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Books on the topic 'Weak contexts'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Steinhilper, Elias. Migrant Protest. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463722223.

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Migrant protest has proliferated worldwide in the last two decades, explicitly posing questions of identity, rights, and equality in a globalized world. Nonetheless, such mobilizations are often considered anomalies in social movement studies, and political sociology more broadly, due to "weak interests" and a particularly disadvantageous position of "outsiders" to claim rights connected to citizenship. In an attempt to address this seeming paradox, Migrant Protest: Interactive Dynamics in Precarious Mobilizations explores the interactions and spaces shaping the emergence, trajectory, and fragmentation of migrant protest in unfavorable contexts of marginalization. Such a perspective unveils both the odds of precarious mobilizations and the ways they can be temporarily overcome. While adopting the encompassing terminology of "migrant," this book focuses on precarious migrants, including both asylum seekers and "illegalized" migrants.

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2

The strong and the weak: Romans 14.1-15.13 in context. London: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

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3

Reasoner, Mark. The strong and the weak: Romans 14.1-15:13 in context. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

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4

Grey, Thomas S. Wagner's musical prose: Texts and contexts. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

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5

Wagner's musical prose: Texts and contexts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

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6

Galician and Irish in the European context: Attitudes towards weak and strong minority languages. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

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7

Cruise, Jorge. The belly fat cure sugar & carb counter: Discover which foods will melt up to 9 lbs. this week. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House, 2012.

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8

Rose, Shulman Martha, ed. The Juan-Carlos Cruz calorie countdown: A 5-week strategy for sustainable weight loss. New York: Gotham Books, 2007.

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9

Martin, Katahn, ed. The T-factor fat gram counter: Expanded and completely up-to-date with 3-week recording diary. New York: Norton, 1994.

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10

Laurijssen, Ilse. Verdeeld tussen arbeid en gezin: Een panelstudie naar de context en dynamiek van de keuze voor deeltijds werk. Brussel: VUBPRESS, 2012.

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11

Krimmel, Patricia T. Cholesterol control: 3 week plan handbook and cookbook. Bryn Mawr, PA: Franklin Publishers, 2002.

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12

Conference on Manganese Containing Stainless Steels. High manganese high nitrogen austenitic steels: Proceedings of two Conferences on High Manganese Austenitic Steels, the First Conference held in conjunction with ASM International's Materials Week '87, Cincinnati, Ohio, 10-15 October 1987, the Second Conference held in conjunction with ASM International's Materials Week '92, Chicago, Illinois, 2-4 November 1992. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International, 1992.

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13

Groshev, Igor', Yuliya Davydova, and Anton Gorbenko. Psychology of regional elections: candidates and voters. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1163948.

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The monograph is devoted to the study of the socio-psychological features of regional elections that influence the socio-political behavior of the electorate. The authors propose a new understanding of the psychological nature of the processes of forming the voting choice, which brings us closer to a more correct understanding of the complex political and psychological mechanisms of the strategy and tactics of regional election campaigns. The identified individual and personal indicators of the influence of the electoral characteristics of candidates on the voting of various categories of voters were developed and tested at the regional level. A number of practical recommendations on the organization of election campaigns, designed to take into account the psychological specifics of the behavior of the electorate in the framework of regional elections (elections with weak content), are empirically proved. It is intended for managers and specialists of regional election commissions, political scientists and psychologists who study issues related to the patterns of electoral behavior, graduate students and undergraduates engaged in research in the field of political psychology, as well as political strategists who ensure the effectiveness of election campaigns.

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14

Cavaciocchi, Simonetta, ed. La famiglia nell'economia europea secoli XIII-XVIII. TheEconomic Role of the Family in the European Economy fromthe 13th to the 18th Centuries. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-911-3.

