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1
Liu, Hanxiang, Tong Qiu, and Qiang Xu. "Dynamic acceleration response of a rock slope with a horizontal weak interlayer in shaking table tests." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 21, 2021): e0250418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250418.
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The weak interlayer in a rock slope often plays a significant role in seismic rockslides; however, the effect of weak interlayer on the seismic slope response and damage process is still not fully understood. This study presents a series of shaking test tests on two model slopes containing a horizontal weak interlayer with different thicknesses. A recorded Wenchuan earthquake ground motion was scaled to excite the slopes. Measurements from accelerometers embedded at different elevations of slope surface and slope interior were analyzed and compared. The effect of the weak interlayer thickness on the seismic response was highlighted by a comparative analysis of the two slopes in terms of topographic amplification, peak accelerations, and deformation characteristics as the input amplitude increased. It was found that the structure deterioration and nonlinear response of the slopes were manifested as a time lag of the horizontal accelerations in the upper slope relative to the lower slope and a reduction of resonant frequency and Fourier spectral ratio. Test results show that under horizontal acceleration, both slopes exhibited significant topographic amplification in the upper half, and the difference in amplification between slope face and slope interior was more pronounced in Slope B (with a thin weak interlayer) than in Slope A (with a thick weak interlayer). A four-phased dynamic response process of both slopes was observed. Similar deformation characteristics including development of strong response zone and macro-cracks, vertical settlement, horizontal extrusion and collapse in the upper half were observed in both slopes as the input amplitude increased; however, the deformations were more severe in Slope B than in Slope A, suggesting an energy isolation effect of the thick interlayer in Slope A.
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Li, Yang, Ling Yu, Weidong Song, and Tianhong Yang. "Three-Dimensional Analysis of Complex Rock Slope Stability Affected by Fault and Weak Layer Based on FESRM." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (December 7, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6380815.
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Slope stability analysis is the most important problem in slope engineering design and construction. Open-pit slope often spans several strata, many of which are relatively weak. There may be faults and weak layers across the whole rock. It is very necessary to study the instability mechanism and stability analysis of multistratigraphic slopes with faults and weak layers. In this paper, taking a complex three-dimensional slope with fault and weak layer as the research object, the evolution laws of the stress field and damage zone of the slope are analyzed by using the finite element strength reduction method. The results show that the fault and weak layer have different degrees of effect on the slope stability. The fault causes stress concentration and damage to nearby rock mass, and the weak layer causes stress concentration on the slope above it and forms a dangerous slip zone. Then the effect of the fault and weak layer on slope stability is discussed. Because the effect of horizontal structural plane on slope stability is greater than that of the vertical structural plane, the effect of weak layer on slope stability is greater than that of the fault in the slope. The research results can provide a theoretical guidance for the study of slope stability in practical engineering.
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Shuheng, Zhong, and Miao Yinjun. "Research on the Influence of Weak Interlayer in Open-Pit Slope on Stability." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (July 7, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4256740.
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The weak interlayer in the slope meets with water threatening the overall stability of the slope. Sequestration location of the weak layer has an impact on the stability of the slope. Based on this, taking the south-side slope of Fushun West Open-Pit Mine as the background, the limit equilibrium method was used to study the influence of different depths and dip angles of weak interlayers on the factor-of-safety and sliding mode of the slope. After analyzing the effect, a bottom friction experiment was conducted to verify the theoretical results. The research results show that, as the buried depth of the weak layer becomes larger and the dip angle becomes smaller, the safety factor of the slope increases. Dip angle and depth both affect the sliding mode of the slope. This can provide a reference for study of the influence mechanism of weak interlayer on slope stability in multi-weak-layer slopes.
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Zhi, Song, and Liu Yang. "Dynamic Response Differences Between Bedding and Counter-Tilt Rock Slopes with Intercalated Weak Layers." Journal of Disaster Research 11, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 681–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2016.p0681.
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Bedding and counter-tilt rock slope with intercalated weak layers are common geological bodies in west China, the dynamic response research will guide the anti-seismic reinforcement of bedding and counter-tilt rock slope with intercalated weak layer effectively. Two test models of bedding rock slope with intercalated weak layer and counter-tilt rock slope with intercalated weak layer, which are in the same size, have been designed and developed. A large scale shaking table test has been performed to analyze the dynamic response difference of bedding and counter-tilt rock slope with intercalated weak layer. The study results show that the acceleration amplification coefficient inside the bedding slope is smaller than that inside the counter-tilt rock slope; at the middle and upper parts of the slope body (relative height > 0.4), the acceleration amplification coefficient at bedding rock slope surface is larger than that of counter-tilt rock slope. At the lower part of the slope (relative height le 0.4), the acceleration amplification coefficient at bedding rock slope surface is close to that of counter-tilt rock slope. The slope surface displacement of both bedding and counter-tilt rock slopes increases with increasing input seismic wave amplitude. The slope surface displacement of the bedding rock is larger than that of counter-tilt rock slope. The seismic stability of counter-tilt rock slope is stronger than bedding rock slope. The dynamic failure form of bedding rock slope mainly includes vertical tension crack at back edge, bedding sliding along intercalated weak layer and rock collapse at slope crest; whereas the dynamic failure form of counter-tilt slope mainly includes intersection of horizontal and vertical cracks on slope surface, extrusion of intercalated weak layer and shattering of slope crest.
