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Journal articles on the topic 'Weak contexts'
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1
Alonso Álvarez, J. N., J. M. Fernández Vilaboa, R. González Rodríguez, and A. B. Rodríguez Raposo. "Crossed Products in Weak Contexts." Applied Categorical Structures 18, no. 3 (April 11, 2008): 231–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10485-008-9139-2.
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Jia, Ling. "The Morita contexts and galois extensions for weak Hopf group coalgebras." Filomat 32, no. 11 (2018): 4099–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fil1811099j.
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Sokol, Shari Baron, and Marc E. Fey. "Production of /∫/ in trochaic and nontrochaic weak contexts." Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 20, no. 9 (January 2006): 677–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699200500243777.
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Bulacu, Daniel, and Blas Torrecillas. "Frobenius cowreaths and Morita contexts." Forum Mathematicum 32, no. 5 (September 1, 2020): 1143–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/forum-2019-0265.
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AbstractWe prove a uniqueness type theorem for (weak, total) integrals on a Frobenius cowreath in a monoidal category. When the cowreath is, moreover, pre-Galois, we construct a Morita context relating the subalgebra of coinvariants and a certain wreath algebra. Then we see that the strictness of the Morita context is related to the Galois property of the cowreath and the existence of a weak total integral on it. We apply our results to quasi-Hopf algebras.
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Thomsen, Leon. "Weak elastic anisotropy." GEOPHYSICS 51, no. 10 (October 1986): 1954–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442051.
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Most bulk elastic media are weakly anisotropic. The equations governing weak anisotropy are much simpler than those governing strong anisotropy, and they are much easier to grasp intuitively. These equations indicate that a certain anisotropic parameter (denoted δ) controls most anisotropic phenomena of importance in exploration geophysics, some of which are nonnegligible even when the anisotropy is weak. The critical parameter δ is an awkward combination of elastic parameters, a combination which is totally independent of horizontal velocity and which may be either positive or negative in natural contexts.
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Berry, Heather. "The Global Diffusion of Knowledge to Weak Institutional Contexts." Academy of Management Proceedings 2016, no. 1 (January 2016): 17575. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2016.17575abstract.
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Guo, Qiao Ling, and Shuan Hong Wang. "Morita contexts and Galois theory for weak Hopf comodulelike algebras." Acta Mathematica Sinica, English Series 27, no. 4 (March 15, 2011): 757–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10114-011-8286-9.
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Flom, Hernán. "Controlling bureaucracies in weak institutional contexts: The politics of police autonomy." Governance 33, no. 3 (September 12, 2019): 639–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gove.12445.
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Oblak črnič, Tanja, and Jernej Amon Prodnik. "Online Deliberation Between the Weak and Strong Public Sphere." JeDEM - eJournal of eDemocracy and Open Government 7, no. 1 (October 23, 2015): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.29379/jedem.v7i1.378.
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The paper challenges the theoretical assumptions of deliberative communication in online contexts of two empirical case studies in the Slovenian Web sphere: a governmental portal Predlagamvladi.si (I proposetothegovernment.si) and a citizen portal Danesjenovdan.si (Todayisanewday.si). A common denominator of both portals, which were developed for online gathering of public proposals directly from the citizens, is in the combination of public dialogue and polling, the former preceding the latter, the whole process resulting in a final decision regarding the proposal. However, a more detailed analysis and comparison of both portals help to explain also the crucial differences between the institutional or strong public sphere on the one hand and the civic or weak public spheres on the other, which consequently limit the deliberation potentials in the digital context.
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Alonso Álvarez, J. N., J. M. Fernández Vilaboa, and R. González Rodríguez. "Maschke Type Theorems for Weak Hopf Quasigroups." Algebra Colloquium 27, no. 02 (May 7, 2020): 213–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1005386720000188.
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In this paper we give necessary and sufficient conditions for a comodule magma over a weak Hopf quasigroup to have a total integral, thus extending the theories developed in the Hopf algebra, weak Hopf algebra and non-associative Hopf algebra contexts. From this result we also deduce a version of Maschke’s theorems for right (H, B)-Hopf triples associated to a weak Hopf quasigroup H and a right H-comodule magma B.
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Dixon, Rosalind. "The forms, functions, and varieties of weak(ened) judicial review." International Journal of Constitutional Law 17, no. 3 (July 2019): 904–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icon/moz059.
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Abstract The concept of “weak” judicial review is now a core concept in comparative constitutional analysis. Yet the relative weakness of judicial review will depend on a variety of factors, including the availability of formal mechanisms for legislative override or limiting courts’ jurisdiction, the difficulty of constitutional amendment, the scope of judicial review both in first- and second-look cases, and the actual practice of legislators and judges in a jurisdiction. The strength of judicial review is therefore not a true binary but rather a concept that spans multiple dimensions and a question of degree rather than kind. The desirability of weak as opposed to strong or even super-strong forms of review will likewise depend on a range of factors, which can and do vary across time and different contexts. This article thus aims to unpack the concept of weak-form review with a view to sharpening our understanding of both its internal complexity and relationship to questions of broader political context.
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Miyagawa, Shigeru. "Strong and weak pronouns in the covert system of pronouns." Journal of Japanese Linguistics 34, no. 2 (October 25, 2018): 281–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jjl-2018-0017.
