado brasileiro é um dos poucos lugares no país onde a agricultura ainda pode expandir e atender a essa nova demanda, sem comprometer o meio ambiente. A região do Cerrado possui duas estações climáticas bem definidas, uma seca e outra chuvosa. O longo período da estação seca, que vai de maio a setembro, contribui para o surgimento de vários problemas, entre eles restrições hídricas, conflitos e insegurança na produção de alimentos. Sem irrigação, apenas dois plantios podem ser feitos por ano. Os cultivos sofrem com os veranicos e a produção é incerta. A irrigação é de fundamental importância nesse contexto, mas sua expansão é limitada pela disponibilidade de água. Em algumas bacias hidrográficas já se observam a ocorrência de conflitos, que podem comprometer a agricultura irrigada e a qualidade de vida das comunidades rurais. De maneira geral, a água para irrigação é de superfície. Desta forma, é importante investigar fontes alternativas de água, com vista ao crescimento da irrigação, tais como a água subterrânea. O Objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a viabilidade de se utilizar água subterrânea para expandir a agricultura irrigada na bacia hidrográfica do Buriti Vermelho, DF, Brasil. A demanda atual de água foi estimada por meio de um modelo de simulação de estratégias de irrigação (MSEI). Um balanço diário da água no solo foi realizado. O comportamento e a disponibilidade de água subterrânea foram avaliados por meio de uma análise da curva de recessão. Para fins da análise, foram utilizados três cenários de área irrigada, que indicaram diferentes efeitos tanto no perfil do balanço de água no solo quanto no nível do lençol freático. Nos três cenários avaliados, em apenas um ano após a expansão da área irrigada, verificou-se um rebaixamento do lençol freático, que pode atingir níveis abaixo da sua capacidade natural de recuperação. Esse rebaixamento penalizará principalmente os agricultores menores. Em alguns casos haverá necessidade de interromper a produção em algumas áreas. Palavras-chave: Curva de recessão, hidrologia, hidrogeologia, produtividade do uso da água
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Ozcelik, Mehmet Said, and Kamil Sengonul. "Transpiration of Anatolian black pine and sessile oak forest stands in a sub-humid region of Turkey." Annals of Forest Research 64, no. 1 (June 29, 2021): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15287/afr.2021.2047.
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Transpiration is a key component of the watershed water budget. Therefore, determining the transpiration of forest stands with different characteristics have been of interest for watershed hydrology and forest management practices in a wide range of environments. The objectives of this study were to compare transpiration of Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe) and sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) tree stands and to model transpiration based on the measured climatic factors. Stand transpirations were calculated from sap flow measurements made by the trunk heat balance method. We conducted an exploratory factor analysis (PCR) to detect affecting meteorological factors of stand transpiration, and we developed linear regression equations to predict transpiration of pine and oak stands. Mean daily and yearly canopy transpiration (Ec) were 1.05 mm day-1 and 378.3 mm year-1 for the pine stand and 3.52 mm day-1 and 801.7 mm year-1 for the oak stand. There was a highly positive correlation between daily stand transpiration and wind speed, global radiation, air vapour pressure deficit and air temperature, but a negative correlation with relative humidity for both stands. Soil water potential had little effect on stand transpiration. The model equations accounted for 81% of the variations in transpiration for the pine stand and 85% for the oak stand. Therefore, the transpiration of forest stands should be considered for effective vegetation management practices, as model equations to estimate the transpiration of pine and oak stands in the region.
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Niu, Kaijie, Qingfang Hu, Yintang Wang, Hanbo Yang, Chuan Liang, Leizhi Wang, Lingjie Li, Xiting Li, Yong Du, and Chengxi Li. "Analysis on the Variation of Hydro-Meteorological Variables in the Yongding River Mountain Area Driven by Multiple Factors." Remote Sensing 13, no. 16 (August 12, 2021): 3199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13163199.
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In recent decades, strong human activities have not only brought about climate change including both global warming and shifts in the weather patterns but have also caused anomalous variations of hydrological elements in different basins all around the world. Studying the mechanisms and causes of these hydrological variations scientifically is the basis for the management of water resources and the implementation of ecological protection. Therefore, taking the Yongding River mountain area as a representative watershed in China, the changes of different observed and simulated hydro-meteorological variables and their possible causes are analyzed on an inter-annual scale based on ground based observations and remotely sensed data of hydrology, meteorology and underlying surface characteristics from 1956 to 2016. The results show that the annual natural runoff of Guanting hydrological station in the main stream of the Yongding River, Cetian hydrological station and Xiangshuibao hydrological station in the tributary of the Yongding River all have a significant decreasing trend and abrupt changes, and all the abrupt change points of the annual natural runoff series of the three hydrological stations appear in the early 1980s. On the inter-annual scale, the water balance model with double parameters is unable to effectively simulate the natural surface runoff after the abrupt change points. The annual average precipitation after the abrupt change points decreases by no more than 10%, compared with that before the abrupt change points. However, the precipitation from July to August, which is the main runoff-production period, decreases by more than 25%, besides the intra-annual temporal distribution of precipitation becoming uniform and a significant decrease in effective rainfall, which is the source of the runoff. Meanwhile, the NDVI in the basin show an increasing trend, while the groundwater level and land water storage decrease significantly. These factors do not lead only to the continuous reduction of the annual natural runoff in the Yongding River mountain area from 1956 to 2016, but also result in significant changes of the hydro-meteorological relationship in the basin.
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K.C., J. K., S. Dhaubanjar, V. P. Pandey, and R. Subedi. "Water balance component analysis of a spring catchment of western Nepal." Banko Janakari 31, no. 1 (May 30, 2021): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v31i1.37341.