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Yao, Ding, Guoping Qian, Jiawu Liu, and Jialiang Yao. "Application of Polymer Curing Agent in Ecological Protection Engineering of Weak Rock Slopes." Applied Sciences 9, no. 8 (April 17, 2019): 1585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9081585.
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Under the action of water, weak rock slopes easily expand and the strength and stiffness decrease, which results in slope instability. The styrene–acrylic emulsion cement-matrix composite, a new type of polymer curing agent, was developed for the curing and treatment of weak rock slopes. The strength-reduction factor method and ANSYS finite element software were used to calculate and analyze the stability of slopes before and after protection. The stability safety factor of weak rock after protection increased by 30% from 2.0 to 2.6. In order to evaluate the performance of the polymer curing agent, the mixture test was carried out in the laboratory. It was found that the waterproofness, hydrophobicity, and microstructure of weak rock slopes with the polymer curing agent can be significantly improved. Finally, the polymer curing agent was adopted and the external-soil spray-seeding technique was used in physical engineering. From test results, it was indicated that the polymer curing agent for weak slopes is beneficial in improving the water-damage resistance of a slope surface and prevent or reduce the softening of weak rock so that plants can grow for a long time. The treatment for weak rock slopes was successfully combined with plant protection, achieving the dual effect of weak rock slope protection and ecological protection.
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Liu, Guang-wei, Dan-qing Song, Zhuo Chen, and Ju-wen Yang. "Dynamic Response Characteristics and Failure Mechanism of Coal Slopes with Weak Intercalated Layers under Blasting Loads." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (June 30, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5412795.
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Rock slopes with weak intercalated layers could experience disturbance from various deep mining activities; however, their dynamic stability has not been thoroughly investigated. In this paper, the dynamic response characteristics and failure mechanism of the coal slopes with weak intercalated layers under blasting loads were studied by means of numerical analysis, shaking table tests, and field tests. The effects of dynamic loads with different frequencies on the dynamic response of the slope were analyzed, and the natural frequency of the slope was also determined. The results show that the dynamic amplification effect of the slope is smaller than that of the homogeneous slope, and weak layers weaken the wave propagation in the rock mass. Both experimental and field investigation results show that the slope’s natural frequency was approximately 35 Hz. The slope deformation decreased with the distance of the blasting source. Cracks appear along the weak interlayer firstly under the action of horizontal vibration; then, longitudinal cracks occur at the slope crest. With the increase of dynamic loads, cracks continue expanding, deepening, and penetrating in the main controlled weak interlayer; then, the sliding body presents tensile shear failure along the sliding surface. This study could provide insights into the understanding of the coal slope instability and failure mechanism; this could benefit the blasting operation of the coal slope in fields.
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Zhou, Haizuo, Gang Zheng, Xinyu Yang, Yu Diao, Lisen Gong, and Xuesong Cheng. "Displacement of Pile-Reinforced Slopes with a Weak Layer Subjected to Seismic Loads." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1527659.
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The presence of a weak layer in a slope requires special attention because it has a negative impact on slope stability. However, limited insight into the seismic stability of slopes with a weak layer exists. In this study, the seismic stability of a pile-reinforced slope with a weak thin layer is investigated. Based on the limit analysis theory, a translational failure mechanism for an earth slope is developed. The rotational rigid blocks in the previous rotational-translational failure mechanism are replaced by continuous deformation regions, which consist of a sequence ofnrigid triangles. The predicted static factor of safety and collapse mechanism in two typical examples of slopes with a weak layer compare well with the results obtained from the available literature and by using the Discontinuity Layout Optimization (DLO) technique. The lateral forces provided by the stabilizing piles are evaluated using the theory of plastic deformation. An analytical solution for estimating the critical yield acceleration coefficient for the pile-reinforced slopes is derived. Based on the proposed translational failure mechanism and the corresponding critical yield acceleration coefficient, Newmark’s analytical procedure is employed to evaluate the cumulative displacement. Considering different real earthquake acceleration records as input motion, the effect of stabilizing piles and varying the spacing of piles on the cumulative displacement of slopes with a weak layer is investigated.
