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Journal articles on the topic 'Wax and resin'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

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1

Hervillard, Thomas, Qi Cao, and Marie-Pierre G. Laborie. "Improving water resistance of wheat straw-based medium density fiberboards bonded with aminoplastic and phenolic resins." BioResources 2, no. 2 (February 25, 2007): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.2.2.148-156.

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A long standing problem in the manufacture of wheat-straw based composites with cost-effective formaldehyde-based resins is their poor water resistance as demonstrated by their large water thickness swell. In this study, wheat straw based medium density fiberboards were manufactured using 3 resin/wax systems: a melamine-urea-formalde-hyde resin with either low or high wax content, and a phenol-formal-dehyde resin with low wax content. The flexural properties, internal bond strength, and thickness swell of the resulting composites were evaluated and compared according to ASTM methods. The three MDF compos-ites passed the requirements for MDF in interior application, except for the MDF manufactured with the aminoplastic resin and low wax content that failed to provide acceptable thickness swell. Using the phenolic resin in combination with low wax content resulted in a higher grade MDF composite, grade 120, than with the aminoplastic and high wax content. This study demonstrates that wheat straw based MDF manu-factured with cost-effective aminoplastic and phenolic resins can have flexural properties, internal bond strength and thickness swell perfor-mance above the requirements from the American National Standards Institute.

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2

Kornetova, O. M., A. V. Sharifullin, F. A. Korobkov, A. F. Vil’danov, and L. R. Baibekova. "Dialkyl Disulfide Solvents of Asphalt-Resin-Wax Deposits." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 52, no. 5 (November 2016): 612–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10553-016-0751-9.

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3

Pagnano, Valéria de Oliveira, Osvaldo Luiz Bezzon, Maria da Glória Chiarello de Mattos, Ricardo Faria Ribeiro, and Miriam Lacalle Turbino. "Clinical evaluation of interocclusal recording materials in bilateral free end cases." Brazilian Dental Journal 16, no. 2 (August 2005): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402005000200010.

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Five combinations of materials commonly used for intermaxillary records in cases of bilateral free end saddle were evaluated: acrylic resin base + wax; acrylic resin base + wax + ZOE paste; acrylic resin base + wax + Duralay resin; condensation silicone; and acrylic resin plate + irreversible hydrocolloid. The materials were evaluated by measuring the vertical distance between pairs of reference points located on the bases of the upper and lower articulated casts. The measurements obtained by manual articulation of the casts were used as the standards to which the measurements obtained with the recording materials were compared. ANOVA revealed significant differences among the materials and the Tukey's test showed that condensation silicone differed significantly (p<0.05) from the acrylic resin + wax combination, while no significant differences (p>0.05) were observed among the remaining materials. The condensation silicone presented the greatest differences from the measurements obtained by manual articulation of the casts whereas the acrylic resin base + wax combination presented the least differences. Based on the findings of this study, the following scale of fidelity can be settled from best to worst: acrylic resin base + wax; acrylic resin plate + alginate; acrylic resin base + wax + ZOE; acrylic resin base + wax + Duralay; and condensation silicone.

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4

Daly, Michael, Bernhard Auchmann, André Brem, Christoph Hug, Serguei Sidorov, Simon Otten, Marc Dhallé, Zichuan Guo, Anna Kario, and Herman Ten Kate. "Improved training in paraffin-wax impregnated Nb₃Sn Rutherford cables demonstrated in BOX samples." Superconductor Science and Technology 35, no. 5 (April 7, 2022): 055014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/ac6123.

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Abstract Resin-impregnated high-field Nb3Sn type of accelerator magnets are known to require extensive training campaigns and even may exhibit performance-limiting defects after thermal or electromagnetic cycling. In order to efficiently explore technological solutions for this behaviour and assess a wide variety of impregnation material combinations and surface treatments, the BOnding eXperiment (BOX) sample was developed. BOX provides a short-sample test platform featuring magnet-relevant Lorentz forces and exhibits associated training. Here we report on the comparative behaviour of BOX samples comprising the same Nb3Sn Rutherford cable but impregnated either with common resins used in high-field magnets, or with less conventional paraffin wax. Remarkably, the two paraffin wax-impregnated BOX samples reached their critical current without training and are also resilient to thermal and mechanical cycling. These rather encouraging results strongly contrast to those obtained with resin impregnated samples, which show the characteristic extensive training and at best barely reach their critical current value.

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5

Malik, Sofia, Ziaullah Choudhry, Muhammad Adeel Ahmed, Muhammad Amin, Azmina Hussain, and Farzeen Waseem. "EFFICIENCY OF WAX REMOVAL;." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 04 (April 8, 2018): 526–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/18.4517.

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6

Zhang, Hong. "Study on Consist Property of High Wax and Super-Viscous Crude Oil." Advanced Materials Research 724-725 (August 2013): 1062–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.724-725.1062.

