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Journal articles on the topic 'Wax deposition thickness'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Sun, Dongxu, Zuoliang Zhu, Zhiyong Hu, and Ming Wu. "Experimental and theoretical study on wax deposition and the application on a heat insulated crude oil pipeline in Northeast China." Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 75 (2020): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2019064.

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An experimental loop apparatus of heat insulated waxy crude oil pipeline was established to study the wax deposition behaviors. The effects of flow rate and ambient temperature on the thickness and wax content of deposition layer were investigated. A kinetic calculation model for the thickness and wax content of deposition layer in heat insulated crude oil pipeline was established based on the principle of molecular diffusion, aging and shear energy. The results calculated by the model are in good agreement with the experimental values. The wax deposition thickness of a heat insulated crude oi

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2

Sulaimon, Aliyu Adebayo, Kavinraj Gunasekaran, and Suyash Vatsa. "EVALUATING THE MECHANISMS OF WAX DEPOSITION IN CRUDE OIL PIPELINES." Platform : A Journal of Engineering 4, no. 3 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.61762/pajevol4iss3art6542.

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Flow assurance standstill as a massive issue as it involves ensuring fluid flows in well, flowline and trunk line. One of the major decisive for flow assurance crude oil is its constitution and solid deposits successful management. Wax deposition challenges and its control can be determined with the right prediction from wax deposition modelling. Certain factors like pipeline inclination that influences the rate of wax deposition need to be taken into consideration. For inclined wells, the model is tuned to account for low concentration slurries under inclined angles. Regarding this, a complet

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3

Leite, Nalber Miranda, Carlos Alberto Brayner de Oliveira Lira, and Abel Gámez Rodriguez. "Computational analysis for wax detection in deepwater pipelines using nuclear techniques." Brazilian Journal of Radiation Sciences 11, no. 1A (Suppl.) (2023): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15392/2319-0612.2023.2193.

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Wax deposition along the extensive oilfield pipelines is a problem that affects the flow assurance. To solve it, one must monitor the wax formation in its initial stage. In this light, nuclear techniques are an effective alternative solution, as they can detect characteristics of materials or substances in an indirect and non-invasive manner. The present work shows a computational model using the MCNP6 (Monte Carlo N-Particle 6) code and the gamma radiation transmission profiling technique to detect different wax thickness. This fact is directly related to the attenuation of the gamma radiatio

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4

Zhao, Xuefeng, Yunchen Wang, Zhongshan Zhao, Dongmei Leng, Qin Liu, and Jionghao Li. "Study on Wax Deposition Law in Daqing Gulong Shale Oil." E3S Web of Conferences 528 (2024): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202452801017.

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Daqing Gulong shale oil exhibits elevated wax content, a high wax precipitation point, and a high freezing point. However, its oil density and viscosity are relatively low, making it susceptible to wax crystal precipitation. The risk of pipeline clogging is heightened in lower ambient temperatures, posing a hazard to the safe production of shale oil. This study focuses on testing the fundamental physical properties of crude oil. The wax deposition flow loop was employed to replicate wax deposition in extracted fluids under actual high-flow gas-liquid conditions within a pipeline. The depositio

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Boucetta, Rachid, and Mohand Kessal. "Effect of the Latent Heat on Wax Deposit in Pipelines." Defect and Diffusion Forum 312-315 (April 2011): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.312-315.154.

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Wax deposition continues to be a relevant problem for petroleum production and transportation pipelines. This viscous and waxy flow is theoretically modelled with a simple conservation equation system, by expressing the wax layer thickness as function of time and duct length. The flow parameters are written, depending on these independent variables but also on the Reynolds and the Peclet numbers, where effect of latent heat on the wax layer thickness deposit is investigated. A numerical simulation of the flow, for two practical cases, is performed in order to predict the pipeline obstruction.

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6

Elganidi, Ibrahim, Basem Elarbe, Norida Ridzuan, and Norhayati Abdullah. "A review on wax deposition issue and its impact on the operational factors in the crude oil pipeline." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 17, no. 1 (2021): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v17n1.2166.

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The deposition of wax is a common occurrence affecting the flowability of crude oil, which happens at a temperature beneath the Wax Appearance Temperature. At this threshold, there is a gradual accumulation of crystals wax on the inner surface of pipelines. In this research, the previous studies on the effects of residence time, pressure, flow rate, crude oil composition, and temperature differential were carefully enumerated. On the overall, the differential temperature across the pipeline wall and crude oil inside it were considered as the most critical factor contributing to wax deposition.

