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1
SANTOS, RICARDO, and PETER HART. "Commissioning brownstock washing controls for an evaporator limited mill." July 2016 15, no. 7 (August 1, 2016): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj15.7.459.
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An automated shower water control system has been implemented to reduce the volume and variability of weak black liquor being sent from the pulp mill to the evaporators. The washing controls attempt to balance the need for consistent and low soda carryover to the bleach plant with consistently high weak black liquor solids being sent to the evaporators. The washer controls were implemented on two bleachable grade hardwood lines (one with oxygen delignification, one without oxygen delignification) and one pine line. Implementation of the control program resulted in an increase in black liquor solids of 0.6 percentage points for the hardwood lines. Significant foam reduction was realized on the pine line since the pine black liquor solids were able to be consistently maintained just below the soap separation point. Low black liquor solids excursions to the evaporators were eliminated. Bleach plant carryover was stabilized and no negative impact on chemical consumption was noticed when controlling weak black liquor solids to recovery.
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SINQUEFIELD, SCOTT. "A model black liquor formulation for use in development and evaluation of membranes for concentrating weak black liquor." February 2022 21, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj21.2.109.
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As part of a larger program to develop robust membranes for concentrating weak black liquor prior to the evaporation step, several commercially available membranes were tested for suitability in this application. Given the variation in kraft black liquor for various wood species, the mill-to-mill variations, and the challenges of obtaining fresh samples, the need became apparent for a synthetic reference black liquor that would allow any membrane developer to test a new prototype membrane and compare the results with others. We present a formulation for a model black liquor (MBL) similar to real kraft black liquor in the composition of the major species that can be formulated from readily available reagents. The MBL was tested with two commercial membranes and resulted in similar levels of lignin retention as the real black liquor. It also showed similar viscosity behavior to real black liquor as a function of solids content.
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Nikolskaya, Ekaterina, Petri Janhunen, Mikko Haapalainen, and Yrjö Hiltunen. "Solids Content of Black Liquor Measured by Online Time-Domain NMR." Applied Sciences 9, no. 10 (May 27, 2019): 2169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9102169.
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Black liquor, a valuable by-product of the pulp production process, is used for the recovery of chemicals and serves as an energy source for the pulp mill. Before entering the recovery unit, black liquor runs through several stages of evaporation, wherein the solids content (SC) can be used to control the evaporation effectiveness. In the current study, the time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance (TD-NMR) technique was applied to determine the SC of black liquor. The TD-NMR system was modified for flowing samples, so that the black liquor could be pumped through the system, followed by the measurement of the spin-spin relaxation rate, R2. A temperature correction was also applied to reduce deviations in the R2 caused by the sample temperature. The SC was calculated based on a linear model between the R2 and the SC values determined gravimetrically, where good agreement was shown. The online TD-NMR system was tested at a pulp mill for the SC estimation of weak black liquor over seven days without any fouling, which demonstrated the feasibility of the method in a harsh industrial environment. Therefore, the potential of the TD-NMR technology as a technique for controlling the black liquor evaporation process was demonstrated.
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Chu, Zhao Hua, Xu Geng, and Cheng Lin Zheng. "Influence of Influent Concentration on Papermaking Black Liquor Treatment with Wet Air Oxidation Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 260-261 (December 2012): 1263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.260-261.1263.
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Black liquor was processed with wet air oxidation technology in these experiments. Influence of its influent concentration was researched. COD, absorbance, turbidity and pH of the water samples were measured and analyzed. The results showed that: the treatment effect of each index in black liquor treatment with wet air oxidation method gradually weakened with the increase of influent concentration from the overall point of view; when papermaking black liquor was processed by wet oxidation, the water samples was weak alkaline basically, with pH in between 7.83 to 8.70. COD removal, decolorization removal and turbidity removal basically improved with the extension of time, the COD removal and decolorization removal can reach 50 % or more basically. When influent concentration was greater than 5500 mg/L, turbidity removal was less than 40 %. So the influent concentration of the black liquor in wet oxidation treatment should not be too large, the influent concentration of 2500 mg/L to 4000 mg/L is appropriate.
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MEYER, TORTSEN, HEATHER MUNN, and HONGHI TRAN. "Causes of poor dregs settling in a green liquor clarifier." August 2022 21, no. 8 (September 1, 2022): 435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj21.8.435.
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A study was conducted to examine the most likely parameters responsible for poor dregs settling at a kraft mill over a 2.5-year period, using multivariate data analysis (MVDA) and machine learning (ML) techniques. The dregs settling behavior seems to be seasonally influenced, implying that wood quality variation can be a factor. The results from the MVDA/ML analysis show that poor dregs settling is correlated to incomplete combustion and/or low load conditions in the recovery boiler, low sulfidity in the causticizing plant, and high flow in the green liquor–weak wash cycle. Compositions of dregs and black liquor were also examined to identify correlations with impaired dregs settling. The results show that poor dregs settling strongly correlates with high silicon (Si) content in dregs and moderately correlates with high iron (Fe) and high aluminum (Al) contents, and with low bulk density in dregs. For mills that experience dregs settling or green liquor filtering issues, regular compositional analyses of dregs, green liquor, weak wash, and black liquor are recommended in order to monitor the dynamics of silicon and other constituents in the recovery cycle.
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Hubbe, Martin A., Raimo Alén, Michael Paleologou, Miyuru Kannangara, and Jonas Kihlman. "Lignin recovery from spent alkaline pulping liquors using acidification, membrane separation, and related processing steps: A Review." BioResources 14, no. 1 (2019): 2300–2351. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.1.hubbe.
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The separation of lignin from the black liquor generated during alkaline pulping is reviewed in this article with an emphasis on chemistry. Based on published accounts, the precipitation of lignin from spent pulping liquor by addition of acids can be understood based on dissociation equilibria of weak acid groups, which affects the solubility behavior of lignin-related chemical species. Solubility issues also govern lignin separation technologies based on ultrafiltration membranes; reduction in membrane permeability is often affected by conditions leading to decreased solubility of lignin decomposition products and the presence of colloidal matter. Advances in understanding of such phenomena have potential to enable higher-value uses of black liquor components, including biorefinery options, alternative ways to recover the chemicals used to cook pulp, and debottlenecking of kraft recovery processes.
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Huet, Marion, Anne Roubaud, and Dominique Lachenal. "Conversion of sulfur-free black liquor into fuel gas by supercritical water gasification." Holzforschung 69, no. 6 (August 1, 2015): 751–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2014-0254.
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Abstract Supercritical water gasification of weak sulfur-free black liquor (BL) was performed in a batch autoclave at temperatures between 430°C and 470°C, pressure between 24 and 27 MPa and residence time between 2 and 63 min. Results show that the gas produced was a mixture of mainly hydrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide. Maximum conversion was achieved at 470°C and 60 min. Energy recovery (ER, ratio between the energy in the gas and in the initial BL) was 46%. Thirty-four percent of the carbon and 53% of the hydrogen initially present in BL were converted into gases. Nearly 15% of initial organic carbon remains in the liquid phase and consists mainly of phenolic compounds, which are stable under those conditions. A higher temperature is needed to convert all the organic carbon. Thermodynamic equilibrium should be reached at 700°C leading to a complete conversion and a better efficiency. Sodium recovery is close to typical kraft recovery value and compatible with causticizing.
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Verma, Om Prakash, Toufiq Hazi Mohammed, Shubham Mangal, and Gaurav Manik. "Modeling, simulation and control of the dynamics of a Heptads’ effect evaporator system used in the Kraft recovery processes." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 40, no. 7 (April 27, 2017): 2278–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331217700239.