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Springs in the mountains and hills are getting affected by both climatic and non-climatic changes. Hydrologic models are used to simulate the response of spring systems to the changes; however, only a limited number of studies using the hydrologic modeling approach have been accomplished on studying springs and spring-dominated watersheds in Nepal. This research aimed at understanding changing hydrological processes through hydrologic modeling in a spring catchment. A micro-catchment named 'Sikharpur' of West Seti watershed of Nepal was selected to get insights into the process influencing the spring system. The RRAWFLOW models with gamma distribution and time variant IRFs were calibrated and validated for the catchment to get the best fit model. The discharge was simulated according to the future projected climate scenarios. Then, a water balance was assessed for the micro-catchment. The results showed that understanding of likely response of hydrologic variables to potential future climate scenarios is critical for water resource management. It was estimated that the spring discharge would be decreased by more than 40 percentage after 50 years mainly due to the increase in evapo-transpiration (91.47% of the precipitation). Evapo-transpiration was found as a major hydrologic process impacting upon water balance in the spring catchment; therefore, its management for better spring resource conservation is recommended by considering high evapo-transpiration months, water deficient period and crop factor. The change in the storage was observed to be 51.78%; so, detail isotopic analysis and long-term monitoring of water balance is required for further characterization of water balance components.
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Peterson, H. M., J. L. Nieber, R. Kanivetsky, and B. Shmagin. "Regionalization of landscape characteristics to map hydrologic variables." Journal of Hydroinformatics 16, no. 3 (October 29, 2013): 633–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2013.051.
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By integrating groundwater, surface water and vadose zone systems, the terrestrial hydrologic system can be used to spatially map water balance characteristics spanning local to global scales, even when long-term stream gauge data are unavailable. The Watershed Characteristics Approach (WCA) is a hydrologic estimation model developed using a system-based approach focused on the regionalization of landscape characteristics to define unique hierarchical hydrogeological units (HHUs) and establish their link to hydrologic characteristics. Although the WCA can be used to map any hydrologic variable, its validity is demonstrated by summarizing results generated by applying the methodology to quantify the renewable groundwater flux at a spatial scale lacking long-term stream gauge monitoring data. Landscape components for 97 East-Central Minnesota (ECM) watersheds were summarized and used to identify which unique combinations of characteristics statistically influenced mean annual minimum groundwater recharge. These resulting combinations of landscape characteristics defined each HHU; as additional characteristics were applied, units were refined to create a hierarchical organization. Results were mapped to spatially represent the renewable groundwater flux for ECM, demonstrating how hydrologic regionalization can address knowledge gaps in multi-scale processes and aid in quantifying water balance components, an essential key to sustainable water resources management.
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Kamran, M., and RL H. L. Rajapakse. "Effect of Watershed Subdivision and Antecedent Moisture Condition on HEC-HMS Model Performance in the Maha Oya Basin, Sri Lanka." International Journal of Engineering Technology and Sciences 5, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 22–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijets.v5i2.1391.
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In large scale watersheds, the accuracy level of medium and low flow simulation could decrease due to uncertainty of the watershed parameters. In hydrological modeling, sub division of watershed would help to better implement decision-making related to water resources management, which relies heavily on hydrologic simulations. However, an important concern will be raised over problems associated with lumped hydrologic models with watershed subdivision broadly applied in so called semi-distributed hydrological models since scale issues would significantly affect model performance, and thus, lead to dramatic variations in simulation results. It is important to achieve the appropriate level of sub divisions (discretization). Further at times, the resulting flood level can be much higher than expected, due to storm events. This is unprecedented and the reason may be due to saturated moisture level in the soil layer. Therefore, the Antecedent Moisture Condition (AMC) is an important parameter to be investigated to check the accuracy and possibility of further improvement of the model. In this paper, Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) was used for continuous simulation to investigate the effect of watershed subdivision on the model performance. Further, the antecedent moisture condition (AMC) events were used to study the impacts of AMC on the model performance. Badalgama watershed is selected as study area in Maha Oya Basin in Sri Lanka. Spatial extents of Maha Oya Basin and Badalgama watershed are 1553 km² and 1272 km², respectively. Four rainfall stations and one river gauging station were selected in Badalgama watershed. Nash–Sutcliffe (NASH) coefficient and Mean Ratio of Absolute Error (MRAE) were selected as objective functions for modeling. The main focus was on MRAE, as the objective function, but Nash coefficient was also estimated and checked for comparison. In particular, results show that generally the accuracy of the model decreased from six to sixteen sub divisions, which shows that variation in the total number of sub watersheds had very little effect on runoff hydrographs and improvements generally disappear when the number of subdivisions reaches a relatively small number, approximately between six and sixteen sub-watersheds. The accuracy of the model with AMC-III increased by 12.04% when compared to AMC-II hence showing more reliable results as compared with AMC-II condition. In this research, recession method was used for base flow estimation, which led to mass balance error exceeding 20%. Therefore it is recommended that for improving the accuracy, linear reservoir method for base flow estimation should be used in order to conserve the water balance and AMC-III should be used for fully saturated soil instead of AMC-II.
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Brouziyne, Youssef, Lahcen Benaabidate, Aziz Abouabdillah, Rachid Bouabid, and Abdelghani Chehbouni. "Modeling hydrologic processes and potential responses to climate change in an agro-silvo-pastoral watershed in the Mediterranean area." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 383 (September 16, 2020): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-383-151-2020.
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Abstract. Precipitation changes and water use patterns are two factors affecting the water quantity; obviously, hydrologic processes are always linked to many elements in the watershed scale, so to understand water management issues it is fundamental to analyze the different elements of hydrologic processes occurring in the watershed. In this study, the “SWAT” model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) has been used to simulate the water balance for the present climate conditions on a semi arid watershed located in the central North of Morocco (R'dom). The study watershed covers an area of 1993 km2, and is hosting farming, pasture and forestry related activities. The water stress situation in the R'dom watershed can be summarized as limited resource facing increasing water demand. SWAT model was first run and calibrated under current climate; and was driven with downscaled climate simulations to generate future hydrological projections for R'dom watershed in the 2031 to 2050 horizon under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs): 4.5 and 8.5. The results of the study showed that the water balance in R'dom watershed is dominated by evapotranspiration and the water resources distribution within the watershed is uneven and follows a decreasing gradient matching the flow direction. The main results of climate change scenarios showed that R'dom watershed will undergo significant decrease of water resources availability with more economic impact under the scenario RCP8.5 as all areas hosting the economical activities will be affected and the highest changes of water yield should be under this scenario.