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7

Yao, Bin, Deyin Zhao, Zhi Zhang, and Cheng Huang. "Safety Study on Wax Deposition in Crude Oil Pipeline." Processes 9, no. 9 (2021): 1572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091572.

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The Shunbei crude oil pipeline is prepared to use the unheated transportation process to transport waxy crudes. However, the wax formation in the pipeline is unknown. In order to predict the wax deposition of the pipeline, the physical property experiment of Shunbei crude oil was carried out through field sampling. The density, freezing point, hydrocarbon composition, and viscosity–temperature characteristics of crude oil are obtained. The cloud point and wax precipitation characteristics of the crude oil were obtained using the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermal analysis method.

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8

Jin, Wenbo, Qing Quan, Kemin Dai, Zongxiao Ren, and Jing Guan. "Research on the Prediction of Wax Deposition Thickness on Pipe Walls Based on the Optimal Weighted Combination Model." Processes 11, no. 12 (2023): 3363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11123363.

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Wax deposition seriously affects the safe and economic operation of pipelines. Mastering the variation laws of wax deposition thickness is the premise of formulating reasonable pigging schemes. Although the GM (1,1) model (a kind of gray model) is an effective method for predicting wax deposition thickness on pipe walls, its prediction accuracy is easily affected by the smoothness of the original sequence. The improved GM (1,1) was established by introducing the idea of translation transformation, and an optimal weighted combination model based on the traditional gray model and a logarithmic f

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9

Wei, Jianfei, Dagui Cao, Liang Tao, et al. "Investigation on Wax Deposition Risk in Shale Oil Well During Production Test." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2860, no. 1 (2024): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2860/1/012005.

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Abstract During production test of the shale oil well, the low temperature environment in the wellbore is likely to cause wax precipitation of shale oil, and in turn disrupt the normal production test, increase the operating costs and risks. In view of this problem, by considering the gas-liquid flow, radial heat transfer and temperature gradient etc, a temperature and pressure field model of shale oil wellbore was established, and a prediction method of wax deposition zone in the shale oil wellbore during production test was proposed. Furthermore, by using the production data of a shale oil w

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10

Liu, Haibo, Chao Yang, Jingjing Qi, Chao Liu, Haijun Luo, and Bingfan Li. "Study on Wax Deposition Process of Crude Oil System under Shear Flow Field Conditions." Processes 12, no. 8 (2024): 1774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12081774.

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This paper adopted numerical simulation based on the MD method to research the effect of different shear rates and wax contents on wax deposition focused on crude oil. The findings indicated that under shear flow conditions, there were primarily four steps during deposition. Diffusion was the initial stage when wax diffused onto the metal surface. In the second stage, wax adsorbed onto a metal surface aligned itself parallel to the surface via Brownian motion, generating two different kinds of deposits. Subsequently, agglomerates were formed between the adsorbed deposits and the wax as a resul

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11

Ochieng, Francis Oketch, Mathew Ngugi Kinyanjui, Jeconia Okelo Abonyo, and Phineas Roy Kiogora. "Mathematical Modeling of Wax Deposition in Field-Scale Crude Oil Pipeline Systems." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2022 (December 20, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2845221.

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The formation of solid wax crystals, which interlock and form a gel-like layer on the inner wall of the crude oil pipeline, influences the transportation of waxy crude oil. The deposited layer grows continuously and hardens during the oil transportation, reducing the effective inside diameter of the crude oil pipeline and the flow rate. In extreme cases, the deposited layer may block the crude oil pipeline leading to a loss of production and capital investment. In this paper, wax deposition from multiphase flow in field-scale oil pipeline transport systems has been studied. The novelty of this

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12

Liu, Wei, Yu Li, Yan Wu, et al. "Experimental Study on the Peeling Characteristics of Wax on the Surface of Flexible Composite Pipe and Plastic Alloy Tube." ITM Web of Conferences 26 (2019): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20192603007.

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In this paper, the wax deposition stripping experiment on the surface of flexible composite tube and the surface of plastic alloy tube was carried out by using medical paraffin. Under different temperature and different thickness of wax, the peeling force of wax on the surface of flexible composite pipe and the surface of plastic alloy pipe lining was discussed. The experimental conclusions of this study are specific guidance for wax cleaning technology in nonmetallic pipes and device design.

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13

Saeedi Dehaghani, Amir Hossein. "An intelligent model for predicting wax deposition thickness during turbulent flow of oil." Petroleum Science and Technology 35, no. 16 (2017): 1706–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2017.1358281.

