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Journal articles on the topic 'Wave overtopping'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Gu, Jiayue, Xin Hu, Shuguang Liu, and Quanhe Ju. "INFLUENCE OF CROWN-WALL ON WAVE OVERTOPPING PROBABILITY AND PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OVER A SEAWALL." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.structures.70.

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In the past decades, the crest height of the seawall was determined by the allowable average wave overtopping rate q. Franco (1994) concluded that individual wave overtoppingï¼Œparticularly the maximum individual volume, provided a better design method than q, considering the stability of the seawall and the safety of vehicles and people along the coastal area protected by the coastal defense structures. Shanghai, located on the west bank of the Pacific Ocean, is quite sensitive to the risk of storm surges and violent wave overtopping. The crown-wall serves as an engineering measure to reduce

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2

Lee, Woo-Dong, Taegeon Hwang, and Taeyoon Kim. "Inundation Characteristics of Solitary Waves According to Revetment Type." Water 14, no. 23 (2022): 3814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14233814.

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Wave absorbers installed in front of revetments are effective in reducing wave overtopping and inundation caused by periodic waves. The wave absorbers’ mechanism of reducing wave overtopping and inundation caused by long-period waves such as tsunamis and storm surges is not clearly understood. This study conducted a physical modeling test and numerical analysis based on a large eddy simulation model using in-house code to examine the characteristics of wave overtopping and inundation according to the revetment type for solitary waves. In a vertical revetment (VR), the dominant vertical velocit

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3

Sawaragi, Toru, Ichiro Deguchi, and San-Kil Park. "REDUCTION OF WAVE OVERTOPPING RATE BY THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL REEFS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 21 (1988): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v21.23.

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A wave overtopping rate from a sea dike of various toe depths is formulated based on a weir model in an unidirectional flow. To evaluated the wave overtopping rate from a seadike on an artificial reef by the weir model, a numerical procedure for predicting wave transformations including the effect of forced wave breaking on the reef is constructed. After confirming the applicability of the model through experiments with regular and irregular waves, the effect of artificial reef on wave overtopping is discussed. So-called individual wave analysis method is shown to he applicable to the wave ove

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4

Gent, Marcel R. A. van. "WAVE OVERTOPPING AT DIKES AND BREAKWATERS UNDER OBLIQUE WAVE ATTACK." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 37 (September 1, 2023): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.papers.5.

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The crest level of coastal structures such as dikes and breakwaters is often based on estimates of the amount of wave overtopping. One of the important parameters affecting wave overtopping is the angle of the incident waves since oblique waves can significantly reduce the amount of wave overtopping compared to perpendicular wave attack. Based on 3D physical model tests on dikes, rubble mound breakwaters and vertical caisson breakwaters, the influence of oblique wave attack has been evaluated. A new expression for oblique waves has been derived that can be applied for all tested structure type

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5

Spek, Bart-Jan van der, Eelco Bijl, Jentsje van der Meer, Maximilian Streicher, Peter Troch, and Pierre-Yves Guillermin. "WAVE OVERTOPPING CHARACTERISTICS FOR A DOUBLE VERTICAL WALL AND THE EFFECT OF PARAPETS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 37 (September 1, 2023): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.papers.34.

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The mean wave overtopping discharge and extreme overtopping volumes were assessed for a double vertical wall solution, including the combined effect of the mutual distance and effect of parapets, also known as wave return walls or bullnoses. New empirical functions were derived for predicting the mean overtopping discharge and maximum overtopping volumes applicable for this design case. This study demonstrates the importance of analyzing the statistical characteristics of extreme overtopping volumes, especially for cases with low number of overtopping waves and steep volume distributions. It i

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6

Veale, William, Tomohiro Suzuki, Toon Verwaest, Koen Trouw, and Tina Mertens. "INTEGRATED DESIGN OF COASTAL PROTECTION WORKS FOR WENDUINE, BELGIUM." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (2012): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.structures.70.

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Wave overtopping tests were performed with a 1:25 physical scale model to determine the optimal geometry for design of new wave return walls at Wenduine, Belgium. Wave overtopping on the shallow foreshore at Wenduine was found to be dominated by low-frequency infragravity waves (f < 0.04 Hz at prototype scale). Mean wave overtopping discharge measured with the physical model compared well with the Van Gent (1999) empirical overtopping equations for shallow foreshores. Physical model tests confirmed that the stilling wave basin concept proposed by Geerearts, et al. (2006) and wave wall parap

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7

Van der Meer, Jentsje Wouter, Bianca Hardeman, Gosse Jan Steendam, Holger Schuttrumpf, and Henk Verheij. "FLOW DEPTHS AND VELOCITIES AT CREST AND LANDWARD SLOPE OF A DIKE, IN THEORY AND WITH THE WAVE OVERTOPPING SIMULATOR." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 32 (2011): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.structures.10.