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Said, Mateso, Canute Hyandye, Ibrahimu Chikira Mjemah, Hans Charles Komakech, and Linus Kasian Munishi. "Evaluation and Prediction of the Impacts of Land Cover Changes on Hydrological Processes in Data Constrained Southern Slopes of Kilimanjaro, Tanzania." Earth 2, no. 2 (May 30, 2021): 225–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/earth2020014.
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This study provides a detailed assessment of land cover (LC) changes on the water balance components on data constrained Kikafu-Weruweru-Karanga (KWK) watershed, using the integrated approaches of hydrologic modeling and partial least squares regression (PLSR). The soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model was validated and used to simulate hydrologic responses of water balance components response to changes in LC in spatial and temporal scale. PLSR was further used to assess the influence of individual LC classes on hydrologic components. PLSR results revealed that expansion in cultivation land and built-up area are the main attributes in the changes in water yield, surface runoff, evapotranspiration (ET), and groundwater flow. The study findings suggest that improving the vegetation cover on the hillside and abandoned land area could help to reduce the direct surface runoff in the KWK watershed, thus, reducing flooding recurring in the area, and that with the ongoing expansion in agricultural land and built-up areas, there will be profound negative impacts in the water balance of the watershed in the near future (2030). This study provides a forecast of the future hydrological parameters in the study area based on changes in land cover if the current land cover changes go unattended. This study provides useful information for the advancement of our policies and practices essential for sustainable water management planning.
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Talib, Ammara, and Timothy O. Randhir. "Climate change and land use impacts on hydrologic processes of watershed systems." Journal of Water and Climate Change 8, no. 3 (March 24, 2017): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2017.064.
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Land use, land cover and climate change (CC) can significantly influence the hydrologic balance and biogeochemical processes of watershed systems. These changes can alter interception, evapotranspiration (ET), infiltration, soil moisture, water balance, and biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nitrogen, and other elements. The need to evaluate the combined effect of land use change and CC of watershed systems is a focus of this study. We simulated watershed processes in the SuAsCo River watershed in MA, USA, using a calibrated and validated Hydrological Simulation Program Fortran model. Climatic scenarios included downscaled regional projections from Global Climate Model models. The Land Transformation Model was used to project land use. Combined change in land cover and climate reduce ET with loss of vegetation. Changes in climate and land cover increase surface runoff significantly by 2100 as well as stream discharge. Combined change in land cover and climate cause 10% increase in peak volume with 7% increase in precipitation and 75% increase in effective impervious area. Climate and land use changes can intensify the water cycle and introduce seasonal changes in watershed systems. Understanding dynamic changes in watershed systems is critical for mitigation and adaptation options. We propose restoration strategies that can increase the resilience of watershed systems.
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Leta, Megersa Kebede, Tamene Adugna Demissie, and Jens Tränckner. "Hydrological Responses of Watershed to Historical and Future Land Use Land Cover Change Dynamics of Nashe Watershed, Ethiopia." Water 13, no. 17 (August 29, 2021): 2372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13172372.
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Land use land cover (LULC) change is the crucial driving force that affects the hydrological processes of a watershed. The changes of LULC have an important influence and are the main factor for monitoring the water balances. The assessment of LULC change is indispensable for sustainable development of land and water resources. Understanding the watershed responses to environmental changes and impacts of LULC classes on hydrological components is vigorous for planning water resources, land resource utilization, and hydrological balance sustaining. In this study, LULC effects on hydrological parameters of the Nashe watershed, Blue Nile River Basin are investigated. For this, historical and future LULC change scenarios in the Nashe watershed are implemented into a calibrated Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. Five LULC scenarios have been developed that represent baseline, current, and future periods corresponding to the map of 1990, 2005, 2019, 2035, and 2050. The predicted increase of agricultural and urban land by decreasing mainly forest land will lead till 2035 to an increase of 2.33% in surface runoff and a decline in ground water flow, lateral flow, and evapotranspiration. Between 2035 and 2050, a gradual increase of grass land and range land could mitigate the undesired tendency. The applied combination of LULC prognosis with process-based hydrologic modeling provide valuable data about the current and future understanding of variation in hydrological parameters and assist concerned bodies to improve land and water management in formulating approaches to minimize the conceivable increment of surface runoff.
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Ahn, So Ra, and Seong Joon Kim. "Assessment of integrated watershed health based on the natural environment, hydrology, water quality, and aquatic ecology." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 11 (November 14, 2017): 5583–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5583-2017.
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Abstract. Watershed health, including the natural environment, hydrology, water quality, and aquatic ecology, is assessed for the Han River basin (34 148 km2) in South Korea by using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The evaluation procedures follow those of the Healthy Watersheds Assessment by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Six components of the watershed landscape are examined to evaluate the watershed health (basin natural capacity): stream geomorphology, hydrology, water quality, aquatic habitat condition, and biological condition. In particular, the SWAT is applied to the study basin for the hydrology and water-quality components, including 237 sub-watersheds (within a standard watershed on the Korea Hydrologic Unit Map) along with three multipurpose dams, one hydroelectric dam, and three multifunction weirs. The SWAT is calibrated (2005–2009) and validated (2010–2014) by using each dam and weir operation, the flux-tower evapotranspiration, the time-domain reflectometry (TDR) soil moisture, and groundwater-level data for the hydrology assessment, and by using sediment, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen data for the water-quality assessment. The water balance, which considers the surface–groundwater interactions and variations in the stream-water quality, is quantified according to the sub-watershed-scale relationship between the watershed hydrologic cycle and stream-water quality. We assess the integrated watershed health according to the U.S. EPA evaluation process based on the vulnerability levels of the natural environment, water resources, water quality, and ecosystem components. The results indicate that the watershed's health declined during the most recent 10-year period of 2005–2014, as indicated by the worse results for the surface process metric and soil water dynamics compared to those of the 1995–2004 period. The integrated watershed health tended to decrease farther downstream within the watershed.