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14

Matzain, Ahmadbazlee, Mandar S. Apte, Hong-Quan Zhang, Michael Volk, James P. Brill, and J. L. Creek. "Investigation of Paraffin Deposition During Multiphase Flow in Pipelines and Wellbores—Part 1: Experiments." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 124, no. 3 (2002): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1484392.

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Results are presented from two-phase flow wax deposition tests using a state-of-the-art, high-pressure, multiphase flow test facility. Wax deposition was found to be flow pattern specific and dependent on the flow velocities of the two-phase fluids. Wax deposition occurs only along the pipe wall in contact with a waxy crude oil. An increase in mixture velocity results in harder deposits, but with a lower deposit thickness. The wax buildup trend at low mixture velocities is similar to that observed in laminar single-phase flow tests. The wax buildup trend at high mixture velocities is similar t

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15

Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon, Muhammad Zaid Sannang, Masooma Nazar, and Azmi Mohd Shariff. "Investigating the Effect of Okra Mucilage on Waxy Oil Flow in Pipeline." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 107, no. 2 (2023): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.107.2.4149.

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Wax deposition in the pipeline is one of the petroleum production system's most serious flow assurance issues. Wax deposition limits crude oil flow through the pipeline, resulting in unusual pressure conditions and an artificial barrier that reduces or stops production. This study discusses the effect of okra mucilage on preventing wax deposition in the waxy pipeline. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) analysis were done to characterize the okra mucilage as a wax inhibitor. An experimental flow loop system was fabricated to study the wax inhibition potential

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16

Gao, Xuedong, Qiyu Huang, Xun Zhang, Xiangrui Zhu, and Yu Zhang. "A New Wax Removal Empirical Model of Fully Coated Foam Pig." SPE Journal 26, no. 02 (2021): 737–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205011-pa.

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Summary Wax deposition is one of the most significant challenges for flow assurance. In a conventional pigging operation, a fully coated foam pig is regularly used to mitigate wax deposition. This work attempts to assess, qualitatively and quantitively, the wax removal process of the fully coated foam pig. The experimental results confirm that the wax removal process of the fully coated foam pig includes four phases; namely, the buildup phase, preplug phase, plug phase, and production phase. Moreover, the effects of coating hardness, wax layer thickness, and the shear strength of wax sample on

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17

Apicella, Annalisa, Antonio Barbato, Emilia Garofalo, Loredana Incarnato, and Paola Scarfato. "Effect of PVOH/PLA + Wax Coatings on Physical and Functional Properties of Biodegradable Food Packaging Films." Polymers 14, no. 5 (2022): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14050935.

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Biodegradable polymers suffer from inherent performance limitations that severely limit their practical application. Their functionalization by coating technology is a promising strategy to significantly improve their physical properties for food packaging. In this study, we investigated the double coating technique to produce multifunctional, high barrier and heat-sealable biodegradable films. The systems consisted of a web layer, made of poly(lactide) (PLA) and poly(butylene-adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), which was first coated with a poly(vinyl) alcohol based layer, providing high barrie

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18

Ilushin, Pavel, Kirill Vyatkin, and Anton Kozlov. "Development of a New Model for the Formation of Wax Deposits through the Passage of Crude Oil within the Well." Sustainability 15, no. 12 (2023): 9616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15129616.

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Wax deposits related to flow assurance are a costly problem in oil production in many fields around the world. Modeling of this process is the main tool for creating and optimizing methods to deal with this problem. This paper considers a new empirical model for the formation of these deposits, based on the results of an array of laboratory studies, theoretical data and technological calculations are presented. The created technique takes into account the conditions of oil flow, data from laboratory studies, and the water cut of the product. The experience of the industrial operation of the te

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19

Xie, Ying, Diwen Chen, and Fangrui Mai. "Economic pigging cycles for low-throughput pipelines." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 11 (2018): 168781401881119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018811198.

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Wax deposition occurs frequently in waxy crude oil pipelines when the level of flow decreases, and pigging is needed at regular intervals. An economic pigging model is established in accordance with the objective function based on the sum of thermal costs, power costs, and single piping costs. Thus, by compiling a program, the most economical pigging cycle will be determined. Furthermore, the calculation methods for hydraulic and thermal constraints are given. Taking the example of the distance between the central processing platform and the land terminal external piping line of the M-field cl

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20

Krasnov, A. N., M. Yu Prakhova, and Yu V. Novikova. "Measurement of Oil Consumption by Turbine Flow Meters in Conditions of Wax Deposition." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2096, no. 1 (2021): 012065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2096/1/012065.