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The consist property analysis of Daqing and Nile-Oman high wax crude oil and Liaohe super-viscous crude oil was carried on in the paper. The result showed the key factor of high wax crude oil pour point increasing lies in the wax crystal forming and growing and agglomerating at low temperature. The reason of high viscosity of Liaohe super-viscous crude oil has correlation to the high nitrogen polar group weight. The polar groups can form hydrogen bond to make adhesion stronger. At the same time, the crude oil flowing was restrained by increase the macromolecule connection agglomeration in crude oil. The analysis of resin wax ratio of crude oil showed the better viscosity decline effect was appeared only in the condition of resin wax ratio was appropriate.

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7

Zhao, H., H. P. Li, and K. J. Liao. "The Preparation of Wax Emulsions Stabilized by C5Petroleum Resin." Petroleum Science and Technology 31, no. 3 (February 15, 2013): 284–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2010.525583.

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8

Newitter, David A. "Predictable diastema reduction with filled resin: Diagnostic wax-up." Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 55, no. 3 (March 1986): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(86)90105-8.

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9

Zubko, S. V., A. B. �nglin, I. V. Klimyuk, G. T. Vigant, E. S. Churshukov, and E. A. Yurkevich. "Feasibility of using resin from peat wax as preservative." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 24, no. 11 (November 1988): 473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00723852.

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10

Umar, Abubakar Abubakar, Ismail Mohd Saaid, Rashidah Mohd Pilus, Aliyu Adebayor Sulaimon, Berihun Mamo Negash, and Nurul Suhana Abd Rahim. "Investigation of combined effects of wax, calcites and clay on emulsion stability using response surface methodology." World Journal of Engineering 16, no. 6 (December 2, 2019): 751–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-03-2018-0086.

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Purpose This paper aims to examine the effect of wax, calcites and clay on the stability of petroleum emulsions. It proposes a proxy model that takes into cognizance the presence of solids other than asphaltene and resin. This study aims to investigate the combined effects of these solids on the stability of emulsions and show their relevance or otherwise in the creation of petroleum emulsions. Design/methodology/approach This paper used synthetic emulsions based on a response surface methodology using different weight concentrations of wax, calcites and clay. A Box–Behnken design model was adopted and the effects of the different variables on emulsion stability were analyzed. The conventional visual observation (batch testing) was augmented with a more robust technique of studying emulsion stability (Turbiscan) based on light backscattering or transmission. Analysis of variance and other statistics were used to analyze the results. Findings The paper makes an available proxy model that can predict the stability of petroleum emulsions in the presence of wax, calcites and clays. The findings suggest that in the presence of significant amount of wax (0.3 Wt.%), the presence of relatively lower concentration of clay (0.1 Wt.%) produces very stable petroleum emulsions. The results show that the most stable emulsion is obtained when significant amount of wax exists in the continuous phase and that a concentration of calcites more than wax (in a ratio of at least 2:1) produces an emulsion that separates very fast, indicating low stability. Research limitations/implications Due to the variations in the amount of asphaltene and resins in crude oils, the proxy model cannot generally predict the stability of every emulsion that forms in the presence of these solids. To have a more general model, it should include asphaltene/resin. This can be tested further. Practical implications This paper provides useful information to the oil industry, especially where formation of severely stable emulsion is a problem. It also establishes the relationship that exists between solids in emulsion stabilization. Originality/value This paper satisfies a demand on the effects of other surface-active materials in addition to asphaltene/resin in stabilizing petroleum emulsions.

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11

Hennig, Sabine, Paul-Gerhard Gülz, and Kurt Hängst. "Organ Specific Composition of Epicuticular Waxes of Cistus albidus L., Cistaceae." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 43, no. 11-12 (December 1, 1988): 806–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1988-11-1203.

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Abstract Epicuticular waxes from various organs of Cistus albidus L. showed always an organ specific composition. Leaf wax contained homologous series of very long chained and saturated wax components, such as hydrocarbons, wax esters, fatty acids and alcohols. Additionally in this wax extract triterpenoids and great amounts of resin were found. Sepal wax had nearly the same wax composition like that of leaves with a trend to shorter chain lengths and not so great amounts of resin. Petal wax contained the common wax lipids, too, but the homologous series showed a shift to shorter chain lengths, and great amounts of unsaturated lipids were found in hydrocarbons, wax esters and fatty acids. In addition triterpenol esters were found but no resin. Stamen wax was similar to that of petals. The shift to shorter chain lengths and the presence of great amounts of unsaturated lipids showed a characteristic distribution for stamens. Seed wax contained only saturated wax lipids. In contrast to leaf waxes, the short chain compounds were dominating, and triterpenoids and resin were missing. The chemical wax composition of the various organs of C. albidus was correlated to the surface structures of these organs by SEM pictures.

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12

Zhang, Ru Guo, Hong Zhang, Zheng Zhang, Hua Zheng, Ying Feng, and Wen Wen Zhang. "Characterization of Five Natural Resins and Waxes by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)." Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (December 2011): 643–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.643.

