Academic literature on the topic 'Waxy crude oils'

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Journal articles on the topic "Waxy crude oils"

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Strøm-Kristiansen, Tove, Alun Lewis, Per S. Daling, Jorunn Nerbø Hokstad, and Ivar Singsaas. "WEATHERING AND DISPERSION OF NAPHTHENIC, ASPHALTENIC, AND WAXY CRUDE OILS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1997, no. 1 (April 1, 1997): 631–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-631.

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ABSTRACT The chemical composition and physical properties of a crude oil determine the behavior of the oil and the way its properties will change when the oil is spilled at sea. Reliable knowledge of the oil's behavior will enable the most effective countermeasure techniques to be used in a spill situation. A diverse range of crude oils is coming into production in the North Sea. The weathering behavior and chemical dispersibility of three very different crude oils—Troll (naphthenic), Balder (asphaltenic), and Nome (waxy)—have recently been thoroughly investigated through bench- and meso-scale experiments. The naphthenic crude oil was also exposed to full-scale studies in the North Sea. This study shows that emulsion formation, the viscosity of emulsion, and the potential for dispersing emulsions by dispersant treatment may vary greatly for the different crude oils. It would be impossible to predict these differences with existing oil-weathering models based on fresh oil properties alone. Especially for abnormal (e.g., highly asphaltenic, waxy) crude oils, the weathering and dispersibility behavior can be revealed only by experimental work. The findings have important implications for effective oil spill response planning, particularly for estimating the most appropriate “window of opportunity” and for optimizing a dispersant application strategy for crude oils.
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Wardhaugh, L. T., and D. V. Boger. "PIPELINE FLOW OF WAXY CRUDE OILS." APPEA Journal 32, no. 1 (1992): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj91032.

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The various methods for handling waxy crude oils at temperatures below the pour point have been difficult to assess quantitatively owing to the lack of reliable measurement techniques for properties such as the non-Newtonian viscosity and yield stress. Research undertaken at The University of Melbourne has been aimed at the development of reproducible measurement techniques for laboratory scale rheometers and, in so doing, has provided an understanding of the rheology of waxy oils that is applicable to the design and operation of waxy oil pipelines and handling systems and in understanding the startup behaviour of pipelines.The equilibrium flow properties of waxy oils are determined by the shear and thermal history applied to the oil. In particular, the very strong shear history dependence influences the behaviour of pipelines servicing declining fields, leads to an over-estimation of the flowrate when conventional design methods are used, and provides a mechanism for wall deposition of wax that depends on the oil rheology rather than mass transfer mechanisms. Modified design methods are outlined for both laminar and turbulent flow which account for the effect of shear history and enable a quantifiable measure, under steady conditions, of the return on investment of alternative handling techniques such as the use of flow improver additives.Waxy crude oil that has been statically cooled develops solid-like character at temperatures below the pour point. The complex yielding process exhibits three distinct behaviours-yield, creep and fracture, each of which influences the startup behaviour of a gelled pipeline.
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Alghanduri, Layla M., Mohamed M. Elgarni, Jean-Luc Daridon, and Joao A. P. Coutinho. "Characterization of Libyan Waxy Crude Oils." Energy & Fuels 24, no. 5 (May 20, 2010): 3101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef1001937.

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Chang, Cheng, David V. Boger, and Q. Dzuy Nguyen. "The Yielding of Waxy Crude Oils." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 37, no. 4 (April 1998): 1551–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie970588r.

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Fasano, A., L. Fusi, and S. Correra. "Mathematical Models for Waxy Crude Oils." Meccanica 39, no. 5 (October 2004): 441–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:mecc.0000046444.98941.3c.

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Zhu, Yingru, Jinjun Zhang, Hongying Li, and Jun Chen. "Characteristic temperatures of waxy crude oils." Petroleum Science 4, no. 3 (August 2007): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12182-007-0010-0.

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Sun, Zhengnan, Jing Zhang, Guolin Jing, Yang Liu, and Shuo Liu. "Research Progress and Discussion of Waxy Crude Pour Point Depressants: A Mini Review." Recent Innovations in Chemical Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering) 13, no. 4 (June 2, 2020): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2405520413666200316162139.