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Maxwell, Connie M., Saeed P. Langarudi, and Alexander G. Fernald. "Simulating a Watershed-Scale Strategy to Mitigate Drought, Flooding, and Sediment Transport in Drylands." Systems 7, no. 4 (November 28, 2019): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems7040053.
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Drylands today are facing a landscape-scale water storage problem. Throughout the increasingly arid Southwest of the United States, vegetation loss in upland watersheds is leading to floods that scour soils and transport sediment that clogs downstream riparian areas and agricultural infrastructure. The resulting higher flow energies and diminished capacity to infiltrate flood flows are depleting soil water storage across the landscape, negatively impacting agriculture and ecosystems. Land and water managers face challenges to reverse the trends due to the complex interacting social and biogeophysical root causes. Presented here is an integrative system dynamics model that simulates innovative and transformative management scenarios. These scenarios include the natural and hydro-social processes and feedback dynamics critical for achieving long-term mitigation of droughts, flooding, and sediment transport. This model is a component of the Flood Flow Connectivity to the Landscape framework, which integrates spatial and hydrologic process models. Scenarios of support and collaboration for land management innovations are simulated to connect flood flow to the floodplains throughout the watershed to replenish soil storage and shallow groundwater aquifers across regional scales. The results reveal the management policy levers and trade-off balances critical for restoring management and water storage capacity to the system for long-term resilience.
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Noor, Hamzeh, Mahdi Vafakhah, Masoud Taheriyoun, and Mahnoosh Moghadasi. "Hydrology modelling in Taleghan mountainous watershed using SWAT." Journal of Water and Land Development 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2014-0003.
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Abstract Mountainous regions in Iran are important sources of surface water supply and groundwater recharge. Therefore, accurate simulation of hydrologic processes in mountains at large scales is important for water resource management and for watershed management planning. Snow hydrology is the more important hydrologic process in mountainous watersheds. Therefore, streamflow simulation in mountainous watersheds is often challenging because of irregular topography and complex hydrological processes. In this study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to model daily runoff in the Taleghan mountainous watershed (800.5 km2) in west of Tehran, Iran. Most of the precipitation in the study area takes place as snow, therefore, modeling daily streamflow in this river is very complex and with large uncertainty. Model calibration was performed with Particle Swarm Optimization. The main input data for simulation of SWAT including Digital Elevation Model (DEM), land use, soil type and soil properties, and hydro-climatological data, were appropriately collected. Model performance was evaluated both visually and statistically where a good relation between observed and simulated discharge was found. The results showed that the coefficient of determination R2 and the Nash- Sutcliffe coefficient NS values were 0.80 and 0.78, respectively. The calibrated model was most sensitive to snowmelt parameters and CN2 (Curve Number). Results indicated that SWAT can provide reasonable predictions daily streamflow from Taleghan watersheds.
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Neill, Christopher, Michael T. Coe, Shelby H. Riskin, Alex V. Krusche, Helmut Elsenbeer, Marcia N. Macedo, Richard McHorney, et al. "Watershed responses to Amazon soya bean cropland expansion and intensification." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1619 (June 5, 2013): 20120425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0425.
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The expansion and intensification of soya bean agriculture in southeastern Amazonia can alter watershed hydrology and biogeochemistry by changing the land cover, water balance and nutrient inputs. Several new insights on the responses of watershed hydrology and biogeochemistry to deforestation in Mato Grosso have emerged from recent intensive field campaigns in this region. Because of reduced evapotranspiration, total water export increases threefold to fourfold in soya bean watersheds compared with forest. However, the deep and highly permeable soils on the broad plateaus on which much of the soya bean cultivation has expanded buffer small soya bean watersheds against increased stormflows. Concentrations of nitrate and phosphate do not differ between forest or soya bean watersheds because fixation of phosphorus fertilizer by iron and aluminium oxides and anion exchange of nitrate in deep soils restrict nutrient movement. Despite resistance to biogeochemical change, streams in soya bean watersheds have higher temperatures caused by impoundments and reduction of bordering riparian forest. In larger rivers, increased water flow, current velocities and sediment flux following deforestation can reshape stream morphology, suggesting that cumulative impacts of deforestation in small watersheds will occur at larger scales.
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Adane, Girma Berhe, Birtukan Abebe Hirpa, Belay Manjur Gebru, Cholho Song, and Woo-Kyun Lee. "Integrating Satellite Rainfall Estimates with Hydrological Water Balance Model: Rainfall-Runoff Modeling in Awash River Basin, Ethiopia." Water 13, no. 6 (March 15, 2021): 800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13060800.
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Hydrologic models play an indispensable role in managing the scarce water resources of a region, and in developing countries, the availability and distribution of data are challenging. This research aimed to integrate and compare the satellite rainfall products, namely, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM 3B43v7) and Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks-Climate Data Record (PERSIANN-CDR), with a GR2M hydrological water balance model over a diversified terrain of the Awash River Basin in Ethiopia. Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), percent bias (PBIAS), coefficient of determination (R2), and root mean square error (RMSE) and Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) were used to evaluate the satellite rainfall products and hydrologic model performances of the basin. The satellite rainfall estimations of both products showed a higher PCC (above 0.86) with areal observed rainfall in the Uplands, the Western highlands, and the Lower sub-basins. However, it was weakly associated in the Upper valley and the Eastern catchments of the basin ranging from 0.45 to 0.65. The findings of the assimilated satellite rainfall products with the GR2M model exhibited that 80% of the calibrated and 60% of the validated watersheds in a basin had lower magnitude of PBIAS (<±10), which resulted in better accuracy in flow simulation. The poor performance with higher PBIAS (≥±25) of the GR2M model was observed only in the Melka Kuntire (TRMM 3B43v7 and PERSIANN-CDR), Mojo (PERSIANN-CDR), Metehara (in all rainfall data sets), and Kessem (TRMM 3B43v7) watersheds. Therefore, integrating these satellite rainfall data, particularly in the data-scarce basin, with hydrological data, generally appeared to be useful. However, validation with the ground observed data is required for effective water resources planning and management in a basin. Furthermore, it is recommended to make bias corrections for watersheds with poorlyww performing satellite rainfall products of higher PBIAS before assimilating with the hydrologic model.