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In the sphere of the vast panorama of international studies on the family in the pre-industrial age, the 11th Study Week promoted by the Fondazione Datini explored the economic role played by the members of this fundamental group in the survival and evolution of society. Developing over the course of five centuries, and examining the peculiarities proper to the different geographical areas of Europe, the studies collected in this book analyse economic strategies aimed at generating and perpetuating financial and property fortunes, or even simply at protecting and preserving the family group. They also address the articulated economic functions which the various components performed within the family, and the manner in which such strategies integrated and interacted in a complex context of different entities and social brackets. Within this framework, the book presents not just a series of new studies on the individual family groups, but above all is intended to underscore the important collective function of the family, which played a significant role in the growth, stasis or decline of the societies of pre-industrial Europe.

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15

Anderson, Michael, and Corinne Roughley. Physical, Social, and Economic Contexts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805830.003.0003.

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Demographic patterns and trends in different parts of Scotland arose directly from their economic, social, and cultural histories. They were significantly influenced by climate, topography, accessibility, and natural resources. This diversity produced very different agrarian systems in different areas. By the later nineteenth century, Scotland was, after England, the most industrialized and urbanized country in Europe. There was a growing focus on mining and heavy industry, but these were subject to periodic severe depressions and went into serious decline in the twentieth century. New industries were slow to develop and unemployment was high, even though financial and other services grew rapidly. For long periods, housing was poor and often seriously overcrowded, sanitary infrastructure weak, and there were ongoing problems with the structure and functioning of local government.

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16

Brogaard, Berit. Other Arguments from ‘Look’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190495251.003.0006.

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The notion of phenomenal look has been invoked in various contexts to argue for a range of philosophical positions. Chisholm appealed to his non-comparative looks to argue for the theory of appearing. Jackson made appeal to this notion in an argument for the sense-datum theory. More recently, Susanna Siegel and Susanna Schellenberg have provided arguments that rest on the notion of phenomenal looks to argue for the view that visual experience has content. And Kathrin Glüer has invoked this notion to argue for the view that visual experiences are beliefs with phenomenal-look contents. In this chapter, the author provides an overview of these arguments and offers some reasons for thinking that only the arguments in favor of what Siegel has called ‘the weak content view’ succeed.

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17

Yesil, Bilge. Political Economic Transformation of Media in the 1990s. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040177.003.0003.

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This chapter explores the post-1980 transformation of the media system in Turkey under converging developments such as the military coup, the neoliberal restructuring of the economy, the flow of transnational capital and culture into the country, the increasing investment in telecommunications, and the commercialization of broadcasting. In doing so, it also maps the connections between Turkish and other national contexts with regard to marketization and democratization. Turkey's media system came to be defined by the articulation of economic liberalization with weak democratic consolidation and patrimonial institutions. In this regard, it resonates with its counterparts in the Middle East and Southeast Asia, where late twentieth-century media commercialization took place against the background of a certain political economic order with persistent state interference and weak democratic institutions.

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18

Spector, Regine A. Order at the Bazaar. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501709326.001.0001.

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Over the past two decades, bazaars mushroomed in the new Central Asian states, where rule-of-law institutions are weak and corruption high. How did bazaars grow and thrive in such an inhospitable context? Order at the Bazaar answers this question through an analysis of bazaars in Kyrgyzstan. They are conceptualized as islands of order within a chaotic national context. The findings demonstrate that those at the bazaar, including traders, private land owners, and municipal officials, create order themselves in the absence of a coherent national government apparatus and bureaucratic state. Drawing on original interviews, archival sources, and participant observation, the book illuminates the changing meanings and practices of older traders at bazaars, including the ways in which they adapted Soviet and pre-Soviet institutions and organizational forms to a new market setting. In these settings, they deliberated and advocated for favorable policies and conditions, mediated disputes, channelled information, and served as role models for traders. The findings have relevance beyond the bazaars and borders of this small country; they illuminate how economic activity can operate in weak rule-of-law contexts, and more specifically how a variety of organizational forms come to constitute the order that underpins new market economies.

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19

Small, Mario Luis. Theoretical Generalizability. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190661427.003.0009.