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Thermal properties of 5 natural resin and wax samples (shellac, rosin, shellac wax, beeswax, Chinese insect wax) were examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The DSC melting and crystallization curves of the samples were presented in this paper. Three DSC parameters, To, Tf and ΔT (difference between To and Tf), were selected from each curve. Evaluation results of the parameters showed that they were statistically significant with individual excellent reproducibility. Information was provided by evaluation of changes among thermal absorption or release peaks of the curves in differentiating the five resins and waxes. It was demonstrated in this paper that DSC is rapid, convenient, reliable and accurate to qualitatively identify the resins and waxes mentioned above.

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13

El-Ghaoui, Chatelain, Ouellet-Plamondon, and Mathieu. "Effects of Nano Organoclay and Wax on the Machining Temperature and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP)." Journal of Composites Science 3, no. 3 (August 20, 2019): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs3030085.

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Carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) are appreciated for their high mechanical properties and lightness. Due to their heterogeneous nature, CFRP machining remains delicate. Damages are caused on the material and early tool wear occurs. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of fillers on CFRP machinability and mechanical behavior. CFRP laminates were fabricated by the vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process, using a modified epoxy resin. Three fillers (organoclay, hydrocarbon wax, and wetting agent) were mixed with the resin prior to the laminate infusion. Milling tests were performed with polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tools, equipped with thermocouples on their teeth. Machinability was then studied through the cutting temperatures and forces. Tensile, flexural, and short-beam tests were carried out on all samples to investigate the effects of fillers on mechanical properties. Fillers, especially wax, allowed us to observe an improvement in machinability. The best improvement was observed with 1% wax and 2% organoclay, which allowed a significant decrease in the cutting forces and the temperatures, and no deteriorations were seen on mechanical properties. These results demonstrate that upgrades to CFRP machining through the addition of nanoclays and wax is a path to explore.

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14

Iglesias, Alan, John M. Powers, and Hugh P. Pierpont. "Accuracy of Wax, Autopolymerized, and Light-Polymerized Resin Pattern Materials." Journal of Prosthodontics 5, no. 3 (September 1996): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-849x.1996.tb00297.x.

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15

Kumari, Durga. "Analysis of wax and resin components from Minnesota peat bog." International Journal of Coal Geology 8, no. 1-2 (June 1987): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(87)90025-5.

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16

Cather, Sharon, and Helen Howard. "The use of wax and wax-resin preservatives on English mediaeval wall paintings: rationale and consequences." Studies in Conservation 31, sup1 (January 1986): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sic.1986.31.supplement-1.48.

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17

Du, Wei, Quantao Liu, Runsheng Lin, and Xin Su. "Preparation and Characterization of Microcrystalline Wax/Epoxy Resin Microcapsules for Self-Healing of Cementitious Materials." Materials 14, no. 7 (March 31, 2021): 1725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14071725.

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Self-healing of cracks in cementitious materials using healing agents encapsulated in microcapsules is an intelligent and effective method. In this study, microcapsules were prepared by the melt–dispersion–condensation method using microcrystalline wax as the shell and E-51 epoxy resin as the healing agent. The effects of preparation process parameters and microcrystalline wax/E-51 epoxy resin weight ratio on the core content, particle size distribution, thermal properties, morphology, and chemical composition of microcapsules were investigated. The results indicated that the optimal parameters of the microcapsule were microcrystalline wax/E-51 epoxy resin weight ratio of 1:1.2, stirring speed of 900 rpm, and preparation temperature of 105 °C. The effects of microcapsules on pore size distribution, pore structure, mechanical properties, permeability, and ultrasonic amplitude of mortar were determined, and the self-healing ability of mortar with different contents of microcapsules was evaluated. The optimal content of microcapsules in mortars was 4% of the cement weight, and the surface cracks of mortar containing microcapsules with an initial width of 0.28 mm were self-healed within three days, indicating that microcapsules have excellent self-healing ability for cementitious materials.

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18

Ghodsi, Safoura, Marzieh Alikhasi, and Nika Soltani. "Marginal Discrepancy of Single Implant-Supported Metal Copings Fabricated by Various CAD/CAM and Conventional Techniques Using Different Materials." European Journal of Dentistry 13, no. 04 (October 2019): 563–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1700364.