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Abstract In this article, which is taken almost verbatim from parts of Agreement Beyond Phi (Miyagawa, Shigeru. 2017. Agreement beyond phi. Linguistic Inquiry Monograph 75. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.), I focus on a puzzling observation about subject pro across languages: in languages such as Japanese and those of Romance, the subject pro behaves exactly like a pronoun in being able to freely refer to entities in the discourse with reasonable context, and also to refer sentence internally to a subject, an object, or other phrases. However, in Chinese, the subject pro is extremely limited in its reference potential: it is able to refer to a discourse entity in very narrow contexts, and sentence internally, its antecedent is limited to the subject. I show that the Chinese subject pro demonstrates the principles of Strong Uniformity, by depending on ϕ-feature agreement for sentence-internal reference, and when that option isn’t taken, switches to the Topic feature to refer to a discourse entity.
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Beggs, John J., and Jeanne S. Hurlbert. "The Social Context of Men's and Women's Job Search Ties: Membership in Voluntary Organizations, Social Resources, and Job Search Outcomes." Sociological Perspectives 40, no. 4 (December 1997): 601–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389465.
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We address a neglected issue in the literature on social resources by asking how one aspect of the context of searcher-contact ties, shared membership in voluntary organizations, affects social resources and, through them, job search outcomes. We also ask whether these effects differ by gender. Our results show that using a contact with whom a job searcher shared membership in a fraternal/service organization decreased the probability that the searcher-contact tie was weak, but membership in these organizations and in church and recreational organizations increased the probability that the tie was gender homophilous. Both church and business voluntary organizational contexts had a positive effect on the use of a contact who was significantly older. Finally, for women, we find a negative effect of shared membership in school organizations on the probability that the searcher-contact tie was weak and, for men, a positive effect of business organizational context on the probability that the tie was gender homophilous. We also find that voluntary organizational contexts exert indirect effects on search outcomes through these tie and contact characteristics, but these effects depend not only upon the type of voluntary organizational context and the gender of the searcher, but also upon the type of social resources through which the effects are exerted. We suggest that the structure of voluntary organizations may underlie these effects. In our conclusions, we examine the implications of these analyses for studying this and other tie contexts, for understanding resource-building, and for studying the role of social networks in individual action.
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Eufemia, Luca, Michelle Bonatti, Stefan Sieber, Barbara Schröter, and Marcos A. Lana. "Mechanisms of Weak Governance in Grasslands and Wetlands of South America." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (September 3, 2020): 7214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177214.
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Weak governance is a major threat to sustainable development, especially in rural contexts and within ecosystems of great social and economic value. To understand and compare its arrangement in the grasslands and wetlands of the Colombian Llanos and the Paraguayan Pantanal, we build upon the Institutional and Development Framework (IAD) as we explore the role of political, economic, and social institutions and combine components of the theory of common-pool resources (CPR) and new institutional economics (NIE). This hybrid conceptualization provides a synthesis of how top-down hierarchical and market-based systems of community-based and natural resource management negatively affect sustainable development in both study areas. Our findings suggest three underlying mechanisms causing a situation of weak governance: centralized (economic and political) power, the role of central and local governments, and social exclusion. Understanding these multidimensional contextual mechanisms improves the understanding that institutional structures supporting arrangements that handle grasslands and wetlands in a sustainable way are needed to protect the ecosystem’s social and economic values, especially in rural and marginalized contexts.
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Djurdjevic-Lukic, Svetlana. "Bringing the state back: Strong versus weak states." Medjunarodni problemi 58, no. 1-2 (2006): 36–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0602036d.
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This paper explores the problem of defining a weak state and the indicators for assessment of a state's strength. The author argues that there is no clear conception because so many different phenomena are attributed to state weakness. State weakness is observed in very different contexts - from geopolitical, to societal, to administrational efficiency. The indicators proposed are not precise even within each of three separate clusters of framing state weakness detected here. Related scholarship is so diversified that term ' weak state' suffers from considerable conceptual vagueness. All-inclusiveness of the concept might provide for various levels of intrusiveness, and hence bears long-term policy implications and practical consequences, for proclaiming of a state weak offer a basis for various forms of foreign interventions.
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Jammulamadaka, Nimruji Prasad. "Author(ing) from post-colonial context: challenges and jugaad fixes." Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal 15, no. 3 (December 3, 2019): 388–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qrom-07-2019-1791.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine some of the challenges authors from post-colonial contexts face in writing and doing research in management and organisation studies. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on a self-reflection and also draws upon concepts from post and decolonial conceptual approaches. Findings It identifies three challenges namely, limitations or research question as what is feasible; translation and truth production; poor writing and weak theoretical contribution. It suggests three jugaad fixes to deal with these challenges namely, innovation and flexibility in method use with argumentation; translate, but late with theorising in the vernacular, and incorporating context into problematisation. Research limitations/implications It draws attention to the different needs of authors from post-colonial contexts. Practical implications It could possibly help authors from post-colonial contexts and reviewers better navigate academic publishing and research. Social implications It could help in authors from post-colonial contexts attempt more publishing. Originality/value This paper draws attention to the different constraints and limitations faced by authors from post-colonial contexts in pursuing academic writing.
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Ip, Hung-yok. "Weak-Party Negotiators of Ancient China: The Mohists, Offensive Warfare, and Power." International Negotiation 25, no. 2 (May 28, 2020): 298–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718069-25131245.
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Abstract This article situates the topic of weak-party negotiators in the context of early China. It examines the Mohists, activists known for their efforts to confront aggressive warfare in the Warring States period (476–221 BC), when various regional states competed fiercely with one another in China’s inter-state system. By examining the foundational text of Mohism, the Mozi, I show how the Mohists pioneered techniques and tactics regarded as beneficial for weak-party negotiators by modern day experts on negotiation and conflict resolution. More importantly, I emphasize that with their long and deep historical engagement with an ancient Chinese elite driven by self-interests, the Mohists pursued power and were consequential by developing their own approach to asymmetrical negotiation in war-related contexts. This approach was heavily dependent on the Mohists’ use of positive and negative leverage. And it is, according to the Mozi, made possible by the activists’ relentless pursuit of knowledge.