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Caja, CC, NL Ibunes, JA Paril, AR Reyes, JP Nazareno, CE Monjardin, and FA Uy. "Effects of Land Cover Changes to the Quantity of Water Supply and Hydrologic Cycle using Water Balance Models." MATEC Web of Conferences 150 (2018): 06004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815006004.
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The hydrologic cycle is a recurring consequence of different forms of movement of water and changes of its physical state on a given area of the earth. The land cover of a certain area is a significant factor affecting the watershed hydrology. This also affects the quantity of water supply within the watershed. This study assessed the impacts of the changing land cover of the Ipo watershed, a part of the Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water system which is the main source of Metro Manila’s water supply. The environmental impacts were assessed using the interaction of vegetation cover changes and the output flow rates in Ipo watershed. Using hydrologic modelling system, the hydrological balance using rainfall, vegetation and terrain data of the watershed was simulated. Over the years, there has been a decreasing land cover within the watershed caused mostly by deforestation and other human activities. This significant change in the land cover resulted to extreme increase in water discharge at all streams and rivers in the watershed and the water balance of the area were affected as saturation and shape of the land terrain changes.
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Soares, Sara, Daniela Terêncio, Luís Fernandes, João Machado, and Fernando Pacheco. "The Potential of Small Dams for Conjunctive Water Management in Rural Municipalities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7 (April 8, 2019): 1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071239.
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The drinking water supply to Vila Pouca de Aguiar municipality in North Portugal is based on high quality groundwater, namely on nearly one hundred artesian springs and fifty boreholes. The groundwater resources are plentiful on a municipal level, but evidence some deficits at the sub-municipal (village) level, especially during the dry period (July- August) that coincides with the return of many emigrants for holiday time. The deficits affect mostly the municipal capital (Vila Pouca de Aguiar) and a neighboring village (Pedras Salgadas), which populations nearly double or even triple during that period. The estimated annual deficits approach 55,000 m3/yr in those villages. If the anticipated increase in consumption/habitant and decrease in annual rainfall become reality in the next two decades, then the deficits may raise to approximately 90,000 m3/yr. To balance the water supply system, this study proposes its transition towards a conjunctive water management based on surface water stored in small dams and groundwater. A hydrologic modeling involving small forested catchments (< 15 km2) elected the Cabouço watershed as most suited basin to store stream water, because surface water availability is large (2.4 Mm3/yr) and forest cover is dominant (84.8%). Estimated nutrient loads are also compatible with drinking water supply.
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Caldwell, P. V., G. Sun, S. G. McNulty, E. C. Cohen, and J. A. Moore Myers. "Impacts of impervious cover, water withdrawals, and climate change on river flows in the conterminous US." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 8 (August 21, 2012): 2839–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2839-2012.
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Abstract. Rivers are essential to aquatic ecosystem and societal sustainability, but are increasingly impacted by water withdrawals, land-use change, and climate change. The relative and cumulative effects of these stressors on continental river flows are relatively unknown. In this study, we used an integrated water balance and flow routing model to evaluate the impacts of impervious cover and water withdrawal on river flow across the conterminous US at the 8-digit Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC) watershed scale. We then estimated the impacts of projected change in withdrawals, impervious cover, and climate under the B1 "Low" and A2 "High" emission scenarios on river flows by 2060. Our results suggest that compared to no impervious cover, 2010 levels of impervious cover increased river flows by 9.9% on average with larger impacts in and downstream of major metropolitan areas. In contrast, compared to no water withdrawals, 2005 withdrawals decreased river flows by 1.4% on average with larger impacts in heavily irrigated arid regions of Western US. By 2060, impacts of climate change were predicted to overwhelm the potential gain in river flow due to future changes in impervious cover and add to the potential reduction in river flows from withdrawals, decreasing mean annual river flows from 2010 levels by 16% on average. However, increases in impervious cover by 2060 may offset the impact of climate change during the growing season in some watersheds. Large water withdrawals will aggravate the predicted impact of climate change on river flows, particularly in the Western US. Predicted ecohydrological impacts of land cover, water withdrawal, and climate change will likely include alteration of the terrestrial water balance, stream channel habitat, riparian and aquatic community structure in snow-dominated basins, and fish and mussel extirpations in heavily impacted watersheds. These changes may also require new infrastructure to support increasing anthropogenic demand for water, relocation of agricultural production, and/or water conservation measures. Given that the impacts of land use, withdrawals and climate may be either additive or offsetting in different magnitudes, integrated and spatially explicit modeling and management approaches are necessary to effectively manage water resources for aquatic life and human use in the face of global change.
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Ferencz, Beata, and Jaroslaw Dawidek. "Water balance of lake-catchment systems with transformed water distribution." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 25, no. 4 (June 3, 2014): 480–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-05-2013-0062.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the scale of changes in the distribution of water and their influence on the components of the hydrological balance in two lake catchments situated in the Leczna-Wlodawa Lake District. Design/methodology/approach – In order to estimate the scale of man-made modification of water distribution an analysis of published cartographic materials was used. The maps cover time-scale of over 150 years. The analysis was completed by territorial research carried out during water years 2007-2009. The elements of water balance equation were calculated on the basis of daily water levels, discharge, precipitations and lake volumes. Evaporation was calculated as the difference of balance gains and losses (runoff deficit). Findings – The study has shown high permanent human pressure on lake-catchment systems under study, since the 50 of the nineteenth century. Naturally drainless lakes were connected to the system of surface runoff, which modified radically directions and pace of water circulation. The most pronounced hydrologic changes of the lake-catchment systems under study occurred in the 60 of the twentieth century. Human pressure on water conditions resulted in changes of water balance elements relation (increased surface inflow and outflow). Originality/value – In the ecosystems with zonal watersheds, even slight modification of water distribution may lead to radical changes in the structure of lake-catchment systems’ water balance. The paper is first in polish literature that documents major water divide translocation, as well as bifurcation in the drainage area of the highest cascade lake. Man-made modifications cause natural ecosystems degradation, especially in the areas built with peat-bogs.