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This research article attempts to investigate the dynamic behavior of the heptads’ effect evaporator (HEE) used to concentrate the weak black liquor during the Kraft recovery process in a paper industry. In order to fully characterize the HEE unit, a complete understanding of its performance for steady state and transient conditions is required. For this purpose, a set of first order nonlinear differential equations have been developed for the backward feed flow configuration (BFFC) for an unsteady state. Further, the developed non-linear model is linearized and linear state space equations obtained. The dynamic response of the system in terms of vapor temperature and liquor concentration changes for different changes in input liquor flow rate has been investigated. The rise, delay and settling times for the temperature deviation from steady state have been found to be significantly less as compared with that for the concentration deviation. The results also indicate that each effect of HEE acts as an individual first order system. The placement of such first order systems in series makes both the liquor concentration and vapor temperatures response more sluggish progressively with each subsequent effect. Finally, a Cascade-PID control strategy has been implemented and shown to exhibit differentiated and improved dynamic performance of the HEE system versus open-loop dynamic response.
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Ortega-Clemente, Alfredo, G. Marín-Mezo, M. T. Ponce-Noyola, M. C. Montes-Horcasitas, S. Caffarel-Méndez, Josefina Barrera-Cortés, and Héctor M. Poggi-Varaldo. "Comparison of two continuous fungal bioreactors for posttreatment of anaerobically pretreated weak black liquor from kraft pulp mills." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 96, no. 4 (2007): 640–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.21134.
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RIVERA, DIEGO F., MAX KLEIMAN-LYNCH, BRENT D. KELLER, and STEPHEN F. FRAYNE. "Addressing production bottlenecks and brownstock washer optimization via a membrane concentration system." July 2021 20, no. 7 (August 1, 2021): 467–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj20.7.467.
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Advancements in membrane systems indicate that they will soon be robust enough to concentrate weak black liquor. To date, the economic impact of membrane systems on brownstock washing in kraft mills has not been studied and is necessary to understand the viability of these emerging systems and their best utilization. This study investigated the savings that a membrane system can generate related to brownstock washing. We found that evaporation costs are the primary barrier for mills seeking to increase wash water usage. Without these additional evaporation costs, we showed that our hypothetical 1000 tons/day bleached and brown pulp mills can achieve annual savings of over $1.0 MM when operating at higher dilution factors and fixed pulp production rate. We then investigated the impact of increasing pulp production on mills limited by their equipment. In washer-limited mill examples, we calculated that membrane systems can reduce the annual operating cost for a 7% production increase by 91%. Similarly, in evaporator-limited mill examples, membrane systems can reduce the annual operating cost for a 7% production increase by 86%. These results indicated that membrane systems make a production increase significantly more feasible for these equipment-limited mills.
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B. SANTOS, RICARDO, and PETER W. HART. "Brownstock washing: A review of the literature." January 2014 13, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj13.1.9.
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Brownstock washing is a complex, dynamic process in which dirty wash water or weak black liquor (dissolved organic and inorganic material obtained from the pulp cooking process) is separated from pulp fibers. The use of material balance techniques is of great importance to identify potential problems and determine how well the system is operating. The kraft pulping industry was the first known to combine pulp washing with the recovery of materials used and produced in the wood cooking process. The motivation behind materials recovery is economic, and more recently, environmentally driven. The chemicals used in the kraft process are expensive as compared to those used in the sulfite process. For the kraft process to be economically viable, it is imperative that a very high percentage of the cooking chemicals be recovered. To reach such high efficiency, a variety of washing systems and monitoring parameters have been developed. Antifoam additives and processing aids have also played an important role in increasing washing effectiveness. Antifoam materials help attain washing effectiveness by preventing entrapped air from forming in the system, which allows for an easier, unimpeded flow of filtrate through the screens and washers.
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Ortega-Clemente, A., C. Estrada-Vázquez, F. Esparza-Garcia, S. Caffarel-Mendez, N. Rinderknecht-Seijas, and H. M. Poggi-Varaldo. "Integrated biological treatment of recalcitrant effluents from pulp mills." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 3 (August 1, 2004): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0183.
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This work aimed at determining the degree of depuration of a recalcitrant effluent (weak black liquor, WBL) achieved in a series treatment consisting of a first stage methanogenic fluidised bed reactor followed by a second stage aerobic, upflow reactor packed with “biocubes” of Trametes versicolor immobilised onto small cubes of holm oak wood. The mesophilic, lab scale methanogenic fluidised bed reactor contained a microbial consortium immobilised onto granular activated carbon 500 mm average size. The process removed decreasing amounts of organic matter at decreasing hydraulic retention times (HRT), eventually reaching an average of 50% at 0.5 day HRT. Colour and ligninoid removals also decreased with decreasing HRT. Although the methanogenic fluidised bed reactor provided an effective treatment for the degradable organic matter, important concentrations of recalcitrant organic matter and colour still remained in the anaerobic effluent. This anaerobic effluent was fed to the aerobic packed bed reactor. Two HRT were tested in this unit, namely 5 and 2.5 days. The reactor averaged an organic matter removal in the range of 32% COD basis, during an experimental run of 95 days. Colour and ligninoid contents were removed in high percentages (69% and 54%, respectively). There was no significant difference in reactor performance at 5- and 2.5-day HRT. There was a positive correlation between pollutant removal efficiencies and Laccase activity in crude extracts of the reactor liquor. No supplemental soluble carbohydrate was required to sustain the fungus activity and the consistent reactor performance. Overall, the two-stage treatment achieved approximately a 78% removal of the original organic matter of the WBL (COD basis) and ca. 75% of colour and ligninoid contents.
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Harila, P., and V. A. Kivilinna. "Biosludge Incineration in a Recovery Boiler." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 11-12 (December 1, 1999): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0712.
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An activated sludge process is an effective tool against effluent emissions in a pulp mill. It has only a few features which can be regarded deficiences. One of them is that effluent treatment of a modern pulp mill creates some 10-20 tonnes dry solids of biosludge per day. This sludge is difficult to burn due to its high moisture content. The most common way is to mix biosludge with primary sludge, to dewater the mixture in presses and finally to burn it in a solid fuel boiler. This type of sludge treatment incurs rather high costs and does not produce any net energy. Also combustion emissions vary depending on the boiler type. The Metsä-Botnia Kemi Pulp Mill was the first mill in the world to burn biosludge in a recovery boiler. The system start-up was in 1993 and it has been in operation ever since. Mechanically dewatered biosludge is mixed with weak black liquor and concentrated in a conventional evaporation plant equipped with a pressurized superconcentrator unit. In a modern recovery boiler, firing conditions are well controlled and monitored. Better emission control than in most bark fired boilers is achieved. Accumulation of nonprocess elements, corrosion, plugging, scaling and some other operational problems were expected. A lot of experience has been gathered during the years of operation and reviewed in this presentation. The achieved benefits of the system are discussed. Disposal of biosludge in a recovery boiler offers an economically and environmentally attractive alternative. Probably the best evidence from this is the fact that Metsä-Botnia has applied the same process solution in the recent reconstruction of the recovery departments at the Jouteno Mill.