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Abstract Commercial metering of oil is performed at almost all stages of the life cycle, from well production control to the transfer of the produced oil to the end customer. In most cases, special systems for measuring the quantity and quality of commercial oil (SIQO) are used for this. If such a system implements an indirect dynamic measurement method, then a turbine flow meter is most often a means of measuring volumetric flow. Its accuracy depends on many external factors, including wax deposits on the inner surface of the measuring pipeline and on the elements of the flow meter itself. Th

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21

Song, Tao, Chao Liu, Hengxuan Zhu, Min Zeng, and Jin Wang. "A Novel Evaluation Method For Particle Deposition Measurement." Open Physics 17, no. 1 (2019): 927–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phys-2019-0097.

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Abstract Normal operation of gas turbines will be affected by deposition on turbine blades from particles mixed in fuels. This research shows that it is difficult to monitor the mass of the particles deposition on the wall surface in real time. With development of electronic technology, the antenna made of printed circuit board (PCB) has been widely used in many industrial fields. Microstrip antenna is first proposed for monitoring particles deposition to analyse the deposition law of the particles accumulated on the wall. The simulation software Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio

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22

Halstensen, Maths, Benjamin Kaku Arvoh, Lene Amundsen, and Rainer Hoffmann. "Online estimation of wax deposition thickness in single-phase sub-sea pipelines based on acoustic chemometrics: A feasibility study." Fuel 105 (March 2013): 718–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.10.004.

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23

Knoche, Moritz, and Stefanie Peschel. "Deposition and Strain of the Cuticle of Developing European Plum Fruit." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 132, no. 5 (2007): 597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.132.5.597.

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Time courses of change in 1) fruit mass and surface area, 2) deposition of the cuticular membrane (CM), 3) strain of the CM, and 4) formation of microcracks in the CM of developing fruit of european plum (Prunus domestica L. ssp. domestica) were established. Fruit mass, fruit surface area, and CM mass per fruit increased between 50 and 133 days after full bloom (DAFB). Rates of CM deposition were higher during early stage III (50–71 DAFB) when amounts of wax and cutin per fruit increased, resulting in an increase in CM thickness from 3.1 to 5.9 g·m−2. Thereafter, cutin deposition ceased and CM

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Dolmatov, Arthur V., Sergey S. Maklakov, Polina A. Zezyulina, et al. "Deposition of a SiO2 Shell of Variable Thickness and Chemical Composition to Carbonyl Iron: Synthesis and Microwave Measurements." Sensors 21, no. 14 (2021): 4624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144624.

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Protective SiO2 coating deposited to iron microparticles is highly demanded both for the chemical and magnetic performance of the latter. Hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane is the crucial method for SiO2 deposition from a solution. The capabilities of this technique have not been thoroughly studied yet. Here, two factors were tested to affect the chemical composition and the thickness of the SiO2 shell. It was found that an increase in the hydrolysis reaction time thickened the SiO2 shell from 100 to 200 nm. Moreover, a decrease in the acidity of the reaction mixture not only thickened the shell

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Rocha, Diego Ismael, Luzimar Campos da Silva, Eduardo Gusmão Pereira, Bruno Francisco Sant'Anna-Santos, Elisa Rodrigues Gontijo, and Marco Antônio Oliva. "Early detection of injuries in leaves of Clusia hilariana Schltdl. (Clusiaceae) caused by particulate deposition of iron." Revista Árvore 38, no. 3 (2014): 423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-67622014000300004.

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This study aims to evaluate the prognostic value of microscopic parameters of asymptomatic leaves of Clusia hilariana Schltdl. subjected to particulate deposition of iron (2.14 mg cm-2 day-1) for 45 consecutive days. Samples of young and expanded leaves without symptoms were collected and subjected to light and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The height of the epidermal cells on both surfaces of the leaf and the thickness of the hypodermis, the chlorophyll parenchyma, and the leaf blade were measured. Micromorphological injury occurred in the abaxial surface of young leaves and on bot

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Bondada, B. R., J. P. Syvertsen, L. Albrigo, A. Alva, and P. Petracek. "Foliar Nitrogen Fertilization of Citrus in Florida." HortScience 30, no. 4 (1995): 773D—773. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.773d.