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The crude oils exploited in oilfields are mainly high-wax crude oils. Paraffins precipitate, crystallize, and form a three-dimensional network structure, when the temperature falls below the Wax Appearance Temperature (WAT), which decreases crude oil fluidity. This poses huge challenges to oil exploitation and transportation, as well as cost control. To date, the addition of chemical pour point depressants has been a convenient and economical method to improve low-temperature fluidity in crude oils. This article reviews the types of pour point depressants of crude oil and their performance mechanisms, and introduces the main research methods and progress made in the study of the performance mechanisms of pour point depressants in waxy crude oils. Finally, the development direction of pour point depressants is prospected.
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Farina, A. "Waxy Crude Oils: Some Aspects of their Dynamics." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 07, no. 04 (June 1997): 435–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202597000244.

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Waxy crude oils are highly non-Newtonian fluids known to cause pipelining difficulties because their rheological properties are strongly affected by paraffin crystallization. On the basis of experimental data, a physical model has been developed to describe the behavior of these crudes. The corresponding mathematical problem has been studied in planar geometry proving the existence and uniqueness of a classical solution. A condition on the pressure gradient has been found ensuring that the system do not come to a complete stop in finite time.
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Buist, Ian, Stephen Potter, Don Mackay, and Michael Charles. "LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE BEHAVIOR AND CLEANUP OF WAXY CRUDE OIL SPILLS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1989, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1989-1-105.

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ABSTRACT Small- and mid-scale laboratory tests were undertaken to investigate the behavior and cleanup of spills of waxy crude oils at sea. The results indicate that the behavior of such oils is very different from that of conventional oils. This difference is likely due primarily to the precipitation of waxes, asphaltenes, and other unknown resinous compounds as the oil evaporates or as environmental temperatures drop. Thus, the oil spreads, evaporates, and naturally disperses very slowly, or in the extreme, even gels into a semisolid mass. Waxy oil spills can be expected to survive on the sea surface considerably longer than an equivalent spill of conventional crude. The results of simple countermeasure tests suggest that waxy crude oil spills will be difficult to clean up, since they are very viscous, do not adhere well to oleophilic surfaces, and are extremely resistant to chemical dispersants.
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Seth, Siddhartha, and Brian F. Towler. "Diachronic viscosity increase in waxy crude oils." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 43, no. 1-2 (June 2004): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2003.11.004.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Waxy crude oils"

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Abdelrahim, A. M. A. "Rheology and Pumping of Waxy Crude Oils: An experimental study of the yield stresses of waxy crude oils measured using a range of rheological techniques." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5482.

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Dimitriou, Christopher (Christopher J. ). "The rheological complexity of waxy crude oils : yielding, thixotropy and shear heterogeneities." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/81696.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 305-320).
Precipitate-containing crude oils are of increasing economic importance, due to diminishing oil reserves and the increased need to extract hydrate and wax-containing crude oil from ultra deep-water resources. Despite this need, the rheological behavior of these types of crude oil is often poorly understood. In this thesis, we investigate some of the underlying complexities associated with the rheology of waxy crude oils. These complex phenomena are often difficult to both quantify experimentally and capture with existing constitutive models. The contribution of this thesis is therefore to develop a detailed understanding of three of these particular phenomena, through the development and use of several new experimental and theoretical tools. A better understanding of waxy crude oil rheology is critical for developing flow assurance strategies, which can in turn ensure continuous production of precipitate-containing crude oils under adverse conditions. The three phenomena studied are, first: shear heterogeneities, i.e. the manifestation of wall slip, shear banding or other shear-localization events under imposed deformations that are assumed to be homogenous. For these purposes, flow visualization techniques capable of "Rheo-PIV" measurements are developed to detect these heterogeneities. Second: elasto-viscoplasticity, or the presence of an elastic response and a yield-like behavior in a non-Newtonian fluid. Constitutive modeling of this type of behavior is difficult to achieve using standard linear viscoelastic techniques, where the viscoelastic response is decomposed into a finite number of linear elements with a spectrum of relaxation times. For these reasons, additional concepts are adopted from plasticity models in order to describe this behavior. Finally: thixotropy, which refers to the ability of a fluid to continuously evolve, or age at rest and shear rejuvenate under a constant applied shear rate. A rigorous set of experimental tests is constructed which allow for the appropriate constitutive model parameters to be determined for a thixotropic fluid. Through quantitative study of these phenomena, we reach several conclusions about how to characterize and model the rheology of a precipitate-containing crude oil. First, measurements of shear heterogeneities are important in these fluids, so that rheological characterization may proceed with a knowledge of when these may arise and introduce artifacts into data. Second, new nonlinear rheometric techniques are necessary to develop quantitative data sets that describe the inherently nonlinear rheology of these fluids. The specific technique developed in this work is termed stress-controlled large amplitude oscillatory shear, or LAOStress. Finally, we show that the constitutive behavior of these materials is best prescribed using a framework which utilizes yielding and hardening mechanisms from plasticity theory. The resulting constitutive model for this nonlinear elasto-viscoplastic and thixotropic class of materials is expressed in a closed form that can be used in existing flow assurance simulation tools. The most relevant applications for this work are in the flow assurance challenges associated with crude oil production. Consequently, a large portion of the experimental work is carried out on a model waxy crude oil, containing a total wax content ranging from 5 to 10% by weight. However the phenomena studied here occur ubiquitously in a number of complex fluids. For this reason, the same rheological complexities are studied in the context of several other fluids, including a swollen microgel paste (Carbopol) and a shear-banding wormlike micellar solution.
by Christopher J. Dimitriou.
Ph.D.
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Fakroun, A., and Hadj Benkreira. "Rheology of waxy crude oils in relation to restart of gelled pipelines." Elsevier Ltd, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17283.