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Yang, Bing, Jiangrong Hou, Yifei Liu, and Zihong Zhou. "Dynamic Response and Failure Characteristics of Slope with Weak Interlayer under Action of Near-Fault Ground Motion." Shock and Vibration 2021 (April 30, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5595278.
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Investigations into the Wenchuan earthquake (2008, China) demonstrated that landslides were concentrated in the near-fault areas, and numerous large-scale landslides occurred in slopes with weak interlayers. A mathematical model was established based on the shear beam theory, while a numerical model was developed based on the discrete element method which perfectly matched layer boundary theory. Through a theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, the dynamic response and failure modes of the slope with a weak interlayer under the near-fault ground motion were studied. It was found that a combined effect took place between the near-fault ground motion and the weak interlayer, causing the slope near a fault to be destroyed more easily. The coupling between the near-fault ground motion and the weak interlayer leads to a maximum amplification effect of the slope. The existence of a weak interlayer induces nonconforming vibration between the upper and the lower rock masses of the interlayer. The variation in the amplification effect along the slope elevation is related to the ratio of the input seismic period to the natural slope period. Under horizontal ground motion, weak interlayers will be subjected to impacting and shearing action. The failure mode of the slope with a weak interlayer under near-fault ground motion can be expressed as a trailing edge tension crack, as well as weak interlayer impacting and shearing failure.
9
Lee, Der-Her, Yi-En Yang, and Hung-Ming Lin. "Assessing slope protection methods for weak rock slopes in Southwestern Taiwan." Engineering Geology 91, no. 2-4 (May 2007): 100–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2006.12.005.
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Schweizer, J., and B. Reuter. "Relating weak layer and slab properties to snow slope stability." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2, no. 7 (July 22, 2014): 4685–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-2-4685-2014.
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Abstract. Snow slope stability evaluation requires considering weak layer as well as slab properties – and in particular their interaction. We developed a stability index from snow micro-penetrometer measurements and compared it to 129 concurrent point observations with the compression test (CT). The index considers the SMP-derived micro-structural strength and the additional load which depends on the hardness of the surface layers. The new quantitative measure of stability discriminated well between point observations rated as either "poor" or "fair" (CT < 19) and those rated as "good" (CT ≥ 19). However, discrimination power within the intermediate range was low. We then applied the index to gridded snow micro-penetrometer measurements from 11 snow slopes to explore the spatial structure and possibly relate it to slope stability. Stability distributions on the 11 slopes reflected various possible strength and load (stress) distributions that naturally can occur. Their relation to slope stability was poor possibly because the index does not consider crack propagation. Hence, the relation between spatial patterns of point stability and slope stability remains elusive. Whereas this is the first attempt of a truly quantitative measure of stability, future developments should consider a better reference of stability and incorporate a measure of crack propagation.
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Li, Lian Chong, and Shao Hua Li. "Numerical Investigation on Factors Influencing the Time-Dependent Stability of the Rock Slopes with Weak Structure Planes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.177.
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Under the combined effects of various external factors, such as temperature, seepage, alternate wetting and drying and so on, the mechanical properties of rock mass are susceptible to be deteriorated, and its strength characteristics are significantly degraded with time. The mesoscopic damage accumulated inside the rock, contributing the rock slope instability with weak structure planes, generate the time-dependent deformation, and eventually lead to the slope failure. Given the time-dependent deformation of the rock, numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the key factors influencing the long-term stability of slopes. Numerical results show that the catastrophic failure time of slopes is linear to its cohesion, and the bigger cohesion and friction angle increase catastrophic failure time, i.e., the stability of rock slope increase. In addition, the configuration of the intact rock bridge can also influence the time-dependent slope stability. Slope height can significantly affect the slope stability and the maximum horizontal displacement. Differences in rock mass storage environment play an important role in the long-term stability of slopes.
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Wang, Lai Gui, Guo Chao Zhao, and Feng He. "Analysis of Slope Stability Containing Weak Layers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.157.
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In order to search for the control factors of slope stability containing weak layers, combining with the methods of the finite element and the limit equilibrium to simulate the slope stability problems. From the numerical simulation results, the stress field distribution and displacement field distribution internal the slope could be got. According to the finite element analysis results and the safety factor of slope stability got with the limit equilibrium method, evaluate the slope stability. By the simulation analysis of slope which contains a number of weak structural surfaces, the conclusion we got is that the existence of weak structural plane like weak layers and faults are the main factors of slope instability.
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Seyed-Kolbadi, S., J. Sadoghi-Yazdi, and M. Hariri-Ardebili. "An Improved Strength Reduction-Based Slope Stability Analysis." Geosciences 9, no. 1 (January 21, 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9010055.
