Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Waterstof'

The global energy sector is facing a crisis caused by the increasing demand for energy. Non-renewable energy sources, such as fossil fuels produce greenhouse gases that are largely blamed for climate change. The Kyoto protocol requires industrialised nations to reduce their collective greenhouse gas emissions. Hydrogen as an alternative fuel can serve as a substitute. Hydrogen production is expensive and the gas is largely derived from fossil fuels by a process that releases large quantities of greenhouse gases. In South Africa work on hydrogen production was first done on the Hybrid Sulphur cycle. The high operating temperature and highly corrosive environment involved in the process makes this cycle difficult to work with. The copper-chloride cycle has a lower operating temperature and uses less corrosive materials, making the cycle potentially more economical. Evaluation of the cycle started with the development of four models: the Base model, the Canadian model (developed in Canada) the Kemp model and the Excess model. The Kemp model has the best overall efficiency of 40.89 %, producing hydrogen at a cost of US$4.48/kg. The model does not however provide the excess steam required for the cycle. The Excess model which is based on the Kemp model does provide the excess steam and produces an overall efficiency of 39 % and hydrogen at a cost of US$4.60/kg. The copper-chloride cycle has an improved efficiency and produces hydrogen at a lower cost when compared to the hybrid sulphur cycle. The final conclusion of this thesis is that the copper-chloride cycle should be investigated further and an expected capital and operational costs estimate should be developed to obtain more accurate figures.
Thesis (M.Ing. (Nuclear Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Tamarixia radiata (Waterston, 1922) é um dos principais agentes de controle biológico de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, vetor de huanglongbing, no Brasil. Esse parasitóide apresenta alta eficiência de parasitismo, grande capacidade de dispersão, estabelecimento e adaptação em campo. No entanto, a eficiência desse inimigo natural pode ser afetada devido ao uso indiscriminado de pesticidas na citricultura para o controle de diversas pragas e pela carência de estudos que avaliam o impacto total de inseticidas. Sendo assim, os objetivos do trabalho foram: avaliar os efeitos letais e subletais de alguns inseticidas sobre adultos e pupas de T. radiata. Além da mortalidade, foram também avaliados os efeitos de inseticidas sobre a capacidade de parasitismo, a longevidade, a razão sexual e a taxa instantânea de crescimento de T. radiata. Os inseticidas avaliados foram: imidacloprid (neonicotinóide), lambda-cyhalothrin (piretróide) e abamectin (avermectina) nas concentrações recomendada de 96; 7,5 e 3,2 mg de ingrediente ativo por litro de água (ppm) respectivamente, além de 10 e 50% da concentração recomendada de cada inseticida. O método de bioensaio adotado foi o de contato residual do inseticida em adultos do parasitóide, utilizando-se de discos de folhas de laranjeiras pulverizados em Torre de Potter. O efeito de abamectin sobre adultos da geração parental e geração F1 de T. radiata foi também avaliado mediante pulverização de ramos de murta, Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack e sobre pupas de T. radiata utilizando-se método de bioensaio de contato direto. A maior toxicidade a adultos de T. radiata foi observada para imidacloprid (72,7% de mortalidade), seguido por lambdacyhalothrin (19,4%) e abamectin (3,0%). Abamectin causou maior redução na capacidade de parasitismo do parasitóide (28,8%), seguido por imidacloprid (31,3%) e lambda-cyhalothrin (40,1%) na concentração recomedada de cada inseticida. Os inseticidas testados não afetaram a razão sexual do parasitóide. Lambda-cyhalothrin não afetou a longevidade do parasitóide. Por outro lado, imidacloprid reduziu a longevidade. Verificou-se uma redução de 56 e 80% na emergência dos descendentes da geração parental a 50 e 100% da concentração recomendada de abamectin, entretanto, nenhum efeito foi observado para os descendentes da geração F1 do parasitóide. A longevidade de machos da geração parental foi reduzida em 8,4 dias a 50% da concentração recomendada de abamectin, no entanto, nenhum efeito significativo foi verificado para a geração F1 do parasitóide. Foi verificado efeito negativo sobre a capacidade de parasitismo da geração parental e da geração F1 do parasitóide quando abamectin foi pulverizado em ramos de murta. No entanto, abamectin afetou a emergência dos descendentes da geração parental e geração F1 de T. radiata, com valores variando de 24,4 a 84,2% e 0 a 95,1% respectivamente. Abamectin afetou a razão sexual de ambas as gerações. Um decréscimo na longevidade do parasitóide foi observado a 10, 50 e 100% da concentração recomendada de abamectin para os descendentes da geração parental e somente a 50% da concentração recomendada para os descendentes da geração F1. Abamectin não afetou a emergência de adultos e nem a razão sexual quando aplicado sobre pupas de T. radiata. E abamectin não afetou a taxa instantânea de crescimento de T. radiata em todas as concentrações testadas.
Tamarixia radiata (Waterston, 1922) is one of the major biological control agents of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, vector of huanglongbing, in Brazil. This parasitoid has been very effective due to the high parasitism rates, high dispersal ability and high establishment and adaptation rates in the field. However, the efficiency of T. radiata may be affected by the indiscriminate use of pesticides to control many other citrus pests and due to the lack of studies that evaluated the total impact of pesticides. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to evaluate the lethal and sublethal effects of some insecticides on T. radiate adults and pupae. Besides mortality, the effect of insecticides on parasitism capacity, longevity, sex ratio and instantaneous rate of increase of T. radiata were also evaluated. The insecticides evaluated were imidacloprid (neonicotinoid), lambda-cyhalothrin (pyrethroid) and abamectin (avermectin) at recommended rates of 96; 7.5 e 3.2 mg of active ingredient per liter of water (ppm) respectivelly, plus 10 e 50% of recommended rates of each insecticide. A residual contact bioassay was used by spraying the insecticide onto orange leaf discs with Potter tower. The effect of abamectin was also evaluated on parental and F1 generations of T. radiata by spraying the insecticide on branches of Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack and on pupae of T. radiata by direct contact bioassay. The highest toxicity to T. radiata adults was observed with imidacloprid (72.7% mortality), followed by lambda-cyhalothrin (19.4%) and abamectin (3.0%). Abamectin promoted the highest reduction in the parasitism capacity (28.8%), followed by imidacloprid (31.3%) and lambdacyhalothrin (40.1%) at recommended rates of each insecticide. The insecticides tested did not affect the sex ratio of the parasitoid. Lambda-cyhalothrin did not affect the longevity of the parasitoid. On the other hand, imidacloprid caused reduction in the longevity. A reduction of 56 and 80% in the emergence of offspring of parental generation was obtained at 50 and 100% of recommended rate of abamectin. However, no effect was observed to the offspring of F1 generation. The longevity of males from the parental generation was reduced in 8.4 days at 50% of the recommended rate of abamectin; however, no significant effect was detected to F1 generation of the parasitoid. There was effect on parasitism capacity of the parental and F1 generations of the parasitoid when abamectin was sprayed on M. paniculata. However, abamectin affected the emergence of offspring from parental and F1 generations of T. radiata, with values varying from 24.4 to 84.2% and 0 to 95.1% respectively. Abamectin affected the sex ratio of both generations. A decrease in the longevity of the parasitoid was observed at 10, 50 and 100% of recommended rate of abamectin to the offspring of parental generation and only at 50% of recommended rate to the offspring of F1 generation. Abamectin did not affect the adult emergence and neither the sex ratio when abamectin was applied on T. radiata pupae. And, abamectin did not affect the instantaneous rate of increase of T. radiata at all concentrations tested.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Comunicação, 2011.