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Yes
Waxy crude oils are pumped hot but upon power cut, pumping stops, the oil cools leading below the wax appearance temperature to precipitation of the wax and the formation of a gel throughout the pipe. In such a situation, what is the minimum pressure required to restart flow, not to merely deform the gel or break it? This paper provides a solution to this problem using microscopic observations under controlled cooling conditions and rheological data conducted in constant stress mode under controlled temperature and cooling conditions and restart experiments in laboratory pipelines replicating the rheometric conditions and deviations from them to inform large diameter operation in the field. Three important findings derive from the experimental data collected: (i) A fragmentation stress , rather than the static stress that precedes it, is found to be the more accurate predictor of flow re-start pressures; (ii) Waxy crude oils gels exhibit true yield stress and yielding process but also show flow on application of the slightest stress below yielding; (iii) This flow, in the elastic region, is jagged rather than continuous suggesting a consolidation process of the crystals and their agglomerates forming the gel. In the broader context of the existence of a yield stress, the data presented here show that there is such a thing as a yield stress and the concepts of a yield stress and that everything flows are not mutually exclusive.
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Mohamed, Fathia A. B. "An Experimental Study on the Effects of Heat and Chemical Inhibitors on the Flow Behaviour of Waxy Crude Oils. The Effects of Heat and Chemical Inhibitors on the Rheological Properties of Waxy Crude Oils with regard to Pumping in Pipelines." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18393.

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Waxy crude oils (1/3 of oil produced worldwide), pumping through pipelines considered risky operation due to the crude wax content (15-40 wt.%) and to the temperature at which wax supersaturates and precipitates, leading to the danger of pipe blockage, eventually resulting, in multimillion dollars loss in production and maintenance. This research undertaken to develop operational strategy of waxy crude pipelines, considering the crude and crude gel properties and flow conditions. The research problem was approached by characterizing the crude gel with and without additives using chromatography (GC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), cross polarised microscopy (CPM), controlled stress and oscillatory shear rheology (CSR and OSR), the principal parameters being the crude temperature and the rate at which the crude was cooled. GC and DSC were useful in establishing wax composition, content and wax appearance temperature (WAT). Control stress rheometer proved to be the most appropriate as it measured the reduction in apparent viscosity at full production (10-50 s-1 shear rate), near shutdown (1 s-1 ) and yielding when the oil was statically cooled. On this basis, it was established that the wax inhibitor was the most effective. CPM revealed that only the wax inhibitor changed the structure of the gel, disrupting its otherwise knitted crystal network. Dilution with the light crude oil merely reduced the wax content and the pour point depressant reduced the gelling temperature. OSR provided a check on CSR and confirmed the gelation temperature measured. CSR provided the yield stress measured, it also provided comprehensive data that can be used for theoretical modelling of this complex flow.
Libyan Petroleum Institute, Libya
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Alghanduri, Layla Mhemmed Mbrouk. "Rheological characterization of some Lybyan waxy crude oil." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/21175.