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Sutz, Judith. "Strong life sciences in innovative weak contexts: a “developmental” approach to a tantalizing mismatch." Journal of Technology Transfer 32, no. 4 (January 6, 2007): 329–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10961-006-9022-y.
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Sapp, Christopher D. "Syncope as the Cause of Präteritumschwund: New Data from an Early New High German Corpus." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 21, no. 4 (December 2009): 419–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542709990134.
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This paper examines the cause of the decline of the preterite tense in favor of the present perfect tense in Early New High German. This development has long been attributed to apocope, which rendered the 3sg. weak preterite suffix -te homophonous with the 3sg. present suffix -t. By analyzing a database of over 20,000 past-tense clauses, this study evaluates the apocope account and more recent hypotheses. The resulting data lead to a new explanation: syncope in the 2sg. and 2pl. of weak verbs yielded dispreferred final clusters (-tst and -tt), resulting in a preference in these contexts for the present perfect, which then spread to other contexts.*
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Ştefan, Laurenţiu. "Party Leaders vs. Technocrats." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 53, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cpcs.2020.53.2.47.
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This article takes a close look at the selection and survival of prime ministers in Romania. While many factors are deemed important in understanding why prime ministers are “weak” or “strong,” have short or long tenures in office (including the relationship with the president and with the governing parties), this article focuses on the level of party credentials as a critical factor in both the selection and the survival of the prime ministers. Following Grotz and Weber (2017), I argue that a better understanding of how impactful this factor is comes only after a full assessment of the political circumstances in which the selection of the prime minister takes place. “Post-electoral” context may be defined by different goals, tactics, and ambitions than the “replacement” context. I found that party leaders survive longer in prime ministerial office, that they are the first choice in post-electoral contexts, but not necessarily in both contexts taken together, and that technocrats are preferred in replacement contexts, especially when the next legislative elections are getting near.
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Teeranon, Phanintra. "Rhythmic Units and Tonal Variation in Thai." MANUSYA 5, no. 2 (2002): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-00502003.
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This study investigates whether rhythmic units influence tonal realizations in Thai connected speech. The informants are three female radio announcers, 26 and 30 years of age. Their speech was recorded prior to informing them about the study. They were then asked to read two sets of tone checklists: unchecked and checked syllables. For each tone, five tokens were selected for each following context: (1) a salient syllable in one-syllable, two-syllable, and three-syllable rhythmic units, and (2) a weak syllable in a two-syllable rhythmic unit, the first weak syllable and the second weak syllable in a three-syllable rhythmic unit. The fundamental frequency values of all of the tokens were analyzed and recorded using WINCECIL and EXCEL. Line graphs were drawn to show the realization of different tones in different contexts. WINPSY 0602 2000 (School of Psychology, University of New South Wales) was used to analyze whether the variation between tone shapes is statistically significant.
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Krassovitskiy, Alexander. "On the Power of Small Size Insertion P Systems." International Journal of Computers Communications & Control 6, no. 2 (June 10, 2011): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/ijccc.2011.2.2175.
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In this article we investigate insertion systems of small size in the framework of P systems. We consider P systems with insertion rules having one symbol context and we show that they have the computational power of context-free matrix grammars. If contexts of length two are permitted, then any recursively enumerable language can be generated. In both cases a squeezing mechanism, an inverse morphism, and a weak coding are applied to the output of the corresponding P systems. We also show that if no membranes are used then corresponding family is equal to the family of context-free languages.
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Sawyer, Jessica K., Zahra Kabiri, Ruth A. Montague, Scott R. Allen, Rebeccah Stewart, Sarah V. Paramore, Erez Cohen, Hamed Zaribafzadeh, Christopher M. Counter, and Donald T. Fox. "Exploiting codon usage identifies intensity-specific modifiers of Ras/MAPK signaling in vivo." PLOS Genetics 16, no. 12 (December 9, 2020): e1009228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009228.
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Signal transduction pathways are intricately fine-tuned to accomplish diverse biological processes. An example is the conserved Ras/mitogen-activated-protein-kinase (MAPK) pathway, which exhibits context-dependent signaling output dynamics and regulation. Here, by altering codon usage as a novel platform to control signaling output, we screened the Drosophila genome for modifiers specific to either weak or strong Ras-driven eye phenotypes. Our screen enriched for regions of the genome not previously connected with Ras phenotypic modification. We mapped the underlying gene from one modifier to the ribosomal gene RpS21. In multiple contexts, we show that RpS21 preferentially influences weak Ras/MAPK signaling outputs. These data show that codon usage manipulation can identify new, output-specific signaling regulators, and identify RpS21 as an in vivo Ras/MAPK phenotypic regulator.
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Drahos, Peter. "When the Weak Bargain with the Strong: Negotiations in the World Trade Organization." International Negotiation 8, no. 1 (2003): 79–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138234003769590677.
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AbstractWhen a developing country negotiates with a large developed country it generally faces the problem of unequal bargaining power. Within the context of trade negotiations, forming coalitions is one natural response to this. However, even in multilateral contexts, the sources of bargaining power still operate to advantage the large developed state and developing states do not always gain strength from numbers. The experience of the Uruguay Round, especially the negotiations over intellectual property rights, suggests that developing countries have to think much more creatively about group life rather than focusing on the institutional reform of the World Trade Organization. Informaland formal groups have different advantages and disadvantages. A more formal structure along the lines proposed in this article would help developing countries to overcome the weaknesses of informal groups, especially the two-track dilemma. Developing countries need groups that encourage communication among themselves, especially in the hard bargaining stages of a trade round. Better communication among developing countries is the basis for making calculative trust more robust and allows for the possibility of forming some level of social identity trust.
