Academic literature on the topic 'Watson Sr'

This paper explores and examines how caring is defined. Acentral emphasis is placed upon theoretical frameworks of human caring developed by a number of scholars in the field of nursing and the social sciences. In particular, the espoused theories of Milton Mayeroff, Jean Watson, Kristin Swanson, Sr. Simone Roach, Madeleine Leininger, Anne Boykin and Savinia Schoenhofer, Virginia Knowlden, Sigridur Halldorsdottir, Marilyn Ray, and Delores Gaut are compared and analyzed. Within this exploration to define caring, the lens or perspective through which each theorist views the concept of caring will become more evident, providing the nurse with a greater depth and breadth of knowledge that can be directly applied to practice.

In the decade after the Second World War IBM rebuilt its European operations as integrated, wholly owned subsidiaries of its World Trade Corporation, chartered in 1949. Long before the European common market eliminated trade barriers, IBM created its own internal networks of trade, allocating the production of different components and products between its new subsidiaries. Their exchange relationships were managed centrally to ensure that no European subsidiary was a consistent net importer. At the heart of this system were eight national electric typewriter plants, each assembling parts produced by other European countries. IBM promoted these transnational typewriters as symbols of a new and peaceful Europe and its leader, Thomas J. Watson, Sr., was an enthusiastic supporter of early European moves toward economic integration. We argue that IBM’s humble typewriter and its innovative system of distributed manufacturing laid the groundwork for its later domination of the European computer business and provided a model for the development of transnational European institutions.

Abstract Chemical diffusion of Ti has been measured in natural K-feldspar and plagioclase. The sources of diffusant used were TiO2 powders or pre-annealed mixtures of TiO2 and Al2O3. Experiments were run in crimped Pt capsules in air or in sealed silica glass capsules with solid buffers (to buffer at NNO). Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) was used to measure Ti diffusion profiles. From these measurements, the following Arrhenius relations are obtained for diffusion normal to (001):For oligoclase, over the temperature range 750–1050 °C:DOlig=6.67×10-12exp(-207±31kJ/mol/RT)m2s-1For labradorite, over the temperature range 900–1150 °C:DLab=of4.37×10-14exp(-181±57kJ/mol/RT)m2s-1For K-feldspar, over the temperature range 800–1000 °C:DKsp=3.01×10-6exp(-342±47kJ/mol/RT)m2s-1. Diffusivities for experiments buffered at NNO are similar to those run in air, and the presence of hydrous species appears to have little effect on Ti diffusion. Ti diffusion also shows little evidence of anisotropy. In plagioclase, there appears to be a dependence of Ti diffusion on An content of the feldspar, with Ti diffusing more slowly in more calcic plagioclase. This trend is similar to that observed for other cations in plagioclase, including Sr, Pb, Ba, REE, Si, and Mg. In the case of Ti, an increase of 30% in An content would result in an approximate decrease in diffusivity of an order of magnitude. These data indicate that feldspar should be moderately retentive of Ti chemical signatures, depending on feldspar composition. Ti will be more resistant to diffusional alteration than Sr. For example, Ti zoning on a 50 μm scale in oligoclase would be preserved at 600 °C for durations of ~1 million years, with Sr zoning preserved only for ~70 000 yr at this temperature. These new data for a trace impurity that is relatively slow-diffusing and ubiquitous in feldspars (Hoff and Watson 2018) have the potential to extend the scope and applicability of t-T models for crustal rocks based on measurements of trace elements in feldspars.