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This chapter examines the extent to which theories that the book has proposed to explain the graduate students’ behavior can be applied to other situations. It first considers the structural theory on which the rule of thumb about the separate benefits of strong and weak ties is based. It then highlights the theory’s limitations and offers an alternative. It shows that most of the book’s propositions can be organized around three core principles, none of which is reducible to the characteristics of the network structure. It also relates these principles to three key findings: the avoidance of strong ties, or people who might otherwise seem to be good confidants; the pursuit of cognitive empathy from weak ties; and the prevalence of incidental and spontaneous decisions about whom to confide in. Finally, it looks at other contexts where similar principles are at play.

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20

Dental Wear in Evolutionary and Biocultural Contexts. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2017-0-03552-8.

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21

Words in Context : Animals: Week-By-Week Packets That Teach Vocabulary Through Context Clues. Scholastic, Incorporated, 2020.

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22

Williamson, Cynthia. Words in Context : Science: Week-By-Week Packets That Teach Vocabulary Through Context Clues. Scholastic, Incorporated, 2020.

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23

Williamson, Cynthia. Words in Context : World Festivals: Week-By-Week Packets That Teach Vocabulary Through Context Clues. Scholastic, Incorporated, 2020.

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24

Wortley, Richard. Child Sexual Abuse and Opportunity. Edited by Gerben J. N. Bruinsma and Shane D. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.29.

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Explanations of child sex abuse typically focus on the offenders’ presumed pathological dispositions that are seen to drive their offending behavior, and pay little attention to the role played by opportunity and other situational factors. It is argued in this chapter that child sexual abuse, like all behavior, is the product of a person-situation interaction and as such can be analysed using the theories and approaches of environmental criminology. Child sexual abuse is found to occur in contexts where potential victims can be easily accessed and where personal, social, situational, and legal controls over potential offenders are weak. Establishing a situational basis for child sexual abuse opens the way for the application of situational crime prevention strategies to create safer places for children.

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25

Levy, Brian, Robert Cameron, and Vinothan Naidoo. Context and Capability. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824053.003.0007.

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This chapter explores how context influences bureaucracy. Bureaucratic behaviour and performance are interpreted as endogenous, shaped by decisions of political elites as to whether to direct their efforts towards providing public services or towards more narrowly political or private purposes. The chapter distinguishes among three broad contextual differences between the Western Cape and Eastern Cape—socio-economic, political, and institutional. It identifies the causal mechanisms through which these variables exert their influence, distinguishing between demand-side and supply-side influences. In the Eastern Cape, the consequence of an initially weak context is a low-level equilibrium trap in which incentives transmitted from the political to the bureaucratic levels reinforce factionalized loyalty within multiple patronage networks. By contrast, in the Western Cape, both demand-side and supply-side contextual variables support public service provision; however, weaknesses in ‘soft governance’ limit the positive impact.

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26

Collins, Ina L. The new five-week formula for winning fabulous sweepstakes prizes!: Quick-start course. InfoManna Marketing, 2002.

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27

Moseley, Mason W. The Rise of the Protest State. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694005.003.0002.

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This chapter reviews extant work from the contentious politics literature, relating it to the current state of affairs in Latin American democracies. It then proposes an original explanation of widespread contention in Latin American democracies. Protest states—or regimes high in citizen engagement, but low in terms of institutional quality—are unique in the degree to which contentious politics has normalized. Whereas protests occur on occasion in virtually any country where public opposition to the government is tolerated, in protest states they spring up daily. In such contexts, where institutions remain weak and ineffective, protest becomes the default option for a wide cross-section of society, encompassing citizens who are actively engaged in their communities. Moreover, political organizations and even elites will utilize protest for their own ends in protest states—i.e., politicians will marshal public support for their policy agenda by recruiting followers to participate in street-based activities.

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28

Saylor, Ryan. Gaining by Shedding Case Selection Strictures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190846374.003.0011.