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Wave overtopping discharges at coastal structures are well described in the EurOtop Manual (2007), including the distribution of overtopping wave volumes. Each volume that overtops a dike or levee will have a certain flow velocity and depth record in time, often given by the maximum velocity and flow depth. This paper describes some further development of the theory on flow depth and velocities on the crest, but will also show an inconsistency with respect to the mass balance. The second part of the paper gives an analysis of measured values on real dikes, simulated by the Wave Overtopping Sim

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8

Eslami A., Sepehr, and Marcel R. A. Van Gent. "WAVE OVERTOPPING AND RUBBLE MOUND STABILITY UNDER COMBINED LOADING OF WAVES AND CURRENT." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 32 (2011): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.structures.12.

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Coastal structures such as breakwaters are usually studied under wave loading only. However, at several locations also a current is present. For instance, breakwaters along intake and outfall channels of power plants and desalination plants, or structures in regions with important tidal currents, experience wave loading that can be affected by currents. Nevertheless, wave overtopping and rubble mound stability are usually studied under wave loading only; the effects of waves on wave overtopping and rock slope stability have been summarised in many empirical design formulae. None of the existin

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9

Thaha, Muhammad Arsyad, P. H. Mukhsan, A. M. Subhan, and A. Ildha Dwipuspita. "Single Slope Shore Protection as a Wave Energy Catcher." MATEC Web of Conferences 203 (2018): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820301008.

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Wave energy is being increasingly regarded in many countries as a major, promising and renewable resource. This paper presents the development of slope coastal protection as a wave energy converter by capturing sea water into the reservoir through overtopping process. Physical models simulation were conducted at The Laboratory of Coastal Engineering, Hasanuddin University. A model of 30 cm x 90 cm in the 30° degree of slope made from acrylic material equipped with a reservoir at the top surface of the structures to catch seawater through run up and overtopping. Models were simulated with vario

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10

Kerpen, Nils B., and Torsten Schlurmann. "WAVE OVERTOPPING AT DYKES WITH TOPPED VERTICAL WALL - IMPACTS OF OBLIQUE WAVE ATTACK." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (2012): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.structures.60.

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Hydraulic model tests at a scale of 1:10 are carried out in a 40 m x 25 m wave basin with a state-of-the-art 3D wave generator in order to collect wave overtopping data at vertical walls and dykes with topped vertical walls. Wave conditions in the near field of the structures, velocities under waves and the mean overtopping discharge are measured. The experiments have been commissioned by the Lower Saxony Water Management, Coastal Defense and Nature Conservation Agency (NLWKN) with the purpose to deliver essential overtopping data for validation of numerical models. Two main geometries are ana

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11

Dong, Shudi, Soroush Abolfathi, Md Salauddin, and Jonathan Pearson. "SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF WAVE-BY-WAVE OVERTOPPING AT VERTICAL SEAWALLS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36v (December 28, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.structures.17.

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Over the years, many physical and numerical modelling research has been carried out to investigate the wave-structure interactions and the resulting mean overtopping characteristics at sea defences. The most reliable empirical predication formulae for prediction of mean overtopping rates have been reported in the overtopping manual, EurOtop (2018). In addition to average overtopping rates, in recent years, the spatial distribution of overtopped water has become an important topic of research to understand the safe zone behind coastal defences. The existing empirical formulae for spatial distri

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12

Vanneste, Dieter, Marc Willems, Sieglien De Roo, Tomohiro Suzuki, Maximilian Streicher, and Peter Troch. "WAVE OVERTOPPING OVER A SEA DIKE WITH STILLING WAVE BASIN AND SHALLOW FORESHORE." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 38 (May 29, 2025): 8. https://doi.org/10.9753/icce.v38.structures.8.

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In the past decade, sea dikes were renovated at different locations along the Belgian coast using the concept of a stilling wave basin. Although different in geometrical details, all sea dikes use the same concept: (i) the impact of the incoming waves is reduced by the first seaward wall; (ii) overtopping waves are reflected by the second landward wall, positioned at a certain distance of the first wall on the dike’s crest and (iii) the overtopped volume is flowing back through voids in the seaward wall. In this way, overtopping discharges can be kept to tolerable limits whilst maintaining the

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13

Musa, M. A., M. F. Roslan, M. F. Ahmad, et al. "The Influence of Ramp Shape Parameters on Performance of Overtopping Breakwater for Energy Conversion." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 11 (2020): 875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8110875.