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CAIN, KATE, JANE V. OAKHILL, and CARSTEN ELBRO. "The ability to learn new word meanings from context by school-age children with and without language comprehension difficulties." Journal of Child Language 30, no. 3 (August 2003): 681–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000903005713.
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This study investigated young children's ability to use narrative contexts to infer the meanings of novel vocabulary items. Two groups of 15 seven- to eight-year olds participated: children with normally developing reading comprehension skill and children with weak reading comprehension skill. The children read short stories containing a novel word and were required to produce a meaning for the novel word, both before and after its useful defining context. The proximity of the novel word to this context was manipulated. The results supported the hypothesis that children with weak reading comprehension skills are impaired in their ability to integrate information within a text, particularly when that information is non-adjacent and the processing demands are, therefore, high. Analysis of the error data revealed a similar pattern of types of errors for both groups: children with poor reading comprehension were not more likely to produce a thematically inappropriate response than their skilled peers.
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Black, Simon. "Community Unionism without the Community? Lessons from Labor-Community Coalitions in the Canadian Child Care Sector." Labor Studies Journal 43, no. 2 (April 5, 2018): 118–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160449x18763442.
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The theory and practice of community unionism has been central to discussions of alt-labor, union renewal, and revitalization, particularly in relation to union praxis at the urban or local scale. This comparative case study explores two labor-community campaigns to defend public child care services in the context of neoliberal austerity in urban/suburban space. While labor-community coalitions are a necessary—if not sufficient—condition for success, in urban/suburban contexts in which community allies are weak and municipal administrations hostile, public-sector unions must continue to play a leading role in campaigns despite the risk of being cast as defenders of sectional interests rather than of the public good. In such contexts, union involvement in community organizing is a necessary precursor to successful labor-community campaigns.
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Gonçalves, Leandro Rodrigues, and Fernando Carvalho De Almeida. "How Technology Intelligence is Applied In Different Contexts?" International Journal of Innovation 7, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/iji.v7i1.271.
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Technology Intelligence is one of the many ways of applying Competitive Intelligence. As CI, TI intends to detect and process weak signals in order to identify opportunities and threats and provide actionable information. There is still a gap in reported cases of companies actually applying Technology Intelligence. This article intends to answer the research question: How companies build an actionable technology intelligence project? Case Study and Action-research approaches were applied for this research. The article describes two application cases: a research institute with a petrochemical industry as a client; and a private petrochemical industry. Companies seem to not know how to deal with Technology Intelligence. When outsourcing, they are more willing to pay for an extremely comprehensive project that not necessarily needs to be so deep and complex. When doing it internally, decision makers are not willing to wait and give the TI analysts resources to conduct a project in the right deepness and complexity. It seems like a “goldilocks problem” applied to Technology Intelligence.
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Cronin-Furman, Kate, and Milli Lake. "Ethics Abroad: Fieldwork in Fragile and Violent Contexts." PS: Political Science & Politics 51, no. 03 (April 12, 2018): 607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096518000379.
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ABSTRACTThe diversity of political spaces, availability of cheap labor, ease of access to powerful figures, and safety net of a foreign passport attract researchers to the developing world. However, environments of extreme state weakness and ongoing conflict permit research behavior that would be frowned on in the global north. We suggest that weak regulatory authority in conflict-affected states offers foreign academics opportunities that are not available when states have greater reach or capacity. Qualitative researchers may find requests to interview victims or perpetrators of wartime violence granted with ease. Experimenters can coerce under-resourced NGOs to pursue interventions at odds with their organizational mandates. We posit that conflict contexts can constitute permissive environments in which researchers can engage in conduct that would be considered deeply problematic at home. Because studying political violence can require firsthand research on aspects of political life not easily observed elsewhere, this article offers a set of guidelines to foster more ethical and responsible research practices.
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Le, Thanh Trung, and Anh Tram Luong. "A Test of Return Predictability in the Vietnamese Stock Market." International Journal of Financial Research 11, no. 2 (March 16, 2020): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v11n2p390.
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For the first time, the market efficiency is examined in the different context of the stock market. By employing tests of weak-form efficiency, this study finds out that the overall, Vietnamese stock market does not follow a random walk regardless of the degree of stock market volatility. Therefore, technical analysis could be used by investors and financial managers to forecast price and gain profits on the market. Another finding is that although the Vietnamese market is not weak-form efficient, there is an improvement in recent years. The paper suggests that if investors and financial managers can employ past returns to predict stock prices and make decisions on the Vietnamese market, they should change their strategies in the future. This finding also contributes to studies on the Efficient Market Hypothesis in emerging countries and its performance in different economic contexts.
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TANG, Ping, Ivan YUEN, Nan XU RATTANASONE, Liqun GAO, and Katherine DEMUTH. "Acquisition of weak syllables in tonal languages: acoustic evidence from neutral tone in Mandarin Chinese." Journal of Child Language 46, no. 1 (August 2, 2018): 24–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000918000296.