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Ortega-Clemente, A., M. T. Ponce-Noyola, M. C. Montes-Horcasitas, M. T. Vicent, J. Barrera-Cortés, and H. M. Poggi-Varaldo. "Semi-continuous treatment of recalcitrant anaerobic effluent from pulp and paper industry using hybrid pellets of Trametes versicolor." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 6 (March 1, 2007): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.220.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate the semi-continuous post-treatment of anaerobically-pre-treated weak black liquor (anaerobic effluent, AnE) by aerobic post-treatment using hybrid pellets of Trametes versicolor. The latter consisted of fungus immobilized onto holm oak sawdust (mixed or double pellets) or a mixture of holm oak sawdust and powdered activated carbon (triple pellets). First, a semi-continuous experiment was run to compare the effectiveness of triple and mixed pellets in agitated flasks for 15 cycles of 7 days each. A second extended batch test was implemented with 500 mL AnE and triple pellets to give 400 mg fungal biomass; some units were spiked with protease inhibitor. In the first experiment, triple pellets displayed consistently higher removal efficiencies of pollutant parameters than double pellets (10 to 15% higher), although overall averages were moderate and no statistical significance to the difference could be set because of the noise of fluctuations. Periodic fluctuations of removal were characterized by three periods of approximately six cycles each with maximum removals occurring at cycles 3–4, 7–9, 13, and 14. Evaluating pooled removals of the latter cycles showed that triple pellets were significantly more effective than double pellets, with removal efficiencies as high as 47% of COD, colour, and absorbance at 254 nm (A254). In general, protease activity seemed to increase in the third period (last six cycles), whereas activities of MnP, LiP and Lac significantly decreased. In the second experiment, pollutant removals and enzymatic activities of triple pellets with protease inhibitor were significantly higher than those of units without added protease inhibitor. These results indicate that protease could be the main cause of periodic falls of pollutant removal efficiencies found in the first experiment.
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Ren, Zhi, Song Tao Li, and Xi Pai Liu. "Reflective Chiral-Homeotropic Liquid Crystal Displays." Solid State Phenomena 181-182 (November 2011): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.181-182.281.
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The performance of a reflective chiral-homeotropic (R-CH) liquid crystal (LC) is simulated by the dynamic parameter space method. The normally black reflective chiral-homeotropic display shows weak color dispersion, high contrast ratio, and fast response time.
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Mok, Michelle M., Raghuram Thiagarajan, Maritza Flores, David C. Morse, and Timothy P. Lodge. "Apparent Critical Micelle Concentrations in Block Copolymer/Ionic Liquid Solutions: Remarkably Weak Dependence on Solvophobic Block Molecular Weight." Macromolecules 45, no. 11 (May 21, 2012): 4818–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma300399c.
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Ruban, A. A., M. V. Novikova (Zakharova), and A. A. Kostin. "Effective viscosity of lecithin solutions and fat emulsions of black soldier fly larvae with different lecithin content." Food systems 4, no. 3 (October 16, 2021): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21323/2618-9771-2021-4-3-220-225.
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Fats and oils irrespective of their application field are usually used as emulsions — disperse systems consisting of two immiscible liquids stabilized by an emulsifier. One of the main indicators for emulsions is effective viscosity, which characterizes behavior of liquid in flow. This indicator is also important for optimization of production processes, application and storage of emulsions. It was found that fat of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae is close to coconut and palm oil by its qualitative and quantitative composition, which makes it one of the promising alternative sources of fats for the industry. Based on this fact, the aim of the study was to determine effective viscosity of lecithin solutions and fat emulsions of black soldier fly larvae depending on the lecithin content of 0.5-2.5 weight%. It was found that consistency of the lecithin solutions increased when its concentration increased from 0.5 to 2 weight%. The lecithin solutions with concentrations of 1.0-2.0 weight% demonstrated weak pseudoplastic behavior and those with the lecithin content of 2.5 weight% dilettante. Emulsions with fat of black soldier fly larvae showed twofold lower consistency compared to the lecithin solutions of the same concentration and weak pseudoplastic behavior, which manifestation did not depend on the lecithin concentration.
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Ye, Yuesheng, Jae-Hong Choi, Karen I. Winey, and Yossef A. Elabd. "Polymerized Ionic Liquid Block and Random Copolymers: Effect of Weak Microphase Separation on Ion Transport." Macromolecules 45, no. 17 (August 27, 2012): 7027–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma301036b.
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Plavniece, Ance, Aivars Zhurinsh, Galina Dobele, and Aleksandrs Volperts. "Impact of Biomass Derived Raw Material on Nitrogen Doped Porous Carbon Structure." Key Engineering Materials 762 (February 2018): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.762.99.
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Carbon compounds with large surface area can be used as electrocatalytic cathodes for fuel cells. Nitrogen atoms largely determine the properties of doped activated carbon, such as hardness, wear resistance, electrical resistance etc., and therefore there is a need for new scientific information on the properties and structure of modified carbon matrix. Wood char and activated carbons based on wood char, cellulose, black liquor, and fine cellulose sludge were obtained in different activation conditions and doped with dicyandiamide. The obtained N-doped carbon materials porous structures were compared taking into account preparation conditions and raw material.
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Wang, Qingjuan, Tingli Hou, Wei Wang, Guoliang Zhang, Yuan Gao, and Kuaishe Wang. "Tribological properties of black phosphorus nanosheets as oil-based lubricant additives for titanium alloy-steel contacts." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 9 (September 2020): 200530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200530.
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The black phosphorus (BP) powders were prepared by high-energy ball milling with red phosphorus as the raw material, and then the BP nanosheets were obtained by liquid-phase exfoliation. The tribological properties of the BP nanosheets as oil-based lubricant additives were investigated by the ball-on-disc tribometer. Results show that compared with the base oil of liquid paraffin (LP), the coefficient of friction and wear rate of the BP nanosheets as the additives in liquid paraffin (BP-LP) are lower for the same loads. BP-LP lubricants could significantly improve the load-bearing capacity of the base oil for titanium alloy-steel contacts and show excellent friction-reducing and anti-wear properties. The surface morphologies and elemental compositions of the friction pairs were further analysed using an optional microscope, scanning electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The lubrication mechanism of BP-LP can be attributed to the synergistic effects between lamellar adsorption and interlayer shear of BP nanosheets.
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Oziembłowski, Maciej, Magdalena Trenka, Marta Czaplicka, Damian Maksimowski, and Agnieszka Nawirska-Olszańska. "Selected Properties of Juices from Black Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa L.) Fruits Preserved Using the PEF Method." Applied Sciences 12, no. 14 (July 11, 2022): 7008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12147008.
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Black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa L.) fruit and processed berries have very high biological value because they are a rich source of bioactive compounds. The method of black chokeberry juice preservation is of key importance. One of the more recent ways in which semiliquid and liquid products can be preserved is the pulsed electric field (PEF) method. The aim of our study was to compare chosen physical and chemical properties of fresh and PEF-preserved chokeberry fruit juices derived from farms located in the vicinity of Cracow (Kraków). The analysis focused on the physical properties and chemical composition of black chokeberry juices, their bioactive compound content, and antioxidant activity. After using the PEF method, there was an increase in dry weight, sugars, and polyphenols, which could be caused by the slight evaporation of water during the process. During this process, antioxidant activity decreased, and ultra-weak luminescence slightly increased. The process of preserving juices using the PEF method is a good way to preserve the bioactive properties of the obtained aronia juices.
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Panda, Anton, Volodymyr M. Anisimov, Volodymyr V. Anisimov, and Konstantin Dyadyura. "Wear Resistance Improvement of Linear Block-Polyurethanes Under Conditions of Liquid Friction." Management Systems in Production Engineering 29, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mspe-2021-0036.
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Abstract A significant disadvantage of parts made of linear block polyurethanes under conditions of friction contact in the presence of an aqueous medium is the intensification of hydrolysis processes and decrease in volume strength. It was proposed to slow down the hydrolysis of polyurethanes in three ways: by directed changes in chemical structure, by electromagnetic radiation of different intensities and by creation of composite materials, based on the principle of additional intermolecular crosslinking at the manufacturing and hot processing stages. The conditions for the formation of a smooth wear-resistant surface that protects the material from rapid destruction are revealed.
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Rohitha, D. "Experimental Investigations on Black Cotton Soil Stabilized with Sand and Cement." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 2183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38306.