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Overtopping breakwater for energy conversion (OBREC) is integration between breakwater and wave energy converter (WEC) that allows incoming waves to be stored in the reservoir. The higher the overtopping amount collected in a reservoir, the greater the energy generated will be. Hence, most of the overtopping concept has attempted to maximize the inclusion of water in the reservoir by optimizing geometrical parameters, particularly the ramp angle. However, the studies corresponding to ramp shapes geometries have not been adequately reviewed. Most studies only focused on the usage of linear over

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14

Gao, Yangyang, Linguang Ren, and Lizhong Wang. "Experimental Investigation of Wave Propagation and Overtopping over Seawalls on a Reef Flat." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 4 (2023): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11040836.

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A series of physical model tests were performed to investigate the wave propagation, pressure, and wave overtopping processes for vertical and sloped seawalls on the reef flat. For both regular and irregular waves, the effects of incident wave height, wave period, relative distance, fore reef slope, and still-water depth on wave propagation, wave pressure distribution, and mean wave overtopping discharge were investigated. The peak pressure increased with the increase in incident wave height and decreased with the increase in relative distance and fore reef slope. The mean wave overtopping dis

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15

Tao, Yuan. "Experimental Study on Surge Overtopping Process of Earthen Embankments and Calculation of First Surge Wave Discharge." Sea Exploitation and Environment 1 (April 27, 2023): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.62813/sea.2024.01.01.

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The landslide-induced surge overtopping of embankments not only causes damage to the dam body but also poses a threat to downstream life and property. This paper explored the process of surge overtopping caused by landslides through model experiments, calculated the first surge wave overtopping discharge using empirical formulas, and evaluated the overtopping discharge at Vajont Dam in Italy. The study revealed that the first wave of landslide-induced surge carried higher energy than subsequent waves, and the surge waves action on the downslope of the embankment was non-uniform. The subsequent

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16

Chen, Xuexue, Wael Hassan, Wim Uijttewaal, et al. "HYDRODYNAMIC LOAD ON THE BUILDING CAUSED BY OVERTOPPING WAVES." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (2012): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.structures.59.

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Wide crested dike can reduce the kinetic energy of the overtopping wave and make the overtopping wave to flow back to the seaside. If a coastal town were built on or near a dike, the overtopping wave running on the dike crest generates the force which can affect the buildings located in its path. However, quantifying the hydrodynamic load on the building caused by overtopping waves is not straightforward because little empirical formulas are given in literature for this kind of configuration. Therefore, physical scale model research was carried out. The purpose of this research is to come up w

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17

Franco, Leopoldo, Tom Bruce, Claudia Cecioni, Yuri Pepi, and Jentsje Van der Meer. "VIOLENT AND IMPULSIVE WAVE OVERTOPPING AT VERTICAL WALLS WITH LARGE FREEBOARDS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 37 (September 1, 2023): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.structures.40.

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Vertical walls are designed and built to protect coastal areas or harbours. Typically, these structures are installed in relatively deep water where incoming waves are reflected without breaking. In such cases the available prediction methods for wave overtopping discharge are well established. When the relative water depth h/Hm0 becomes smaller, waves start shoaling on the foreshore and breaking can occur leading to impulsive conditions. The present overtopping prediction methods (EurOtop, 2018) under impulsive conditions have been proposed by Van der Meer and Bruce (2014) including data from

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18

Neves, Maria Graça, Eric Didier, Moisés Brito, and María Clavero. "Numerical and Physical Modelling of Wave Overtopping on a Smooth Impermeable Dike with Promenade under Strong Incident Waves." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 8 (2021): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9080865.

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This paper presents a study of run-up/overtopping over a smooth impermeable dike with promenade using 2D and 3D mesh-based and mesh-free numerical models and results from 2D physical modelling for strong energetic incident waves. These waves induce plunging wave breaking and a complex water/air mixture turbulent flow before overtopped the dike, a challenging configuration for numerical models. The analysis is structured in two phases: (i) evaluates the results of 2D numerical and physical models for run-up and overtopping; (ii) compares qualitatively the results of 3D numerical models for over

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19

Victor, Lander, and Peter Troch. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE OVERTOPPING BEHAVIOUR OF STEEP SLOPES – TRANSITION BETWEEN MILD SLOPES AND VERTICAL WALLS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (2012): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.structures.61.

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Extensive knowledge is available on the overtopping behaviour of traditional smooth impermeable sea defence structures, such as mildly sloping dikes and vertical walls, both typically featuring a high crest freeboard to reduce wave overtopping. A particular design application emerges in the development of wave energy converters of the overtopping type, where maximisation of wave overtopping is required, i.e. smooth impermeable steep sloping structures with low crest freeboards subjected to non-breaking waves. To date, only relatively limited knowledge is available on the overtopping behaviour

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20

Suzuki, Tomohiro, Corrado Altomare, Tomohiro Yasuda, and Toon Verwaest. "Characterization of Overtopping Waves on Sea Dikes with Gentle and Shallow Foreshores." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 10 (2020): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8100752.