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Doutoramento em Engenharia Química
The precipitation of wax in crude oils at temperatures below their pour point leads to the formation of a network structure of waxy crystals and the gelation of the oil. It is thus very important to have a good understanding of the behavior of waxy crude oils during transportation at low temperature, and the rheological behavior of the gelled crude, as this would be useful information for the design and operation of pipeline systems that would help decrease the costs of production and transportation. This thesis was motivated by the lack of information on the characteristics of the wax phase of Libyan waxy crude oils and of their rheological behavior at temperatures below the pour point. The characterization of the oil and wax provides useful information required for operational engineering, and process development, including modifications to the processing of the crude oils. This study used DSC to measure the wax appearance temperature for five Libyan crude oils; the carbon number distribution of these waxes was determined by GC-FID; extensive information about the structural composition of these waxes was obtained using C-NMR; and information about the crystalline structure of these waxes was obtained using X-ray diffraction. A better understanding and more detailed knowledge of the rheological behavior of some Libyan waxy crude oils was developed in this work. The characterization of the rheological characteristic of Libyan waxy oils is an important contribution to the Libyan oil industry. This can be illustrated by the fact that the rheological characterization of gelled waxy oils near their pour point is useful to extract information about the gel structure, the gel strength and to further explore the network stability due to wax deposition, i.e. the flowability of crude oils in pipelines by prediction of the successful start-up pressure and pump capacity required after shutdown. This will allow to avoid operational problems and reduce the cost of production by the use of hazardous chemicals, which are not only costly but also have negative environmental impacts, while minimizing losses by reduced production due to line blockage. Based on the considerations exposed above this thesis focus on the study of the flow behavior of the oils below their pour point temperatures. Furthermore the effect of stress applied on the gelling properties and the gel breakdown of crude oil samples after a specified aging time was investigated. Lastly, in order to explore the elasticity, stability and strength of the crude oils gels we have experimentally studied the viscoelastic properties of the oils above and below the pour point.
A precipitação de cera em petróleos brutos a temperaturas inferiores ao seu ponto de escoamento, conduz à formação de uma estrutura de cristais de cera e à gelificação do óleo. Assim, é muito importante ter uma boa compreensão do comportamento dos óleos brutos e da precipitação de cera durante o transporte a baixa temperatura, bem como do comportamento reológico do crude gelificado, já que esta seria uma informação útil para o projeto e operação de sistemas de oleodutos, e que permitiria diminuir os custos de produção e transporte. Esta tese foi motivada pela falta de informação sobre as características de óleos brutos parafínicos da Líbia e do seu comportamento reológico a temperaturas inferiores ao ponto de fluxão. A caracterização do óleo e da sua cera pode fornecer informação útil necessária para a engenharia operacional e o desenvolvimento de processos, incluindo a modificação do processamento dos petróleos brutos. Este estudo utilizou DSC para medir a temperatura de formação da cera em cinco óleos brutos de petróleo Líbio; a distribuição dos alcanos presentes nestas ceras foi determinada por GC-FID; extensa informação sobre a composição estrutural destas ceras foi obtida usando CRMN; e informações sobre a estrutura cristalina dessas ceras foi obtida usando difracção de raios-X. Neste trabalho tentamos desenvolver um conhecimento mais aprofundado acerca do comportamento reológico de alguns petróleos brutos parafínicos da Líbia. A caracterização reológica de petróleos parafínicos é uma contribuição importante para a indústria petrolifera Líbia. Isto pode ser explicado pelo facto de o comportamento reológico de óleos parafínicos próximo do ponto de fluxão ser útil para caracterizar a estrutura do gel, a sua resistência e a estabilidade da rede resultante da deposição de cera, permitindo assim prever os perfis de escoamento do petróleo em dutos, a pressão de arranque e a capacidade da bomba, minimizando problemas de operação, reduzindo o uso de produtos químicos perigosos e impactos ambientais negativos, e em geral, os custos associados ao processo. Baseado nestes argumentos expostos acima, esta tese foca-se no estudo do comportamento reológico dos óleos selecionados abaixo das suas temperaturas de ponto de fluxão. O efeito da tensão aplicada sobre as propriedades de escoamento e de gelificação e a quebra de gel de amostras de petróleo em bruto, após um tempo de envelhecimento especificado foi investigada. Por último, a fim de explorar a elasticidade, a estabilidade e a resistência dos géis formados por petróleos parafínicos, estudamos experimentalmente as propriedades viscoelásticas dos óleos acima e abaixo do ponto de fluxão.
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Fakroun, Abubaker A. "The Development of a Knowledge-Based Wax Deposition, Three Yield Stresses Model and Failure Mechanisms for Re-starting Petroleum Field Pipelines. Building on Chang and Boger’s Yield Stresses Model, Bidmus and Mehrotra’s Wax Deposition and Lee et al.’s Adhesive-Cohesive Failure Concepts to better Underpin Restart Operation of Waxy Crude Oil Pipelines." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/16792.