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Marmontel, Caio Vinicius Ferreira, Teresa Cristina Tarlé Pissarra, Maurício Ranzini, and Valdemir Antonio Rodrigues. "APLICABILIDADE DO MODELO HIDROLÓGICO SWAT NA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO RIO PARAIBUNA, SP - BRASIL." IRRIGA 24, no. 3 (September 27, 2019): 594–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2019v24n3p594-609.
Full textAbstract:
APLICABILIDADE DO MODELO HIDROLÓGICO SWAT NA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO RIO PARAIBUNA, SP - BRASIL
CAIO VINICIUS FERREIRA MARMONTEL¹; TERESA CRISTINA TARLÉ PISSARRA²; MAURÍCIO RANZINI³ E VALDEMIR ANTONIO RODRIGUES4
¹Departamento de Ciência Florestal, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Avenida Universitária, nº 3780, Altos do Paraíso, CEP 18610-034,Botucatu-SP, Brasil, caioomarmontel@gmail.com
²Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Via de Acesso Profº. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Altos do Paraíso, CEP 18610-034, Jaboticabal-SP, Brasil, teresap1204@gmail.com
³Seção de Engenharia Florestal, Divisão de Dasonomia, Instituto Florestal do Estado de São Paulo, Rua do Horto, 931, Altos do Paraíso, CEP 18610-034, São Paulo-SP, Brasil, ranzini@gmail.com
4Departamento de Ciência Florestal, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Avenida Universitária, nº 3780, Altos do Paraíso, CEP 18610-034, Botucatu-SP, Brasil, valdemirrodrigues@fca.unesp.br
1 RESUMO
A água disponível para o consumo humano vem se tornando cada vez mais escassa. Diante desse problema, uma possibilidade de melhorar a compreensão do comportamento hidrológico, é a utilização de tecnologias, em especial a integração do SIG com a modelagem hidrológica. O presente estudo teve como objetivo testar a aplicabilidade do modelo hidrológico SWAT para estimação de vazões em um trecho da bacia hidrográfica do rio Paraibuna - Vale do Paraíba, região da Mata Atlântica, um dos formadores do rio Paraíba do Sul. Os dados climáticos e fluviométricos foram coletados com uma série histórica de 22 anos. Na calibração e validação verificou-se boa aderência entre os dados simulados e observados, ou seja, os valores simulados reconheceram os picos e recessões dos valores observados. Os índices estatísticos (NS, PBIAS, RSR e R²) calculados foram qualificados como “muito bom” para a estimação das vazões. Os resultados confirmaram a aplicabilidade do modelo, dessa forma, pode servir como ferramenta para planejamento e gestão de políticas públicas dos recursos hídricos em bacias hidrográficas, na região da Mata Atlântica. O modelo hidrológico SWAT mostrou-se muito bom e apto para estimação de vazões e do balanço hídrico na área de estudo.
Palavras-chave: água, calibração, mata atlântica, validação, vazão
MARMONTEL, C. V. F.; PISSARRA, T. C. T.; RANZINI, M. E RODRIGUES, V. A.
APPLICABILITY OF THE SWAT HYDROLOGICAL MODEL IN PARAIBUNA RIVER BASIN, SP – BRAZIL
2 ABSTRACT
The water available for human consumption is becoming increasingly scarce. Faced with this problem, one possibility to improve the understanding of water behavior, is the use of technologies, particularly the integration of GIS with hydrological modeling. The present study is intended to test the applicability of SWAT hydrological model for flow estimation in the stretch of Paraibuna river basin - Paraiba Valley, in the Atlantic Forest region, in the state of São Paulo, one of the tributaries of Paraíba do Sul river. Climatic and fluviometric data were collected with a historical series of 22 years. In the calibration and validation, good adherence was observed across simulated and observed data, that is, the simulated values recognized the peaks and recessions of the observed values. The statistical indices (NS, PBIAS, RSR and R²) calculated were qualified as "very good" for the estimation of flows. The results confirmed the applicability of the model, so it can serve as a tool for planning and management of water resources public policies in watersheds, in the Atlantic Forest region. The SWAT hydrological model was very good and suitable for estimation of flow and water balance in the stretch of the Paraibuna river basin.
Keywords: water, calibration, forest hydrology, atlantic forest, validation, discharge
41
Hamel, Perrine, Genowefa Blundo-Canto, Virginia Kowal, Benjamin P. Bryant, Peter L. Hawthorne, and Rebecca Chaplin-Kramer. "Where should livestock graze? Integrated modeling and optimization to guide grazing management in the Cañete basin, Peru." Socio-Environmental Systems Modelling 1 (August 29, 2019): 16125. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/sesmo.2019a16125.
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Integrated watershed management allows decision-makers to balance competing objectives, for example agricultural production and protection of water resources. Here, we developed a spatially-explicit approach to support such management in the Cañete watershed, Peru. We modeled the effect of grazing management on three services – livestock production, erosion control, and baseflow provision – and used an optimization routine to simulate landscapes providing the highest level of services. Over the entire watershed, there was a trade-off between livestock productivity and hydrologic services and we identified locations that minimized this trade-off for a given set of preferences. Given the knowledge gaps in ecohydrology and practical constraints not represented in the optimizer, we assessed the robustness of spatial recommendations, i.e. revealing areas most often selected by the optimizer. We conclude with a discussion of the practical decisions involved in using optimization frameworks to inform watershed management programs, and the research needs to better inform the design of such programs.
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Tong, Susanna T. Y., Heng Yang, Heyin Chen, and Jeffrey Y. Yang. "Hydrologic impacts of climate change and urbanization in the Las Vegas Wash Watershed, Nevada." Journal of Water and Climate Change 7, no. 3 (March 10, 2016): 598–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2016.038.