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Due to ongoing climate change, overtopping risk is increasing. In order to have effective countermeasures, it is useful to understand overtopping processes in details. In this study overtopping flow on a dike with gentle and shallow foreshores are investigated using a non-hydrostatic wave-flow model, SWASH (an acronym of Simulating WAves till SHore). The SWASH model in 2DV (i.e., flume like configuration) is first validated using the data of long crested wave cases with second order wave generation in the physical model test conducted. After that it is used to produce overtopping flow in diffe

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21

Suzuki, Tomohiro, Corrado Altomare, Tomohiro Yasuda, and Toon Verwaest. "Characterization of Overtopping Waves on Sea Dikes with Gentle and Shallow Foreshores." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 10 (2020): 752. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8100752.

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Due to ongoing climate change, overtopping risk is increasing. In order to have effective countermeasures, it is useful to understand overtopping processes in details. In this study overtopping flow on a dike with gentle and shallow foreshores are investigated using a non-hydrostatic wave-flow model, SWASH (an acronym of Simulating WAves till SHore). The SWASH model in 2DV (i.e., flume like configuration) is first validated using the data of long crested wave cases with second order wave generation in the physical model test conducted. After that it is used to produce overtopping flow in diffe

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22

Paape, A. "EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON THE OVERTOPPING OF SEAWALLS BY WAVES." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 7 (2011): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v7.36.

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In the past it has been found that serious damage and breaching of seawalls is most frequently caused by overtopping. Hence for the design of seawalls data must be available about the overtopping by waves of the different profiles that might be possible. Naturally the conditions under which damage is caused to the seawall also depend on the type of construction and the materials used, for example: the stability of grass covered dikes can be endangered seriously by water flowing over the inner slope. In many designs the necessary height of a seawall has been defined such that not more than 2% o

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23

Pepi, Yuri, Maximilian Streicher, Leopoldo Franco, Giorgio Bellotti, Steven Hughes, and Peter Troch. "TIME-DEPENDENT ANALYSIS OF WAVE OVERTOPPING: DISTRIBUTION OF INDIVIDUAL VOLUMES IN VARIABLE WATER LEVELS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 38 (May 29, 2025): 114. https://doi.org/10.9753/icce.v38.structures.114.

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The rising probability of extreme wave and storm surge events poses ever greater risks to coastal structures and populations (Toimil et al., 2020). Central to the assessment of function ability of these coastal structures and cost-effectiveness in their construction is the wave overtopping. In this context, two aspects of wave overtopping are distinguished: the average wave overtopping discharge and the individual wave overtopping volume. Understanding both aspects are essential for a proper safety assessment. Recent studies emphasize the need to delve deeper into these aspects, especially by

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24

Franco, Leopoldo, Tom Bruce, Claudia Cecioni, Yuri Pepi, and Jentsie Van der Meer. "WAVE OVERTOPPING AT VERTICAL WALLS WITH LARGE FREEBOARDS AND VARIABLE WATER DEPTH." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 38 (May 29, 2025): 70. https://doi.org/10.9753/icce.v38.structures.70.

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Vertical walls serve a vital role in safeguarding coastal areas and harbors from the extreme wave conditions. These structures are typically designed for installation in deep waters (often as caissons) where conventional wave overtopping prediction methods have proven effective. Vertical walls are more common as coastal protections. However, as waves approach shallower shores, the dynamics change significantly. The onset of wave shoaling and breaking introduces impulsive conditions that pose a challenge for existing prediction methods. This research aims to deepen our understanding of wave ove

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Kashima, Hiroaki, and Katsuya Hirayama. "MECHANISM AND COUNTERMEASURES OF WAVE OVERTOPPING FOR LONG-PERIOD SWELL IN COMPLEX BATHYMETRY." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (2012): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.currents.45.

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Recently, coastal disasters due to long-period swells induced by heavy storms and catastrophic typhoons have increased at Japanese coasts and harbors. Long-period swells are more susceptible to the bottom bathymetry of the offshore deep water region and their wave heights locally increase due to the concentration of wave energy caused by the complex bottom bathymetry in the relatively shallow water region. In addition, the wave overtopping rate may increase due to the long waves in front of the seawall induced by the long-period swells. However, the spatial relationship between wave characteri

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26

Yoo, Dong-Hoon, Young-Chan Lee, Do-Sam Kim, and Kwang-Ho Lee. "Physical Model Experiment for Estimating Wave Overtopping on a Vertical Seawall under Regular Wave Conditions for On-Site Measurements." Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers 35, no. 4 (2023): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.9765/kscoe.2023.35.4.75.