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Abstract: Has our Lands getting increasing of population and the reduction of available land, more and more construction of building sand other civil engineering structures has to be carried out on weak or soft soil. Owing to such soil of poor shear strength and high swelling & shrinkage, a great diversity of ground improvement techniques such as soil stabilization and reinforcement are employed to improve mechanical behavior ofsoil, thereby enhancing the reliability of construction. Black cotton soil is one of the major soil with this we are going to improve the soil by using sand and cement in deposits of India. The disappointments of asphalt in from of hurl dejection splitting and unevenness are brought about by the occasional dampness variety in subgrade soil. So, in this we using the various type of tests like plastic limit, liquid limit, California bearing ratio test, freewell index and specific gravity.Instead of cutting out and replacing the unstable soil,soil adjustment isthe only alternative asitsaveslot of time and ofmoneytoo.Theexhibithigh swelling and shrinking when exposed to changes in moisture content and hence have been found to be most troublesome from engineering considerations. Keyword: Black cotton soil, stabilization, CBR, sand and cement, sub- grade, Montmorinolite kaolinite, hydrated cations, Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, Free swell index, Specific gravity.
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Zhi, Xiaohu, Yanjun Han, Jinzhi Liu, Meng Zhao, and Shengqiang Ma. "Casting process optimization of a bimetal wear-resistant block using liquid–solid processing." International Journal of Materials Research 105, no. 10 (October 14, 2014): 953–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/146.111109.
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Ye, Yin Ping, Rui Jie Yang, Hong Qi Wan, Jian Min Chen, and Hui Di Zhou. "The Tribological Characteristics of Polyimide Bonded Solid Lubricating Films under Different Lubrication Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (November 2011): 2026–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.2026.
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In this paper, the tribological behaviors of polyimide bonded PTFE solid lubricating film and polyimide bonded MoS2 solid lubricating film under dry sliding and under lubrication of kerosene oil, diesel fuel, paraffin liquid and lubrication oil were investigated by using a ring-on-block wear tester. The results show that the anti-friction and wear-resistance properties of both lubricating films are greatly improved under oil lubrication conditions as compared with the dry friction condition; the friction coefficients of both lubricating films under different oil lubrications keep steady-state value with 0.08; but both lubricating films under different oil lubrications reveal the different wear-resistance properties, such as the best wear-resistance properties under diesel fuel, followed by paraffin liquid, lubrication oil and kerosene oil; the differences in the wear-resistance properties of the lubricating films under different lubrication conditions are mainly ascribed to the influence of the oil’s characteristics, especially boiling point and viscosity.
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Repko, Alexandr, Milan Sága, Boris Sentyakov, and Vladislav Sviatskii. "Development and Testing of a Block Hydrocyclone." Processes 8, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 1577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8121577.
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The study aimed to theoretically substantiate the efficiency of liquid purification and obtain corroborating experimental data for a hydrocyclone, consisting of several blocks. Mathematical models of the process of hydrodynamic fluid filtration were developed with the use of screw swirlers. The obtained mathematical models characterize all the main processes of fluid movement in various zones of the functioning of the hydrocyclone. Formulas for calculating the structures of hydrocyclone blocks are included. A block for swirling the flow of the liquid to be cleaned has been made in the form of a three-way screw. For the first time, wear-resistant and high-strength plastic ZEDEX ZX-324 has been used as a material. An experimental study was conducted and the change in the Reynolds number and the coefficient of fluid consumption was shown, using different constructions of the three-way screw. The research results confirmed the correctness and sufficiency of mathematical models for the development and production of block hydrocyclones.
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Lalazarova, Nataliia, Оlga Afanasieva, Olena Popova, and Oleksiy Dmytrenko. "Increasing wear resistance of the protective sleeve of the centrifugal pump made of gray cast iron by surface hardening." Bulletin of Kharkov National Automobile and Highway University, no. 94 (December 16, 2021): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.30977/bul.2219-5548.2021.94.0.103.
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One of the weak spots that reduce the guaranteed operating time of centrifugal pumps is the assembly that includes the seal and protective sleeves. The main purpose of the bushings in the rotor kit is to protect the shaft from corrosion, erosion and wear. The sleeve operates under abrasive wear conditions by packing elements and abrasive particles that get into the liquid pumped by the pump. The protective sleeves made of gray cast iron do not meet the service life in connection with accelerated surface wear. Goal. The purpose of the work is to ensure high wear resistance of cast iron pump parts by heat treatment. Method. The chemical composition was determined on a portable laser analyzer Laser Z200 C +. The structure was studied using an optical microscope. The wear was investigated by the roller-block method on a friction machine. Surface quenching was carried out with a high-frequency lamp generator in a single-turn inductor. Results. The microstructure of gray cast iron as cast consists of pearlite, ferite, double phosphide eutectic and inclusions of lamellar graphite. Microhardness of small-lamellar pearlite is Н50 = 1550–2220 MPa, microhardness of phosphide eutectic is Н50 = 6500–8000 MPa. Surface induction quenching by high-frequency currents followed by low tempering is an effective way to increase the wear resistance of cast iron products of small cross-section and does not cause warping. Cast iron for surface quenching should have a pearlite structure, and graphite should be contained in the form of small inclusions. The optimal heating temperature for induction hardening was determined as 900 °С, which made it possible to obtain the microstructure of the hardened layer – martensite, double phosphide eutectic and graphite. Scientific novelty. The developed modes of surface quenching make it possible to preserve a double phosphide eutectic in the structure of the surface layer, which makes it possible to obtain high hardness and wear resistance of the hardened layer. Practical significance. Surface induction quenching with low tempering of cast gray iron increased its wear resistance by 2,4 times. The previous normalization had practically no effect on the durability of cast iron, since its structure contains less than 10% ferrite.
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Le, Nga Hoai, Huyen Dieu Thi Pham, and Lan Tuyet Thi Nguyen. "Thermal maturity modelling for the source rocks in blocks 10 and 11.1, Nam Con Son basin." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 64, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2023.64(1).01.
Full textAbstract:
Blocks 10 and 11.1 are located at the western boundary of the Nam Con Son basin, offshore southern Vietnam. Hydrocarbon shows have been encountered in many wells as the Gau Chua (GC), Ca Cho (CC), Gau Ngua (GN), Phi Ma (PM), Than Ma (TM), etc. In the CC and GN fields, the oil and gas were discovered in Miocene sandstone reservoirs and in fractured granite basement. The Cau and Dua formations are active source rocks in this area. Oil and gas discovered in wells were generated from coal and coaly claystone sediments which deposited under oxidation conditions to weak reducing in fluvio-delta to estuarine environments, in which land plants develop very abundantly. The 2D modeling results suggested that hydrocarbons discovered in the study area mainly derived from the local source rocks. The large quantity of hydrocarbons yields from source rocks in deeper part of southeastern kitchen migrated both vertically and laterally into the overlaying formations. Hydrocarbon strongly migrated lost through open fault. Prospects located near kitchen can trap hydrocarbons if they have a good seal. Block 10 and western block 11.1 face high risk of hydrocarbon charge due to the distance from the kitchen, weak top seal and fault seal. Of seal scenario, the composition of hydrocarbons accumulated in GC structure contains 87.5% volume of liquid and 12.5% volume of gas that derived from local Oligocene source rock. The composition of hydrocarbons in accumulation in CT (Ca Ty) structure of contains 99% volume of liquid and 92.5% volume of gas that derived from local Oligocene source rock.