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Foliar applications of urea nitrogen (N) is a relatively new practice in Florida citrus production resulting from applied research and changes in citrus fertilizer management philosophy. The present study investigated the effect of leaf age and surface morphology on leaf wettability as measured by contact angles, and absorption efficiency of foliar-applied N. Young leaves (0.25 and 1 month) were more efficient than old leaves in the absorption of foliar-applied N. Contact angles of water, urea-, and triazone-N solutions were low in the young leaves. The adaxial surfaces had lower contact angle

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27

Garg, Parlad Kumar, Rupinder Singh, and IPS Ahuja. "Multi-objective optimization of dimensional accuracy, surface roughness and hardness of hybrid investment cast components." Rapid Prototyping Journal 23, no. 5 (2017): 845–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-10-2015-0149.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to optimize the process parameters to obtain the best dimensional accuracy, surface finish and hardness of the castings produced by using fused deposition modeling (FDM)-based patterns in investment casting (IC). Design/methodology/approach In this paper, hip implants have been prepared by using plastic patterns in IC process. Taguchi design of experiments has been used to study the effect of six different input process parameters on the dimensional deviation, surface roughness and hardness of the implants. Analysis of variance has been used to find the eff

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Gurbanov, Abdulaga, Ijabika Sardarova, Javida Damirova, and Zarifa Mahmudova. "Development of a new technology for the fight against wax deposits." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, no. 4 (July 27, 2023): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2023.003023.

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One of the most serious complications in the production, transport and treatment of oil is asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits. Their formation in underground well equipment, as well as in flow lines, collection system pipelines increase the cost of oil production. There are no sufficiently effective reagents to solve these problems. The results of implementation in many other wells testify to the high efficiency of the new reagent. The effect of reagents on the rheological properties of oil was also studied. Sangachal Deniz oil was used as a crude oil sample. We have developed multicomponent a

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Avestan, Saber, Mahmood Ghasemnezhad, Masoud Esfahani, and Caitlin S. Byrt. "Application of Nano-Silicon Dioxide Improves Salt Stress Tolerance in Strawberry Plants." Agronomy 9, no. 5 (2019): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9050246.

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Silicon application can improve productivity outcomes for salt stressed plants. Here, we describe how strawberry plants respond to treatments including various combinations of salt stress and nano-silicon dioxide, and assess whether nano-silicon dioxide improves strawberry plant tolerance to salt stress. Strawberry plants were treated with salt (0, 25 or 50 mM NaCl), and the nano-silicon dioxide treatments were applied to the strawberry plants before (0, 50 and 100 mg L−1) or after (0 and 50 mg L−1) flowering. The salt stress treatments reduced plant biomass, chlorophyll content, and leaf rela

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Crisosto, C. H., W. A. Retzlaff, L. E. William, T. M. DeJong, and J. P. Zoffoli. "Postharvest Performance Evaluation of Plum (Prunus salicina Lindel., `Casselman') Fruit Grown under Three Ozone Concentrations." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 118, no. 4 (1993): 497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.118.4.497.

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We investigated the effects of three seasonal atmospheric ozone (0,) concentrations on fruit quality, internal breakdown, weight loss, cuticle structure, and ripening characteristics of plum fruit from 3-year-old `Casselman' trees in the 1991 season. Trees were exposed to 12-hour daily mean O3 concentrations of 0.034 [charcoal-filtered air (CFA)], 0.050 [ambient air (AA)], or 0.094 [ambient plus O3 (AA+O)] μl·liter-1 from bloom to leaf-fall (1 Apr. to31 Oct. 1991). Fruit quality and internal breakdown incidence measured at harvest and after 2, 4, and 6 weeks of storage at 0C were not affected

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Sachsenhofer, Reinhard F., Achim Bechtel, Rudolf W. Dellmour, Afshin Fathi Mobarakabad, Reinhard Gratzer, and Adel Salman. "Upper Jurassic source rocks in the Sab’atayn Basin, Yemen: Depositional environment, source potential and hydrocarbon generation." GeoArabia 17, no. 4 (2012): 161–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia1704161.

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ABSTRACT The Sab’atayn Basin is a major hydrocarbon province in Yemen. Important source rocks occur in Upper Jurassic units (Lam Member of the Madbi Formation, Sab’atayn Formation). Depositional environment, source potential and maturity of the source rocks were investigated using 60 cuttings samples from the Tagina South-1 Well. All samples were analysed for bulk parameters (total organic carbon (TOC), carbonate, sulphur, RockEval). A subset of samples was selected for biomarker analysis, pyrolysis-gas chromatography and isotope investigations. A carbonate-rich, euhaline, dysoxic to anoxic en

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Silva, Breno Ricardo Serrão da, Elaine Maria Silva Guedes Lobato, Leidy Alves dos Santos, et al. "How Different Na+ Concentrations Affect Anatomical, Nutritional Physiological, Biochemical, and Morphological Aspects in Soybean Plants: A Multidisciplinary and Comparative Approach." Agronomy 13, no. 1 (2023): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010232.