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Abstract Objective Framework patterns can be formed using various materials such as wax, acrylic resin, or composite. Frameworks can be fabricated using either conventional or computerized techniques, using additive or subtractive method. This study aimed to compare the marginal adaptation of metal copings fabricated by two computerized technologies (milling and rapid prototyping) and additive conventional methods using different materials. Materials and Methods Seventy-two fixture analogs were mounted vertically in acrylic resin. One-piece abutments with 5.5 mm in length and 6 degrees of convergence were secured into the analogs. The experimental frameworks were fabricated using either subtractive CAD/CAM milling (by wax, soft or hard metal), additive rapid prototyping (by wax), or conventional pattern fabrication (by wax [control] or acrylic resin). Wax and acrylic resin patterns were casted in Ni-Cr alloy. Marginal discrepancy was measured in 12 points by video measuring machine. Statistical Analysis One-way ANOVA and posthoc tests were used to detect any significant difference among the groups at α= 0.05. Results There was a statistically significant difference among the marginal discrepancy of six groups (p = 0.018). The Tukey test indicated a significant difference between CAD/milling of soft metal and conventional wax pattern groups (p = 0.011); a significant difference was also reported between CAD/milling of wax patterns and control group (p = 0.046). Conclusions Frameworks fabricated by conventional wax-up showed the largest marginal gaps, while the marginal gap created by frameworks made of soft metal CAD/milling were the smallest. In addition, frameworks fabricated by rapid prototyping showed clinically acceptable adaptations.

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19

Pramudono, B., and H. B. Mat. "Malaysian Crude Oil Emulsions : Stability Study." REAKTOR 6, no. 1 (June 13, 2017): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.6.1.29-34.

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The stability of water-in-oil emulsion of some Malaysian crude oils was studied with particular emphasis on effect of interfacial active components existed in the crude oil, i.e. asphaltene, resin and wax. The emulsion stability was studied by measuring the volume of water or oil phase separated in variation with time, water hold up, and the heights of the sedimenting/coalescing interfaces during the separation at various temperatures. The study investigated the influence of asphaltene, resin and wax on emultion stability if it`s present in the crude oil alone, together or combination one of the others. The result show that the interfacial active component that stabilize emulsion is asphaltene. The resin and wax do not form stale emulsion either aloneor together. There is a correlation between emulsion stability and physicochemical properties of crude oil which showed that higher asphaltene content in the crude oil would form more stable emultion. Increased temperature was found to cause instability of emultion. Keywords : emultion stability, crude oil, asphaltene, resin and wax

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20

Pisareva, S. I., Ya A. Kamenchuk, L. N. Andreeva, and F. G. Unger. "The Nature of Formation and Dissolution of Asphalt-Resin-Wax Deposits." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 41, no. 6 (November 2005): 480–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10553-006-0013-3.

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21

Grigsby, Warren J., and Armin Thumm. "Resin and wax distribution and mobility during medium density fibreboard manufacture." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 70, no. 1-3 (July 22, 2011): 337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-011-0560-0.

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22

Grigsby, Warren, and Armin Thumm. "The interactions between wax and UF resin in medium density fibreboard." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 70, no. 4 (October 6, 2011): 507–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-011-0580-9.

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23

Chen, Yanxiao, Huifen Zhang, Weifeng Dai, Cheng Xiang, Shiyun Jiao, Baocai Li, and Mi Zhang. "The Influence of Montan Resin in Crude Montan Wax on the Character and Performance of Refined Montan Wax." Energy & Fuels 34, no. 3 (March 9, 2020): 3614–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b04252.

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24

Malik, Sofia, Ziaullah Choudhry, Muhammad Adeel Ahmed, Muhammad Amin, Azmina Hussain, and Farzeen Waseem. "EFFICIENCY OF WAX REMOVAL." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 04 (April 10, 2018): 526–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.04.340.

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Objectives: To Determine the efficiency of wax removal from denture baseresin using hot water at a range of temperatures with added detergentand to Study the effectsof mechanically modified surfaces of denture base resin on the efficiency of dewaxing usingthe above techniques. Settings: Eastman Dental Institute University Of London UK. Period:Jan 2007 to June 2007. Material and Methods: In this study cast acrylic rods 13 mm longand 6 mm in diameter were used. Three different surfaces were prepared for each rod,described as Polished, Abraded & Grooved. Nine experimental groups, each consisting of tenspecimens were mechanically modified were contaminated with modeling wax, and then thosein each group were subjected to agitation in hot water with detergent at different range oftemperatures. The surfaces were then examined for traces of wax using Raman spectroscopy.Results: The spectrum for each specimen demonstrated peaks at different wavelengths andvarying intensities, the spectra demonstrated traces of wax on abraded surfaces showedleast wax when dewaxed at 100°C as compared abraded surfaces dewaxed at 65°C and 85°C temperatures respectively. Conclusion: The rough surfaces (abraded or grooved) showedmore wax retention as compared to polished surfaces. These surfaces are usually prepared bythe dental technician in a belief that modifying the ridge-lap area of the teeth will increase thebond strength between the teeth and the denture base. Residual wax can still remain on thetooth surface even after dewaxing it at 100˚C with detergent added to the water.

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25

Heydenreich, Gunnar. "Removal of a wax‐resin lining and colour changes: A case study." Conservator 18, no. 1 (January 1994): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01410096.1994.9995081.

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26

Moulahi, Chadia, Abdelwaheb Trigui, Chokri Boudaya, and Mustapha Karkri. "Smart macroencapsulated resin/wax composite for energy conservation in the built environment." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 30, no. 7 (November 4, 2015): 887–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705715614065.