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Twenty years ago, Chang et al. (1998) introduced the three-yield stresses concept (dynamic, static and elastic limits) to describe yielding of waxy crude oils cooled below the wax appearance temperature (WAT). At the time, the limits in rheological instruments were such that they never actually measured the elastic-limit, a key fundamental property. Using modern instruments, this research succeeds in recording for the first time the entire yielding process down to stresses of 10-7 Pa and shear rate of 10-6 min-1 as a function of temperature, cooling rate and stress loading rate using two waxy oils of different origins and wax content. A four-yield stress model is established using derivative data (dynamic fluidity and failure acceleration). In addition, calorimetry (DSC) and microscopy (CPM) helped extract WAT, the gel and pour points and link gel crystal structure and its yielding and breakage to rheological properties. The yielding stresses measured rheologically were tested in laboratory pipelines at two diameter scales, 6.5mm and 13.5mm to compare stresses in uniform and non-uniform cooling. It is demonstrated that rheological instruments can only predict gel breaking pressure when the cooling rate is low, i.e. yielding at the pipe wall. A complementary heat transfer study was performed on a section of pipe statically cooled, both experimentally and theoretically to predict the gel front-liquid oil interface that develops in industrial pipeline where gel breaking occurs. This key information together with rheological data provide the means to predict accurately restart pressures of shut gelled pipelines that have eluded previous research.
Ministry of Higher Education of the Libyan Government
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Yalaoui, Imane. "Caractérisation multi-échelle et modélisation de la formation de dépôts paraffiniques dans les pipelines." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS063.

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La formation de dépôts paraffiniques dans les pipelines, au cours du transport et de la production, est l’une des principales préoccupations de l’industrie pétrolière. Afin de mieux comprendre la formation de dépôt et d’améliorer les techniques de remédiation existantes, il est nécessaire de connaître la structuration multi-échelle des bruts en volume et sous écoulement. Dans un premier temps, afin de mieux décrire la structuration multi-échelle des huiles paraffiniques en volume, une stratégie multimodale combinant la microscopie optique, la diffusion de Rayons-X et la RMN bas champs a été proposée. Pour cette étude, une huile modèle et un brut réel de composition différentes ont été utilisées. Les résultats ont permis de donner une vision complète de la structure des cristaux de n-paraffines dans ces huiles. Ils forment des agrégats de lamelles relativement denses au centre et de lamelles branchées plus aérées en périphérie. Dans un deuxième temps, une étude consistant à suivre la formation de dépôt de paraffines sous écoulement laminaire a été menée. Grâce à une huile modèle et au développement d’une boucle d’écoulement couplée à un Imageur RMN, différentes expériences ont été effectuées. Les résultats ont montré que les caractéristiques du dépôt telles que sa morphologie, son épaisseur, sa cinétique de croissance dépendent fortement de la température imposé à la paroi de la conduite. Deux types de dépôts conséquents et observables ont pu être formé et quantifié : un dépôt fin hétérogène et un gel épais et homogène
Over many years, production and transportation of waxy crude oil through long pipelines at low temperatures is a critical challenge in deep and ultra-deep offshore. In order to better understand the wax deposits formation and improve existing remediation techniques, it is necessary to know the multi-scale structuring of crude oil in bulk and under flow. Firstly, in order to better describe the multi-scale structuring of paraffinic oils in bulk, a multimodal strategy combining optical microscopy, X-ray scattering and low field NMR has been proposed. The results of this study provided a complete view of the structure of n-paraffin crystals in a model oil and a crude oil of different compositions. In both cases, the crystals share the same orthorhombic crystal structure and lamellar form. On the other hand, the crystals have different sizes. In the model oil, they have a thickness greater than 120 nm, while in the crude, their growth is limited and their thickness is reduced to only about ten nanometers. The cooling conditions in the crude oil favour the formation of crystal aggregates in the form of fine branched lamellae with the presence of liquid confined within them, which is not observed in the case of the model oil. Secondly, a study consisting in monitoring the wax deposits formation under laminar flow was conducted. Using a model oil and the development of a flow loop coupled to an NMR Imager, different experiments were performed. Two types of consistent and observable deposits were formed and quantified: a fine heterogeneous deposit and a thick homogeneous gel. 2D density maps which allowed to obtain the quantity of crystals and 2D velocity maps were carried out. The results showed that the characteristics of the deposit such as its morphology, its thickness, its growth kinetics strongly depend on the temperature imposed on the pipe wall
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Books on the topic "Waxy crude oils"