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Soybean is a legume widely cultivated globally for its seeds, which are rich in oil and protein suitable for animal and human nutrition, and as a biofuel source. One of the main factors that limits production is soil salinity; currently there are an estimated 800 million hectares of agricultural land affected by salt stress worldwide. The aim of this research was to determine whether anatomical, morphological, nutritional, physiological, and biochemical parameters are negatively affected in soybean plants cultivated under different levels of salt stress. The experiment was randomized into five

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Strąkowska, Paulina, and Marcin Robert Strąkowski. "Microcrystalline diamond film evaluation by spectroscopic optical coherence tomography." Photonics Letters of Poland 14, no. 3 (2022): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v14i3.1156.

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This study has focused on the microcrystalline diamond film (MCD) thickness evaluation. For this purpose, optical coherence tomography (OCT) enhanced by spectroscopic analysis has been used as a method of choice. The average thickness of the tested layer was about 1.5 µm, which is below the standard 2-point OCT resolution. In this case, the usefulness of the spectroscopic analysis was confirmed for the evaluation of the thickness changes in the submicrometer range. Full Text: PDF ReferencesM.D. Drory, J.W. Hutchinson, "Diamond Coating of Titanium Alloys", Science, 263 (1994). CrossRef J. Wang,

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C S Ranasinghe, L K Weerakoon, Y M H Liyanage, and D T Mathes. "PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF IN VITRO-GROWN COCONUT (Cocos nucifera L.) PLANTS DURING ACCLIMATIZATION." CORD 15, no. 02 (1999): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v15i02.332.

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The physiological status of in vitro-grown coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) plants during acclimatization was studied using nursery-raised seedlings as the control. The percentage of open stomata in leaves of in vitro-grown coconut plants was high at the initial stage of acclimatization but decreased during the course of acclimatization indicating an improvement in stomatal regulation. A progressive increase in the stomatal density, epicuticular wax deposition and leaf thickness in in vitro-grown plants was observed during acclimatization. As a result of the low light intensity, the epidermal cells

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Zemlyanovskiy, V. A. "Underwater Oil Storage Tanks: Mass and Dimensional Parameters and Design Features." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 4 (April 2024): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2024-4-31-38.

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The extensive exploration and development of shallow water oil fields on the continental shelf require the search for new sources of hydrocarbon reserves and movement towards the deep-water or Arctic areas. Today, the development of technologies enables oil production in complex conditions of the Arctic and deep-water shelf. Such production, however, is associated with high technological and environmental risks, which necessitates the development of innovative technologies and means to mitigate environmental risks. One of the solutions is the application of underwater oil storage facilities th

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Martyushev, Dmitriy A. "Modeling and prediction of asphaltene-resin-paraffinic substances deposits in oil production wells." Georesursy 22, no. 4 (2020): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18599/grs.2020.4.86-92.

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In the oil industry today, the issue of combating deposits of asphaltene-resin-paraffinic substances (ARPD) remains relevant. At the moment, the most common method in the Perm Territory for removing ARPD in wells operated by electric centrifugal pumps is mechanized (mechanical dewaxing units). This method is the main one in the fight against wax deposits, but does not provide absolute protection. The least costly way to deal with ARPD is the use of flushing with hot oil or water, but this also does not always provide sufficient efficiency. The effectiveness of technologies will depend on the d

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Aziz, Siti Alwani A., Muhamad Nazeri Tumiry, and Hariati Taib. "Effect of Voltage and Suspension Medium on Titania (TiO₂) Film Prepared by Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD)." Advanced Materials Research 576 (October 2012): 569–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.576.569.

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The electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique was applied in order to produce titanium dioxide (TiO2) coating on stainless steel. Voltages of 2V, 4V, 6V and 8V and two types of TiO2 suspensions; (i) acidic (pH 4) and (ii) alkaline (pH 8) were used. Depositions were carried out for duration of 10 minutes. The TiO2 coatings phases, morphologies, thicknesses and weight were analysed. It was found that thickness and weight of coatings produced using both acidic and alkaline TiO2 suspensions increased proportionally. However, from the uniform and dense morphology of coatings, acidic TiO2 suspensio

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Wang, Yi, Jian Sun, Bing Sheng, and Haifeng Cheng. "Deposition Mechanism and Thickness Control of CVD SiC Coatings on NextelTM440 Fibers." Coatings 10, no. 4 (2020): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10040408.