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Este trabalho analisa a tira em quadrinhos Calvin e Haroldo usando como base os estudos sobre o imaginário, e fazendo uso de outras ferramentas como a análise do discurso, estudos sobre representações sociais e psicologia infantil. Identificou-se sentidos do discurso de Bill Waterson em cada um dos personagens de sua tira, tanto os protagonistas Calvin e seu tigre, quanto dos coadjuvantes. Analisa-se como Waterson trata de questões existenciais (Deus, homem, autoridade, ética) usando o cotidiano de um garoto de seis anos para tratar dessas questões. É estudado também o relacionamento entre o garoto e os outros personagens, mostrando como esse diálogo entre o menino e o mundo ao seu redor revela a visão de mundo de Waterson, além de construções e representações sociais reproduzidas e reelaboradas pelo cartunista. Por fim, tendo em vista que a escolha dos nomes dos protagonistas Calvin e Haroldo (Hobbes, originalmente) vem dos pensadores João Calvino e Thomas Hobbes, usa-se o que foi constatado nessa pesquisa inicial para comparar o discurso de Bill Waterson com o pensamento de Thomas Hobbes e João Calvino. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
This research analyzes the Calvin and Hobbes comic strip using as base the studies on the imaginary, and using other tools as well, such as the discourse analysis, studies on social representations and child psychology. It was identified meanings in the discourse of Bill Waterson in each of the comic characters, from the main ones, Calvin and his tiger, to the secondary characters. It is analyzed how Waterson treats existential issues (God, man, authority, ethics) using the daily life of a six-year-old boy to deal with these issues. It is also studied the relationship of the boy with the other characters, showing how this dialog between the boy and the world around him reveals Waterson’s worldview, and social constructions and representations reproduced and reworked by the cartoonist. Finally, bearing in mind that the choosing of the characters names, Calvin and Hobbes, came from thinkers John Calvin and Thomas Hobbes, it is used what was found in this initial research to compare the discourse of Bill Waterson with the thought of Thomas Hobbes and John Calvin.

Apesar de o Brasil ser um dos principais produtores de laranja no mundo e o maior exportador de suco concentrado, atualmente a cultura vem sofrendo perdas em razão do ataque de diversas pragas e doenças, sendo a principal o Huanglongbing (HLB), ou Greening, que foi relatada pela primeira vez em 2004 no estado de São Paulo. Essa doença está associada às bactérias do gênero \"Candidatus Liberibacter sp.\", sendo que no Brasil ocorrem as bactérias \"Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus\" e \"Ca. Liberibacter americanus\", tendo como seus vetores o psilídeo Diaphorina citri, praga importante devido a sua distribuição geográfica e características biológicas. Existe registro de cerca de 50 espécies da família Rutaceae, que incluem as espécies do gênero Citrus (laranjas, limões, limas, etc.), que podem hospedar esse inseto, além da murta (Murraya paniculata). Na natureza, D. citri é controlado por uma série de fatores, podendo ser outros insetos, fungos ou até condições climáticas desfavoráveis para seu desenvolvimento. Porém, os resultados de pesquisas indicam que ectoparasitoide Tamarixia radiata é eficiente no controle de D. citri. Entretanto, levantamentos realizados nos últimos anos verificaram que o parasitismo natural vem sendo reduzido consideravelmente, devido, principalmente, à aplicação intensiva de agroquímicos. Dessa forma, a utilização de produtos seletivos, ou seja, que atue contra o psilídeo D. citri e tenha o menor impacto possível sobre o parasitoide T. radiata é imprescindível para o sucesso do manejo integrado de pragas em que se utiliza o controle químico juntamente com a liberação do parasitoide. Assim, objetivou-se com esse trabalho: 1) Estudar o efeito direto e a persistência de inseticidas sobre o parasitoide T. radiata; 2) Estudar o efeito de inseticidas sobre a fase pupal do parasitoide; 3) Determinar a interferência dos inseticidas na capacidade de parasitismo; 4) Avaliar a toxicidade diferencial dos inseticidas para o parasitoide T. radiata e para o psilídeo D. citri. Dos 25 inseticidas testados no efeito direto, 20% foram considerados inócuos (classe 1); 12% levemente nocivo (classe 2); 12% moderadamente nocivo (classe 3); e 56% como nocivo (classe 4). Apesar de vários serem nocivos para adultos do parasitoide, apenas Lorsban® 480 BR e Perfekthion® afetaram a emergência do parasitoide quando pulverizados sobre a sua fase de pupa, sendo que os demais permitiram a emergência e não afetaram a duração, razão sexual e longevidade. No teste de persistência, 25% dos inseticidas testados foram considerados de vida curta (classe 1); 37,5% como levemente persistentes (classe 2); 29,2% moderadamente persistentes (classe 3); e apenas 8,3% persistentes (classe 4). Portanto, para a escolha de um inseticida para controle de pragas dos citros, deve-se levar em consideração seu efeito no adulto, fase imatura e sua persistência biológica na planta.
Although Brazil is one of the major orange producers and largest exporter of juice concentrate in the world, currently the citrus culture suffers losses due to the attack of several pests and diseases. Huanglongbing (HLB), or Greening, is the main disease and it was first reported in 2004 in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. This disease is associated with bacteria of the genus \"Candidatus Liberibacter sp.\", and in Brazil the bacteria \"Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus\" and \"Ca. Liberibacter americanus\" occur, and the psyllid Diaphorina citri is its main vector, an important pest insect because of its geographical distribution and biological characteristics. There is record of about 50 species of the family Rutaceae, including the species of the genus Citrus (oranges, lemons, limes, etc.) that can host this insect, in addition to orange jasmine (Murraya paniculata). In nature, a number of factors control D. citri, namely other insects, fungi or even adverse weather conditions for their development. However, studies show that the ectoparasitoid Tamarixia radiata is efficient in the control of D. citri. However, recent studies indicate that natural parasitism has been reduced considerably, mainly due to the intensive application of pesticides. Thus, the use of selective products, i.e., which act against the psyllid D. citri with the lowest possible impact on the parasitoids T. radiata is indispensable for the success of the integrated pest management that uses chemical control along with the release of parasitoids. Thus, the objectives of this work were: 1) to study the direct effect and the persistence of insecticides on the parasitoid T. radiata; 2) to investigate the effect of insecticides on the pupal stage of the parasitoids; 3) to determine the effect of insecticides on parasitism capacity; 4) to assess the differential toxicity of insecticides to the parasitoid T. radiata and psyllid D. citri. Of the 25 insecticides tested in terms of direct effect, 20% was considered harmless (class 1); 12% slightly harmful (class 2); 12% moderately harmful (class 3); and 56% as harmful (class 4). Although several are harmful to adult of the parasitoid, only Lorsban® 480 BR and Perfekthion® affected the emergence of the parasitoid when sprayed in the pupal stage, and the others allowed the emergence and did not affect the duration, sex ratio and life span. In the test of persistence, 25% of the insecticides were considered short life (class 1); 37.5% slightly persistent (class 2); 29.2% moderately persistent (class 3); and only 8.3% persistent (class 4). Therefore, choosing an insecticide for control of pests of citrus requires consideration of its effect on adults, immature phase and their biological persistence in the plant.