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This study reports the results of experimental and numerical investigations on the thermophysical properties and the process of melting of a phase-change composite material. The proposed phase-change composite material based on epoxy resin with spherical shape paraffin wax (RT27) was used as a new thermal storage system. Thermal characterization was performed using a transient guarded hot plate technique. The results revealed the importance of thermal storage by latent heat. The numerical analysis is realized using numerical COMSOL® Multiphysics 4.3b. The effect of various parameters of the numerical solution on the results is examined: in particular, the term describing the mushy zone in the momentum equation and the influence of temperature melting range. The findings of the experimental investigation compare favorably with the numerical results.

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27

Bezzon, Osvaldo Luiz, and Iara Augusta Orsi. "An interocclusal record made of a combination of wax and acrylic resin." Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 72, no. 3 (September 1994): 334–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(94)90350-6.

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28

Zhao, De Ping, Jiang Hao Liu, Bei Qing Huang, and Xian Fu Wei. "Study on Scratch-Resistance and Abrasion-Resistance of Water-Based Varnish." Advanced Materials Research 380 (November 2011): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.380.24.

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To improve scratch-resistance and abrasion-resistance of water-based varnish, change the type of water-based resin, the type and content of wax emulsion and flow agent, then test scratch-resistance and abrasion-resistance of water-based varnish. The results show that resin and wax emulsion has a great influence on the scratch-resistance and abrasion-resistance of water-based varnish. Adding appropriate amount of wax emulsion can improve scratch-resistance and abrasion-resistance to some extent. Adding flow agent has certain influence on scratch-resistance of water-based varnish.

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29

Barroso Lopes, Duarte, and Carsten Mai. "Mechano-sorptive creep of Portuguese pinewood chemically modified." Folia Forestalia Polonica 56, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2014-0004.

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Summary The effect of chemical modification on mechano-sorptive creep in bending was studied by experimental work. Stakes with 20 × 20 × 400 mm RTL of Portuguese wood species (Pinus pinaster Aiton) modified with 1,3-dimethylol-4,5- dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU), m-methylated melamine resin (MMF), tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and amid wax (WA) were measured under asymmetric moistening conditions over a period of 42 days (app. 1000 hours) with stress level (SL) of 12 MPa, according to ENV 1156. The cell wall treatments (DMDHEU and MMF resins) had shown significant reduction of creep (creep factors, kc) when compared to untreated wood under similar conditions. Both types of resins and levels of treatments (different WPG) did not shown significant effects. In the lumen fill treatments, deposit material of TEOS did not affected the creep behaviour (kc); Wax treatment was shown a particular compliance of creep due to avoid exchange moisture (by the hydrophobic effect of wax). The anti-creep efficiency (ACE) correlated better than other mechanical or physical properties imparted by the modification process

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30

Hagenmaier, Robert D., and Robert A. Baker. "Layered Coatings to Control Weight Loss and Preserve Gloss of Citrus Fruit." HortScience 30, no. 2 (April 1995): 296–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.2.296.

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Valencia oranges [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Valencia] and Marsh grapefruit [Citrus paradisi Macf.] were treated with single or double layers of coating. In cases where two coatings were applied, the first coating was a moisture-barrier wax; the second was either polyethylene wax or a mixture of shellac and resin ester. The inner coating reduced weight loss, and the outer coating imparted gloss. Fruit gloss, as measured by reflectometer, decreased more rapidly during 1 week at 20C with a single glossy coating than with the same coating applied as a second layer over a wax-based first coating. For citrus fruit, using resin ester or shellac as a high-gloss second coating tended to overly restrict the exchange of O2 and CO2; however, two layers of wax did not.

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31

Papadopoulos, Antonios N. "Property comparisons and bonding efficiency of UF and PMDI bonded particleboards as affected by key process variables." BioResources 1, no. 2 (September 21, 2006): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.1.2.201-208.

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The purpose of this paper was to compare physical properties of conventional particleboard bonded with amounts of UF and PMDI resin and to examine the effect of mat moisture content (MC), wax content and platen temperature on their bonding efficiency, as determined by internal bond strength. It was found that PMDI not only gave superior board properties compared with the UF, but the amount required was reduced considerably as well. The MC of the mat and the platen temperature did not significantly affect the bonding efficiency of PMDI bonded boards, but the bonding efficiency of UF bonded boards. The inclusion of 1% wax significantly affected the bonding efficiency of both resins, however the loss in strength was higher in UF than in PMDI bonded boards.

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32

Rashidi, Hamid Reza, Nik Meriam Sulaiman, Nur Awanis Hashim, and Che Rosmani Che Hassan. "Synthetic Batik Wastewater Pretreatment Progress by Using Physical Treatment." Advanced Materials Research 627 (December 2012): 394–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.627.394.