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AbstractWeak syllables in Germanic and Romance languages have been reported to be challenging for young children, with syllable omission and/or incomplete reduction persisting till age five. In Mandarin Chinese, neutral tone (T0) involves a weak syllable with varied pitch realizations across (preceding) tonal contexts and short duration. The present study examined how and when T0 was acquired by 108 Beijing Mandarin-speaking children (3–5 years) relative to 33 adult controls. Lexicalized (familiar) and non-lexicalized (unfamiliar) T0 words were elicited in different preceding tonal contexts. Unlike previous reports, the present study revealed that children as young as three years have already developed a phonological category for T0, exhibiting contextually conditioned tonal realizations of T0 for both familiar and unfamiliar items. However, mastery of adult-like pitch and duration implementation of T0 is a protracted process not completed until age five. The implications for the acquisition of weak syllables more generally are discussed.
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Haenssgen, Marco J., Svea Closser, and Olakunle Alonge. "Impact and effect mechanisms of mass campaigns in resource-constrained health systems: quasi-experimental evidence from polio eradication in Nigeria." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 3 (March 2021): e004248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004248.
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BackgroundMass campaigns are a key strategy for delivering life-saving interventions under Global Health Initiatives, especially in weak health system contexts. They are frequently designed parallel to the health system to rapidly achieve programme targets such as vaccination coverage, but we lack quantitative evidence demonstrating their impact and effect mechanisms on health system performance at sub-/national level. This longitudinal study responds to this gap through an analysis of polio eradication campaigns in Nigeria.MethodsUsing four rounds of Demographic and Health Surveys in Nigeria between October 2000 and December 2017, we created a longitudinal dataset containing 88 881 under-5 children/pregnancies. We estimated the relationships between individuals’ campaign exposure and health system performance indices (full RI schedule attainment, maternal healthcare services utilisation and child survival) using multilevel, mixed-effects regression models applied nationally and stratified by the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria.ResultsNationally, high-frequency mass campaigns had detrimental health systems effects that potentially left 3.6 million children deprived of full immunisation. The frequency of campaigns was most concentrated in regions with weak health systems, where the operations of RI were disrupted, alongside negative effects on child survival and institutional delivery. In contrast, regions with relatively strong health systems and few campaigns experienced beneficial effects on maternal healthcare service utilisation.ConclusionsAs we provide evidence that well-functioning health systems can benefit from mass campaigns under Global Health Initiatives, our work also challenges the established wisdom to intensify mass campaigns in weaker health systems to bypass service provision bottlenecks. Mass campaigns do not inherently benefit or damage a health system, but frequent campaigns in weak health system contexts can impede service provision. We call for an additional burden of proof and active efforts to integrate mass campaigns into routine health services by harmonising implementation plans and service delivery in weak health system contexts.
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Hugenberg, Kurt, Robin L. Blusiewicz, and Donald F. Sacco. "On Malleable and Immalleable Subtypes." Social Psychology 41, no. 3 (January 2010): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000018.
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Although relatively brief encounters with counterstereotypic targets can change automatic stereotypes, the capacity to subtype such counterstereotypic targets can also protect stereotypes against change. In a novel combination of these findings, the current research hypothesized that malleability in one subtype of a category engendered by mental imagery ( Blair, Ma, & Lenton, 2001 ) would not bleed over easily into other prominent subtypes of a category. Supporting this hypothesis, imagining a strong businesswoman elicited a reversal of the “women-as-weak” stereotype – but only for women presented in business contexts (i.e., businesswomen). When women were presented in domestic contexts (i.e., homemakers), the mental imagery had no effect on the stereotype of women as weak. Thus, these data suggest that stereotype malleability elicited by mental imagery can be subtype-specific, with changes in one subtype not bleeding over easily to other subtypes of the category.
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Gao, Ang, Krishna Shrinivas, Paul Lepeudry, Hiroshi I. Suzuki, Phillip A. Sharp, and Arup K. Chakraborty. "Evolution of weak cooperative interactions for biological specificity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 47 (November 7, 2018): E11053—E11060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1815912115.
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A hallmark of biological systems is that particular functions and outcomes are realized in specific contexts, such as when particular signals are received. One mechanism for mediating specificity is described by Fisher’s “lock and key” metaphor, exemplified by enzymes that bind selectively to a particular substrate via specific finely tuned interactions. Another mechanism, more prevalent in multicellular organisms, relies on multivalent weak cooperative interactions. Its importance has recently been illustrated by the recognition that liquid-liquid phase transitions underlie the formation of membraneless condensates that perform specific cellular functions. Based on computer simulations of an evolutionary model, we report that the latter mechanism likely became evolutionarily prominent when a large number of tasks had to be performed specifically for organisms to function properly. We find that the emergence of weak cooperative interactions for mediating specificity results in organisms that can evolve to accomplish new tasks with fewer, and likely less lethal, mutations. We argue that this makes the system more capable of undergoing evolutionary changes robustly, and thus this mechanism has been repeatedly positively selected in increasingly complex organisms. Specificity mediated by weak cooperative interactions results in some useful cross-reactivity for related tasks, but at the same time increases susceptibility to misregulation that might lead to pathologies.
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Paul, Herman. "Weak Historicism: On Hierarchies of Intellectual Virtues and Goods." Journal of the Philosophy of History 6, no. 3 (2012): 369–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18722636-12341237.
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Abstract This article seeks to reconcile a historicist sensitivity to how intellectually virtuous behavior is shaped by historical contexts with a non-relativist account of historical scholarship. To that end, it distinguishes between hierarchies of intellectual virtues and hierarchies of intellectual goods. The first hierarchy rejects a one-size-fits-all model of historical virtuousness in favor of a model that allows for significant varieties between the relative weight that historians must assign to intellectual virtues in order to acquire justified historical understanding. It grounds such differences, not on the historians’ interests or preferences, but on their historiographical situations, so that hierarchies of virtues are a function of the demands that historiographical situations (defined as interplays of genre, research question, and state of scholarship) make upon historians. Likewise, the second hierarchy allows for the pursuit of various intellectual goods, but banishes the specter of relativism by treating historical understanding as an intellectual good that is constitutive of historical scholarship and therefore deserves priority over alternative goods. The position that emerges from this is classified as a form of weak historicism.