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Jansson, R. K., S. H. Lecrone, H. H. Bryan, and D. Buker. "Diamondback Moth Control on Cabbage, 1987." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/13.1.95.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract ‘Rio Verde’ cabbage seeds were incorporated into a germination mix (Pro-Mix) and direct seeded into a Rockdale soil at the University of Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center on 18 Nov. The soil was fumigated with Terr-OGas (75% methyl bromide, 25% chloropicrin; 220 lb/acre) and covered with black plastic mulch one week before planting; the mulch was perforated on 17 Nov. Plants were spaced 1 ft apart within rows and 30 inches apart between rows on 72-inch-center beds. Fertilizer (1000 lb/acre of granular 6:12:12 and 600 lb/acre of liquid 7:16:8) was applied prior to planting. Plants were sprinkler irrigated twice each week (0.75-1.00 acre-inches/irrigation). Maneb 80WP was applied (3 lb [AI]/acre) on a 7-day spray schedule. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatment plots were 2 rows by 35 ft long separated by a 5-ft buffer. Insecticides were applied on 8, 15, 22, and 29 Jan and on 5, 11, and 18 Feb. A tractor-mounted, single-bed boom sprayer was operated at 250 psi and delivered 100 gal/acre through 5 D-4, #24 disk-type cone nozzles at 3 mph. The number of diamondback moths and hymenopterous parasitoids were recorded on 8 plants per replicate, 32 plants per treatment, on 8 dates. Foliage injury was rated on 24 plants per replicate, 96 plants per treatment, using a scale of 1-6 (1, no apparent insect feeding to 6, severe damage to head and wrapper leaves) on 26 Feb. Percentage of marketable heads was determined based on ratings ≤3.
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Jones, Mark I., Kiyoshi Hirao, Hideki Hyuga, and Yukihiko Yamauchi. "Dry Sliding Wear of Lu2O3 Sialon Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 317-318 (August 2006): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.317-318.351.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of microstructure and composition on the wear properties of Lu sialon ceramics have been studied under dry sliding conditions through block-on-ring wear tests. Microstructural and compositional effects on wear behaviour were studied by producing both equiaxed and elongated α sialons through the incorporation of additional oxides to promote extended liquid formation and grain growth, and by producing α / β composite materials with elongated β grains. The wear response of the materials is discussed in terms of the dominant wear mechanism under different experimental conditions. Under higher loads, where fracture dominates, materials with improved mechanical properties show better wear resistance and both the composite materials and the elongated α sialons showed lower wear rates than the equiaxed materials due to the elongated grain microstructures. Under low normal loads, fracture does not occur and the dominant wear mechanism is thought to be tribochemically assisted wear. Under these conditions, the equiaxed materials had better wear resistance than the composites, and the Lu-α sialon showed an order of magnitude lower wear rate than an equivalent Y-α sialon, thought to be due to better oxidation resistance and improved refractory nature afforded through the use of the smaller radius cation. The elongated Lu-α sialons under these low load conditions showed wear resistance that was to some extent dependent on the composition of the additional liquid phase, with high SiO2 contents leading to higher wear rates.
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Wang, Rui, Xinmim Wu, Weifeng Li, Haitao Bai, and Linsheng Qiao. "A laboratory approach to predict the water-based drill-in fluid damage on a shale formation." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 38, no. 6 (July 16, 2020): 2579–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598720937516.
Full textAbstract:
Shale gas production after drill-in, completion, and hydraulic fracturing is strongly affected by formation damage. In order to determine the damage mechanisms for nonmarine shale reservoir, a series of assessments of sensitivity damage, water block damage, water-based drill-in fluids damage, and water damage to gas diffusion on 20 shale samples obtained from Chang 7 Formation were conducted and analyzed. Results indicate that, in the Chang 7 Formation shale, there is extremely strong stress sensitivity and moderately weak water sensitivity damage. Although the liquid phase invasion depth is shallow and the water block damage is limited, the liquid phase and solid particles would enter the microfractures in the reservoir.The P-1 water-based drill-in fluid is compatible with the Chang 7 Formation shale reservoir which can meet the requirement of Chang 7 Formation shale damage controlling, the effect of water-based drill-in fluid on wellbore stability should be paid more attention. The diffusion coefficient of the shale decreases with the presence of water.A systematic damage evaluation method of working fluid considering the multi-mechanism and multi-scale mass transfer process of shale gas is needed to establish.
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Lee, Yoon-Seok, Yuta Kondo, and Mitsuhiro Okayasu. "Friction-Induced Martensitic Transformation and Wear Properties of Stainless Steel under Dry and Wet Conditions." Metals 10, no. 6 (June 3, 2020): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10060743.
Full textAbstract:
The wear characteristics of SUS304 and SUS316 stainless steels were evaluated at the rotation speeds of 100 m/s, 200 m/s, and 300 m/s under dry and wet conditions. The transition of friction-induced martensite occurred in wear-affected regions of two materials, regardless of the wear test conditions. The specific wear rates (Ws) of both stainless steels increase with increasing rotation speeds, regardless of the circumstances. Moreover, Ws of SUS304 and SUS316, obtained under dry conditions, is significantly higher than that of SUS304 and SUS316 obtained under wet conditions, respectively. This is because that the water film on the wet ring can act as a liquid lubricant between the ring and the block during the tests. After the wear tests, the hardness changes of both SUS304 and SUS316 are much higher under dry conditions, compared to those under wet conditions.
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Satish, Sajja, Shyam Prakash Koganti, Kommineni Hemantha Raja, and Kaza Raaga Sai. "Stabilization of black cotton soil by using cement, lime and rice husk in flexible pavements." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.1 (March 5, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.1.9877.
Full textAbstract:
Expansive soil (Black cotton soil) is very weak and does not have enough stability for any type of construction work. To make the subgrade soil stable, by improving its engineering properties is very essential. In the present work, stabilization of subgrade soil by using Sand and Cement varying percentage of cement as 2%, 3%, 5% and constant percentage of sand by weight of soil, Rice Husk of 5%, 7%, 10%, and Lime is used to enhance the strength of subgrade soil. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimum dose of the stabilizer, which improves the strength and bearing capacity of soil less which is suitable for pavement structure. To evaluate the strength of soil, various tests have been performed such as Sieve analysis, Liquid limit, Plastic limit, Specific gravity, Compaction (OMC, MDD) and CBR test in the laboratory. The result shows that the use of the above materials in combination increases the California Bearing Ratio values (CBR). By using the CBR value the design of pavements to carry traffic in the range of 1 to 10 msa and 10 – 150 msa is calculated as per IRC: 37 – 2001.
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Wahyuni, Arifah Sri. "Effect Effect of Black Rice Bran on the Pharmacokinetics Profile of Glibenclamide in Hyperglycemic Rats." Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia 17, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31001/jfi.v17i2.953.
Full textAbstract:
Black rice bran (BBH) which contains anthocyanins has the ability to lower blood sugar. In therapy diabetes mellitus (DM) it is possible that BBH is used together with the oral antidiabetic Glibenclamide (Gli). Glibenclamide, a weak acid, is well absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. The absorption of BBH is also good under acidic conditions. So, it is necessary to study the pharmacokinetic interactions between Gli and BBH.
The study was designed using a one-way completely randomized design of ten (10) hyperglycemic rats, divided into two groups. Group I rats received Gli 5 mg / kgBW treatment, and group II received Gli 5 mg/kgBW along with BBH 50 mg / kgBW. Sampling was carried out at 1, 2, 4,6, 8 and 24 hours after treatment. Gli levels in the blood were determined by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (LC/MS).
The results showed that in the absorption phase, giving BBH with Gli did not affect the Gli profile in terms of parameters Tmax, Cmax and AUC0-inf. Likewise, in the distribution and elimination phases in terms of parameters VD, ClT and elimination half-time (t1/2). So that the provision of BBH does not affect the pharmacokinetic parameters of Gli in hyperglycemic rats.
