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Journal articles on the topic 'Waxy crude oils'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Strøm-Kristiansen, Tove, Alun Lewis, Per S. Daling, Jorunn Nerbø Hokstad, and Ivar Singsaas. "WEATHERING AND DISPERSION OF NAPHTHENIC, ASPHALTENIC, AND WAXY CRUDE OILS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1997, no. 1 (April 1, 1997): 631–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-631.

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ABSTRACT The chemical composition and physical properties of a crude oil determine the behavior of the oil and the way its properties will change when the oil is spilled at sea. Reliable knowledge of the oil's behavior will enable the most effective countermeasure techniques to be used in a spill situation. A diverse range of crude oils is coming into production in the North Sea. The weathering behavior and chemical dispersibility of three very different crude oils—Troll (naphthenic), Balder (asphaltenic), and Nome (waxy)—have recently been thoroughly investigated through bench- and meso-scale experiments. The naphthenic crude oil was also exposed to full-scale studies in the North Sea. This study shows that emulsion formation, the viscosity of emulsion, and the potential for dispersing emulsions by dispersant treatment may vary greatly for the different crude oils. It would be impossible to predict these differences with existing oil-weathering models based on fresh oil properties alone. Especially for abnormal (e.g., highly asphaltenic, waxy) crude oils, the weathering and dispersibility behavior can be revealed only by experimental work. The findings have important implications for effective oil spill response planning, particularly for estimating the most appropriate “window of opportunity” and for optimizing a dispersant application strategy for crude oils.

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2

Wardhaugh, L. T., and D. V. Boger. "PIPELINE FLOW OF WAXY CRUDE OILS." APPEA Journal 32, no. 1 (1992): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj91032.

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The various methods for handling waxy crude oils at temperatures below the pour point have been difficult to assess quantitatively owing to the lack of reliable measurement techniques for properties such as the non-Newtonian viscosity and yield stress. Research undertaken at The University of Melbourne has been aimed at the development of reproducible measurement techniques for laboratory scale rheometers and, in so doing, has provided an understanding of the rheology of waxy oils that is applicable to the design and operation of waxy oil pipelines and handling systems and in understanding the startup behaviour of pipelines.The equilibrium flow properties of waxy oils are determined by the shear and thermal history applied to the oil. In particular, the very strong shear history dependence influences the behaviour of pipelines servicing declining fields, leads to an over-estimation of the flowrate when conventional design methods are used, and provides a mechanism for wall deposition of wax that depends on the oil rheology rather than mass transfer mechanisms. Modified design methods are outlined for both laminar and turbulent flow which account for the effect of shear history and enable a quantifiable measure, under steady conditions, of the return on investment of alternative handling techniques such as the use of flow improver additives.Waxy crude oil that has been statically cooled develops solid-like character at temperatures below the pour point. The complex yielding process exhibits three distinct behaviours-yield, creep and fracture, each of which influences the startup behaviour of a gelled pipeline.

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3

Alghanduri, Layla M., Mohamed M. Elgarni, Jean-Luc Daridon, and Joao A. P. Coutinho. "Characterization of Libyan Waxy Crude Oils." Energy & Fuels 24, no. 5 (May 20, 2010): 3101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef1001937.

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4

Chang, Cheng, David V. Boger, and Q. Dzuy Nguyen. "The Yielding of Waxy Crude Oils." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 37, no. 4 (April 1998): 1551–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie970588r.

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5

Fasano, A., L. Fusi, and S. Correra. "Mathematical Models for Waxy Crude Oils." Meccanica 39, no. 5 (October 2004): 441–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:mecc.0000046444.98941.3c.

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6

Zhu, Yingru, Jinjun Zhang, Hongying Li, and Jun Chen. "Characteristic temperatures of waxy crude oils." Petroleum Science 4, no. 3 (August 2007): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12182-007-0010-0.

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7

Sun, Zhengnan, Jing Zhang, Guolin Jing, Yang Liu, and Shuo Liu. "Research Progress and Discussion of Waxy Crude Pour Point Depressants: A Mini Review." Recent Innovations in Chemical Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering) 13, no. 4 (June 2, 2020): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2405520413666200316162139.