Desde 2004 foram detectadas, nas áreas citrícolas paulistas, as bactérias responsáveis pela principal doença de citros no mundo, o huanglongbing ou greening. A ampla distribuição no Brasil do psilídeo vetor, Diaphorina citri e a presença do patógeno nas áreas citrícolas é um fator limitante à produção. Tamarixia radiata é o principal agente de controle biológico de D. citri. Assim, os objetivos do presente estudo foram: a) realizar o levantamento populacional de T. radiata nas regiões citrícolas do estado São Paulo; b) caracterizar o policromismo em populações do parasitóide provenientes das principais regiões citrícolas do estado; c) estudar a biologia de T. radiata em condições de laboratório; d) avaliar a capacidade de parasitismo em diferentes temperaturas; e) determinar, mediante liberações em pomares cítricos comerciais, a eficiência de T. radiata para o controle de D. citri; f) determinar a ocorrência e efeitos no parasitismo da associação T. radiata - Wolbachia; g) realizar o zoneamento agroecológico de D. citri e T. radiata com base nas exigências térmicas e higrométricas para o estado de São Paulo. As populações de T. radiata coletadas em Itirapina, Pederneiras, Piracicaba e São Carlos apresentaram variações cromáticas em relação à espécie típica, sendo que as regiões ITS1 e ITS2 do rDNA das populações analisadas apresentaram de 98 a 99% de identidade. Assim, estas variações cromáticas estão relacionadas à plasticidade fenotípica intra-específica, própria de populações que se encontram em processo de adaptação ecológica. Em 24 horas, o maior parasitismo foi obtido nas temperaturas de 25 e 30°C. Este parasitóide desenvolveu-se na faixa térmica de 15 a 35°C, sendo que 25°C foi a temperatura mais adequada por proporcionar maior viabilidade do período ovo-adulto e os maiores valores da taxa liquida de reprodução (Ro) e da razão finita de aumento (). No município de Araras, oito dias após a liberação, a porcentagem de parasitismo de T. radiata se manteve entre 51,57 e 72,75%. Nos municípios de Cordeirópolis e Limeira, após três liberações, a porcentagem de parasitismo variou entre 30 e 60%. As populações coletadas em Cafelândia, Ribeirão Bonito e Piracicaba apresentaram infecção múltipla por Wolbachia. O limite térmico inferior de desenvolvimento (Tb) foi de 7,13°C e a constante térmica de 188,7GD. Mediante um Sistema de Informação Geográfica, foram obtidos mapas de distribuição do desenvolvimento de T. radiata e D. citri. Assim, ao longo do ano podem ocorrer, na região norte, de 10 a 13 ciclos de D. citri e de 31 a 35 ciclos de T. radiata; na região nordeste, o número de ciclos pode variar de 6 a 10 e de 24 a 31 para a praga e para o parasitóide, respectivamente; nas regiões sudoeste e sudeste, o número de gerações pode variar de 3 a 10 e de 19 a 31 para D. citri e T. radiata. Verificando estes aspectos da interação T. radiata e D. citri, os dados obtidos no presente trabalho poderão auxiliar para a implementação de um programa de controle biológico, como parte do manejo de D. citri, em regiões ecologicamente distintas do estado de São Paulo.
Since 2004, have been detected in citrus-growing areas of São Paulo, the bacterias that are responsible for the main disease of citrus worldwide, known as greening or huanglongbing. The widespread distribution in Brazil of the vector psyllid, Diaphorina citri and the presence of the pathogen in citrus-growing areas is a limiting factor for production. Tamarixia radiata is the most important biological control agent against D. citri. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to: a) conduct a population survey of T. radiata in the citrus-growing regions of the State of São Paulo; b) characterize polychromism in populations of the parasitoid from the main growing regions in the State of São Paulo; c) study the biology of T. radiata under laboratory conditions; d) evaluate the parasitism capacity at different temperatures; e) determine, by means of releases in commercial citrus orchards, the effectiveness of T. radiata for the control of D. citri; f) determine the occurrence and effects on parasitism of the T. radiata - Wolbachia association; g) prepare an agroecological zoning of D. citri and T. radiata for the State of São Paulo based on their temperature and humidity requirements. T. radiata populations collected in Itirapina, Pederneiras, Piracicaba, and São Carlos showed chromatic variations in relation to the typical species; the ITS1 and ITS2 rDNA regions of the populations analyzed had between 98 and 99% identity. Consequently, these chromatic variations are related to the intraspecific phenotypic plasticity characteristic of populations that are undergoing a process of ecological adaptation. In a 24-hour period, the highest parasitism of T. radiata was obtained at 25 and 30°C. This parasitoid developed in the temperature range from 15 to 35°C; the most suitable temperature was 25°C, since it gave the highest viability for the egg-adult period, and the highest net reproductive rate (Ro) and finite rate of increase values (). In the municipality of Araras, T. radiata parasitism percentage values eight days after release remained between 51.57 and 72.75%. In the areas selected in the municipalities of Cordeirópolis and Limeira, the parasitism percentage of T. radiata after three releases ranged between 30 and 60%. The populations collected in Cafelândia, Ribeirão Bonito, and Piracicaba showed multiple infections by Wolbachia. The parasitoids lower temperature development threshold (Tb) was 7.13°C, with a thermal constant of 188.7 GDD. Distribution maps for T. radiata and D. citri development in the State of São Paulo were obtained by means of a Geographic Information System (GIS). According to those, from 10 to 13 D. citri cycles and from 31 to 35 T. radiata cycles may occur in the northern region over the course of one year; in the northeastern region, the numbers of cycles may vary from 6 to 10 and from 24 to 31 for the pest and the parasitoid, respectively; in the southwest and southeast regions the numbers of generations may vary from 3 to 10 and from 19 to 31 for D. citri and T. radiata. Based on these aspects of the T. radiata × D. citri interaction, the data obtained in this work can be useful for the implement a biological control program as part of D. citri management in ecologically distinct regions of the State of São Paulo.