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Sahay, Sudha, and Vincent J. Braganza. "Low Cost Multiplication of Curculigo orchioides in Shake Flask Culture." Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 14, no. 3 (September 25, 2017): 1089–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2546.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT: Low cost multiplication of Curculigo orchioides on a large scale was done through direct bulbil formation from leaf explants in shake flask cultures. The leaf segments (1 cm long) were cultured in liquid MS medium without any growth hormones supplement. About 95% explants produced bulbils at an average of 5 bulbils per leaf segment in a 6 weeks incubation period. Total yield of bulbils was 250 bulbils per litre of liquid MS medium. During the incubation period, darkening of the media was observed from the 3rd week of inoculation of the leaf segments. This was due to the excretion of phenolic compounds from the cut-ends of the leaf segments. When darkening was highly intense (dark brown to black), it inhibited the further growth of bulbils. Therefore, once in six weeks, the liquid media was changed to ensure continuous growth of bulbils. Germination of bulbils was 100% on MS agar-medium (static medium) when supplemented with BAP: Kn: NAA (1.0:0.1:1.0 mg/l) growth hormones. Tuberous root segments also proliferated into dense roots when inoculated into the liquid MS medium, without any growth hormones.
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Barba-Espín, Gregorio, Shih-Ti Chen, Sara Agnolet, Josefine Nymark Hegelund, Jan Stanstrup, Jan H. Christensen, Renate Müller, and Henrik Lütken. "Ethephon-induced changes in antioxidants and phenolic compounds in anthocyanin-producing black carrot hairy root cultures." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 22 (August 17, 2020): 7030–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa376.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Hairy root (HR) cultures are quickly evolving as a fundamental research tool and as a bio-based production system for secondary metabolites. In this study, an efficient protocol for establishment and elicitation of anthocyanin-producing HR cultures from black carrot was established. Taproot and hypocotyl explants of four carrot cultivars were transformed using wild-type Rhizobium rhizogenes. HR growth performance on plates was monitored to identify three fast-growing HR lines, two originating from root explants (lines NB-R and 43-R) and one from a hypocotyl explant (line 43-H). The HR biomass accumulated 25- to 30-fold in liquid media over a 4 week period. Nine anthocyanins and 24 hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives were identified and monitored using UPLC-PDA-TOF during HR growth. Adding ethephon, an ethylene-releasing compound, to the HR culture substantially increased the anthocyanin content by up to 82% in line 43-R and hydroxycinnamic acid concentrations by >20% in line NB-R. Moreover, the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase increased in the HRs in response to ethephon, which could be related to the functionality and compartmentalization of anthocyanins. These findings present black carrot HR cultures as a platform for the in vitro production of anthocyanins and antioxidants, and provide new insight into the regulation of secondary metabolism in black carrot.
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Moore, R. E. B. "Control of Black Vine Weevil Larvae on Container-Grown Taxus, 1982." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 10, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/10.1.325.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In late May, one-year-old Taxus plants were planted in 6-inch plastic pots in a commercial “shrub mix” consisting of equal parts of peat, sand and composted hardwood bark. The pH of the mix was 5.8. The potted plants, which were 1-year-old liners, were kept at a container area at the Valley Laboratory and were fertilized, watered, and hand weeded as necessary. The overhead irrigation system was used about 4-5 days every week through Jul and Aug to thoroughly soak the containers each time it was used. On 28 Jun, BVW eggs in the brown stage, were scattered onto the container surface and gently scratched into the upper 0.5 inch of soil of each pot. Ten plants were used for each treatment (1 plant equalling a replication) and the test was arranged in a randomized design. On 29 Jul, when larvae were in the first and second growth stages, insecticides were applied to the soil surface of the containers. Liquid formulations were mixed with 8 oz of water (pH 6.8) and washed into each pot and granular formulations were scattered into the soil and washed in with 8 oz of water. In early Nov, 5 plants from each treatment were randomly selected for making counts of surviving larvae. All soil from each container was screened to retrieve surviving larvae.
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Swier, Stanley R., Alan Rollins, Rachel Lamarche, and Meggan Hodgson. "Evaluation of Mach 2 and Merit Against First Generation Black Turfgrass Ataenius Larvae, 1997." Arthropod Management Tests 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/23.1.337a.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This trial was conducted at Campbell’s Scottish Highlands Golf Club, Salem, NH. Five replications of 8 treatments were applied to a bluegrass fairway on 21 May one week past peak adult emergence. Each plot was 49 ft2; the plots were arranged in an RCB form. The liquid formulations were applied with a 2-wheel bicycle-type sprayer equipped with 4 spray heads; each head was fitted with an 8004 flattened fan-type nozzle with a 50-mesh strainer. All granulars were evenly applied with a large-holed commercial salt shaker. The volume of water and insecticide mix per plot was 2 gal/1000 ft2, applied by CO2 pressure at 40 psi. Natural rainfall irrigated the plots (0.1 inch). Weather conditions were as follows: air temp, 55°F; sky, partly cloudy; wind, 10 mph. Soil conditions were as follows: temp (1-inch), 55CF; texture, loam; sand, 66%; silt, 26%; clay, 8%; moisture, 20.95%; organic matter, 5.3%; pH, 7.2. On 22 Jul, a 2-ft2 section of each plot was rated for live larvae.
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DU, BAOSHUAI. "FABRICATION OF IN SITUFe-Ti-B COMPOSITE COATING BY LASER CLADDING." Surface Review and Letters 20, no. 03n04 (August 2013): 1350034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x13500340.
Full textAbstract:
Laser cladding was applied to deposit in situ Fe - Ti - B composite coatings on mild carbon steel with precursor of ferrotitanium, ferroboron and pure Fe alloy powders. The composite coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Wear resistance of the laser-cladded Fe - Ti - B coatings was evaluated under dry sliding condition at room temperature using block-on-ring wear tester. Results indicate that in situ reinforcements of TiB 2 and Fe 2 B can be synthesized in the Fe - Ti - B coatings. The amount of TiB 2 increases with the increase of content of ferrotitanium and ferroboron in the precursor. Reinforcements are formed through the liquid-precipitation route following the solidification path of the Fe - Ti - B system. Hardness and wear properties of the coatings improved significantly in comparison to the as-received substrate due to the presence of hard reinforcements.
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Liu, Han Wu, Jun Ming Liu, and Fan Feng. "Finite Element Analysis of Deformation and Flow of Two-Way Cartridge Valve under Different Pressures." Advanced Materials Research 502 (April 2012): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.502.431.
Full textAbstract:
In the working process of the two way cartridge valve, deformation and stress are generated by the effect of the changed internal fluid pressures. In this process, the flow of the liquid flowing through the cross section also changes with it. To analyse the stress and deformation distributions of the cartridge valve under the different pressures and the flow analysis in different flow rates and different pressures, finite element method has been used in this paper for analysis and calculation in order to find the structure weak part, the instable flow rate region and the part which hinder the flow rate increased. The results show that: the phenomenon of stress concentration significantly existed in the opening part on the outlet side of the two-way cartridge valve. Under the maximum operating pressure (the maximum working pressure is 31.5 MPa, the maximum flow rate is 4500 L / min), the deformation was larger in the part of girdle. There was nearly no deformation on the upside of the valve body and the stress was less. So, the valve body was the redundant part of two-way cartridge valves. The instable flow rate region was located in the region of the two-way cartridge valve opening across. In the junction of the export of plug-in mounting component and the plug-in mounting block, the flow of liquid was impeded because of its much block and angular structure. The analysis results above have laid a theoretical foundation for the fatigue strength analysis and structural optimization of two-way cartridge valves.
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Zaitun, Zaitun, Agus Halim, and Sufriyadi Rahya. "Pemanfaatan Limbah Kultur Batch Bioreaktor dan Biochar untuk Meningkatkan Kesuburan Tanah." Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia 27, no. 4 (October 7, 2022): 582–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18343/jipi.27.4.582.