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Potter, S. G. Countermeasures for dealing with spills of viscous, waxy crude oils. [S.l.]: S.L. Ross Environmental Research Limited, 1986.

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Laboratory studies of the behaviour and fate of waxy crude oil spills. [Ottawa]: Environmental Studies Research Fund, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Waxy crude oils"

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Farina, Angiolo, and Luigi Preziosi. "Flow of Waxy Crude Oils." In Progress in Industrial Mathematics at ECMI 96, 306–13. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-96688-9_35.

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Wardhaugh, L. T., and D. V. Boger. "The Rheology of Waxy Crude Oils - an Overview." In Third European Rheology Conference and Golden Jubilee Meeting of the British Society of Rheology, 501–3. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0781-2_170.

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Magnini, Mirco, and Omar K. Matar. "Deposition from Waxy Crude Oils Flowing in Transportation Pipelines: A Numerical Study." In Advances in Heat Transfer and Thermal Engineering, 739–43. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4765-6_128.

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Fusi, L. "Some New Results on the Flow of Waxy Crude Oils in a Loop." In Progress in Industrial Mathematics at ECMI 2000, 85–88. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04784-2_10.

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Rønningsen, Hans Petter. "Yield Stress Measurements on Waxy North Sea Crude Oils with Controlled Stress Rheometer and Model Pipeline." In Third European Rheology Conference and Golden Jubilee Meeting of the British Society of Rheology, 410–12. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0781-2_140.

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Bedrikovetsky, Pavel, and Gren Rowan. "Hot Water Flooding of Waxy Crude with Paraffin Separation." In Mathematical Theory of Oil and Gas Recovery, 257–90. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2205-6_15.

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Sulaimon, Aliyu Adebayo, and Mohamad Hazwan Yusoff. "Wax and Asphaltene Deposition Tendency of Malaysian Crude Oils." In ICIPEG 2014, 155–69. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-368-2_15.

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Correra, S., D. Merino-Garcia, A. Fasano, and L. Fusi. "Formation and Growth of Wax Deposit in the Pipelining of Crude Oils." In Progress in Industrial Mathematics at ECMI 2006, 307–11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71992-2_41.

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Alnaimat, Fadi, Bobby Mathew, and Mohammed Ziauddin. "The Operation of Crude Oil Pipeline: Examination of Wax Thickness." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 514–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94229-2_49.

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Zheming, Luo, and Zhang Guozhong. "Rheological Properties of Waxy Crude Oils in Pipelines." In Theoretical and Applied Rheology, 976. Elsevier, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-89007-8.50442-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Waxy crude oils"

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Wardhaugh, L. T., D. V. Boger, and S. P. Tonner. "Rheology of Waxy Crude Oils." In International Meeting on Petroleum Engineering. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/17625-ms.

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2

Bomba, John G. "Offshore Pipeline Transport Of Waxy Crude Oils." In Offshore South East Asia Show. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/14622-ms.

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3

Hénaut, I., O. Vincké, and F. Brucy. "Waxy Crude Oil Restart: Mechanical Properties of Gelled Oils." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/56771-ms.

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4

Jing, Jiaqiang, Zhongyuan Guan, Xiaoqin Xiong, Hua Tian, and Liwen Tan. "Experimental Investigation of Rheological Behaviors and Flow Improving by Chemical for Waxy Crude Oils." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10122.