This diploma thesis is aimed at verifying the properties of joints of waterproofing membranes generaly used in underground constructions and also deals with the possible addition of a swelling profile as a barrier to permeating water through the defect in the waterproofing system. The most commonly used materials for waterproofing membranes are polymers. The work is focused on verifying the properties of automatic and manual welding joints of polyvinylchloride membrane. In actual practice, there is a pressure test being used for automatic weldings, and for manual weldings there are tests with a tear-off needle and a vacuum bell. In the laboratory, it is also possible to verify the joints using a peeling test and determining the shear strength of the joint using a testing device. In case of damaged waterproofing system and soaking of pressurized water, it is possible to use a swellable strip as a barrier for the water leaking from one injection compartment to another. At the end of the thesis there is a comparison of the waterproofing system without the swelling profile and the system including its application. The swelling profile has shown very good properties with regard to the infiltration of the flowing water into its structure, and so the amount of water that could be applied to the sample with the swelling profile was much higher than in the case of the generaly used waterproofing system.

The natural enemies reported as biocontrol agents of stored products pests have showed promising characteristics to keep the damaging insects under the economic damaging level. Mainly, the studies conducted until now have been focalised on those natural enemies belonging to the families: Pteromalidae, Ichneumonidae, Braconidae and Trichogrammatidae. The biology and the applicative aspects of the parasitoids belonging to the family Bethylidae have been only partially evaluated, thus a lack of knowledge is present. The aim of this study was to collect the studies reported in the literature in order to summarize the information on bethilds reported as biological control agents. Afterwards, three experimental phases were conducted aiming at evaluating two bethilds candidate as biocontrol agents for stored products: Holepyris sylvanidis (Brèthes) e Cephalonomia waterstoni (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae). For the first natural enemy some aspects of the biology have been evaluated trying to underline possible applicative consequences. For both the parasitoids, the host searching behaviour has been evaluated in a four-chamber olfactometer.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar a biologia e elaborar a tabela de vida de fertilidade de Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama, 1908) (Hemiptera: Liviidae) em duas espécies de Murraya [Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack e Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel] e estudar a biologia de Tamarixia radiata Waterston, 1922 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) em psilídeos provenientes das duas espécies de Murraya citadas, visando fornecer subsídios ao controle da praga em programas de MIP. Foram realizados experimentos em confinamento (sem chance de escolha) para avaliar o efeito de duas espécies de Murraya sobre a alimentação e fertilidade de D. citri, bem como a biologia da referida espécie de psilídeo nos dois hospedeiros. Também foi avaliado o efeito do hospedeiro no parasitismo sobre D. citri e na biologia de T. radiata. Pode-se concluir que: D. citri preferiu se alimentar em M. koenigii, porém para a oviposição o hospedeiro preferido foi M. paniculata. No entanto, os demais parâmetros observados indicaram que M. paniculata é o hospedeiro mais adequado para o desenvolvimento do psilídeo. Com base na tabela de vida de fertilidade, a taxa liquida de reprodução (R0), de D. citri, foi 3,1 vezes maior quando criado em M. paniculata; os demais parâmetros, exceto o tempo médio de cada geração (T), também favoreceram o desenvolvimento do inseto quando criado em M. paniculata. O desenvolvimento e parasitismo de T. radiata sobre ninfas de D. citri foram afetados quando criadas nas duas espécies, sendo observados melhores resultados quando os psilídeos foram criados em M. koenigii em testes de confinamento. Os resultados obtidos poderão fornecer subsídios ao controle e manejo do psilídeo transmissor do HLB.
The aim of the present research was to evaluate the biology and fertility life table of Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama, 1908) (Hemiptera: Liviidae) comparatives in the two species of Murraya [Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack e Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel], and to evaluate the biology of Tamarixia radiata Waterston, 1922 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in the two species studied in confinement, aiming to provide subsidies for pest control in Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Experiments were carried out in confinement (no choice) to evaluate the effect of the two species of Murraya on the feeding and fertility of D. citri, as well as the biology of Asian Citrus Psyllid (ACP) in two hosts. Biology and the effect of host on parasitism of T. radiata on nymphs of D. citri was evaluated. It can be concluded that: D. citri preferred to feed on Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel, but for oviposition the preferred host was Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack. However, the other parameters observed indicate that M. paniculata is the most suitable host for the development of the psyllid. According to the fertility life table, the reproduction net rate (R0) of D. citri was 3.1 times higher if reared on M. paniculata; the other parameters, except the mean time of each generation (T), also supported results when it was reared on M. paniculata. The development and parasitism of T. radiata on nymphs of D. citri were affected when reared on different hosts, and better results were observed when T. radiata reared on M. koenigii. The results obtained may provide subsidies for the control and management of the HLB.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a influência de variedades comerciais de citros e de murta no desenvolvimento de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, 1908 e a preferência do parasitoide Tamarixia radiata (Waterson, 1922) sobre o referido psilídeo, criado em diferentes variedades cítricas e na murta, por meio de estudos biológicos e comportamentais, para definir estratégias de controle da praga em programas de MIP em citros. Foram realizados testes de livre escolha e confinamento (sem chance de escolha) para avaliar o efeito de variedades de citros sobre a alimentação e fertilidade de D. citri, bem como a biologia da referida espécie de psilídeo em diferentes hospedeiros. Avaliou-se ainda o efeito da variedade de citros sobre o parasitismo de T. radiata, bem como sua biologia em D. citri criado em diferentes hospedeiros. Pode-se concluir que: D. citri preferiu ovipositar e se alimentar, em teste de livre escolha, em \'Natal\', sendo que no teste de confinamento (sem chance de escolha) a oviposição foi semelhante em \'Natal\', \'Valência\' e \'Pêra\'. Em ambos os tipos de teste, \'Hamlin\' foi a menos adequada para D. citri. Com base nos demais parâmetros biológicos avaliados, a análise de agrupamento separou os hospedeiros em três grupos distintos, sendo \'Valência\' e murta os hospedeiros mais adequados ao desenvolvimento de D. citri. No segundo grupo (\'Natal\', \'Pêra\' e \'Ponkan\') concentraram-se as variedades que proporcionaram um desenvolvimento intermediário ao psilídeo, sendo \'Hamlin\' a menos adequada ao desenvolvimento do inseto. Com base na tabela de vida de fertilidade, a taxa líquida de reprodução (Ro) de D. citri foi 2,5 vezes maior quando criado em \'Valência\' em relação a \'Hamlin\'. Os demais parâmetros (T, λ e rm) também favoreceram o inseto quando criado em \'Valência\'. Os hospedeiros estudados não afetaram o parasitismo e desenvolvimento de T. radiata sobre D. citri. Os resultados obtidos poderão fornecer subsídios ao planejamento do plantio de variedades de citros em pomares novos com vistas à incidência e manejo do HLB.