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The purpose of study was to determine the effects of aeration treatment on fish wastewater quality as a liquid organic fertilizer and fish wastewater watering treatment as a liquid organic fertilizer and a biochar application on nutrient content of lettuce and soil chemical properties. This study used a non factorial randomized block design. Treatments combination were watering freshwater frequency (W0: without watering; W1: watering twice a week; and W2: watering 4 times a week) and rice husk biochar dose (B0: without rice husk biochar; B1: 10 g rice husk biochar per polybag; and B2: 20 g rice husk biochar per polybag). The research parameters included: fish culture wastewater quality (pH, Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, NH3-N, NO3, NO2, Dissolved Oxygen, electrical conductivity, and temperature), plant nutrient content analysis (N, P, and K), and soil chemical analysis (pH, organic C, total N, C/N ratio, available P, and exchangeable K). The results showed that the quality of wastewater after aeration for 4 days met the water criteria to cultivate plants. The nutrient contents in the soil showed criteria for neutral soil pH, very low organic C, very low total N, medium C/N ratio, very high available P, and low exchangeable K. Although the nutrient content in the soil was low, the concentrations of N (1.87-3.08%), P (0.16-0.21%), and K (2.35-3.43%) nutrients in the plant were sufficient for lettuce growth. The combination treatment of watering wastewater 4 times a week and rice husk biochar 20 g per polybag gave better results to increase soil fertility and lettuce plant nutrients.
Keywords: liquid waste, plant nutrients, soil amendment, soil chemistry
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Gavryushenko, N. S., and V. G. Bulgakov. "Tribochemical Component of Oxidative Stress Development at Artificial Joints Implantation. Part 4. Use of Lubrication and Antioxidant Action of Bone Fat in Total Hip Implant." N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics 19, no. 3 (September 15, 2012): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vto20120370-74.
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Human bone fat possesses expressed lubrication action, essentially reduces the torque moment of various friction units, inhibit formation of toxic free radicals. With the purpose of patient's bone fat use in Movshovich — Gavryushenko hip joint implant an arthro-medullar canal that connect bone marrow cavity and wear bearing surface of implant is present. Axial loadings of this implant cause flow of liquid bone fat via canal to friction unit thus promoting improvement of tribologic parameters and inhibiting the development of free radical reactions. Application of bone fat can reduce or completely block the action of several negative factors that deteriorate outcomes of total joint replacement.
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Owen, W. Garrett. "Leaf Tissue Nutrient Sufficiency Ranges of Four Heuchera Cultivars by Chronological Age." HortScience 54, no. 10 (October 2019): 1751–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14222-19.
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Coral bells (Heuchera sp.) are popular herbaceous perennials grown for their colorful foliage and venation and their aesthetic appeal in mixed containers and landscapes. Commercial coral bell production requires greenhouse or nursery growers to optimize production inputs such as managing mineral nutrition, thereby maximizing plant growth potential and foliage color. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum fertilizer concentrations, identify leaf tissue nutrient sufficiency ranges by chronological age, and to expand leaf tissue nutrient standards of coral bells grown in soilless substrates during container production. Coral bells (H. hybrida ‘Black Beauty’, ‘Cherry Cola’, ‘Marmalade’, and ‘Peppermint Spice’), varying in leaf color, were grown under one of six constant liquid fertilizer concentrations [50, 75, 100, 200, 300, or 400 mg·L−1 nitrogen (N)] with a constant level of water-soluble micronutrient blend in a greenhouse. Fertilizer concentrations for optimal plant growth and development were determined by analyzing plant height, diameter, growth index, and total dry mass, and were found to be 50 to 75 mg·L−1 N after a nine-week crop cycle. Recently mature leaf tissue samples were collected and analyzed for elemental content of 11 nutrients at 3, 6, and 9 weeks after transplant (WAT) from plants fertilized with 50 to 75 mg·L−1 N. The black- (‘Black Beauty’) and red- (‘Cherry Cola’) colored-leaved cultivars contained higher total N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), and boron (B) than the orange- (‘Marmalade’) and green- (‘Peppermint Spice’) colored-leaved cultivars. For instance, in mature growth, total N concentration for ‘Black Beauty’ and ‘Cherry Cola’ ranged between 3.45 to 3.63% and 3.92% to 4.18% N, respectively, whereas for ‘Marmalade’ and ‘Peppermint Spice’, ranges were between 2.98% to 3.25% and 2.78% to 3.23% N, respectively. Optimal leaf tissue concentration sufficiency ranges determined in this scientifically based study were narrower and often times higher than previously reported survey values for coral bells.
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Schilling, Jonathan S., and Jody Jellison. "Oxalate regulation by two brown rot fungi decaying oxalate-amended and non-amended wood." Holzforschung 59, no. 6 (November 1, 2005): 681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2005.109.
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AbstractOxalic acid secretion by brown rot wood-degrading fungi has been proposed to function in pH control and non-enzymatic biodegradation. Although oxalate production in liquid cultures of brown rot fungi commonly correlates with glucose oxidation, excess oxalate accumulation in wood during oxidative decay could impede Fe3+reduction by fungal-derived chelators and thus inhibit brown rot. In this study, we pre-treated spruce wood with various oxalate concentrations and subjected it to brown rot decay byFomitopsis pinicolaandMeruliporiaincrassatain agar- and soil-block trials. In agar-block microcosms containing wood pre-treated with 0, 1, 10 or 100 mM sodium oxalate, test fungi equalized wood oxalate and pH at week 12 of decay by either increasing or reducing wood oxalate, depending on the pre-treatment. Oxalate reductions in wood were not accompanied by increases in agar oxalate. During soil-block decay of wood pre-treated with 0 or 50 mM oxalate, oxalate and pH regulation were time-dependent and more variable. Wood oxalate levels did not increase with increasing fungal biomass (per ergosterol); however, decreases in oxalate were not explained by enhanced oxalate catabolism activity, Ca2+import, or translocation of oxalate into the soil. Our results suggest that brown rot fungi may optimize extracellular oxalate during wood decay, and that soil characteristics may influence this dynamic.
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Erwin, Erwin, Rusli Rusli, Amiruddin Amiruddin, Deni Noviana, Raden Roro Soesatyoratih, Arni Diana Fitri, and Sitaria Fransiska Siallagan. "Penanganan Obstruksi Duodenum pada Anjing: Laporan Kasus (Treatment of Duodenum Obstruction in Dogs: Case reports)." Jurnal Veteriner 19, no. 1 (July 13, 2018): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2018.19.1.137.
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Veterinary Hospital of Education Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, received a Golden Retriever with clinical symptoms of anorexia, abdominal pain, vomiting and constipation in April 2016. Blood profile examination showed leukocytosis, erythropenia and low hemoglobin level. Radiographic examination without contrast showed a foreign body which is characterized by a large mass radiopaque in intestinal area. Forty-five minutes after the administration of radiographic contrast, contrast material was still in gastrium and only reached partial intestinal. Endoscopy examination showed there was irritation symptoms of the esophagus to gastrium. Black colored liquid was seen while the endoscope inserted into the gastric. Enterotomy was carried out to remove foreign objects. The foreign body is consisted of bones fragments and the plastic that was eaten by the patient. One week after surgery, the animals showed clinical symptoms and had a good appetite. These case can be prevented by not giving foods that contain animal bones and keeping animals in a dirty environment.