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It has been proved that the flow improver makes the transportation of waxy crude oils in pipeline much more economic and safe, but so far an universal flow improver for various waxy crude oils has not been found because of inadequately understanding the action mechanism of the flow improvers. Therefore it is necessary for the mechanism to be studied further. A series of synthetic waxy oils (SWOs) with or without flow improver GY1, a long chain alkyl acrylate polymer based chemical, are prepared from 25# transformer oil, 50#, 60# (macrocrystalline) and 80# (microcrystalline) wax, single or mixed, and in some cases 60# road asphalt by mixing the ingredients at 100°C for 1 hour. Characteristic temperatures, viscosity-temperature properties and rheological behaviors are studied by using rheological techniques, and microstructures of wax crystals grown from SWOs at 20 °C are analyzed by using a polarization microscopy. Some abnormal viscosity-temperature properties of SWOs are found, which mainly results from wax crystallization and network structure formed by wax crystals. The mechanisms involved in the structure formation and fluidity improved by chemical for SWOs are discussed here. Studies show that the structure formation is followed by the formation of crystal nuclei, growth and interconnection or bridging of the wax crystal particles, which is closely relevant to wax molecular dimension and content, crystalline particle size, shape, concentration and surface characteristics. GY1 added into the SWOs lowers their cloud points by 0–2.0 °C and enhances the amounts of wax precipitated at 30 °C by 10–35wt%, which might not be involved in the mechanisms of the fluidity improving under this study. The extent of pour point depression by GY1 increases with increasing the wax molecular size and decreasing the wax content in the SWOs. As long as the SWO treated by GY1 has a greater yield stress reduction at the temperature closed to its pour point, its viscosity and pour point reduction will be more obvious. The common shortcut of pour point depression and viscosity reduction is to inhibit or desintegrate the formation of paraffin crystal network. The mechanisms involved in fluidity improvement of waxy crude oils by chemicals include modifying surface properties of waxy crystals and promoting crystal particle growth with higher symmetry.
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Tang, Y., P. J. Shuler, S. K. Cheug, J. A. Goodgame, J. J. Hsu, and A. V. Padilla. "Improved Transportation of Waxy Crude Oils and Emulsions in Bekasap Area, Indonesia." In International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/80243-ms.

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6

Yu, Xichong, Chunsheng Wang, Qingping Li, Yan Li, Xiaosong Zhu, Qing Wang, Bing Cheng, and Yaqi Qing. "Wax Deposition Prediction and Control in Waxy Crude Oil Tieback Flowlines for South China Sea Deepwater Oil Development." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77129.

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Crude oils are generally very complex chemical systems consisting predominantly of hundreds to thousands of hydrocarbon compounds from simple low-molecular-weight paraffin to high-molecular-weight waxes. There are many factors effecting wax deposition such as the fluid composition, pressure and temperature and so on. Wax deposition is complex dynamic process related to transient heat and mass transfer, therefore it is very difficult to predict wax deposition velocity accumulation amounts on the wall in waxy crude oil tieback flowlines. There exist many waxy crude oil tieback flowlines for South China Sea deepwater oil development, which can cause many flow assurance problems. It is very important to carry out wax deposition prediction calculation and effective measures are adopted to solve flow assurance problems. In this study, based on certain waxy crude oil tieback flowlines for South China Sea deepwater oil development, OLGA software is used to simulate transient flow characteristics in waxy crude oil tieback flowlines such as wax precipitation rate, thickness of wax layer deposited at wall, pigging frequency and so on. OLGA software simulation results is coincident with field pigging operation results, finally obtaining a good simulation methods to predict transient flow characteristics in waxy crude oil tieback flowlines and giving good suggestions to determine pigging periods and frequency. The study results show two 10 inch non-insulation steel flowlines are recommended to develop deepwater waxy crude oil field and pigging periods should comprehensive consider thickness of wax layer deposited at wall and the increase of pressure caused by wax deposition. It is reasonable to 35 days pigging periods during 2 year after put into production, 60 days pigging periods after 2 years. The results show maximum liquid flow rate for a 10 inch flowline is 7000m3/d, and it is reasonable that one flowline is used to transport when flow rate is lower than 7000m3/d, and two flowlines are used to transport when flow rate is more than 7000m3/d. The pump pressure at FPSO is kept at 6000kPaA, and required maximum liquid flow rate of pigging at FPSO is 4200m3/d (175m3/h).
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7

Miao, Qing, Baoliang Jiang, Qiyu Huang, Zhengfeng Jiang, and Sen Hu. "Developing a Common Model for Predicting the Wax Deposition in Crude Pipelines." In 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64150.