BackgroundOptimal surgical intervention for low-grade haemorrhoids is unknown. Rubber band ligation (RBL) is probably the most common intervention. Haemorrhoidal artery ligation (HAL) is a novel alternative that may be more efficacious.ObjectiveThe comparison of HAL with RBL for the treatment of grade II/III haemorrhoids.DesignA multicentre, parallel-group randomised controlled trial.PerspectiveUK NHS and Personal Social Services.Setting17 NHS Trusts.ParticipantsPatients aged ≥ 18 years presenting with grade II/III (second- and third-degree) haemorrhoids, including those who have undergone previous RBL.InterventionsHAL with Doppler probe compared with RBL.OutcomesPrimary outcome – recurrence at 1 year post procedure; secondary outcomes – recurrence at 6 weeks; haemorrhoid severity score; European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions, 5-level version (EQ-5D-5L); Vaizey incontinence score; pain assessment; complications; and cost-effectiveness.ResultsA total of 370 participants entered the trial. At 1 year post procedure, 30% of the HAL group had evidence of recurrence compared with 49% after RBL [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 2.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.42 to 3.51;p = 0.0005]. The main reason for the difference was the number of extra procedures required to achieve improvement/cure. If a single HAL is compared with multiple RBLs then only 37.5% recurred in the RBL arm (adjusted OR 1.35, 95% CI 0.85 to 2.15;p = 0.20). Persistence of significant symptoms at 6 weeks was lower in both arms than at 1 year (9% HAL and 29% RBL), suggesting significant deterioration in both groups over the year. Symptom score, EQ-5D-5L and Vaizey score improved in both groups compared with baseline, but there was no difference between interventions. Pain was less severe and of shorter duration in the RBL group; most of the HAL group who had pain had mild to moderate pain, resolving by 3 weeks. Complications were low frequency and not significantly different between groups. It appeared that HAL was not cost-effective compared with RBL. In the base-case analysis, the difference in mean total costs was £1027 higher for HAL. Quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) were higher for HAL; however, the difference was very small (0.01) resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of £104,427 per additional QALY.ConclusionsAt 1 year, although HAL resulted in fewer recurrences, recurrence was similar to repeat RBL. Symptom scores, complications, EQ-5D-5L and continence score were no different, and patients had more pain in the early postoperative period after HAL. HAL is more expensive and unlikely to be cost-effective in terms of incremental cost per QALY.LimitationsBlinding of participants and site staff was not possible.Future workThe incidence of recurrence may continue to increase with time. Further follow-up would add to the evidence regarding long-term clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. The polysymptomatic nature of haemorrhoidal disease requires a validated scoring system, and the data from this trial will allow further assessment of validity of such a system. These data add to the literature regarding treatment of grade II/III haemorrhoids. The results dovetail with results from the eTHoS study [Watson AJM, Hudson J, Wood J, Kilonzo M, Brown SR, McDonald A,et al.Comparison of stapled haemorrhoidopexy with traditional excisional surgery for haemorrhoidal disease (eTHoS): a pragmatic, multicentre, randomised controlled trial.Lancet2016, in press.] comparing stapled haemorrhoidectomy with excisional haemorrhoidectomy. Combined results will allow expansion of analysis, allowing surgeons to tailor their treatment options to individual patients.Trial registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN41394716.FundingThis project was funded by the NIHR Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full inHealth Technology Assessment; Vol. 20, No. 88. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