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The crude oils exploited in oilfields are mainly high-wax crude oils. Paraffins precipitate, crystallize, and form a three-dimensional network structure, when the temperature falls below the Wax Appearance Temperature (WAT), which decreases crude oil fluidity. This poses huge challenges to oil exploitation and transportation, as well as cost control. To date, the addition of chemical pour point depressants has been a convenient and economical method to improve low-temperature fluidity in crude oils. This article reviews the types of pour point depressants of crude oil and their performance mechanisms, and introduces the main research methods and progress made in the study of the performance mechanisms of pour point depressants in waxy crude oils. Finally, the development direction of pour point depressants is prospected.

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8

Farina, A. "Waxy Crude Oils: Some Aspects of their Dynamics." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 07, no. 04 (June 1997): 435–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202597000244.

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Waxy crude oils are highly non-Newtonian fluids known to cause pipelining difficulties because their rheological properties are strongly affected by paraffin crystallization. On the basis of experimental data, a physical model has been developed to describe the behavior of these crudes. The corresponding mathematical problem has been studied in planar geometry proving the existence and uniqueness of a classical solution. A condition on the pressure gradient has been found ensuring that the system do not come to a complete stop in finite time.

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9

Buist, Ian, Stephen Potter, Don Mackay, and Michael Charles. "LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE BEHAVIOR AND CLEANUP OF WAXY CRUDE OIL SPILLS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1989, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1989-1-105.

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ABSTRACT Small- and mid-scale laboratory tests were undertaken to investigate the behavior and cleanup of spills of waxy crude oils at sea. The results indicate that the behavior of such oils is very different from that of conventional oils. This difference is likely due primarily to the precipitation of waxes, asphaltenes, and other unknown resinous compounds as the oil evaporates or as environmental temperatures drop. Thus, the oil spreads, evaporates, and naturally disperses very slowly, or in the extreme, even gels into a semisolid mass. Waxy oil spills can be expected to survive on the sea surface considerably longer than an equivalent spill of conventional crude. The results of simple countermeasure tests suggest that waxy crude oil spills will be difficult to clean up, since they are very viscous, do not adhere well to oleophilic surfaces, and are extremely resistant to chemical dispersants.

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10

Seth, Siddhartha, and Brian F. Towler. "Diachronic viscosity increase in waxy crude oils." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 43, no. 1-2 (June 2004): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2003.11.004.

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11

de Oliveira, Marcia Cristina Khalil, Adriana Teixeira, Lenise Couto Vieira, Rogério Mesquita de Carvalho, Alexandre Barbosa Melo de Carvalho, and Bruno Charles do Couto. "Flow Assurance Study for Waxy Crude Oils." Energy & Fuels 26, no. 5 (November 29, 2011): 2688–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef201407j.

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12

Lee, Kenneth, and Eric M. Levy. "Bioremediation: Waxy Crude Oils Stranded on Low-Energy Shorelines." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 541–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-541.

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ABSTRACT The degradation of a waxy crude oil (Terra Nova) spilled on sand beach and salt marsh environments in Nova Scotia was monitored over a seven-month period. In the sand beach environment, low concentrations of stranded oil (0.3 percent by volume) were degraded in a matter of days by the indigenous biota, while higher concentrations (3 percent) were much more persistent (components as light as n–C11 remained after six months). In contrast, similar concentrations of oil were found to be extremely resistant to biodegradation in the salt marsh. Our results suggest that cleanup of waxy crude oils at low concentrations in sand beaches should be left to nature, since natural biodegradative processes occur rapidly. At higher oil concentrations, however, nutrient enrichment with agricultural fertilizers was found to be an effective countermeasure. While biodegradation of oil stranded in salt marsh environments is generally limited by oxygen availability, nutrient enrichment may be an effective countermeasure to treat low concentrations of waxy crude oil in salt marshes, provided the oil does not penetrate beneath the aerobic surface layer.

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13

Dalla, Luiz F. R., Edson J. Soares, and Renato N. Siqueira. "Start-up of waxy crude oils in pipelines." Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics 263 (January 2019): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnnfm.2018.11.008.