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One of the most important manufacturing industries in Malaysia is textile and specifically batik making. Many local batik factories discharge their wastewater, which contains wax, resin, silicate and dyes, without treatment, directly to nature. A possible treatment system involving membrane filtration has been tested to remove the dyes. However the presence of wax the wastewater requires a pretreatment stage to remove the undesired wax. In this study the performance of baffle tank pretreatment (own designed and fabricated) was evaluated for 4 different types of synthetic batik wastewater, which contain wax, resin, sodium silicate and 4 different fibers reactive dyes namely, Remazol Turquoise Blue G133 (Blue 21), Remazol Red 194 and Remazol Yellow 14 and Reactive black 5. The removal efficiency (%), pH and COD of each sample were evaluated and recorded. Wax removal efficiency in all samples was more than 88%. The COD and pH of all samples decreased after 60 minutes pretreatment cycle.

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33

Gansicke, Susanne, and John W. Hirx. "A Translucent Wax-Resin Fill Material for the Compensation of Losses in Objects." Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 36, no. 1 (1997): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3180081.

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34

Tian, Hongyu, Zhiguang Liu, Min Zhang, Yanle Guo, Lei Zheng, and Yuncong C. Li. "Biobased Polyurethane, Epoxy Resin, and Polyolefin Wax Composite Coating for Controlled-Release Fertilizer." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 11, no. 5 (January 4, 2019): 5380–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b16030.

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Gänsicke, Susanne, and John W. Hirx. "A Translucent Wax-Resin Fill Material for the Compensation of Losses in Objects." Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 36, no. 1 (January 1997): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/019713697806113648.

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Sharifullin, A. V., L. B. Baibekova, L. I. Farrakhova, A. T. Suleimanov, V. N. Sharifullin, and R. F. Khamidullin. "Heat of solution of asphaltene-resin-wax deposits in straight-run petroleum fractions." Petroleum Chemistry 47, no. 2 (March 2007): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0965544107020077.

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Kirbizhekova, E. V., I. V. Prozorova, N. A. Nebogina, A. A. Grin’ko, and N. V. Yudina. "Dependence of composition of asphaltene–resin–wax deposits on the water cut value." Petroleum Chemistry 56, no. 8 (August 2016): 765–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0965544116080090.

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Machmud, Edy, Moh Dharmautama, and Cencen Tjandi Yanto. "Pengaruh ukuran mesh permukaan logam terhadap kuat rekat geser semen resin adesif pada restorasi gigitiruan jembatan adesif Effect of metal surface mesh size to shear bond strength of adhesive resin cement to denture adhesive bridge." Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science 11, no. 3 (October 30, 2012): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/jdmfs.v11i3.329.

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To overcome the failure of cement adhesive bond between tooth and metal surfaces, a variety of alternative treatmentsis applied to the metal and tooth surfaces. In order to overcome this disadvantage, this study deals with the treatmenton the metal surface in mesh form. This research examined different mesh sizes of 40, 60 and 80 mesh to the metalsurface treatment in shear bond strength of adhesive resin cement. 40 pairs of upper central incisors samples wereprepared in palatal surfaces with a thickness of 0.3 mm and made a pattern of blue wax. The samples were divided intofour groups; three mesh treatment groups (40, 60 and 80) and a control group (no mesh). In the treatment groups, amesh was positioned to the opposing surface of wax pattern to the tooth preparation surface, was casted with nickelchromiumalloy, attached to the palatal surface of the teeth with adhesive resin cement, immersed in artificial salivafor 24 hours at 37°C. Moreover, shear bond strength test and residual resin cement on the metal surface were tested inLaboratory of the Department of Metallurgical Engineering. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA (p=0.05).Shear bond strength adherence of mesh plates 60 was found greater than 40, 80 and control group. Stereomicroscopeinspection of adhesive resin cement remaining on mesh 60 was similar than 40, but more than mesh 80 or controlgroup. It was concluded shear bond strength of adhesive resin cement to metal surfaces depends on the size of meshused, and shear bond strength of adhesive resin cement that still intact on the mesh surface.

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Ehresmann, Michael, Ali Amiri, and Chad Ulven. "The effect of different variables on in-plane radial permeability of natural fiber mats." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 37, no. 19 (April 27, 2016): 1191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684416646458.

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There has been a vast growth in manufacturing of fiber reinforced plastics by means of liquid composite molding such as resin transfer molding and vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding processes. In these processes, compression of the porous media and pressure of the injected resin result in in-mold forces that need to be determined. Limited information exists regarding the processing parameters and extent of reinforcing potential natural fibers have in polymer matrices. Current study investigates the effect of different variables such as fiber volume fraction, shive content, fiber size, wax content, and resin viscosity on permeability of five different natural fiber mats. Flax fiber with low-, medium-, and high-shive content as well as hemp and kenaf fiber mats was selected for this study and an original experimental device was setup to measure the permeability of the mentioned fiber mats based on different variables. It was found that increasing fiber volume fraction will result in reduction of permeability of all mats. The presence of shive and larger fiber size increased the permeability. Higher wax content lowered the permeability. These competing factors could be used by manufacturers to produce a mat which had optimum permeability while still maintaining acceptable strength.