Abstract Introduction. – The Jbel Saghro alkaline complex was emplaced close to the eastern edge of the Moroccan Anti-Atlas. Within the northern part, two types of nephelinite were recognized [Ibhi and Nachit, 1999 and Ibhi, 2000]. The first type (olivine-rich nephelinite) constitutes the main volcanic mass south of the Bou Gafer granit (fig. 1), where the volcanism had been active at least during 2 Ma, between 9.6 and 7.5 ± 0.1 Ma [Berrahma et al., 1993]. The second group outcrops in the north (Foum El Kouss). It consists of pyroxene nephelinites which are younger (2.9 ± 0.1 Ma) [Berrahma et al., 1993], and bears carbonatitic xenoliths, melteigitic pyroxenites and metasomatised peridotite xenoliths. Geochemically, the pyroxene nephelinite is highly enriched in LILE compared with the first one. The mineralogical and geochemical characteristics may be explained by the incorporation of carbonatitic and melteigitic pyroxenite segregates of carbonatitic affinity. Petrology and mineralogy. – Nephelinites. – The chemical analyses of minerals were done using the microprobe SX 50 of the micro-analysis laboratory (University of Nancy I) and of CAMPARIS (Paris VI). Chemical compositions of minerals are presented in table I. The petrographical and mineralogical studies show that these nephelinites could be subdivided into two groups : – olivine nephelinites (according to the terminology of Le Bas [1987]) are more or less rich in coloured minerals : olivine (Fo80–85), Ti-rich augite (3.8 to 4.5 wt. % TiO2) with relatively low Na2O (0.5 to 0.9 wt. %) and oxide (Ti-magnetite). Olivine phenocrysts are always present while augite exists only in the form of micro-phenocrysts. The groundmass is made up of augite, nepheline and Fe-Ti oxide micro-crystals; – clinopyroxene-rich nephelinites with strongly zoned phenocrysts;the green core of phenocrysts is Fe-rich diopside (11.4 to 13.4 wt % FeO and high Na2O up to 2,2 % wt. %). The rim is Ti-rich augite, similar to the augite micro-phenocrysts from olivine nephelinites. The olivines (Fo78–82) are present in the form of sub-automorph crystals of a composition less magnesian than that of the lower flow. The groundmass is formed by nepheline, plagioclase, sanidine and Ti-magnetite micro-crystals. Nature of enclaves Carbonatites. – Pyroxene nephelinite are characterized by the presence of calcite carbonatitic xenoliths. Their size is variable (a few millimeters to a few centimeters) and their texture is generally granular to micro-granular. Carbonate (table II) is a low-Mg (less than 0.4 wt. % MgO) calcite with high SrO (up to 3.4 wt. %) and relatively high BaO (1.2 wt. %). Rare Ba-Ti biotite, containing up to 21.5 wt. % BaO and 13.8 wt. % TiO2, occurs in the groundmass of most samples, along with SrO-rich (1.8 wt. %) fluorapatite (4 wt. % F). The pyrochlore is a niobozirconolite of a structural formula CaZr(Ti, Fe, Nb)2O7, generally associated to the magnetite and the apatite [Williams, 1996]. The mean for Nb2O5 of 4 analyses is 20.1 wt. % (range 17.5 to 20.9 wt. %), and for Zr O2 the mean is 23.2 wt. % (range 21.7 to 25.5 wt.). The clinopyroxene is diopside with Na2O up to 0.7 wt. % and Al2O3 up to 1.5 wt. % (table II). The presence of Sr-rich calcite and pyrochlore establish the carbonatitic nature of the xenolith [Ngwenya and Bailley, 1990]. According to the geothermometers of Stormer and Carmichael [1971], revised by Andersen and Austrheim [1991], the temperatures calculated for the exchange reaction F / OH between biotite and apatite, are situated between 650 and 665°C. Mineralogical studies do not allow the pressure of inhaduction for carbonatites, however the absence of dolomite suggests that their crystallization took place at pressures lower than to 3 kbar, according to the remarks by Le Bas [1987]. Peridotites. – The peridotite xenoliths contained in the nephelinites of Jbel Saghro are all, according to Hart’s [1977] nomenclature, of a porphyroclastic texture with a granuloblastic tendency. Two types can be mineralogically distinguished (table III) : – the first one does not contain any trace of destabilisation. It is characterized by an assemblage of minerals in equilibrium and with composition typical of mantle lherzolites : olivine (Fo90–91), orthopyroxene (En90–92), diopside (Ca46–59 Fe05–07 Mg43–47) and spinelle (mg* = 82 and 100 × Cr / (Cr+Al) = 10), which can be considered as primary ; – the second type, which occurs