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14

Marchesini, Flávio H., Alexandra A. Alicke, Paulo R. de Souza Mendes, and Cláudio M. Ziglio. "Rheological Characterization of Waxy Crude Oils: Sample Preparation." Energy & Fuels 26, no. 5 (March 29, 2012): 2566–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef201335c.

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15

Etoumi, Asma. "Microbial treatment of waxy crude oils for mitigation of wax precipitation." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 55, no. 1-2 (January 2007): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2006.04.015.

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16

Petter Rønningsen, Hans. "Rheological behaviour of gelled, waxy North Sea crude oils." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 7, no. 3-4 (May 1992): 177–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-4105(92)90019-w.

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17

Tarcha, B. A., B. P. P. Forte, E. J. Soares, and R. L. Thompson. "THE ELASTO-VISCOPLASTIC-TIME-DEPENDENT NATURE OF WAXY CRUDE OILS." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 13, no. 2 (December 31, 2014): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v13i2.62088.

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Production in reservoirs located in deep and ultra-deep water that contain waxy crude oils faces a huge obstacle imposed by the low temperatures of the environment. When the waxy crude oil is subjected to a temperature below the Gelation Temperature, as in the case investigated in the present work, it exhibits a variety of non-Newtonian features: elasticity, plasticity, viscous effects, and time-dependency, which renders to this material a highly complex behavior. A crucial feature that is frequently ignored when the determination of the yield stress is being carried out is the timedependency nature of these materials. We demonstrate that this character has a significant impact on the measurement of the yield stress and, therefore, values obtained from a protocol that neglects time-dependency can be substantially different from a more careful procedure.

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18

Marsden, S. S., Kiyoshi Ishimoto, and Lidian Chen. "Slurries and emulsions of waxy and heavy crude oils for pipeline transportation of crude oil." Colloids and Surfaces 29, no. 1 (January 1988): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-6622(88)80176-8.

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19

Madani, Mohammad, Mostafa Keshavarz Moraveji, and Mohammad Sharifi. "Modeling apparent viscosity of waxy crude oils doped with polymeric wax inhibitors." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 196 (January 2021): 108076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2020.108076.

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20

Etoumi, A., I. El Musrati, B. El Gammoudi, and M. El Behlil. "The reduction of wax precipitation in waxy crude oils by Pseudomonas species." Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology 35, no. 11 (August 20, 2008): 1241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10295-008-0420-z.

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21

Lorge, O., M. Djabourov, and F. Brucy. "Crystallisation and Gelation of Waxy Crude Oils under Flowing Conditions." Revue de l'Institut Français du Pétrole 52, no. 2 (March 1997): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst:1997026.

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22

Farina, A., and A. Fasano. "Flow characteristics of waxy crude oils in laboratory experimental loops." Mathematical and Computer Modelling 25, no. 5 (March 1997): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0895-7177(97)00031-9.

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23

Souza Mendes, Paulo R., and Sergio L. Braga. "Obstruction of Pipelines During the Flow of Waxy Crude Oils." Journal of Fluids Engineering 118, no. 4 (December 1, 1996): 722–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2835501.

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When a liquid solution is cooled as it flows laminarly through a tube, a radial concentration gradient is established, which causes mass transfer of the solute to occur toward the tube wall. The solute precipitates off the solution in the neighborhood of the wall, and adheres perfectly to it. The deposited mass gradually obstructs the conduit, affecting the pressure and flow fields. A simple model is presented that gives the thickness of the deposited layer as a function of axial position and time. The liquid solution is assumed to behave according to the Herschel-Bulkley rheological model. Results are presented in the form of time evolution of axial distributions of pressure, temperature, layer thickness, global heat transfer coefficient and Reynolds number.

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24

Salehi-Shabestari, Ali, Mehrdad Raisee, and Kayvan Sadeghy. "IMMISCIBLE DISPLACEMENT OF VISCOPLASTIC WAXY CRUDE OILS: A NUMERICAL STUDY." Journal of Porous Media 20, no. 5 (2017): 417–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/jpormedia.v20.i5.40.