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Advice on case selection often emphasizes selecting on some set of similar traits for controlled comparison—but without attention to regional contexts. This chapter highlights the benefits of unconventional cross-regional comparisons within the framework of comparative area studies (CAS), at least when analyzing the impact of natural resource booms on political institutions. Prevalent views on the resource curse see commodity booms as usually enervating institutions. However, a cross-regional comparison of African and Latin American cases can be employed to generate an alternative argument. Where resource booms simultaneously benefit exporters within and outside of the ruling coalition, threatened coalition insiders have responded with institutional fortification. This is true of the period of “dual enrichment” in Argentina (1852–86). In contrast, booms that exclusively benefit exporters within or outside of the ruling coalition do not create such existential threats and allow institutions to remain weak. This is evident in Colombia (1880–1905) and Ghana (1945–66).

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29

illustrator, Lewis Stevie, ed. Never wear red lipstick on picture day (and other lessons I've learned). Simon & Schuster Children's Publishing, 2014.

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30

Birch, Sarah. Electoral Violence, Corruption, and Political Order. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691203621.001.0001.

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Throughout their history, political elections have been threatened by conflict, and the use of force has in the past several decades been an integral part of electoral processes in a significant number of contemporary states. However, the study of elections has yet to produce a comprehensive account of electoral violence. Drawing on cross-national data sets together with fourteen detailed case studies from around the world, this book offers a global comparative analysis of violent electoral practices since the Second World War. The book shows that the way power is structured in society largely explains why elections are at risk of violence in some contexts but not in others. Countries with high levels of corruption and weak democratic institutions are especially vulnerable to disruptions of electoral peace. The book examines how corrupt actors use violence to back up other forms of electoral manipulation, including vote buying and ballot stuffing. In addition to investigating why electoral violence takes place, the book considers what can be done to prevent it in the future, arguing that electoral authority and the quality of electoral governance are more important than the formal design of electoral institutions. Delving into a deeply influential aspect of political malpractice, the book explores the circumstances in which individuals choose to employ violence as an electoral strategy.

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31

Malejacq, Romain. Warlord Survival. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501746420.001.0001.

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How do warlords survive and even thrive in contexts that are explicitly set up to undermine them? How do they rise after each fall? This book answers these questions. Drawing on hundreds of in-depth interviews in Afghanistan between 2007 and 2018, with ministers, governors, a former vice-president, warlords and their entourages, opposition leaders, diplomats, NGO workers, and local journalists and researchers, the book provides a full investigation of how warlords adapt and explains why weak states like Afghanistan allow it to happen. The book follows the careers of four warlords in Herat, Sheberghan, and Panjshir—Ismail Khan, Abdul Rashid Dostum, Ahmad Shah Massoud, and Mohammad Qasim Fahim. It shows how they have successfully negotiated complicated political environments to survive ever since the beginning of the Soviet–Afghan war. The picture painted here is one of astute political entrepreneurs with a proven ability to organize violence. Warlords exert authority through a process in which they combine, instrumentalize, and convert different forms of power to prevent the emergence of a strong, centralized state. But, as the book shows, the personal relationships and networks fundamental to the authority of Ismail Khan, Dostum, Massoud, and Fahim are not necessarily contrary to bureaucratic state authority. In fact, these four warlords, and others like them, offer durable and flexible forms of power in unstable, violent countries.

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32

Reasoner, Mark. The Strong and the Weak: Romans 14.1-15.13 in Context (Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series). Cambridge University Press, 2007.

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33

Wagner's Musical Prose: Texts and Contexts (New Perspectives in Music History and Criticism). Cambridge University Press, 2007.

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34

Leslie, Vinjamuri. Part I Context, Challenges, and Constraints, 2 The ICC and the Politics of Peace and Justice. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198705161.003.0002.

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The indictment of sitting heads of state and rebel leaders during active armed conflict has radically altered the debate surrounding international justice. Despite the view now widely held that peace and justice are complementary rather than competing values, conflicts in the former Yugoslavia, Sudan, Libya, and Syria have brought home the reality that there are still significant barriers to achieving both peace and justice simultaneously, and that the prospects for enforcing justice are weak when perpetrators of atrocities remain powerful at home. Leading advocacy organizations and the ICC stress the role of international justice in delivering results, especially peace, the rule of law, and stability. This chapter discusses the shift in international justice advocacy from a principle or duty-based logic to one that is results-based. It argues that one way to promote justice may be to postpone it (e.g. through sequencing).