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Apart from implementing hardware solutions like raising the crest freeboard of coastal structures to efficiently counter wave-overtopping, there is a simultaneous requirement for software-driven disaster mitigation strategies. These tactics involve the swift and accurate dissemination of wave-overtopping information to the inland regions of coastal zones, enabling the regulation of evacuation procedures and movement. In this study, a method was proposed to estimate wave-overtopping by utilizing the temporal variation of wave heights exceeding the structure’s crown level, with the aim of develo

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Kwak, Moon Su, and Nobuhisa Kobayashi. "COMPUTER SIMULATION OF WAVE OVERTOPPING RATE ON VERTICAL WALL BY BOUSSINESQ WAVE MODEL." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 37 (October 2, 2023): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.structures.55.

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Recently, Boussinesq equation models have been used in research on wave overtopping. The advantage of this model is that compared to the NLSW model or the NS model, it is possible to simulate a wider wave field to the intermediate water depth. This model can set offshore boundary conditions further away from the structure, so that the start of the wave breaking can be figured out and the wave propagation from the foreshore can be well reproduced. When waves propagate to the shallow water, the nonlinearity of the waves is increasing as the ratio of amplitude and water depth increases. In order

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Baldock, T. E., D. Peiris, and A. J. Hogg. "Overtopping of solitary waves and solitary bores on a plane beach." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 468, no. 2147 (2012): 3494–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2011.0729.

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The overtopping of solitary waves and bores present major hazards during the initial phase of tsunami inundation and storm surges. This paper presents new laboratory data on overtopping events by both solitary waves and solitary bores. Existing empirical overtopping scaling laws are found to be deficient for these wave forms. Two distinct scaling regimes are instead identified. For solitary waves, the overtopping rates scale linearly with the deficit in run-up freeboard. The volume flux in the incident solitary wave is also an important parameter, and a weak dependence on the nonlinearity of t

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Yasuda, Tomohiro, Kenta Matsuki, Yurika Koda, Testuya Hiraishi, and Nobuhito Mori. "EFFECT OF WATER LEVEL CHANGE ON WAVE OVERTOPPING VOLUME BASED ON EXPERIMENT SIMULTANEOUS OCCURRENCE OF STORM SURGES AND WAVES." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 38 (May 29, 2025): 46. https://doi.org/10.9753/icce.v38.structures.46.

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Typhoon Jebi hit Osaka Bay, Japan in 2018, causing significant damage to coastal areas due to storm surges and high waves. Although the water level due to the storm surge was lower than the seawalls, the super-imposed storm surge caused inundation damage in some areas in the hinterland, such as Kansai Airport due to wave overtopping. Inundation damage in inner bay areas was enhanced by the simultaneous occurrence of storm surges and high waves. Therefore, it is necessary to reexamine the transition state of water level rise caused by storm surges and the effects of the simultaneous occurrence

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Oliveira, Tiago C. A., Agustín Sánchez-Arcilla, and Xavier Gironella. "Simulation of Wave Overtopping of Maritime Structures in a Numerical Wave Flume." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2012 (2012): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/246146.

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A numerical wave flume based on the particle finite element method (PFEM) is applied to simulate wave overtopping for impermeable maritime structures. An assessment of the performance and robustness of the numerical wave flume is carried out for two different cases comparing numerical results with experimental data. In the first case, a well-defined benchmark test of a simple low-crested structure overtopped by regular nonbreaking waves is presented, tested in the lab, and simulated in the numerical wave flume. In the second case, state-of-the-art physical experiments of a trapezoidal structur

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Streicher, Maximilian, Yuri Pepi, Chiara Ricci, et al. "WAVE OVERTOPPING OVER A DIKE FOR VARIABLE WATER LEVEL." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 37 (September 1, 2023): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.structures.46.

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The still water level (SWL) during a storm is always dynamic (storm surge). The variability of the water level can be schematized as a time-varying hydrograph of a certain duration. The average wave overtopping discharge q is a function of the ratio between the freeboard Rc (the structure crest elevation above SWL) and the significant wave height Hm0. Since the variation during a storm of the SWL changes the freeboard Rc, the wave overtopping discharge is variable. Typically, in the laboratory the wave overtopping on coastal defense structures is investigated for a constant water level (CWL) a

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32

Gallach-SÃ¡nchez, David, Peter Troch, and Andreas Kortenhaus. "AVERAGE AND WAVE-BY-WAVE OVERTOPPING PERFORMANCE OF STEEP LOW-CRESTED STRUCTURES." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.papers.77.