This research\'s aim was to evaluate the influence of commercial citrus varieties and orange jessamine on the development of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, 1908 and the parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Waterson, 1922) preference on the Asian Citrus Psyllid (ACP), reared on different citrus varieties and on orange jessamine, by the means of biological and behavioral studies, in order to establish strategies of pest control in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) citrus programs. Free-choice and nochoice tests were carried out to evaluate the citrus varieties effects on the feeding and fertility of D. citri, as well as the biology of this psyllid species on different hosts. It was evaluated the citrus variety effect on the T. radiata parasitization, as well as its biology with D. citri reared on different hosts. It can be concluded that: D. citri preferred laying eggs and feeding, in free-choice tests, on \'Natal\', while in the nochoice test, the laying-eggs behavior was the same on \'Natal\', \'Valência\' and \'Pêra\'. In the both tests, \'Hamlin\' was the least suitable for D. citri. According to the other biological characteristics evaluated, the grouping analysis identified 3 different groups, being \'Valência\' and orange jessamine the best hosts for D. citri development. In the second group (\'Natal\', \'Pêra\' e \'Ponkan\') are the varieties that provided a reasonable development to the psyllid, being \'Hamlin\' the least suitable for the insect development. According to the fertility life table, the reproduction net rate (Ro) of D. citri was 2,5 times bigger if reared on \'Valência\' compared to \'Hamlin\'. The other life table parameters (T, λ e rm) also supported the results when it was reared on \'Valência\'. The studied hosts did not affect the parasitization and the development of T. radiata on D. citri. The results obtained will provide information for planting planning of citrus varieties in new groves considering the HLB incidence and management.

Os inseticidas neonicotinóides são atualmente o principal grupo químico utilizado para o controle de insetos sugadores, constituindo-se uma boa opção para o controle de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. Outra opção de controle do psilídeo tem sido a exploração do parasitóide Tamarixia radiata (Waterson). A compatibilidade dessas duas estratégias de controle poderia auxiliar na implementação de programas de manejo integrado de pragas na cultura do citros. No entanto, faltam estudos sobre a caracterização da suscetibilidade de D. citri para os inseticidas neonicotinóides e o impacto desses inseticidas sobre T. radiata. Sendo assim, os objetivos do trabalho foram o de caracterizar a suscetibilidade de D. citri a inseticidas neonicotinóides, realizar o monitoramento da suscetibilidade a esses inseticidas em populações de D. citri coletadas em pomares de diferentes regiões do Estado de São Paulo e avaliar os efeitos letais e subletais desses inseticidas sobre o parasitóide T. radiata. Os inseticidas avaliados foram: thiamethoxam, thiacloprid e imidacloprid. O método de bioensaio adotado foi o de contato residual para a caracterização da suscetibilidade de D.citri a esses inseticidas. O monitoramento da suscetibilidade a esses inseticidas em diferentes populações de D. citri foi realizado com concentrações diagnósticas baseadas na concentração letal 95 (CL95) de cada inseticida. Para avaliar os efeitos letais e subletais desses inseticidas sobre T. radiata foram realizados bioensaios de contato direto em adultos e pupas, toxicidade residual em adultos, e persistência da atividade biológica desses inseticidas sobre a superfície de folhas de citros. Entre os neonicotinóides testados, a maior toxicidade a D. citri foi observado com thiametoxam, seguidos por imidacloprid e thiaclopid. Os resultados do monitoramento apresentaram diferenças significativas na suscetibilidade das populações de D. citri aos inseticidas neonicotinóides. Para thiamethoxam, a sobrevivência estimada para as populações de D. citri testadas na concentração diagnóstica variou entre 5,5 e 16%, para thiacloprid variou entre 4,5 e 22,5 % e para imidacloprid entre 4 e 14%. Uma alta toxicidade desses inseticidas foi observada para adultos e pupas de T. radiata. No entanto, os efeitos subletais desses inseticidas a 10% da concentração recomendada sobre o estágio de pupa causou redução significativa no parasitismo somente com thiamethoxam. A emergência, longevidade e razão sexual de T. radiata não foram afetadas pelos inseticidas avaliados. A toxicidade residual de thiametoxam, thiacloprid e imidaclopid em folhas de mudas de citros foi relativamente elevada para adultos de T. radiata e com persistência de pelo menos 14 dias.
The neonicotinoids insecticides are currently the main chemical group used for controlling sucking pests and represent a good option for the control of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. Another control alternative of this pest is the exploitation of parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Waterson). The compatibility of these control strategies could be very helpful for the implementation of integrated pest management program in citrus. However, there are few studies on the characterization of the susceptibility of D. citri to neonicotinoid insecticides and the evaluation of the impact of these insecticides on T. radiata. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to evaluate the susceptibility of D. citri to neonicotinoid insecticides, to monitor the susceptibility to these insecticides in D. citri populations collected from different citrus groves in the State of São Paulo, and to evaluate the lethal and sublethal effects of these insecticides on T. radiata. The insecticides evaluated in this study were: thiamethoxam, thiacloprid e imidacloprid. A residual contact bioassay was used to characterize the susceptibility of D. citri to these insecticides. A diagnostic concentration bioassays based on lethal concentration 95 (LC95) of each insecticide were used for monitoring the susceptibility of D. citri populations. The lethal and sublethal effects of these insecticides on T. radiata were conducted by using direct contact bioassays on adult and pupal stages of T. radiata, residual contact bioassays and persistence of biological activity of these insecticides on citrus leaf surface. Among the neonicotinoid insecticides tested, the highest toxicity was observed with thiametoxam, followed by imidacloprid and thiaclopid. A significant difference in the susceptitibity to neonicotinoid insecticides was detected in D. citri populations. For thiamethoxam, the survivorship at diagnostic concentration varied from 5.5 to 16%, for thiacloprid varied from 4.5 to 22.5 %, and for imidacloprid from 4 to 14%. The toxicity of these insecticides was high to adult and pupal stages of T. radiata. However, the sublethal effects of these insecticides at 10% of the recommended rate on pupae stage caused the reduction of the parasitism capacity only with thiamethoxam. The emergence, longevity and sexual ratio of T. radiata were not affected by any insecticide tested. The residual toxicity of thiametoxam, thiacloprid and imidaclopid sprayed on citrus seedling leaves was relatively high to D. citri adults and lasted at least 14 days.