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A cell-based model for the Las Vegas Wash Watershed in Clark County, Nevada, USA, was developed by combining the Thornthwaite water balance model and the Soil Conservation Survey's Curve Number method with pixel-based computing technology. After the model was validated, it was used to predict the 2030 and 2050 hydrologic conditions under future scenarios of climate and land-use changes. The future climate projections were based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) B1 climate scenario, and the land-use scenarios were derived from a CA-Markov land-use model. Results indicate that under these hypothetical conditions, the future surface runoff in the watershed will significantly decrease in winters but increase in summers. Climate change will be the primary controlling factor over runoff. Urban development is projected to increase runoff and may contribute 1.1–18.7% of the changes. This finding may be useful in devising future urban development plans and water management policies.
43
Hao, L., G. Sun, Y. Liu, J. Wan, M. Qin, H. Qian, C. Liu, R. John, P. Fan, and J. Chen. "Urbanization dramatically altered the water balances of a paddy field dominated basin in Southern China." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 2 (February 13, 2015): 1941–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-1941-2015.
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Abstract. Rice paddy fields provide important ecosystem services (e.g., food production, water retention, carbon sequestration) to a large population globally. However, these benefits are declining as a result of rapid environmental and socioeconomic transformations characterized by population growth, urbanization, and climate change in many Asian countries. This case study examined the responses of streamflow and watershed water balances to the decline of rice paddy fields due to urbanization in the Qinhuai River Basin in southern China where massive industrialization has occurred in the region during the past three decades. We found that streamflow increased by 58% and evapotranspiration (ET) decreased by 23% during 1986–2013 as a result of an increase in urban areas of three folds and reduction of rice paddy field by 27%. Both highflows and lowflows increased significantly by about 28% from 2002 to 2013. The increases in streamflow were consistent with the decreases in ET and leaf area index monitored by independent remote sensing MODIS data. The reduction in ET and increase in streamflow was attributed to the large cropland conversion that overwhelmed the effects of regional climate warming and climate variability. Converting traditional rice paddy fields to urban use dramatically altered land surface conditions from a water-dominated to a human-dominated landscape, and thus was considered as one of the extreme types of contemporary hydrologic disturbances. The ongoing large-scale urbanization in the rice paddy-dominated regions in the humid southern China, and East Asia, will likely elevate stormflow volume, aggravate flood risks, and intensify urban heat island effects. Understanding the linkage between land use change and changes in hydrological processes is essential for better management of urbanizing watersheds.
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Makhtoumi, Yashar, Simeng Li, Victor Ibeanusi, and Gang Chen. "Evaluating Water Balance Variables under Land Use and Climate Projections in the Upper Choctawhatchee River Watershed, in Southeast US." Water 12, no. 8 (August 5, 2020): 2205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082205.
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Changes in water balance variables are essential in planning and management. Two major factors affecting these variables are climate change and land use change. Few researches have been done to investigate the combined effect of the land use change and climate change using projections. In this study the hydrological processes in Upper Choctawhatchee River Watershed were modeled using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to investigate the impacts of climate and land use change. We integrated land use projection based in the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways with future climate data to study the combined effects on Hydrological response of the watershed. Future rainfall and temperature, for two time periods, were obtained using General Climate Models to provide SWAT with the climatic forcing in order to project water balance variables. The simulation was carried out under two radiative forcing pathways of RCP4.5 and RCP6.0. Land use change focused on urbanization dominated the climate changes. Impacts on water balance variables differed seasonally. Results showed surface runoff experienced major changes under both emissions scenarios in some months up to 5 times increase. Among the water balance variables, evapotranspiration (ET) as the least dominant pathway for water loss showed the modest changes with the largest decrease during fall and summer. Projection indicated more frequent extreme behavior regarding water balance during midcentury. Discharge was estimated to increase through the year and the highest changes were projected during summer and fall with 186.3% increase in November under RCP6.0. Relying on rainfall for farming along with reduced agricultural landuse (11.8%) and increased urban area (47%) and population growth would likely make the water use efficiency critical. The model demonstrated satisfactory performance, capturing the hydrologic parameters. It thus can be used for further modelling of water quality to determine the sustainable conservation practices and extreme weather events such as hurricane and tropical storms.
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Makarieva, Olga, Nataliia Nesterova, Lyudmila Lebedeva, and Sergey Sushansky. "Water balance and hydrology research in a mountainous permafrost watershed in upland streams of the Kolyma River, Russia: a database from the Kolyma Water-Balance Station, 1948–1997." Earth System Science Data 10, no. 2 (April 4, 2018): 689–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-689-2018.
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Abstract. In 2018, 70 years have passed since the beginning of observations at the Kolyma Water-Balance Station (KWBS), a unique scientific research hydrological and permafrost catchment. The volume and duration (50 continuous years) of hydrometeorological standard and experimental data, characterizing the natural conditions and processes occurring in mountainous permafrost conditions, significantly exceed any counterparts elsewhere in the world. The data are representative of mountainous territory of the North-East of Russia. In 1997, the station was terminated, thereby leaving Russia without operating research watersheds in the permafrost zone. This paper describes the dataset containing the series of daily runoff from 10 watersheds with an area from 0.27 to 21.3 km2, precipitation, meteorological observations, evaporation from soil and snow, snow surveys, soil thaw and freeze depths, and soil temperature for the period 1948–1997. It also highlights the main historical stages of the station's existence, its work and scientific significance, and outlines the prospects for its future, where the Kolyma Water-Balance Station could be restored to the status of a scientific research watershed and become a valuable international centre for hydrological research in permafrost. The data are available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.881731.
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Staubitz, Ward W., and Phillip J. Zarriello. "Hydrology of Two Headwater Lakes in the Adirondack Mountains of New York." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f89-037.