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Wave overtopping is a key process in coastal protection. The assessment of the wave overtopping rates is an important aspect in the design of coastal structures. In this paper, the focus is on steep low-crested structures, which include structures with steep slopes up to the limit case with vertical structures, with small relative freeboards up to the case with zero freeboards. This type of structures is of use for coastal protection in the case of sea level rise within climate change process and for overtopping wave energy converters. A literature review of the overtopping knowledge available

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Tsuruta, Naoki, Kojiro Suzuki, Yuhi Nakazawa, Norihito Nishinosono, and Yosuke Toyoda. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON WAVE OVERTOPPING OF DOUBLE PARAPET TYPE SEAWALL." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 37 (October 2, 2023): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.structures.70.

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Considering a risk of the future sea level rise, it is urgent issue that seawalls should be improved to reduce overtopping waves for ports and harbors in Japan. To improve existing seawalls, not only raising height of the sea walls, but also installing wave-dissipating blocks in front of the seawalls might be restricted depending on locations due to their use. In such cases, additional installation of a parapet, namely a double parapet is effective in reducing wave overtopping. The wave overtopping rate over a rear parapet fluctuates depending on the storage of a water-ponding between the para

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Dan, Sebastian, Corrado Altomare, Tomohiro Suzuki, Tim Spiesschaert, and Toon Verwaest. "Reduction of Wave Overtopping and Force Impact at Harbor Quays Due to Very Oblique Waves." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 8 (2020): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8080598.

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Physical model experiments were conducted in a wave tank at Flanders Hydraulics Research, Antwerp, Belgium, to characterize the wave overtopping and impact force on vertical quay walls and sloping sea dike (1:2.5) under very oblique wave attack (angle between 45° and 80°). This study was triggered by the scarce scientific literature on the overtopping and force reduction due to very oblique waves since large reduction is expected for both when compared with the perpendicular wave attack. The study aimed to compare the results from the experimental tests with formulas derived from previous expe

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35

Dan, Sebastian, Corrado Altomare, Tomohiro Suzuki, Tim Spiesschaert, and Toon Verwaest. "Reduction of Wave Overtopping and Force Impact at Harbor Quays Due to Very Oblique Waves." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 8 (2020): 598. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8080598.

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Physical model experiments were conducted in a wave tank at Flanders Hydraulics Research, Antwerp, Belgium, to characterize the wave overtopping and impact force on vertical quay walls and sloping sea dike (1:2.5) under very oblique wave attack (angle between 45° and 80°). This study was triggered by the scarce scientific literature on the overtopping and force reduction due to very oblique waves since large reduction is expected for both when compared with the perpendicular wave attack. The study aimed to compare the results from the experimental tests with formulas derived from previous expe

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36

Ni, Xing Ye, and Wei Bin Feng. "Numerical Simulation of Wave Overtopping Based on DualSPHysics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 1463–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.1463.

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To obtain a more detailed description of wave overtopping, a 2-D numerical wave tank is presented based on an open-source SPH platform named DualSPHysics, using a source generation and absorption technology suited for SPH methods with analytical relaxation approach. Numerical simulation of regular wave run-up and overtopping on typical sloping dikes is carried out and satisfactory agreements are shown between numerical results and experimental data. Another overtopping simulation of regular wave is conducted against six different types of seawalls (vertical wall, curved wall, recurved wall, 1:

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37

Hsu, Hung-Chu, Yang-Yih Chen, Yi-Ru Chen, and Meng-Syue Li. "Experimental Study of Forces Influencing Vertical Breakwater under Extreme Waves." Water 14, no. 4 (2022): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14040657.

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In order to understand the extreme wave acting on the vertical breakwater, a series of experiments were constructed in the wave tank to measure the variations of pressure on the front, rear faces, and below the caisson due to overtopping waves. The front and backward horizontal forces and the uplift forces were estimated by integrating the dynamic wave pressure distributions. The COBRAS numerical model was also used to calculate the wave loads under various overtopping waves. The measured wave pressures and wave forces were compared with the predictions of numerical results and showed good agr

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Jingbo, Su, Zhu Feng, Geng Ying, and Ni Xingye. "Numerical Study of Wave Overtopping Based on Local Method of Approximate Particular Solution Method." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 6 (January 1, 2014): 541717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/541717.