A pesquisa teve por objetivo determinar o desenvolvimento, o número de gerações e a constante térmica de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, 1908 (Hemiptera: Liviidae) e Tamarixia radiata (Waterston, 1922) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), sob 20 combinações de temperaturas alternantes que simulam as condições de Limeira, Tatuí, Araraquara, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo e Votuporanga, áreas citrícolas do estado de São Paulo, nas quatro estações do ano. Paralelamente, discutem-se as estimativas dos períodos de liberação do parasitoide associados ao alerta fitossanitário desenvolvido pelo FUNDECITRUS. Foi estudado o desenvolvimento de D. citri e T. radiata, sendo registrado o tempo necessário para completarem o ciclo biológico. A partir destes dados, foi calculada a constante térmica e o número de gerações da praga e do parasitoide para cada uma das condições propostas. Com base na duração do desenvolvimento de D. citri, foi definido o momento ideal para liberação de T. radiata em campo. Os resultados da determinação do número de gerações de D. citri e de T. radiata, baseando-se em temperaturas alternantes, foram comparáveis ao modelo desenvolvido em temperaturas constantes, sendo que as variações existentes entre os dois modelos se deveram à inclusão do período de pré-oviposição que foi variável em função da temperatura. A previsão do número de gerações se ajustou mais a T. radiata do que a D. citri, sendo propostos fatores de correção para casos em que a constante térmica observada superou 10- 15% do valor determinado em laboratório. Observou-se que uma geração de D. citri variou de 22,9 a 74,2 dias, no verão e inverno para as simulações de Votuporanga e Tatuí, respectivamente; por outro lado, nas mesmas condições, uma geração de T. radiata pode variar de 9,8 a 21,6 dias. A relação entre o número de gerações de D. citri: T. radiata no decorrer do ano é superior a 1:2, sendo de 1: 2,58; 1: 2,47; 1: 2,28; 1: 2,28; 1: 2,34, respectivamente, para as simulações de Limeira, Tatuí, Araraquara, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo e Votuporanga. A regressão linear mostrou que o número de gerações de D. citri é melhor explicado pela média das temperaturas diurna e noturna, enquanto que para T. radiata, apenas pela temperatura diurna. Os valores extremos de dias para liberação de T. radiata após o alerta fitossanitário, correspondem às regiões de Avaré e Bebedouro. Os resultados indicam que há uma variação no desenvolvimento da praga e do seu parasitoide entre as regiões e que há necessidade de validação em campo; no entanto, se confirmados, permitirão o uso mais eficiente do parasitoide T. radiata, se tornando um componente auxiliar ao sistema de alerta e ao Manejo Integrado dessa importante doença, o HLB.
This study determined the development, number of generations and thermal constant of the HLB vector Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, 1908 (Hemiptera: Liviidae) and the parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Waterston, 1922) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) under 20 combinations of alternating temperatures that simulated the conditions of five citrus-growing areas of São Paulo state (Limeira, Tatuí, Araraquara, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo and Votuporanga) in the four seasons. The estimated optimum release time of the parasitoid is discussed in relation to a phytosanitation alert developed by FUNDECITRUS. The development time and time needed to complete the life cycles of D. citri and T. radiata were assessed. The thermal constant and number of generations of the pest and parasitoid for each temperature condition were calculated based on these data. Based on the development time of D. citri, the optimum time to release T. radiata in the field was established. The estimated number of generations of D. citri and T. radiata in alternating temperatures was comparable to the model developed at constant temperatures; the differences between the two models were due to the inclusion of the pre-oviposition period, which varied as a function of temperature. The estimated number of generations was larger for T. radiata than D. citri, and correction factors were proposed for those cases in which the observed thermal constant exceeded 10-15% of the value determined in the laboratory. Generation times of D. citri ranged from 22.9 days in summer to 74.2 days in winter for the simulations for Votuporanga and Tatuí. Under the same conditions, one generation of T. radiata may range from 9.8 to 21.6 days. The ratio between the annual number of generations of D. citri: T. radiata was higher than 1: 2, ranging from 1: 2.58; 1: 2.47; 1: 2.28; 1: 2.28; 1: 2.34 for the simulations for Limeira, Tatuí, Araraquara, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo and Votuporanga, respectively. Linear regression analysis showed that the number of generations of D. citri is best explained by the mean diurnal and nocturnal temperatures, whereas for T. radiata, only by the mean diurnal temperature. The extreme values for optimum release day of T. radiata after a phytosanitation alert were found for Avare and Bebedouro. The results indicate that the development of the pest and its parasitoid differ among areas, and there is need for validation in the field. However, if confirmed, these data will allow more efficient use of the parasitoid T. radiata as a complementary component of the alert system and of Integrated Management of HLB.

Medidas para controle de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, 1908 (Hemiptera: Liviidae) vem sendo buscadas intensamente nos últimos anos visto que este inseto é considerado a mais importante praga da citricultura devido a sua capacidade de transmitir as bactérias causadoras do Huanglongbing (HLB). Como não existem, ainda, medidas curativas para a doença, seu manejo se baseia, principalmente, no controle do vetor. O controle biológico com utilização do parasitoide Tamarixia radiata (Waterston, 1922) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) vem trazendo bons resultados em diversas partes do mundo. Para uma eficiente utilização deste inimigo natural, sua produção em larga escala é imprescindível, o que exige também a criação da praga. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar alguns pontos chaves da criação das duas espécies, visando aumentar seu rendimento, propor um sistema de produção em larga escala do parasitoide, estimando seu custo de implantação e manutenção e também avaliar o estabelecimento e eficiência do parasitoide liberado em diferentes regiões produtoras do estado de São Paulo. Visando a criação de D. citri, foram avaliados aspectos referentes ao tamanho das brotações do hospedeiro [Murraya paniculta (L.)] e viabilidade de uso de outro hospedeiro [Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel]. Para T. radiata foram investigados os efeitos da alimentação suplementar e um novo sistema de coleta de adultos. Foi ainda avaliada, em campo, a validade do modelo de exigências térmicas para as duas espécies. Utilizando-se os resultados obtidos, propôs-se um sistema de criação em larga escala do parasitoide, avaliando-se seu custo de implantação e manutenção. Foram realizadas liberações do parasitoide em diferentes regiões, do estado de São Paulo, ao longo de um ano, para avaliar seu estabelecimento e parasitismo. Verificou-se que brotações de M. paniculata com comprimento entre 1,0 a 2,6 cm favorecem a oviposição, e aquelas com tamanho médio de 4,3 são melhores para alimentação. A viabilidade de ovos, de ninfas e total, e a duração da fase de ovo de D. citri não foram afetadas pelos hospedeiros, M. paniculata e M. koenigii; por outro lado, as durações da fase ninfal e total foram maiores em M. paniculata, para qual D. citri apresenta preferência quando em teste com chance de escolha, não tendo sido verificada diferença em teste sem chance de escolha. A umidade afeta a emergência de T. radiata no sistema de coleta proposto e tal sistema permite uma economia de tempo na coleta de parasitoides de até cinco vezes. O fornecimento de alimento para adultos de T. radiata não afetou sua longevidade, nem sua capacidade de parasitismo. Os modelos de exigências térmicas estimados para D. citri e T. radiata, são válidos para temperaturas mais elevadas. Recomenda-se o uso de mudas de M. paniculata apenas duas vezes na criação de D. citri. O maior custo do sistema é devido à produção de ninfas de T. radiata e à mão de obra. T. radiata se estabeleceu em todas regiões testadas com boas taxa de redução de ninfas. O parasitismo médio foi inicialmente alto tornando-se variável e foi afetado pela estação do ano.