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25

Wardhaugh, L. T., and D. V. Boger. "Flow characteristics of waxy crude oils: Application to pipeline design." AIChE Journal 37, no. 6 (June 1991): 871–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690370610.

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26

Fasano, Antonio. "Some mathematical models for the flow of waxy crude oils." Transport Theory and Statistical Physics 29, no. 1-2 (January 2000): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00411450008205868.

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27

Correra, S., A. Fasano, L. Fusi, and D. Merino-Garcia. "Calculating Deposit Formation in the Pipelining of Waxy Crude Oils." Meccanica 42, no. 2 (January 5, 2007): 149–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11012-006-9028-4.

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28

Tarcha, Bruno A., Bárbara P. P. Forte, Edson J. Soares, and Roney L. Thompson. "Critical quantities on the yielding process of waxy crude oils." Rheologica Acta 54, no. 6 (January 27, 2015): 479–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00397-015-0835-1.

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29

Frigaard, I., G. Vinay, and A. Wachs. "Compressible displacement of waxy crude oils in long pipeline startup flows." Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics 147, no. 1-2 (November 2007): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnnfm.2007.07.002.

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30

Van Der Geest, Charlie, Vanessa C. Bizotto Guersoni, Daniel Merino-Garcia, and Antonio Carlos Bannwart. "Rheological study under simple shear of six gelled waxy crude oils." Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics 247 (September 2017): 188–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnnfm.2017.07.004.

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31

Venkatesan, Ramachandran, Probjot Singh, and H. Scott Fogler. "Delineating the Pour Point and Gelation Temperature of Waxy Crude Oils." SPE Journal 7, no. 04 (December 1, 2002): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/72237-pa.

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32

Fasano, A., L. Fusi, S. Correra, and M. Margarone. "A Survey on Mathematical Modelling of Deposition in Waxy Crude Oils." Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena 6, no. 5 (2011): 157–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mmnp/20116508.

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33

Geri, Michela, Ramachandran Venkatesan, Krishnaraj Sambath, and Gareth H. McKinley. "Thermokinematic memory and the thixotropic elasto-viscoplasticity of waxy crude oils." Journal of Rheology 61, no. 3 (May 2017): 427–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/1.4978259.

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34

Vargas, Gabriel G., Edson J. Soares, Roney L. Thompson, Gustavo A. B. Sandoval, Rafhael M. Andrade, Flávio B. Campos, and Adriana Teixeira. "Emulsion effects on the yield stress of gelled waxy crude oils." Fuel 222 (June 2018): 444–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.01.105.

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35

Lionetto, Francesca, Giacomo Coluccia, Paolo D’Antona, and Alfonso Maffezzoli. "Gelation of waxy crude oils by ultrasonic and dynamic mechanical analysis." Rheologica Acta 46, no. 5 (October 17, 2006): 601–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00397-006-0144-9.

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36

da Silva, José A. Lopes, and João A. P. Coutinho. "Dynamic rheological analysis of the gelation behaviour of waxy crude oils." Rheologica Acta 43, no. 5 (April 6, 2004): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00397-004-0367-6.

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37

Kozhabekov, S. S., A. A. Zhubanov, and Zh Toktarbay. "Study the rheological properties of waxy oil with modified pour point depressants for the South Turgai oil field in Kazakhstan." Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 74 (2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2019004.

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This work describes the performance of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) copolymer and modified poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA-M) as pour point reducer. Commercially available EVA copolymer modified with sodium hydroxide in methanol. Partially hydrolyzed EVA was obtained and Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) analysis of the modified EVA was recorded. The modified and unmodified EVA was used to crude oil of South Turgai, Kazakhstan, in order to improve the flowability of the crude oil. According to the rheological behavior of oils in the South Turgai, the findings showed that modified EVA lowered the dynamic viscosity greater compared to unmodified EVA and heat treatment. Dynamic viscosities and yield points of different oils with various temperatures with using EVA and EVA-M were studied systematically. Finally microphotograph of crystal structures two oils with using EVA and EVA-M, under same conditions, were compared and discussed.