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In order to study the wave overtopping process, this paper establishes a two-dimensional numerical wave flume based on a meshless algorithm, local method of approximate particular solution (the LMAPS method), and the technology of momentum source wave. It calculates the climbing and overtopping process under regular waves on a typical slope, results of which are more consistent with the physical model test results. Finally, wave action simulation is carried out on six different structural forms of wave walls (vertical wave wall, 1/4 arc wave wall, reversed-arc wave wall, smooth surface wave wa

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Mane, Vishwanatha, Subba Rao, Lokesha, and Arkal Vittal Hegde. "Wave overtopping characteristics of a non-perforated and seaside perforated quarter-circle breakwater." Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering 20, no. 1 (2023): 11–23. https://doi.org/10.3329/jname.v20i1.55046.

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A breakwater is a structure used to dissipate the wave energy in order to protect the shore and maintain tranquility inside the harbor basin. The quarter-circle breakwater (QBW) constitutes of a quarter circular front wall facing incident waves, a vertical rear wall, and a horizontal base slab placed on a rubble mound foundation. In this study, a comprehensive experimental investigation is carried out in order to examine the wave overtopping characteristics of a non-perforated and seaside perforated emerged quarter-circle breakwater subjected to regular waves. A model scale of 1:30 is selected

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van der Werf, Ivo, and Marcel van Gent. "Wave Overtopping over Coastal Structures with Oblique Wind and Swell Waves." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 6, no. 4 (2018): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse6040149.

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Most guidelines on wave overtopping over coastal structures are based on conditions with waves from one direction only. Here, wave basin tests with oblique wave attack are presented where waves from one direction are combined with waves from another direction. This is especially important for locations where wind waves approach a coastal structure under a specific direction while swell waves approach the coastal structure under another direction. The tested structure was a dike with a smooth and impermeable 1:4 slope. The test programme consisted of four types of wave loading: (1) Wind waves o

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Kalligeris, Nikos, and Timu Gallien. "STOCHASTIC BOUNDARY UNCERTAINTY IN MEAN WAVE OVERTOPPING RATE ESTIMATES." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 37 (September 1, 2023): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.structures.92.

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Accurate backshore flood prediction requires quantifying overtopping volumes. Wave overtopping can be predicted through empirical formulas (e.g., EurOtop), neural networks or numerical modeling. The first two methods are easy to implement and provide rapid estimates for engineering design. However, empirical estimates reflect average overtopping rates, cannot resolve impulsive individual wave overtopping volumes or infragravity energy, and may differ from observational or numerical estimates by an order of magnitude (e.g., Gallien, 2016). Numerical models present an attractive alternative, how

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Miranda, Filipe, Tomás Calheiros-Cabral, Diogo Mendes, Paulo Rosa-Santos, Francisco Taveira-Pinto, and Tiago Fazeres-Ferradosa. "Reducing Wave Overtopping on Rubble Mound Breakwaters Using Floating Kelp Farms." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 13, no. 5 (2025): 850. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050850.

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Near-surface floating kelp farms constitute a Nature-Based Solution (NBS) capable of damping incident wind-generated waves, which might be beneficial to reduce wave overtopping on maritime structures. As the global mean sea level rises, the mean wave overtopping discharge is expected to increase. The incorporation of this NBS, as a green–grey solution, might be beneficial to mitigate this effect. Physical modelling experiments with random waves have been conducted to assess the ability of this NBS to reduce the mean wave overtopping discharge on a rubble mound breakwater. Results show that whi

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Altomare, Corrado, and Xavi Gironella. "Characterization of Overtopping Volumes from Focused Wave Groups over Smooth Dikes with an Emerged Toe: Insights from Physical Model Tests." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 7 (2024): 1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071143.

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This research examines the overtopping volumes associated with focused wave groups on smooth dikes with an emerged toe. Focused wave groups are employed to represent the highest waves of random sea states in a compact form, obviating the need to model the entire irregular wave train. This study investigates how overtopping volumes are affected by focus location and phase. A total of 418 experimental tests were gathered and analyzed. Data with overtopping volumes below 600 L per meter (prototype conditions) were excluded in order to focus on extreme overtopping events, resulting in 324 relevant

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Xu, Xihang, Jennifer Keenahan, M. A. Habib, Hanxiao Ma, and M. Salauddin. "ASSESSING THE PERFORMANCE OF ECO-RETROFITTED SEAWALLS IN MITIGATING WAVE OVERTOPPING DISCHARGE – A NUMERICAL MODELLING STUDY." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 38 (May 29, 2025): 42. https://doi.org/10.9753/icce.v38.papers.42.