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Marquis-Favre, Catherine. "Laboratory Methods with Imaginary and Simulated Contexts to Assess Noise Annoyance: A Comparison in Terms of Annoyance Model Testing." Acta Acustica united with Acustica 105, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 1078–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3813/aaa.919386.
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Noise annoyance models using only mean energy-based indices provide weak prediction. Actually various factors influence noise annoyance. different studies from the literature are carried out in laboratory conditions to understand some factors with the long-term aim of enhancing noise annoyance models. Laboratory experiments of assessing noise annoyance are based on imaginary or simulated context. The method with imaginary context is often questioned as participants listen to noise sequences. The current study aims at comparing the two methods in terms of total annoyance model testing. It revealed that annoyance models, respectively built within imaginary and simulated contexts, provided similar prediction when they were tested using in-field annoyance responses. Thus, the laboratory method with imaginary context seems to be as suitable as the method with simulated context to assess annoyance in laboratory conditions.
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Parsons, Cóilín. "Oceans Apart: Amitav Ghosh, John Millington Synge, and Weak Comparison." Irish University Review 50, no. 1 (May 2020): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/iur.2020.0439.
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This article compares John Millington Synge's The Aran Islands (1907) and Amitav Ghosh's In An Antique Land (1992), travelogues, histories, and anthropological investigations of maritime societies. Both books tell of a world marked by syncretism and synthesis, and deep and unbroken time, and their narratives are fractured, fragmented, temporally promiscuous, and logically paratactical. In comparing these two books, the article asks what it means, and what it could yield, to read together two accounts of oceanic lives from opposite ends of the twentieth century and from distinct continents and oceans? What emerges is the outline of a ‘speculative practice of weak comparison’ that allows us to extend how we understand the contexts of an object of study called ‘Irish’ literature. By rethinking the scale of Irish literature, the article concludes, we necessarily decentre Ireland, and find opportunities to disaggregate Irish literature and its Irishness, setting a new agenda for comparative studies of Ireland that range widely in space and time.
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Wakhidati, Yusmi Nur, Mochamad Sugiarto, and Hudri Aunurrohman. "Entrepreneur Behavior of Brolier Farmers in Banyumas." ANIMAL PRODUCTION 21, no. 2 (February 25, 2020): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jap.2019.21.2.756.
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Entrepreneurial behavior is a series of actions of business actors to freely combine innovative resources to identify and pursue opportunities. This behavior is influenced by self-efficacy, perceptions of supporting contexts and ability to control attitudes. This study aims to identify the extent of and contributing factors to entrepreneurial behavior of broiler farmers in Banyumas. The data were collected from a survey engaging 60 farmers-members of partnership farming. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical and correlation analysis. The results showed that the entrepreneurial behavior of farmers was in high category with an average score of 65.45. Farmers have a high category of self-efficacy with an average score of 18.55. Farmers' perceptions of supporting contexts and the ability of farmers to control attitudes are in the medium category with an average of 30.04 and 33.70 respectively. There was a significant relationship between entrepreneurial behavior and self-confidence and perceptions of supporting context, but no significant relationship with the ability to control attitudes. The relationship between entrepreneurial behavior and farmer self-confidence is in the weak category, while the relationship between entrepreneurial behavior and farmers' perceptions of supporting contexts is in the moderate category.
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Felder, Maxime. "Strong, Weak and Invisible Ties: A Relational Perspective on Urban Coexistence." Sociology 54, no. 4 (January 17, 2020): 675–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038519895938.
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The dichotomy between ‘strong’ and ‘weak’ ties is a common theme in sociological scholarship dealing with urban space, yet urban ethnographers have long been describing the prevalence of impersonal relations. Such relations can be described as fleeting encounters between complete strangers, while others – as in the case of ‘nodding’ relationships – are durable and have yet to be conceptualised. The notion of ‘invisible ties’ is proposed as a conceptual handle for studying typical urban relations that complement the established notions of strong and weak ties. Through an empirical study of four residential buildings in Geneva (Switzerland), these ‘invisible ties’ are revealed by means of a systemic approach to social urban life, from which two key actors emerge: ‘socialisers’ and ‘figures’. This research addresses gaps in the literature on interpersonal relations in urban contexts by focusing on the interplay between different types of social ties, encompassing the whole continuum from anonymity to intimacy.
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Harding, Robin. "Attribution And Accountability: Voting for roads in Ghana." World Politics 67, no. 4 (August 3, 2015): 656–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887115000209.
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Do voters in Africa use elections to hold governments accountable for their performance in office? In contexts of limited information and weak state capacity, it can be difficult for citizens to attribute the provision of public goods and services to political action. As a result, voters often have little information about government performance on which to condition their electoral support. Such contexts are frequently characterized by clientelism or ethnic politics, and there is a widespread impression that African elections are little more than contests in corruption or ethnic mobilization. Using an original panel data set containing electoral returns and detailed information on road conditions throughout Ghana, the author provides robust evidence that when a public good can be attributed to political action, as is the case with roads in Ghana, electoral support is affected by the provision of that good. The author also uses data on a variety of educational inputs to test the claim that votes are conditioned only on attributable outcomes.