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SiC coatings were successfully synthesized on NextelTM440 fibers by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using methyltrichlorosilane as the original SiC source at 1373 K. After deposited, the fibers were fully surrounded by uniform coatings with some bulges. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) results indicated that the coatings were composed of β-SiC and free carbon. Moreover, thickness control of the coatings could be carried out by adjusting the deposition time. The coating thickness rose exponentially,

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Economou, Anastasios, Christos Kokkinos, Dionysios Soulis, Varvara Pagkali, and Mamas Prodromidis. "Development of Electrochemical Paper-Based Devices for Field Assays." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 62 (2023): 2937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02622937mtgabs.

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The birth of the modern field of paper-based analytical devices (PADs) was marked by the pioneering work by the Whitesides’ group which demonstrated that it was possible to perform complex manipulation of liquids within hydrophilic paper channels delimited by hydrophobic barriers [1]. The key features of paper as a platform are: a) flexibility; b) low thickness and lightness; c) absorbency; d) high surface-to-volume ratio; e) hydrophilicity and capillary action; f) chemical and biological inertness; g) disposability and biodegradability, and; h) low cost and wide availability. Among the variou

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Colvin, Jacob, Michael Carter, and James Sears. "Fabrication of Conductors and Inductors by Nano-Particle Deposition through Direct Write Technology." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 3, no. 3 (2006): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/1551-4897-3.3.121.

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Direct Write Technologies are being utilized in antennas, engineered structures, sensors, and tissue engineering. One form of the Direct Write Technologies is Maskless Mesoscale Material Deposition (M3D) for Optomec, Inc. M3D is a process that uses aerosol formation, transport and deposition. Inks for the M3D utilize nano-particles in suspension for deposition. Several different conductive inks were deposited with M3D and characterized for electrical resistivity and microstructure. Soft magnetic material was formulated as an ink suspension, deposited and characterized. This paper will report o

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Paven, Maxime, Periklis Papadopoulos, Lena Mammen, et al. "Optimization of superamphiphobic layers based on candle soot." Pure and Applied Chemistry 86, no. 2 (2014): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2014-5015.

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Abstract Liquid repellent layers can be fabricated by coating a fractal-like layer of candle soot particles with a silicon oxide layer, combusting the soot at 600 °C and subsequently silanizing with perfluoroalkylsilanes. Drops of different liquids deposited on these so called “superamphiphobic” layers easily roll off thanks to the low liquid-solid adhesion. The lower value of the surface tension of liquids that can be repelled depends on details of the processing. Here, we analyze the influence of the soot deposition duration and height with respect to the flame on the structure and wetting p

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Ghorannevis, Zohreh, Marzieh Asadi Milani, Maryam Habibi, and Mahmood Ghoranneviss. "Thickness Dependence of Structural and Optical Properties of Al/ZnO Films Prepared by DC Magnetron Sputtering." Advanced Materials Research 856 (December 2013): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.856.193.

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In this paper, AZO thin films of different thicknesses were deposited on glass substrates as transparent conducting (TCO) films by changing the deposition time using a DC magnetron sputtering method. The effect of film thicknesses on the structural and optical properties of AZO films was investigated using X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and spectrophotometer, respectively. Results show that increasing the film thickness results in decreasing the optical transmittance. The optimum properties were obtained for a film with 500 nm thickness and 90 min deposition time, which exhibited a transmittance o

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Nejneru, Carmen, Manuela Cristina Perju, and Mihai Axinte. "Researches Regarding Ti/W/TiC Triple Layers Deposition on the Ferritic-Pearlitic Cast Iron Support, Obtained by Electro-Spark Deposition Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 371 (August 2013): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.371.363.

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This paper contains a layer characteristics analysis layer thickness, chemical analysis, surface quality-for the triple deposition with Ti, W and TiC on the ferritic-perlitic cast iron support, using electro-spark deposition method. The resulted surface quality by electro-spark deposition method is dependent by the quality and chemical composition of the electrode. The obtained layer was realized by multiple successive depositions, using different electrodes to combine the beneficial characteristics of the part surface with the appropriate succession.

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Lille, Harri, Alexander Ryabchikov, Jakub Kõo, et al. "Average Residual Stresses in Hard Physical Vapor Deposited (PVD) Coatings." Key Engineering Materials 799 (April 2019): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.799.20.

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In this study we determined average residual stresses in hard nitride PVD AlCrN, TiAlN and TiCN coatings through simultaneous measurement of length variation in thin-walled tubular substrates and of the curvature of plate substrates. A device for measurement of the length of the tube was developed. Inside the depositing chamber the tube and the plate were fixed parallel in the relation to the axis of the rotating cathode. One batch of plate samples was produced by deposition on front surface (facing the cathode) and the other batch, by deposition on back surface (with back to the cathode). The

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Hsieh, Chi-Yung, Yu-Chi Lin, Xuan-Shan Huang, Jing-Ting Lin, and Cheng-Sheng Huang. "Novel Deposition Technique for Fabricating Films with Customized Thickness Profiles." Micromachines 15, no. 12 (2024): 1412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi15121412.