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The enhancement of coastal resilience has become a key focus in sustainable development efforts. By increasing the topographic complexity of existing sea defences, eco-engineering interventions have been regarded as a potential approach for coastal biodiversity restoration and enhancement. However, only limited knowledge is available on the influences of these eco-retrofits on wave overtopping behaviour, such as the spatial distribution of the overtopping waves. The spatial distribution of wave overtopping is one of the critical indicators for determining the safe zone behind the coastal infra

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Altomare, Corrado, Xavi Gironella, Tomohiro Suzuki, Giacomo Viccione, and Alessandra Saponieri. "Overtopping Metrics and Coastal Safety: A Case of Study from the Catalan Coast." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 8 (2020): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8080556.

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Design criteria for coastal defenses exposed to wave overtopping are usually assessed by mean overtopping discharges and maximum individual overtopping volumes. However, it is often difficult to give clear and precise limits of tolerable overtopping for all kinds of layouts. A few studies analyzed the relationship between wave overtopping flows and hazard levels for people on sea dikes, confirming that one single value of admissible mean discharge or individual overtopping volume is not a sufficient indicator of the hazard, but detailed characterization of flow velocities and depths is require

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Gent, Marcel R. A. van, Ruben J. van der Bijl, Sam J. Dijkstra, Lars F. van Vliet, and Davide Wüthrich. "WIND EFFECTS ON WAVE OVERTOPPING DISCHARGES AT DIKES AND BREAKWATERS WITH A CREST WALL." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 38 (May 29, 2025): 6. https://doi.org/10.9753/icce.v38.papers.6.

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Estimates of wave overtopping generally determine the required crest level of coastal structures. Wind affects wave overtopping, especially for coastal structures with crest walls because these can cause a vertical wave motion above the crest that is susceptible to wind. Within the relevant range of overtopping discharges, the expected wave overtopping discharge at coastal structures with a crest wall can be up to 5 times larger than for situations without wind. For smaller discharges the influence factor for wind can be significantly larger. In the present study based on physical model tests

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47

Lee, Jong-In, Gang Il Moon, and Young Il Kim. "Experimental Study for Downfall Pressure on the Floor behind Rubble-Mound Structure by Wave Overtopping: Non-Breaking Condition." Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers 34, no. 2 (2022): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.9765/kscoe.2022.34.2.27.

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The large uprush could be occurred when the waves hit the coastal structure and this uprush by wave could make the overtopping. The downfall of the wave overtopping water over the structure brought about the vertical impact loads. The vertical impact loads should be evaluated in order to design the pavement behind the crown wall however these loads were still unclear. In this study, the hydraulic model tests for the downfall impact loads by wave overtopping were performed and the various conditions were applied to the tests. The effect of the incident wave condition, the freeboard, the armour

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Salauddin, Md, John O'Sullivan, Soroush Abolfathi, Shudhi Dong, and Jonathan Pearson. "DISTRIBUTION OF INDIVIDUAL WAVE OVERTOPPING VOLUMES ON A SLOPING STRUCTURE WITH A PERMEABLE FORESHORE." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36v (December 31, 2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.papers.54.

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Maximum wave overtopping volumes on sea defences are an indicator for identifying risks to people and properties from wave hazards. The probability distribution of individual overtopping volumes can generally be described by a two-parameter Weibull distribution function (shape and scale parameters). Therefore, the reliable prediction of maximum individual wave overtopping volumes at coastal structures relies on an accurate estimation of the shape factor in the Weibull distribution. This study contributes to an improved understanding of the distribution of individual wave overtopping volumes at

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Adibhusana, Made Narayana, Jong-In Lee, Young-Taek Kim, and Yonguk Ryu. "Study of Overtopping Flow Velocity and Overtopping Layer Thickness on Composite Breakwater under Regular Wave." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 4 (2023): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11040823.

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Overtopping flow velocity (OFV) and overtopping layer thickness (OTL) are essential parameters in breakwater design. Several empirical equations to predict these parameters are available in many works of literature, but most of the equations were derived based on impermeable structures such as sea dikes. In this study, we experimented with overtopping waves over a composite breakwater with tetrapod armor units. In the experiments, wave overtopping was generated from regular waves. We used a digital image-based velocimetry method, bubble image velocimetry (BIV), to measure the OFV and digitize

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Hughes, Steven A., Christopher I. Thornton, Jentsje W. Van der Meer, and Bryan N. Scholl. "IMPROVEMENTS IN DESCRIBING WAVE OVERTOPPING PROCESSES." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (2012): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.waves.35.

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This paper presents a new empirical relation for the shape factor in the Weibull distribution that describes the distribution of overtopping wave volumes. This improvement increases the applicable range of the Weibull distribution from very low average overtopping discharges to large discharges resulting from combined wave overtopping and steady surge overflow at negative freeboards. The effect this improvement has on wave overtopping simulation is also discussed. Measured maximum flow thicknesses, velocities, and discharges from experiments of combined wave and surge overtopping are examined

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