only in pyroxene nephelinites, is characterized by the presence of millimetric and pale-green reactional aggregates which are scattered throughout the sample and filled by a microgranular mineral assemblage. These aggregates are interconnected by a microveinlet network. The microgranular mineral assemblage consists of green diopside (containing up to 0.67 wt. % Al2O3 and 2,2 % wt. Cr2O3) rich in fluid inclusions of CO2, olivine (Fo90 – 91), chromite (100 × Cr / (Cr+Al) = 72 to 79) and interstitial anorthoclase (Ab52–56 , Or41–45 , An01–02). The scanning electronic microscope equally shows the presence of very small apatite crystals in these aggregates. Melteigitic pyroxenite cumulates. – A melteigitic pyroxenite inclusion has been found in a pyroxene nephelinite. Major phases are Na, Fe rich (4 wt. % Na2O and 20 wt. % FeO) diopside, nepheline (Ne69 – Ks27 – Qz04) and SrO rich (1.5 wt. %) fluorapatite (3.5 wt. % F). Carbonate globules are common in these xenoliths. The carbonate is SrO rich (2.3 to 5.0 wt. %), FeO, MgO and LREE barely detectable with the electron microprobe. Geochemistry. – Major and trace element analyses for Jbel Saghro nephelinite and carbonatite xenoliths are presented in table IV. Major elements were analyzed by ICP and trace elements by ICP-MS with LabRobStation system (rocks and minerals analysis service, Nancy). The nephelinites are strongly SiO2 undersaturated (< 43 wt. %) and they contain 15 to 25 % of normative nepheline. Globally, the two types of nephelinites show similar trends, which suggests a possible common source. According to this hypothesis, the LILE increase observed in the pyroxene nephelinites can be explained by a decrease of partial melting rate, which would be in agreement with its higher under-saturation in SiO2. However, in comparison with the olivine nephelinites, the pyroxene nephelinites are clearly enriched in HREE (fig. 2) and in the less incompatible elements (fig. 3) while the Th, U, Rb, and K concentrations are similar. This observation argues against the previous hypothesis and suggests a more complicated petrogenetic process for the pyroxene nephelinite. Discussions and conclusions. – The petrological study of peridotite xenoliths from the pyroxene nephelinite shows that the lithospheric mantle of this region was metasomatised. Metasomatism is represented by extensive petrological and mineralogical changes [Ibhi et al., 1999c]. The reactions produce aggregates, which are predominantly composed of high-Cr diopside, alkali feldspar, chromite and apatite. The paragenesis described in these samples and the experimental data on the peridotite-carbonate systems [Brey et al., 1983] suggest that the reacting fluid was carbonate rich. The abundance of CO2 inclusions observed in these peridotites also favours this interpretation. It remains to be seen whether a carbonatitic origin is possible for these pyroxenite cumulates. Their mineralogy (diopside + apatite + Ti-magnetite + nepheline + calcite) is well known in the pyroxenites of carbonatitic complexes [Le Bas, 1977; Bouabdli, 1994], they can be considered as melteigitic. The petrogenetic relationship between carbonatites and pyroxene nephelinites has been previously emphasised by Le Bas [1987]. Globally, the pyroxene nephelinites are caracterized by: (i) the presence of phenocrysts of highly reverse zoned clinopyroxene : green core of Na, Fe rich diopside partially resorbed and pink rim of augite (table I), this one is rich fluid CO2 inclusions; (ii) the presence of small carbonatite xenoliths, (iii) a considerable enrichment in HREE and in the less incompatible elements while the Th, U, Rb, and K concentrations are similar. This shows that there is an intervention of carbonatite segregates in the petrogenesis of these pyroxene nephelinite. The intervention of a carbonatitic component during the petrogenesis of the Jbel Saghro pyroxene nephelinite can be geochemically evidenced by the variations of ratios implying trace elements fractionated by carbonates [Hamilton et al., 1989; Brenan and Watson, 1991]. Thus, the decrease of Hf / Sm and the increase of Ba / Th and Sr / Th between olivine nephelinite and pyroxene nephelinite are in good agreement with this carbonatitic influence.