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This study introduces a novel deposition technique capable of depositing thin films with any arbitrary thickness profile. The apparatus consists of a fixed shadow mask and a rotating sample carrier plate. The shadow mask features a specifically designed opening curve that corresponds to the particular thickness profile of the deposited film. We successfully designed two shadow masks and used them to deposit films with linear thickness gradients of 49.3 and 86.8 Å/mm and films with sinusoidal thickness profiles with a period of 40 mm. Furthermore, a linear variable filter was designed on the ba

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Zhou, Qing, Shao Ming Dong, Xiang Yu Zhang, Yu Sheng Ding, Zheng Ren Huang, and Dong Liang Jiang. "Synthesis of the Fiber Coating by FP-CVI Process." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 1307–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.1307.

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To obtain high performance ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), fiber coatings are often fabricated as the interphase between fiber and matrix. The SiC coating was synthesized at low temperature and reduced pressure in the present experiment. SiC was derived from a gaseous methyltrichlorosilane (MTS)/H2 precursor by chemical vapor infiltration (CVI). The thickness of the coating was inspected by SEM. The correlation between the coating thickness and the depositing conditions, i.e. the deposition temperature, the pressure, the deposition time per pulse and the pulse number were investigated. Based

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Arimura, Masashi, Teruhisa Makino, Kunitaka Fujiyoshi, and Makoto Kuwabara. "Preparation of Barium Titanate Nanoparticle Thin Films by the Electrophoretic Deposition Method Using Polyacrylic Acid as a Charge-Compensating Agent." Key Engineering Materials 421-422 (December 2009): 510–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.421-422.510.

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Using the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method, we prepared barium titanate nanoparticle (BT-NP) thin films by depositing BT-NP monodispersed in ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGMME) onto an electrically conductive substrate coated with polyacrylic acid (PAA). Deposition efficiency was increased compared to conventional EPD, and the uniformity of the film thickness was also improved as a result of the BT-NPs cohesion effect of the PAA coating on the substrate in addition to the electrophoretic deposition effect of the electric field. When low-molecular-weight PAA was used, the film was r

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Mohammed, Faras Q., Mahdi S. Edan, Ali S. Hasan, and Adawiya J. Haider. "Synthesis and Theoretical Concepts of Boron Nitride Nanowires Grown on Nitrides Stainless Steel Surface by Hybrid Gas Phase Process." Key Engineering Materials 886 (May 2021): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.886.97.

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Synthesize of Boron Nitride nanowires were made by utilizing Austenitic hardened steel AISI 316 with a nitriding layer of 15–16 μm thickness. Deposition experiments at deferent substrate temperatures for BN Nanowires productions were carried out with the help of a blended gas stage depositing handle procedure (PVD and CVD). Chemical composition and crystallinity along with the average grain size for BN phases was investigated by using XRD test and FTIR spectrum. The SEM images was used to examine the surface topography. Finally theoretical investigations computations were performed by thicknes

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Wang, Wenquan, Ming Du, Xinge Zhang, Chengqun Luan, and Yingtao Tian. "Preparation and Properties of Mo Coating on H13 Steel by Electro Spark Deposition Process." Materials 14, no. 13 (2021): 3700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14133700.

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H13 steel is often damaged by wear, erosion, and thermal fatigue. It is one of the essential methods to improve the service life of H13 steel by preparing a coating on it. Due to the advantages of high melting point, good wear, and corrosion resistance of Mo, Mo coating was fabricated on H13 steel by electro spark deposition (ESD) process in this study. The influences of the depositing parameters (deposition power, discharge frequency, and specific deposition time) on the roughness of the coating, thickness, and properties were investigated in detail. The optimized depositing parameters were o

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Fan, Hui. "Improvement of Deposition Uniformity in Laminated Templates Electro-Deposition." Key Engineering Materials 426-427 (January 2010): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.426-427.5.

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Laminated templates electro-deposition (LTE) is a small-sized metallic-structure fabrication technique based on template-patterned depositing. Avoiding locally excessive electroplating at the template edge area has been proved crucial to this method. To improve deposition uniformity, auxiliary cathode and modulated double-pulse current were tried individually and assessed on their effects and efficiencies. By applying assisting cathode the deposition uniformity in plannar pattern depositing was significantly improved with an increased thickness ratio of edge to center for the plating sample. P

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