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Wax Deposition commonly occurs in hot waxy crude oil pipelines. How to precisely predict the wax deposition is significant to the safe operation of pipelines. Presently the applied way to predict wax deposition in crude pipelines is mainly through numerical solutions by using the wax deposition mathematical model aimed at pipelined crude and relevant pipeline parameters, in which creating a precise wax deposition model plays an important role. Because wax deposition strongly depends on the composition of crude, most parameters in wax deposition model have to be determined through laboratory loop tests. Previous practices show that loop tests not only take a long time but also consume a large amount of crude sample. To obtain a precise model all the above had to be done in the past. Many wax deposition loop tests aimed at different crude oils have been carried out in our laboratory and, more importantly, a great deal of test data have been collected and analyzed. Now, based on our new research results on mechanism of wax deposition in crude pipelines and test data of up to 9 representative crudes, a common rule about wax deposition available to most crudes and their tests on loop has been excitedly discovered. It has resulted in the development of a new practical and more efficient mathematical model, which no longer needs long-time loop tests and large amount of crude sample and could be commonly or generally used on wax deposition prediction of most crude oils in pipelines. In this paper, how to discover the common rule about wax deposition of most crudes is introduced in detail. Also, a verification case for the application of the new model on a practical crude pipeline in China has been implemented by comparing the prediction results according to the new model with the operational data from the field during 7 pigging cycles. It is necessary to emphasize that the crude selected in this case for verifying is not among the 9 crudes used to establish the new model. The verification results show that the average error of prediction using the new model is only −4.215% and the maximal error is −20%, which are far better than ±30% by value in average prediction error tolerated on engineering application of wax deposition prediction around the world currently. So the results are very successful and encouraging and imply a prospective application.
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Alboudwarej, Hussein, Zhongxin Huo, and Elijah Charles Kempton. "Flow-Assurance Aspects of Subsea Systems Design for Production of Waxy Crude Oils." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/103242-ms.

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9

Shuang, Kai, and Lei Wang. "Feature extraction and fuzzy clustering of wax crystal images for the rheological research of waxy crude oils." In Optical Technology and Image Processing fo rFluids and solids Diagnostics 2002, edited by Gong Xin Shen, Soyoung S. Cha, Fu-Pen Chiang, and Carolyn R. Mercer. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.509783.

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10

Van Der Geest, Charlie, Vanessa C. Bizotto Guersoni, Luiz Antônio Simões Salomão Junior, and Antonio C. Bannwart. "Experimental Study of the Necessary Pressure to Start-Up the Flow of a Gelled Waxy Crude Oil." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-62438.

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The current study concerns a recurrent problem in the oil industry when dealing with waxy crude oils in offshore fields. When a waxy crude stays static in the seabed for any reason, it cools down below the wax appearance temperature (WAT). Hence, crystals of wax appear in the fluid. These wax crystals form a crystalline structure. The strength of a crystalline structure rises with time. What also rises with time is the minimum pressure necessary to restart the flow. When designing subsea structures, engineers assume that flow restart will occur when the pressure is sufficient to overcome a threshold stress. This threshold stress is related to what the literature calls apparent yield stress. Considerable evidence suggests, however, that a simplified momentum equation considering only this rheological parameter and the necessary pressure will provide an overestimated value. What this study aims to accomplish is a better understanding of the phenomenon involved in this process. To do so, we build an experimental apparatus that allows us to represent the condition of the temperature close to bottom of the sea, and a pressurization system that allows us to precisely control the inlet pressure. The apparatus is composed of a one-inch pipeline that is submerged in a water bath (5°C) and a nitrogen system with controlled valves to pressurize the inlet of the pipeline. Much discussion in the literature concerns the restart of a flow of gelled waxy crude. Many studies have suggested that the most important phenomena involved are the following aspects of the oil: its rheological behaviour, its compressibility, and its shrinkage. The current study contributes to the literature by demonstrating that the behaviour of a gelled waxy crude oil having a high percentage of wax that builds up a strong crystalline structure is impacted by rheological behaviour, time, and aging time. To be able to provide the industry a reliable prediction of the gelled waxy restart pressure, it is necessary for engineers to carry out a great deal of experimentation and improvement in the models. In this paper, we compare the experimental data with the prediction of a model consisting of a weakly compressible fluid with an elasto-viscoplastic thixotropic behaviour. The comparison advances our knowledge in the phenomena involved in restart of gelled crudes and, in fact, shows the model capable of approaching the results expected by the industry.
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