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Crivelli, Davide, Giulia Fronda, Irene Venturella, and Michela Balconi. "Stress and neurocognitive efficiency in managerial contexts." International Journal of Workplace Health Management 12, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijwhm-07-2018-0095.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test the potential of an innovative technology-mediated mental training protocol for the empowerment of stress management and neurocognitive efficiency in highly stressful professional contexts, with people who occupy top management positions. The innovative protocol specifically combines mindfulness practice and a wearable neurofeedback system managed via smartphone. Design/methodology/approach The longitudinal research included pre- and post-training assessment steps in order to test training effects with respect to subjective level and physiological markers of stress, anxiety and mood profiles, cognitive abilities and markers of neurocognitive efficiency. Findings Results showed decreased stress, anxiety, anger and mental fatigue; increased participants’ information-processing efficiency; increased electrophysiological markers concerning the balance and reactivity of the mind-brain system; and improved physiological markers of vagal tone. Research limitations/implications Though further investigation and replication with larger samples would strengthen present findings, the authors suggest that observed outcomes, together with the limited duration of the overall protocol and of daily practices, make the training a potentially valuable tool especially for people whose professional position imposes time limitations and elevated job duties, thus increasing the risk of drop-out from traditional stress management programs. Originality/value The combination of mindfulness-based mental training with the advantages offered by a novel brain-sensing wearable technology allows for overcoming the weak points of traditional approaches (e.g. notable time expense) and optimizing training opportunities and outcomes. Furthermore, this is, to the authors’ best knowledge, the first systematic report of the application of such methodology in an organization and with top management professionals.
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Horne, Ross, and Alwen Tiu. "Constructing weak simulations from linear implications for processes with private names." Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 29, no. 8 (March 29, 2019): 1275–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960129518000452.
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AbstractThis paper clarifies that linear implication defines a branching-time preorder, preserved in all contexts, when used to compare embeddings of process in non-commutative logic. The logic considered is a first-order extension of the proof system BV featuring a de Morgan dual pair of nominal quantifiers, called BV1. An embedding of π-calculus processes as formulae in BV1 is defined, and the soundness of linear implication in BV1 with respect to a notion of weak simulation in the π -calculus is established. A novel contribution of this work is that we generalise the notion of a ‘left proof’ to a class of formulae sufficiently large to compare embeddings of processes, from which simulating execution steps are extracted. We illustrate the expressive power of BV1 by demonstrating that results extend to the internal π -calculus, where privacy of inputs is guaranteed. We also remark that linear implication is strictly finer than any interleaving preorder.
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Contel, Michele. "Admonishing without repressing. Promoting self-regulation in responsible and effective policy contexts." SALUTE E SOCIETÀ, no. 3 (November 2010): 113–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ses2010-su3008-ing.
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In this article, part 1 explores how the role of emotions, considered as a major factor in shaping individual behaviour is extended to take into account social rules and sanctions. Relying extensively on the notion of emotion developed by Martha Nussbaum as a "form of judgement", a positive outcome of the emotion based theory of health and well being is build around the concept of persuasion, interpreted as rational action based on a weak support of reasons. Good habits - emotionally conveyed, are often better influent than purely rational reasons, a lesson that can turn useful with reference to prevention policies. In part 2 recent reviews on the impact of advertisements of alcoholic beverages are analysed. It results that only a weak connection between advertisement and the decision to drink (or to increase drinking behaviour) is clearly deducible. This in turn does not support strong anti-alcoholic beverages recommendations as frequently happens in many official publications put forward by policy makers and public bodies. Generalisation of risk, in particular, is a negative by-product of these publications that make a point in representing themselves as scientifically underpinned. Part 3 explores theoretically the relationship between self-regulation and norm. It outlines an attempt to design approaches to prevention that are both non repressive and effective. Exploiting the notion of reflective judgement, as originally expressed by Kant, the category of "example" and "exemplary action" is alluded to in order to develop policy paths inspired by the basic idea that public power has everything to gain from facilitating positive persuasion networks when creating regulatory and practical processes to oppose substance abuse, compared to repressive or punitive choices addressed at criminalising behaviour involving abuse, unilaterally placing the responsibility on the subject, perceived as the transgressor of a consolidated rule.
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Granata, Elena, and Paolo Pileri. "La forza delle mafie è fuori dalle mafie." TERRITORIO, no. 63 (December 2012): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/tr2012-063005.
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The mafia in Northern Italy has been able to consolidate its presence by counting on the advantages offered by impoverished contexts with weak social relationships and weak economic and political structures. On the other hand, the mafia itself has been at the centre of processes that have impoverished and weakened communities in a vicious circle, which people have only recently become aware of. The authors reflect on the habitats of the mafia, alluding to those conditions which afford opportunities and to the fragility, porosity and permeability of institutions and to the legal and procedural uncertainties, which facilitate ambiguous and at times criminal behaviours.
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Lozza, Edoardo, Guendalina Graffigna, and A. Claudio Bosio. "L'insicurezza lavorativa: antecedenti e conseguenti extra organizzativi." RISORSA UOMO, no. 4 (December 2009): 401–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ru2009-004005.
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- Psychological research usually studied antecedents and consequents of job insecurity at an intra-organizational level. This paper aims to: analyze the relationship between contract (temporary vs. permanent work) and job insecurity; propose a model of antecedents for job insecurity; explore the effects of job insecurity on extra-organizational contexts. Results derive from secondary analysis of two databases and from a qualitative research conducted following a grounded theory approach. Results show: the weak relationship between contract and job insecurity; the need to consider broader antecedents, such as social context, interpersonal and media exchange; the impact of job insecurity on consumption behaviors and other extra-organizational aspects of life.
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Valcourt, Nicholas, Jeffrey Walters, Amy Javernick-Will, Karl Linden, and Betelhem Hailegiorgis. "Understanding Rural Water Services as a Complex System: An Assessment of Key Factors as Potential Leverage Points for Improved Service Sustainability." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (February 9, 2020): 1243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031243.