Control methods for Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, 1908 (Hemiptera: Liviidae) have been intensively researched in recent years, since this insect is considered the most important citrus pest due to its ability to transmit the Huanglongbing (HLB) bacterium. Because no remedy for the disease is yet available, its management is based principally on control of the vector. Biological control using the parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Waterston, 1922) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is providing excellent results in many parts of the world. For efficient utilization of this natural enemy, large-scale production is necessary, which also requires rearing the pest. This study examined some key aspects of rearing these two species, in order to increase their productivity; propose a large-scale production system for the parasitoid, estimating the costs of its implantation and management; and also to evaluate the establishment and efficiency of the parasitoid, released in different citrus-producing areas of São Paulo state. Aspects of rearing D. citri related to the branch size of the host [Murraya paniculata (L.)] and the feasibility of using an alternative host [Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel] were evaluated. For T. radiata, the effects of supplementary feeding and a new system for collecting adults were investigated. The validity of the thermal-requirements model was evaluated in field conditions for both species. Based on the results obtained, a large-scale rearing system for the parasitoid is proposed, together with an evaluation of its implantation and management costs. Parasitoid releases were conducted, and its performance in different climate zones during one year was evaluated in order to assess its establishment and parasitism efficiency. The results indicated that M. paniculata buds sized 1.0 to 2.6 cm are best for egg laying, and buds averaging 4.3 cm are better for feeding. The egg, nymph and total viabilities, and the egg-stage duration of D. citri were not affected by the different hosts M. paniculata and M. koenigii; however, the nymphal stage and the total development duration were longer on M. paniculata, for which D. citri showed a preference in the free-choice test. No difference was seen in the no-choice test. The humidity affects the emergence of T. radiata in the proposed collection system. This system reduces the time required to produce the parasitoid by up to five-fold. The food supply for adults of T. radiata did not affect the longevity or parasitism capacity. The estimated thermal-requirement models for D. citri and T. radiata are valid at higher temperatures. M. paniculata seedlings should be used only twice in rearing D. citri. The highest cost in the rearing system is due to the production of T. radiata nymphs and to labor. T. radiata established successfully in all zones tested, with good rates of nymph reduction. The mean parasitism incidence was initially high and then became variable, and was affected by the season of the year.

In this thesis, ammonia (NH3) decomposition was assessed as a fuel processing technology for producing on-demand hydrogen (H2) for portable and distributed fuel cell applications. This study was motivated by the present lack of infrastructure to generate H2 for proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. An overview of past and recent worldwide research activities in the development of reactor technologies for portable and distributed hydrogen generation via NH3 decomposition was presented in Chapter 2. The objective was to uncover the principal challenges relating to the state-of-the-art in reactor technology and obtain a basis for future improvements. Several important aspects such as reactor design, operability, power generation capacity and efficiency (conversion and energy) were appraised for innovative reactor technologies vis-à-vis microreactors, monolithic reactors, membrane reactors, and electrochemical reactors (electrolyzers). It was observed that substantial research effort is required to progress the innovative reactors to commercialization on a wide basis. The use of integrated experimental-mathematical modelling approach (useful in attaining accurately optimized designs) was notably non-existent for all reactors throughout the surveyed openliterature. Microchannel reactors were however identified as a transformative reactor technology for producing on-demand H2 for PEM cell applications. Against this background, miniaturized H2 production in a stand-alone ammonia-fuelled microchannel reactor (reformer) washcoated with a commercial Ni-Pt/Al2O3 catalyst (ActiSorb® O6) was demonstrated successfully in Chapter 3. The reformer performance was evaluated by investigating the effect of reaction temperature (450–700 °C) and gas-hourly-space-velocity (6 520–32 600 Nml gcat -1 h-1) on key performance parameters including NH3 conversion, residual NH3 concentration, H2 production rate, and pressure drop. Particular attention was devoted to defining operating conditions that minimised residual NH3 in reformate gas, while producing H2 at a satisfactory rate. The reformer operated in a daily start-up and shut-down (DSS)-like mode for a total 750 h comprising of 125 cycles, all to mimic frequent intermittent operation envisaged for fuel cell systems. The reformer exhibited remarkable operation demonstrating 98.7% NH3 conversion at 32 600 Nml gcat -1 h-1 and 700 °C to generate an estimated fuel cell power output of 5.7 We and power density of 16 kWe L-1 (based on effective reactor volume). At the same time, reformer operation yielded low pressure drop (<10 Pa mm-1) for all conditions considered. Overall, the microchannel reformer performed sufficiently exceptional to warrant serious consideration in supplying H2 to low-power fuel cell systems. In Chapter 4, hydrogen production from the Ni-Pt-washcoated ammonia-fuelled microchannel reactor was mathematically simulated in a three-dimensional (3D) CFD model implemented via Comsol Multiphysics™. The objective was to obtain an understanding of reaction-coupled transport phenomena as well as a fundamental explanation of the observed microchannel reactor performance. The transport processes and reactor performance were elucidated in terms of velocity, temperature, and species concentration distributions, as well as local reaction rate and NH3 conversion profiles. The baseline case was first investigated to comprehend the behavior of the microchannel reactor, then microstructural design and operating parameters were methodically altered around the baseline conditions to explore the optimum values (case-study optimization). The modelling results revealed that an optimum NH3 space velocity (GHSV) of 65.2 Nl gcat -1 h-1 yields 99.1% NH3 conversion and a power density of 32 kWe L-1 at the highest operating temperature of 973 K. It was also shown that a 40-μm-thick porous washcoat was most desirable at these conditions. Finally, a low channel hydraulic diameter (225 μm) was observed to contribute to high NH3 conversion. Most importantly, mass transport limitations in the porouswashcoat and gas-phase were found to be negligible as depicted by the Damköhler and Fourier numbers, respectively. The experimental microchannel reactor produced 98.2% NH3 conversion and a power density of 30.8 kWe L-1 when tested at the optimum operating conditions established by the model. Good agreement with experimental data was observed, so the integrated experimental-modeling approach used here may well provide an incisive step toward the efficient design of ammonia-fuelled microchannel reformers. In Chapter 5, the prospect of producing H2 via ammonia (NH3) decomposition was evaluated in an experimental stand-alone microchannel reactor wash-coated with a commercial Cs-promoted Ru/Al2O3 catalyst (ACTA Hypermec 10010). The reactor performance was investigated under atmospheric pressure as a function of reaction temperature (723–873 K) and gas-hourly-space-velocity (65.2–326.1 Nl gcat -1 h-1). Ammonia conversion of 99.8% was demonstrated at 326.1 Nl gcat -1 h-1 and 873 K. The H2 produced at this operating condition was sufficient to yield an estimated fuel cell power output of 60 We and power density of 164 kWe L-1. Overall, the Ru-based microchannel reactor outperformed other NH3 microstructured reformers reported in literature including the Ni-based system used in Chapter 3. Furthermore, the microchannel reactor showed a superior performance against a fixed-bed tubular microreactor with the same Ru-based catalyst. Overall, the high H2 throughput exhibited may promote widespread use of the Ru-based micro-reaction system in high-power applications. Four peer-reviewed journal publications and six conference publications resulted from this work.