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35

Sørensen, Georg. 24. Globalization and the nation-state. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198737421.003.0026.

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This chapter examines the implications of globalization for sovereign statehood. It begins with a discussion of the debate over the consequence of globalization for nation-states, followed by an analysis of the modalities of statehood as they have developed over the last several decades. In particular, it explores how advanced capitalist states are transforming from modern into post-modern states. It also considers the emergence of weak post-colonial states out of special circumstances — the globalization of the institution of sovereignty in the context of decolonization. Furthermore, it looks at modernizing states such as China, India, Russia, and Brazil, which combine features of the modern, post-modern, and weak post-colonial states. The chapter concludes with an overview of changes in statehood that place the discipline of comparative politics in a new setting.

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36

Ryu, Chesung Justin. Divine Rhetoric and Prophetic Silence in the Book of Jonah. Edited by Danna Nolan Fewell. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199967728.013.18.

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This chapter analyzes Jonah’s silence at the end of the eponymous book as a justifiable act of resistance employed by the weak against the rhetoric of the strong. A postcolonial interpretation of the Jonah narrative reveals that God, employing a rhetorical tactic often employed by those in power, deprives Jonah of the opportunity to discuss the real reason for his anger by reframing the focus of their dialogue, from its larger historical context involving the legitimacy of God’s plan to save Nineveh to a narrower issue of God’s sovereignty over the life of a plant. The chapter posits that Jonah remains silent at the end of the book because he is trapped by divine rhetoric, which effectively removes the consideration of the power differential between the strong and the weak, intentionally focusing only on the present situation through dehistorization and decontextualization.

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37

Krimmel, Patricia, and Edward Krimmel. Cholesterol Control 3-Week Plan Handbook and Cookbook. Franklin Publishers, 2002.

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38

Valls, Andrew. Affirmative Action. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190860554.003.0005.

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The debate over affirmative action is rife with historical amnesia and conceptual confusion. To understand affirmative action, one must see it in its proper context, which means understanding its original purpose and rationale. In addition, some criticisms of affirmative action turn out not to be well founded empirically, such as the “mismatch thesis,” which holds that affirmative action places African Americans in positions for which they are not prepared. Some justifications for affirmative action, such as those that focus on the benefits of diversity, provide a weak basis on which to defend it. Affirmative action is best defended on grounds of justice and is best understood in the context of the particular history of African Americans.

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39

Peter, Erath, Adams Adrian 1945-, and Shardlow Steven 1952-, eds. Fundamentals of social work in selected European countries: Historical and political context, present theory, practice, perspectives. Lyme Regis: Russell House, 2000.

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40

Shardlow, Steven, Adrian Adams, and Peter Erath. Fundamentals of Social Work in Selected European Countries: Historical and Political Context, Present Theory, Practice, Perspectives. Russell House, 2000.

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41

Chowdhury, Arjun. The Myth of International Order. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190686710.001.0001.

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This book takes on a fundamental political puzzle: most states in the international system are “weak” states—states unable to monopolize violence or provide public goods, and yet the nation-state remains the primary organizational form for world politics. In addressing this puzzle, the book shows why states everywhere face popular dissatisfaction with their performance and why addressing this dissatisfaction—through institutional alternatives to the state like the European Union, or through higher taxation—is so difficult. Bringing together international relations and historical sociology, it constructs a provocative theory of state formation. It specifies the conditions under which citizens are willing to disarm and pay the high level of taxes that exemplify European-style “strong” states. It then shows that these conditions—namely, costly war and empire—could not be repeated beyond a certain level of destruction. Through a global history that covers two centuries, the book shows how the violence of European state formation shaped the development of polities worldwide. In doing so, it puts contemporary phenomena like neoliberal reforms, long-running civil wars, and human rights activism into historical context, concluding with a discussion of foreign policy in a world where weak states are the norm.