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38

Yang, Fei, Yansong Zhao, Johan Sjöblom, Chuanxian Li, and Kristofer G. Paso. "Polymeric Wax Inhibitors and Pour Point Depressants for Waxy Crude Oils: A Critical Review." Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 36, no. 2 (April 7, 2014): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2014.901917.

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39

Pedersen, Karen S., and Hans P. Rønningsen. "Influence of Wax Inhibitors on Wax Appearance Temperature, Pour Point, and Viscosity of Waxy Crude Oils." Energy & Fuels 17, no. 2 (March 2003): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef020142+.

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40

de Oliveira, Gabriel Merhy, and Cezar O. R. Negrão. "The effect of compressibility on flow start-up of waxy crude oils." Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics 220 (June 2015): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnnfm.2014.12.010.

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41

Hafiz, A. A., and T. T. Khidr. "Hexa-triethanolamine oleate esters as pour point depressant for waxy crude oils." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 56, no. 4 (April 2007): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2006.10.003.

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42

Abedi, Behbood, Elias C. Rodrigues, and Paulo R. de Souza Mendes. "Irreversible time dependence of gelled waxy crude oils: Flow experiments and modeling." Journal of Rheology 64, no. 5 (September 2020): 1237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/8.0000023.

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43

Elsayed, A. Z. A., and T. M. El-Shiekh. "Effect of Cooling Rate on the Flow Behavior of Waxy Crude Oils." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 32, no. 2 (November 16, 2009): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567030802606020.

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44

Fakroun, A., and H. Benkreira. "Rheology of waxy crude oils in relation to restart of gelled pipelines." Chemical Engineering Science 211 (January 2020): 115212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2019.115212.

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45

Henaut, Isabelle, Brigitte Betro, and Guillaume Vinay. "Differential Scanning Calorimetry contribution to a better understanding of the aging of gelled waxy crude oils." Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 74 (2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2018095.

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Below Wax Appearance Temperature (WAT), waxy crystals appear within the crude oil and make it viscous with yield stress and shear thinning properties. Particular attention has been paid during the past works on different parameters such as temperature, pressure, shear history, etc. Another important parameter is the holding time of the sample once it has gelled and left at rest under isothermal conditions. Actually, the network of waxy crystals is known to change with time. This phenomenon has been particularly observed in the case of deposit that is expected to harden. The set of rheological tests and calorimetric analysis that were performed on a real waxy crude oil confirm that a gel formed with waxy crystals may evolve with time and that the extent of this phenomenon depends on the thermo-mechanical past of the sample. Actually, a strengthening of the gel during holding time is observed in the case of fast cooling because the sample gets supersaturated. Aging takes place through isothermal crystallization that lasts a few minutes. The results have also shown that slowly cooled samples do not lead to any aging.

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46

Giri, Adam M., and Ali A. R. abah. "Rheological Behavior of Waxy Crude Oils under Oscillatory Shear and Effect of Plant Seed Oil." International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology 58, no. 4 (April 25, 2018): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315381/ijett-v58p231.

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47

Akinyemi, O. P., J. D. Udonne, and K. F. Oyedeko. "Study of effects of blend of plant seed oils on wax deposition tendencies of Nigerian waxy crude oil." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 161 (February 2018): 551–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2017.12.017.

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48

Lopes-da-Silva, J. A., and João A. P. Coutinho. "Analysis of the Isothermal Structure Development in Waxy Crude Oils under Quiescent Conditions." Energy & Fuels 21, no. 6 (November 2007): 3612–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef700357v.

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49

Dimitriou, Christopher J., Gareth H. McKinley, and Ramachandran Venkatesan. "Rheo-PIV Analysis of the Yielding and Flow of Model Waxy Crude Oils." Energy & Fuels 25, no. 7 (July 21, 2011): 3040–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef2002348.

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50

Jafari Behbahani, Taraneh, Ali Akbar Miranbeigi, and Khashayar Sharifi. "A new experimental investigation on upgrading of waxy crude oils by methacrylate polymers." Petroleum Chemistry 57, no. 10 (September 23, 2017): 874–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0965544117100036.

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