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Cranberry Pond and Woods Lake are small, acidic headwater lakes in the west-central Adirondack region of New York State. The lakes differ in size and depth but have similar watershed characteristics. Both watersheds contain thin eolian and sandy till deposits overlying granitic gneiss and have limited capacity to store and transmit groundwater. Total lake inflow was calculated as a residual of a monthly hydrologic balance based on measured precipitation, lake outflow, change in lake storage, and estimated evaporation; surface-water and groundwater inflow to each lake also were estimated. Results indicate that the lakes are hydrologically similar and are dominated by surface-water systems with highly variable runoff that responds rapidly to precipitation. Groundwater, which constituted about 16% of the total inflow to Cranberry Pond and from 31 to 38% of the total inflow to Woods Lake in 1984–86, moves through a shallow flow system that provides little stabilizing influence on the hydrology or water chemistry of the lakes. Error analysis of the hydrologic balance indicated that total annual inflow, calculated as a residual of the hydrologic balance, is accurate to within 12%. Calculated monthly inflow values are subject to greater potential error that ranges up to 46%.
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Varouchakis, Emmanouil A., Kaan Yetilmezsoy, and George P. Karatzas. "A decision-making framework for sustainable management of groundwater resources under uncertainty: combination of Bayesian risk approach and statistical tools." Water Policy 21, no. 3 (February 18, 2019): 602–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.128.
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Abstract Decision-making is a significant tool in water resources management applications. This work addresses the global management decision dilemma for the sustainability of the groundwater resources of a watershed: should stakeholders use groundwater for irrigation and human consumption or should they construct infrastructure, for example water reservoirs, for irrigation purposes? The former constitutes an easy but non-sustainable solution, while the latter protects the groundwater body from overpumping, avoids the associated overpumping penalties, and utilizes both surface and groundwater watershed resources. The main question arising in the second case relates to the amount of surface water that can be used taking into consideration water scarcity and potentially dry hydrological years. Therefore, this proposed decision-making framework will provide the best management solution for the water needs of an area based on the balanced use of surface and groundwater resources, considering the ecosystem sustainability and the surface and groundwater sustainability. In addition, this work can help decision-makers to examine and compare various scenarios using different approaches before making a decision regarding the cost and the capacity of a hydrologic/hydraulic project, and the varied economic charges that water table limit violations can cause inside an audit interval.
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Sihombing, Ariska Mia Christiwarda, Indarto Indarto, and Sri Wahyuningsih. "Assessment of Water Balance at Mayang Watershed, East Java." Geosfera Indonesia 6, no. 1 (April 25, 2021): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/geosi.v6i1.23111.
Full textAbstract:
Mayang Watersheds frequently hit by floods during the rainy season and drought during the dry season. This study aims to assess the water balance by calculating water resource availability and water demand in the Mayang watershed. The Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model was used as the primary tool for the analysis. The supply of water comes only from precipitation. Demand was calculated based on the water demand for irrigation, domestic, urban, industrial, and livestock uses. The unit of time to calculate the water balance is ten days. It means that each month is divided into three-time steps. Analysis of the WEAP is based on the water demand from 2002 to 2019. The results showed that from 3rd December to 1st May, the Mayang river and its tributaries could supply all demand sites up to 100%. However, unmet demand occurs from 2nd May to 2nd December. The highest first unmet demand occurred in October, with 0.67 million m3. The management of water resources, especially in terms of distribution during the rainy season and dry season, must be considered.
Keywords: Water balance; Water supply; Water demand; Mayang; Watershed; WEAP
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Reza, Arif, Jaesung Eum, Sungmin Jung, Youngsoon Choi, Changwon Jang, Kiyong Kim, Jeffrey Owen, and Bomchul Kim. "Phosphorus Budget for a Forested-Agricultural Watershed in Korea." Water 11, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11010004.
Full textAbstract:
Despite increased attention to the need for sustainable agriculture, fertilizer application rates above crop requirements remain common agricultural practices in South Korea, causing eutrophication of freshwater and coastal ecosystems. The aim of this study is to quantify phosphorus (P) inputs, outputs, and retention in a forested-agricultural watershed. The P budget showed that the combined use of chemical fertilizer and organic compost was the largest source of P (97.6% of the total) followed by atmospheric wet deposition (2.1% of the total P), whereas forest export (0.2% of the total) and sewage treatment plants (STPs) (0.1% of the total) were negligible. The P outputs were crop harvesting and hydrologic export to surface water. The P balance showed that P inputs are higher than the P outputs; approximately 87% of the total P input was retained in the soils within the watershed. However, P concentrations in drainage water were still high enough to cause eutrophication of downstream reservoirs. The results provide important details on the proportion of P export and retention in the watershed. This will help efforts to improve water quality and design better management strategies for agricultural nonpoint source pollution.
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Bowling, Laura C., and Dennis P. Lettenmaier. "Modeling the Effects of Lakes and Wetlands on the Water Balance of Arctic Environments." Journal of Hydrometeorology 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 276–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jhm1084.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Lakes, ponds, and wetlands are common features in many low-gradient arctic watersheds. Storage of snowmelt runoff in lakes and wetlands exerts a strong influence on both the interannual and interseasonal variability of northern rivers. This influence is often not well represented in hydrology models and the land surface schemes used in climate models. In this paper, an algorithm to represent the evaporation and storage effects of lakes and wetlands within the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) macroscale hydrology model is described. The model is evaluated with respect to its ability to represent water temperatures, net radiation, ice freeze–thaw, and runoff production for a variety of high-latitude locations. It is then used to investigate the influence of surface storage on the spatial and temporal distribution of water and energy fluxes for the Kuparuk and Putuligayuk Rivers, on the Alaskan arctic coastal plain. Inclusion of the lake and wetland algorithm results in a substantial improvement of the simulated streamflow hydrographs, as measured using the monthly Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency. Simulations of runoff from the Putuligayuk watershed indicate that up to 80% of snow meltwater goes into storage each year and does not contribute to streamflow. Approximately 46% of the variance in the volume of snowmelt entering storage can be explained by the year-to-year variation in maximum snow water equivalent and the lake storage deficit from the previous summer. The simulated summer lake storage deficit is much lower than the cumulative precipitation minus lake evaporation (−47 mm, on average) as a result of simulated recharge from the surrounding uplands.