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42

Mason, Emma. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723691.003.0001.

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This chapter locates Rossetti in the context of the book’s ecotheological argument, which traces an ecological love command in her writing through her engagement with Tractarianism, the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, the Church Fathers, and Francis of Assisi. It establishes her Anglo-Catholic imagining of the cosmos as a fabric of participation and communal experience embodied in Christ. The first section reads Rossetti in the context of current Victorian ecocriticism, which underplays the role of Christianity in the development of nineteenth-century environmentalism. The next sections question critical readings of Rossetti as a reclusive thinker and argue instead for an educated and politicized Christian for whom indifference to the spiritual is complicit with an environmental crisis in which the weak and vulnerable suffer most. This introduction also refers to the wider field of Rossetti studies and introduces her reading of grace and apocalypse as a major contribution to the intradiscipline of Christianity and ecology.

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43

Schroeder, Wolfgang, and Michaela Schulze, eds. Wohlfahrtsstaat und Interessenorganisationen im Wandel. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845281223.

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Interest groups within the context of changing welfare states have gained widespread attention within the social sciences. Welfare states and interest groups are being faced with new challenges (e.g. in the context of several changes, such as new social risks). Schwache Interessen (weak interests) (such as poorly qualified ones) are also gaining more attention. This book discusses several different fields of interest representation in the welfare state. It analyses in what way constellations of interest representation have changed in modified welfare state environments. Several different organisations are analysed, including labour unions, the employers’ association and political parties. Moreover, the book also takes umbrella organisations of municipalities, social courts and educational policymakers into account. Until now, they have gained little attention from scholars. With contributions by: Lena Brüsewitz, Imke Friedrich, Sascha Kristin Futh, Tanja Klenk, Ulrike A.C. Müller, Frank Nullmeier, Sabine Ruß-Sattar, Friedbert Rüb, Wolfgang Schroeder, Benedikt Schreiter, Michaela Schulze, Florian Steinmüller, Christoph Strünck, Felix Welti

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44

Hall, Matthew E. K. Judicial Impact. Edited by Lee Epstein and Stefanie A. Lindquist. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579891.013.30.

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For decades, research on judicial impact has supported two seemingly contradictory propositions. Courts are persistently viewed as weak institutions that lack implementation tools and powerful political actors that influence numerous social outcomes. This schizophrenic state of the literature is propelled by ambiguity over the meaning of judicial impact. A narrow conceptualization of judicial impact as the causal effect of judicial rulings on others’ behavior offers conceptual clarity and analytical rigor. Studies in this vein often disagree about whose behavior to examine (judges, bureaucrats, or private actors), but there is considerable agreement regarding the factors that shape impact: opinion clarity, agency preferences, institutional context, and external pressure. Impact researchers should heed the admonishments of earlier scholars and strive to resolve the conceptual ambiguities that pervade the field.

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45

Boudreau, J. Donald, Eric J. Cassell, and Abraham Fuks. Phases III and IV—Doctoring. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199370818.003.0017.

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Phases III and IV of the Physicianship Curriculum focus on clinical knowledge, skills, judgment, and discernment—in short, on “doctoring.” Phase III learning activities occur mainly in clinics, day hospitals, and other outpatient settings; phase IV is in hospitals or other contexts for care of persons with acute illnesses. Students serve as members of health care teams and attending teachers ensure that, whenever possible, instruction involves actual patients encountered by the students. This is designed to provide role models of bedside (and patient-side) behaviors and avoid the depersonalization of paper- (or computer-) based reviews of clinical “cases.” Phase III has four 12-week modules addressing 12 clinical disciplines. Phase IV includes four 6-week modules in mandatory rotations and additional time for electives. Direct patient contact is emphasized, supplemented by case-based teaching, journal clubs, and sessions on imaging and other diagnostic tools. An important goal is to foster critical appraisal.

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46

Parfit, Derek. What Matters and Universal Reasons. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778608.003.0018.