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Nimonkar, Sharayu Vinod, Vikram Murlidhar Belkhode, Ali Mohammed Asiri, Mohammed Fawaz Aldossary, and Pranali Vinod Nimonkar. "A method of hollowing the obturator prosthesis and an overview on the pros and cons of the various materials used for hollowing." Journal of Medicine and Life 14, no. 3 (June 2021): 383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.25122/jml-2020-0142.

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Prosthetic rehabilitation of a partial or total maxillectomy with an obturator is the most acceptable treatment option. The hollowing of the obturator prosthesis is beneficial as it reduces the stresses over the underlying and surrounding tissues. A simple technique of fabricating a hollow bulb obturator has been discussed in this article. At the step of the packing of a denture, the hollow wax pattern of the defect area is formed with modeling wax. This hollow wax pattern is filled with water and is allowed to freeze to form an ice block. This ice block is removed from the wax pattern and is interposed between two layers for heat-cured acrylic resin and is then cured. After processing the denture, the water is retrieved by making a small hole in denture base, which is packed after hollowing with a cold cure acrylic resin. A lightweight prosthesis with a uniform thickness was achieved with a readily available and easily retrievable material, i.e., ice.

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Matsumura, Hideo, Takuo Tanaka, and Mitsuru Atsuta. "A light-cured acrylic adhesive for fixing resin retention devices to the wax pattern." Nihon Hotetsu Shika Gakkai Zasshi 34, no. 2 (1990): 364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2186/jjps.34.364.

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Luo, Peng, Chuanmin Yang, Mengyao Li, and Yueqi Wang. "Effect of liquid hot water pretreatment on selected properties of rice husk and its particleboard." BioResources 15, no. 3 (July 13, 2020): 6714–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.3.6714-6723.

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Rice husk has a water repellent wax layer on its surface and has high pH and buffering capacity, which inhibit surface adhesion and result in the poor strength and water resistance of rice husk particleboard bonded with water-borne urea formaldehyde (UF) resin. In this work, rice husks were pretreated with liquid hot water at different temperatures (130, 140, 150, and 160 °C) and residence times (10 and 20 min). Pretreated rice husks were used to produce particleboard with UF resin. The effects of liquid hot water pretreatment temperature and residence time on the wax contents and pH values were investigated. In addition, the buffering capacities of the rice husks and the mechanical properties and the water resistance of the rice husk particleboards were investigated. The results indicated that liquid hot water pretreatment remarkably reduced the wax contents, pH values, and buffering capacities of the rice husks. In addition, it improved the mechanical properties and water resistance of the rice husk particleboards. Liquid hot water pretreatment effectively improved bondability between rice husks and water-borne UF resin, and it enhanced the performance of the rice husk particleboard.

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Sarmin, Siti Noorbaini, Shaikh Abdul Karim Yamani Zakaria, and Jamaludin Kasim. "Mechanical Properties of Homogenous and Heterogeneous Three Layered Particleboard Composite in Relation on Different Resin Content." Advanced Materials Research 699 (May 2013): 637–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.699.637.

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Two types of three layered particleboard composite, homogeneous (Acacia mangium core-face/back) and heterogeneous (Acacia mangium core, mixed sawdust face/back) were fabricated with three different resin contents and densities. Three different resin content; 8:10:8, 10:10:10 and 12:10:12, were use with 500, 600 and 700kg/m3 board densities. Urea Formaldehyde (UF) was used as a binder and 1% of wax was added. The properties of bending strength (MOR & MOE) and internal bond strength (IB) were evaluated based on Japanese Industrial Standard; JIS A 5908:2003 Particleboard (2003). The results showed that there were relationship between resin contents and densities on homogeneous and heterogeneous particleboard composites. Result obtained indicated that bending and internal bond strength of homogeneous composite bonded using ratio of 12:10:12 resin content with 700kg/m3 density was better compared to ratio of 8:10:8 and 10:10:10 resin contents. When the densities were increased, the mechanical properties also increased.

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Schultz, Tor P., Darrel D. Nicholas, and Leonard L. Ingram. "Laboratory and outdoor water repellency and dimensional stability of southern pine sapwood treated with a waterborne water repellent made from resin acids." Holzforschung 61, no. 3 (May 1, 2007): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2007.044.