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Lu, Xiang-Hong, Xiao-Lan Chang, Si-Lan Liu, Jing-Ya Xu, and Xiao-Jun Gou. "Ultrasound-Guided Inactivation of Trigger Points Combined with Muscle Fascia Stripping by Liquid Knife in Treatment of Postherpetic Neuralgia Complicated with Abdominal Myofascial Pain Syndrome: A Prospective and Controlled Clinical Study." Pain Research and Management 2020 (May 18, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4298509.
Full textAbstract:
Objective. To evaluate ultrasound-guided inactivation of myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) combined with abdominal muscle fascia stripping by liquid knife in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) complicated with abdominal myofascial pain syndrome (AMPS). Methods. From January 2015 to July 2018, non-head-and-neck PHN patients in the Pain Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, were treated with routine oral drugs and weekly paraspinal nerve block for two weeks. Patients with 2 < VAS (visual analogue scale) score < 6 were subjects of the study. They were assigned into control group 1 (C1, n = 33) including those with PHN and without myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) and control group 2 (C2, n = 33) including those with PHN complicated with MPS and observation group 1 (PL, n = 33) including those with PHN complicated with limb myofascial pain syndrome (LMPS) and observation group 2 (PA, n = 33) including those with PHN complicated with AMPS. All groups received zero-grade treatment: routine oral drugs and weekly paraspinal nerve block. PL and PA groups were also treated step by step once a week: primary ultrasound-guided inactivation of MTrPs with dry needling, secondary ultrasound-guided inactivation of MTrPs with dry and wet needling, and tertiary ultrasound-guided dry and wet needling combined with muscle fascia stripping by liquid knife. At one week after primary treatment, patients with a VAS score > 2 proceeded to secondary treatment. If the VAS score was <2, the treatment was maintained, and so on, until the end of the four treatment cycles. Pain assessment was performed by specialized nurses at one week after each treatment, including VAS score, McGill pain questionnaire (MPQ) score, pressure pain sensory threshold (PPST), and pressure pain tolerance threshold (PPTT). VAS score was used as the main index and VAS <2 indicated effective treatment. At 3 months after treatment, outpatient and/or telephone follow-up was performed. The recurrence rate was observed and VAS > 2 was regarded as recurrence. Results. At one week after primary treatment, the effective rate was 66.7% in PL group, significantly higher than that in PA group (15.2%, P<0.05). At one week after secondary treatment, the effective rate was 100% and 37.5% in PL and PA groups, respectively, with significant difference between the groups (P<0.05). The effective rate increased to 90.6% in PA group at one week after tertiary treatment. At one week after the end of treatment cycles, the scores of VAS and MPQ were significantly lower in C1, PL, and PA groups than in C2 group (P<0.05), while PPST and PPTT were significantly higher than in C2 group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between C1 group and PL group (P>0.05). At follow-up at 3 months after treatment, the recurrence rate was low in each group, with no significant difference between the groups (P>0.05). Conclusion. About 57% of PHN patients with mild to moderate pain are complicated with MPS, and ultrasound-guided inactivation of MTrPs with dry and wet needling can effectively treat PHN patients complicated with LMPS. However, patients with PHN complicated with AMPS need to be treated with ultrasound-guided MTrPs inactivation combined with muscle fascia stripping by liquid knife as soon as possible.
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Beck, Johannes, Thomas Bredow, and Rachmat Triandi Tjahjanto. "Thianthrene Radical Cation Hexafluorophosphate." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 64, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2009-0201.
Full textAbstract:
In the presence of [NBu4][PF6] as the electrolyte, thianthrene (TA) is transformed by electrochemical oxidation to thianthrenium hexafluorophosphate containing the TA•+ radical cation. The reactions were performed in CH2Cl2, H3CCN, and liquid SO2 as solvents. In CH2Cl2, TA[PF6] is sparingly soluble and is deposited directly in crystalline form on the platinum electrode. In H3CCN and liquid SO2, TA[PF6] is highly soluble and gives dark blue solutions from which it can be crystallized upon concentration of the solutions. The air sensitive crystals are black with bronze metallic luster. They belong to the monoclinic system (C2/m, a = 12.4345(8), b = 10.5318(6), c = 11.1303(7) Å , β = 112.565(3)◦) and are built up of almost planar TA•+ cations and octahedral [PF6]− anions. The F atoms of the anions are disordered over two positions. The radical cations are associated to form dimeric units (TA•+)2 with the planar molecules stacked with two weak S· · ·S bonds (3.06 Å ). In the crystal these dimers are separated by the [PF6]− anions. Electrical conductivity measurements show TA[PF6] to be a small-gap semiconductor. Conductivity is low at r. t. but reaches 2.5 · 10−5 S m−1 at 110 °C, the activation energy in the high-temperature region amounts to 1.2 eV. Periodic quantum-chemical calculations at hybrid density-functional level predict a strong coupling between neighboring (TA•+) spin centers, resulting in a singlet ground state. The calculated band gaps of both singlet (1.5 eV) and triplet (0.9 eV) states are small, consistent with the measured conductivity
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Tasistro, A., and J. A. Mihm. "Control of Fall Armyworm in Field Corn, 1985." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 12, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/12.1.223.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract 'Pool 24' corn was planted on 5 Jul at the Poza Rica Experiment Station, Puebla, Mexico. Twenty four treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plot size was 6 rows (0.75 m apart) × 5.0 m. Corn was thinned to 40,404 plants per hectare. All rows were infested, but only the four central ones were treated and evaluated. An avg of 26.4 larvae/plant were initially applied on 18 Jul when the crop was at the 3 expanded leaf stage. On 1 Aug the crop was reinfested at the 7-8 expanded leaf stage with an avg of 21 larvae/plant. The insecticides were applied on 24 Jul with corn at the 5.5 leaves stage. Liquid formulations were applied with a bicycle compressed air sprayer, using 8004 nozzles, 2.8 kg/cm2 and delivering 483 liters/ha. Granular formulations were applied with hand applicators, delivering 0.2 cc/stroke. Evaluations consisted of: a) Number of total and undamaged plants, at three intervals: one week after initial infestation, one week after treatment application ;md one week after reinfestation; b) Plant and ear height, on 12 Sep; c) Number of harvested plants and ears, and grain yield (15% moisture) on 24 Oct.
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Noetzel, David M., and John Wiersma. "Soil Systemic vs. Foliar Insecticide Combinations and Sunflower Seed Yield; Trial 1, 1986." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 14, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/14.1.286.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Sunflower seed was planted 20 May at the Northwest Experiment Station, Crookston, Minn. Plots were 4 rows by 30 ft, replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Liquid and granular soil systemics were applied in a 4-6-inch band 48 h after seeding and were covered with soil. Soil moisture in these finely textured soils was excellent. Foliar insecticides were applied 26 Jun, 10 Jul, and 27 Jul with a hand-held CO2 sprayer at 40 psi and 17 gal total material/acre. Larval counts were taken 15 Jul. Plant height, stem infestations (not reported), and percentage of lodging were measured the third week of August. Yields were collected from a 5- by 10-ft area in the center 2 plot rows.
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Noetzel, David M., and John Wiersma. "Soil Systemic Vs. Foliar Insecticide Combinations and Sunflower Seed Yield, Trial 1, 1986." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/13.1.301.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Sunflower seed was planted on 20 May at the Northwest Experiment Station, Crookston, Minn. Plots were 4 rows × 30 ft, replicated 4 times, and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Liquid and granular soil systemics were applied in a 4-to-6-inch band 48 h after seeding and were covered with soil. Soil moisture in these finely textured soils was excellent. Foliars were applied on 26 Jun and 10 and 27 Jul using a hand-held C02 sprayer with 40 psi pressure and 17 gal total material/acre. Larval counts were taken 15 Jul. Plant height, stem infestation (not reported), and percent lodging were measured the third week of August. Yields were collected from a 5- × 10-ft area in the center 2 plot rows.