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Rural water supply services worldwide consistently fail to deliver full public health impacts as intended due to a low service sustainability. This failure is increasingly attributed to weak local systems composed of social, financial and environmental factors. Current approaches in the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector for understanding and improving these systems typically focus on the strength and capacity of these factors, but not the interactions between them. We contend that these approaches overlook the inherent complexity and context-specific nature of each local system. To assess this complexity, we conducted four participatory factor mapping workshops with local stakeholders across multiple rural water contexts to identify the factors and interactions that support service sustainability. We then evaluate the potential for factors to act as strategic leverage points based on influence, dependence and feedback metrics that arise from their interactions with other factors. We find that while participants across the contexts tend to identify a common set of factors, the interactions amongst those factors and their individual ability to influence service sustainability varies considerably across contexts. These findings suggest that a more intentional focus on factor interactions in WASH systems could lead to more effective strategies for improving service sustainability.
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Käihkö, Ilmari. "“No die, no rest”? Coercive Discipline in Liberian Military Organisations." Africa Spectrum 50, no. 2 (August 2015): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203971505000201.
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Discipline forms the backbone of all military organisations. While discipline is traditionally associated with draconian punishment, this association is increasingly only applied to non-Western contexts. African rebel movements and similar, weak organisations are represented especially often as lacking non-coercive means of instilling discipline. This article explores the utility of coercive discipline in one such context – the Second Liberian Civil War (1999–2003). I argue that Liberia's weak military organisations faced significant restrictions when it came to employing direct coercion. Executions, which are often equated with coercion in existing literature, threatened to rive the already frail organisations. Even other formal instruments of discipline, such as military hierarchies and rules and regulations, remained contested throughout the war. Consequently, more indirect means were adopted. Ultimately, the main users of coercion were not military organisations, but peers. This suggests that it is easier for strong organisations to coerce their members, and that the relationship between coercion and organisational strength may need to be reassessed. Furthermore, existing positive perceptions of camaraderie between brothers-in-arms requires re-evaluation.
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Hodgson, G. "On the Problem of Formalism in Economics." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 3 (March 20, 2006): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2006-3-111-124.
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The author analyses "critical realist" economic methodology with respect to application of mathematical modeling. He indicates strong and weak sides of critical realist argument, putting emphasis on the works by T. Lawson. An alternative view on the role of formal technique in economics is proposed, taking into account the diversity of interpretative contexts while applying mathematical models.
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Pacheco-Vega, Raul. "(Re)theorizing the Politics of Bottled Water: Water Insecurity in the Context of Weak Regulatory Regimes." Water 11, no. 4 (March 30, 2019): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040658.
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Water insecurity in developing country contexts has frequently led individuals and entire communities to shift their consumptive patterns towards bottled water. Bottled water is sometimes touted as a mechanism to enact the human right to water through distribution across drought-stricken or infrastructure-compromised communities. However, the global bottled water industry is a multi-billion dollar major business. How did we reach a point where the commodification of a human right became not only commonly accepted but even promoted? In this paper, I argue that a discussion of the politics of bottled water necessitates a re-theorization of what constitutes “the political” and how politics affects policy decisions regarding the governance of bottled water. In this article I examine bottled water as a political phenomenon that occurs not in a vacuum but in a poorly regulated context. I explore the role of weakened regulatory regimes and regulatory capture in the emergence, consolidation and, ultimately, supremacy of bottled water over network-distributed, delivered-by-a-public utility tap water. My argument uses a combined framework that interweaves notions of “the political”, ideas on regulatory capture, the concept of “the public”, branding, and regulation theory to retheorize how we conceptualize the politics of bottled water.
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Sharif, M., and Saira Waheed. "Energy Conditions in a Generalized Second-Order Scalar-Tensor Gravity." Advances in High Energy Physics 2013 (2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/253985.
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The study of energy conditions has many significant applications in general relativistic and cosmological contexts. This paper explores the energy conditions in the framework of the most general scalar-tensor theory with field equations involving second-order derivatives. For this purpose, we use flat FRW universe model with perfect fluid matter contents. By taking power law ansatz for scalar field, we discuss the strong, weak, null, and dominant energy conditions in terms of deceleration, jerk, and snap parameters. Some particular cases of this theory likek-essence model, modified gravity theories and so forth. are analyzed with the help of the derived energy conditions, and the possible constraints on the free parameters of the presented models are determined.
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Tsai, Ming-Chang. "Pathways to Crisis: Structural Liability, Global Contingency, and State-Business Relationships in the East Asian Economic Turmoil." Comparative Sociology 2, no. 2 (February 7, 2003): 297–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-00202002.
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The financial crisis of 1997 in East Asia evoked extensive academic discussion and re-interpretation of the region’s economic growth strategy. In contrast to prevailing theorization through singling out certain principal elements for explanation, a theory of structural liability is proposed herein to examine both the structural liability of problematic economic institutions and the contingency of global contexts that instigated the crisis. This study argues that a context-dependent causation model helps untangle causal complexion of this economic upheaval. After identifying weak financial/market regulation as a structural liability accompanying East Asia’s industrial development, we further discern the distinctive transformation of the state-business relationship in Thailand and South Korea (decreasing state regulation), which differs from that of Indonesia (increasing state predation), and suggest that there were two pathways toward such liability. The changing global economy and geopolitics are included in the structural liability model as the contingent contexts enabling problematic institutions to develop into crisis. The concluding section discusses both theoretical and methodological implications of the realist model for explaining the crisis.