PhD (Chemical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

碩士
輔仁大學
企業管理學系管理學碩士在職專班
106
The case company has been put into the production of water-stopping needles since 2001 .The output value of this industry is expanding year by year. The main reason is that the leakage of buildings in Taiwan is a serious problem. The cause of water leakage is quite complicated. It is mainly divided into natural factors and human factors. The average annual rainfall in Taiwan exceeds 100 days. The water content of the land is high. In addition, Taiwan’s geographical location is also located on the circum-Pacific seismic belt. These large and small earthquakes caused cracks in buildings. As a result, problems such as insufficient strength of built structures and leakage of water are caused. In addition, the construction of reinforced concrete has a certain useful life. With the wind, the sun, and the rain will gradually wear out the life of the building. On the other hand, Taiwan’s building regulations have loopholes. In order to build a waterproof project, builders are not sure or cut corners. The issue of leakage of new construction has been heard. In the case of natural and man-made unfavorable factors, the problem of leakage has not yet been seen. Perfusion technology developed early in Japan. The use of needles to inject drugs into the cracks serves as structural reinforcement. Later in the development of the German injection machine, The method of reinforcing the structure with the injection machine with a water-stopping needle. This method improves the speed and quality of the perfusion. Taiwan has developed this technology to prevent water leakage. The content of the foaming agent is very good.In the past 20 years, this engineering method has been widely used in Taiwan. Although the pouring machine and the sealing needle are both products of the company. However, this study only analyzed the main product waterstop needles. As a result of this study, some Taiwanese traders have introduced this technology into the United States, Japan, Europe and Southeast Asian countries. In particular, the construction industry in Southeast Asia is starting. Demand increases year by year. It is bound to bring a huge market for related products that infuse technology.

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
土木工程系所
99
PVC waterstops is the important element placed between construction and expansion joints of concrete slabs for preventing the leakage of subsurface structures. Teflon coated thermostatic electric iron is commonly used for PVC waterstops welding in the European countries and United States of American. In addition, hog rings are also used to fasten waterstops on the adjacent steel bars for preventing the dislocation of PVC waterstops during concrete pouring stage. These construction techniques are recommended to be used in Taiwan. Water source, water path, and seepage water pressure are the three important items to cause leakage at subsurface concrete joints. To eliminate any one of these items for subsurface structures would prevent leakage. Therefore, designing waterstops welding at higher location, adding silicon gel around welding location, and placing expanded polyethylene geofoam at expansion joints would reduce the potential of leakage near PVC waterstops. Moreover, waterstops specifications, construction guidance, and test standards should be updated by government agencies in the near future. IV Polyethylene and thermoplastic vulcanized (TPV) waterstops are recommended to be used for drinking water and chemical storage facilities.

碩士
國立中興大學
高階經理人碩士在職專班
107
The foundry industry in Taiwan has a long development history and has apparently gained a foothold in Taiwan’s domestic manufacturing industry. However, the foundry industry experiences certain crisis in the face of economic environment changes, industry offshoring, and labor shortage. To overcome the hindrance, most businesses will choose to create their original brands, expand their business, and aim for sustainable development. This research focuses on Waterson Corp. as a case study to examine the factors of the company’s successful transformation and the possible difficulties it may face by analyzing the resource capacity in the development process of OEM, ODM, and today’s OBM. The research structure is divided into two aspects, the outer factors and the inner factors. The outer factors focus on the analysis of the business’ five forces; the inner factors focus on technology innovation and changes in the operation model during the process of brand development. The research presents a conclusion as well as operational suggestions to the corporation. Establishing and developing a private brand is a feasible solution for many businesses in Taiwan which can possibly lead to successful innovation. This research aims to provide reference information to businesses when they create brand development.

碩士
國立中興大學
高階經理人碩士在職專班
107
Abstract With the rise of Industry 4.0, manufacturing industry in Taiwan must respond to the totally new competitive model after global industrial industry being upgraded; with the environmental changes leading to the structural changes, in addition to the problems of rising production costs, human resource management faces the problems such as labor shortage and talent loss. In order to improve competitiveness and solve these problems, the manufacturing industry has to be reformed by way of Industry 4.0. Industry 4.0 is a total life-cycle management and service that the overall system is included, through the integration of the virtual and real, and through the cloud technology to real-timely monitor the current situations of the machines and analyze the end users to drive production, from customer-service-driven research and development to supply chain management and production. Through Industry 4.0, the manufacturing industry, starting from the phase of research and development design, can reduce the time and cost of development and testing; from the production phase, the industry can reduce production time and effectively reduce inventory in order to automatically and optimally adjust production lines. Only industrial upgrade can solve the problem that the manufacturing industry has to respond to rapid changes in the market, but the production conditions cannot quickly and agilely. This study, through the in-depth interviews with experts, about the appropriateness of introducing Industry 4.0 in manufacturing industry and the factors to consider when upgrading industry, discusses how to improve the production modes of the traditional manufacturing industry, and revitalizes the industry to enter the international market.

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
水土保持系所
106
Taitung County is located in eastern Taiwan close to the Central Mountain Range.The hillside occupies 94 percent of area. As of 2018, there are 166 the potential debris flow torrent. According to data analysis, there are 32 debris flow torrent types of potential debris flow torrent belonging to small and steep Watersted. Ifwe can establish a good governance approach,It will be beneficial to reduce the waste of government resources and safeguard the rights and interests of the people.In this case study, a case study was conducted using the standard disaster case “ the special soil and water conservation area in Taitung DF020 potential debris flow torrent”.Five themes are discussed includingSoil and Water Conservation in Agricultural and Forest Lands, Management of Landslide, Safe Drainage, Potential Debris Flow Torrent andExisting facility maintenance management.Discussion results mentioned the ways of hillside development and utilization to manage improvement and Suggestion of landslide control. In addition, the bank of the potential stream of the earth and rocky stream is mainly project-based, with the goal of stabilizing and maintaining adequate flood-cross sections.Avoid panning and overflowing. Among them, the establishment of a settling basin in the middle and lower reaches is particularly important.The downstream needs safe drainage and related enough settling basin.It is also recommended that all districts regularly check and maintain the effectiveness of existing governance facilities. During the discussion, it was learned that the main problem of protential debris flow torrentatof Small and Steep Waterstedin the Rift Valley in Taitung is that the downstream soil sand cannot be naturally transported, resulting in silting. Therefore, it is suggested to use multiple settling basin in the middle and upper reaches to keep the soil on the slopes.Downstream settling basin are regularly cleaned by human to maintain efficiency.The concept of soil amortization should be a better way of governance.