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Abstract A major consumer concern regarding lumber in above-ground exposure such as decking is the poor dimensional stability that leads to warping, splitting, and checking. One method to increase dimensional stability is to treat lumber with a water repellent. A waterborne water repellent made from the resin acid abietic acid or a commercial source of resin acids, tall oil rosin or TOR, was tested using southern pine sapwood. In laboratory water-swelling tests, the waterborne abietic acid provided water repellency that was almost equivalent to that provided by wax, while no water repellency was observed with solventborne resin acid. Wood treated with waterborne TOR also provided good water repellency in laboratory tests and fair water repellency at up to 13 months of outdoor exposure, but the laboratory efficacy was partially reduced by a water leach. The dimensional stability (cupping and checking) and mold growth on TOR-treated lumber in above-ground exterior exposure was better than for untreated boards, but not as good as for wax-treated lumber. Analysis of the wood in southern pine tree trunks of 14 or 29 years of age of various diameters and sampled at the bottom, middle and top showed that the resin acid content in southern pine wood is quite variable. This may explain the wide variation in natural water repellency and decay resistance previously observed with untreated southern pine sapwood.

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Paul, R. N., and C. G. McWhorter. "Correlation of ultrastructure with the mechanism of wax filament production in cork cells in Johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers]." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 3 (August 12, 1990): 676–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100160935.

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Wax filament production has been previously reported to be a secretory function of costal and intercostal cork cells in johnsongrass leaf and sheath epidermis. The “waxy bloom” observed on the sheath of johnsongrass during certain stages of plant development is the result of massive quantities of long wax filaments (>200 um) deposited on the sheath cuticle. SEM investigations of intact and dewaxed sheath tissue have indicated that wax filaments are the result of extension of material through cuticular pores. These pores are observed in the cork cell cuticle in dewaxed tissue. The purpose of this investigation is to correlate cork cell ultrastructure with the process of wax filament production through the use of a procedure maximizing lipid retention in epoxy-resin embedded materials.Johnsongrass tissue used in this study was taken from greenhouse-grown plants ranging from 10 cm to 20 cm in height. Sheath tissue subtending the youngest leaves was used.

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Ganeeva, Yu M., T. R. Foss, D. A. Khalikova, T. N. Yusupova, and G. V. Romanov. "Calorimetric study of the crystalline phase of solid petroleum hydrocarbons and asphaltene-resin-wax deposits." Petroleum Chemistry 48, no. 6 (November 2008): 428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0965544108060042.

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Nieder, Emily, Ella Hendriks, and Aviva Burnstock. "Colour Change in Sample - Reconstructions of Vincent van Gogh's Grounds due to Wax-Resin Lining." Studies in Conservation 56, no. 2 (March 2011): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sic.2011.56.2.94.

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48

Sunagatullin, R. Z., R. M. Karimov, M. E. Dmitriev, and M. I. Baykova. "Experimental studies of operational properties of asphaltene-resin-wax deposits formed in oil trunk pipelines." Pipeline Science and Technology 3, no. 1 (August 31, 2019): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.28999/2514-541x-2019-3-1-22-28.

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Ljubicic, Milos, and Marija Zivkovic. "Multidisciplinary approach in treatment of spacing: orthodontic treatment and partial veneers using the injectable composite resin technique." Serbian Dental Journal 68, no. 1 (2021): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sgs2101039l.

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Introduction. Patients with orthodontic diagnosis of spacing most often require a multidisciplinary approach, which includes orthodontic and following restorative treatment to enhance the esthetic outcome. The aim of this case report is to present management of spacing in the anterior region by orthodontic treatment followed by partial veneers using the injectable composite resin technique. Case report. In this case, leveling and alignment of dental arches and stable occlusion was achieved during orthodontic treatment, with the correction of upper and lower incisor inclination and closing the diastemas. Intraoral and extraoral esthetic parameters were evaluated on the photographs, and partial veneers on lateral incisors and canines were designed for the wax-up model. In the injectable composite resin technique, the silicone index was used to transfer the wax-up to composite restorations. The highly filled injectable composite resin was injected through the silicone index and light-cured. The restoration required only gentle polishing due to the great precision of the index. Discussion. Post-orthodontic recontouring in the anterior region is mostly done by direct composite restorations because they are cost-effective, minimally invasive, and the procedure is relatively simple. The injectable resin composite technique can be a solution for the same indication since it is less technique sensitive and gives predictable and great esthetic results, mostly without tooth preparation. Conclusion. Management of anterior spacing in adult patients requires a comprehensive approach for optimal esthetic and functional results. In this case, orthodontic treatment was followed by partial veneers on lateral incisors and canines, using the injectable composite resin technique as a simple and predictable solution for minor restorative interventions to solve morphological tooth abnormalities in the esthetic smile zone.

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Kertabait, Bahas Loh. "ADDITION OF FLY ASH TO THE FIBER COMPOSITE GLASS ON COMPOSITE FUEL RESISTANCE PROPERTIES." Vortex 1, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.28989/vortex.v1i2.901.

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The process of making composites into several main stages, namely preparation of tools, cutting of specimens. Then the base (glass) is cleaned and coated with molding wax and PVA. Mix the resin with the addition of variations of fly ash 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%. Next, apply resin and glass fiber to the base (glass) for up to 3 layers then press it. After 12 hours remove the specimen and cut it to size

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