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This chapter takes a look at the Any-All Thesis. Regarding the argument that some of our reasons are purely personal in the sense that no one else has any such corresponding impartial reasons, this chapter contends that, as the Any-All Thesis claims, there are no such purely personal reasons. We have no reason to try to achieve some aim if this aim's achievement would not be in any way good. When we have some aim whose achievement would be in some way good, everyone has a weak impartial reason to want us to achieve this aim. In addition, this chapter considers some plausible counterexamples to the Any-All Thesis. It shows how, if we can defend this thesis, we can be Universalists about what matters.

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47

Walton, Charles. Clubs, Parties, Factions. Edited by David Andress. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639748.013.021.

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Historical debate over the political clubs of the French Revolution over the past two centuries has turned on the question of whether factionalism grew out of their democratic principles or from external circumstances. This chapter suggests that neither ideology nor circumstances can fully account for this radicalization. Instead, the conditions of a ‘weak state’ must be addressed. When authorities were unable or unwilling to implement legislation or to respond to demands coming from society, the clubs often intervened, militating for action to be taken. Tax collection and the crisis of subsistence constituted two crucial issues that the state failed to managed. The clubs, which were divided on these issues, found themselves debating them in a context in which no legal limits on slander (another state weakness) existed. Unchecked calumny poisoned intra and inter-club relations and contributed to factionalism.

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48

Harcourt, Edward. Aristotle, Plato, and the Anti-Psychiatrists. Edited by K. W. M. Fulford, Martin Davies, Richard G. T. Gipps, George Graham, John Z. Sadler, Giovanni Stanghellini, and Tim Thornton. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579563.013.0005.

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These comments focus on the Platonic-Aristotelian identification of mental health with virtue and mental illness with vice, which connects Plato and Aristotle directly to contemporary discussions arising out of Szasz and anti-psychiatry. It is argued that though one Aristotelian characterization of virtue-the rational adjustment of emotion (and by extension, other types of mental state) to cause and context-fits mental health exactly, Aristotle's account of mental illness as "disunity" may be questioned. First, some forms of "disunity" (such as Kleinian ambivalence) may actually be aspects of mental health. Secondly, some psychiatric disorders-notably some personality disorders-are more obviously related to vice and weak will, and therefore lie more obviously on a continuum with virtue, than others. It is also suggested that this limitation on the account of mental illness as "disunity" may have been intended by Aristotle himself.

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49

Mason, Elinor. Do the Right Thing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808930.003.0007.

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Subjective rightness (or ‘ought’ or obligation) seems to be the sense of rightness that should be action guiding where more objective senses fail. However, there is an ambiguity between strong and weak senses of action guidance. No general account of subjective rightness can succeed in being action guiding in a strong sense by providing an immediately helpful instruction, because helpfulness always depends on the context. Subjective rightness is action guiding in a weaker sense, in that it is always accessible and comprehensible to the agent. Hence traditional belief formulations say roughly, “do what you believe is best.” This is not yet a satisfactory formulation, because it cannot make sense of our ongoing subjective duty to improve our beliefs. The notion of ‘trying’ does capture the dynamic and diachronic nature of our subjective obligation. Thus, we should formulate subjective obligation in terms of trying: “try to do well by morality.”

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Clift, Ben. The IMF and the Politics of Austerity in the Wake of the Global Financial Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813088.003.0001.

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The IMF uses crisis-defining economic ideas, and crisis legacy-defining ideas, to construct interpretations of economic crises in ways which prioritize particular policy or institutional responses, and rule out or marginalize others. The post-crash IMF enjoyed scope to shift the boundaries of ‘legitimate’ policy, involving heightened appreciation of ‘non-linear’ threats from losses of confidence, prolonged weak demand, and financial system fragilities and contagion. The policy corollaries of this Fund rethink were that economic stability has to be actively pursued through a wider range of policy and regulatory interventions by governments, central banks, the IMF, and other forms of authority and public power. In the context of the Great Recession, the Fund no longer considered it safe to assume an inherent tendency on the part of unfettered market forces in finance and the real economy to deliver the stability and full employment at the heart of its mandate.

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