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Slope uncertainty predominantly originates from the imperfect analysis model and the inaccuracy and imprecision of the observations. The strength reduction method (SRM) is widely used to attain the safety factor (SF) of the slopes, which is similar to interpretation of the limit state (LS). In this paper, the spectral element method (SEM), using an elasto-plastic Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion, is employed to project the plausible LS of the soil slopes. An iterative SRM search method is proposed to evaluate the SF of the slopes regardless of the LS interpretation. The proposed SRM paradigm encompasses the design trigger to trace the uncertain parameters in decision-making. This method is applied to three numerical examples: (1) a homogeneous dry slope, (2) a dry slope with a weak layer, and (3) a partially-wet slope with a weak layer. It is shown that for the case study examples, the proposed SRM reasonably converges to the required precision. Results further are compared and contrasted with some of the conventional and standard techniques in slope stability. This hybrid procedure paves the road for fast and safe stability analysis of man-made and natural slopes.
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Schweizer, J., and B. Reuter. "A new index combining weak layer and slab properties for snow instability prediction." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 1 (January 13, 2015): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-109-2015.
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Abstract. Snow slope stability evaluation requires considering weak layer as well as slab properties – and in particular their interaction. We developed a stability index from snow micro-penetrometer (SMP) measurements and compared it to 129 concurrent point observations with the compression test (CT). The index considers the SMP-derived micro-structural strength and the additional load, which depends on the hardness of the surface layers. The new quantitative measure of stability discriminated well between point observations rated as either "poor" or "fair" (CT < 19) and those rated as "good" (CT ≥ 19). However, discrimination power within the intermediate range was low. We then applied the index to gridded snow micro-penetrometer measurements from 11 snow slopes to explore the spatial structure and possibly relate it to slope stability. Stability index distributions on the 11 slopes reflected various possible strength and load (stress) distributions that can naturally occur. Their relation to slope stability was poor, possibly because the index does not consider crack propagation. Hence, the relation between spatial patterns of point stability and slope stability remains elusive. Whereas this is the first attempt of a truly quantitative measure of stability, future developments should consider a better reference of stability and incorporate a measure of crack propagation.
15
Wang, Lai Gui, Hong Zhu Zhang, and Mei Sheng Feng. "Experimental Study on the Dynamic Destruction of Rock Slope with the White DSCM Method." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 3873–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.3873.
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To study the stability of rock slope under dynamic load,the digital speckle correlation measurement (DSCM) is used for dynamic failure of rock slope containing two weak layers.It observes the displacement field, deformation field, and stress field during the process of crack formation, crack through the slope and slope collapse. Experimental results show that the initial deformation cracking on the surface around the structure of the weak layer, and then extended to top and the foot of the slope, and finally through the loose structure.The slope stability is controlled by the weak layer’s angle, the space form of the weak layer and the slope Mechanical Properties.It gives the failue model of the different positon in the slope.
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Nian, T. K., R. Q. Huang, S. S. Wan, and G. Q. Chen. "Three-dimensional strength-reduction finite element analysis of slopes: geometric effects." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 49, no. 5 (May 2012): 574–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t2012-014.
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The vast majority of slopes, both natural and constructed, exhibit a complex geometric configuration and three-dimensional (3D) state, whereas slopes satisfying the assumption of plane strain (infinite length) are seldom encountered. Existing research mainly emphasizes the 3D dimensions and boundary effect in slope stability analysis; however, the effect of complex geometric ground configuration on 3D slope stability is rarely reported. In this paper, an elastoplastic finite-element method using strength-reduction techniques is used to analyze the stability of special 3D geometric slopes. A typical 3D slope underlain by a weak layer with groundwater is described to validate the numerical modeling, safety factor values, and critical slip surface for the 3D slope. Furthermore, a series of special 3D slopes with various geometric configurations are analyzed numerically, and the effects of turning corners, slope gradient, turning arcs, and convex- and concave-shaped surface geometry on the stability and failure characteristics of slopes under various boundary conditions are discussed in detail.
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Wang, Yun Fei, Fu Ping Zhong, Huai Bao Chu, and Li Ping Wang. "Study on Mechanism of Slope Instability with Weak Interlayer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 3615–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.3615.
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In the process of the highway building, especially in mountain region the some complex geological conditions often appears. In this paper, using the slope of highway with weak interlayer as the research subject, systematically analyzing the stress field and plastic field during the excavation of the slope, obtained the failure mechanism of the slope with weak interlayer, which is a cyclic process that weak interlayer shear failure led to the tensile failure of its upper mass rock. It has extraordinarily important guiding significance for the protection and reinforcement of similar slope.
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Ju, Hai Yan, Gui Qing Gao, Shao Lin Liu, Chang Tai Luo, and Jian Hua Li. "The Instability Mechanism of Soil-like Slope under the Action of Acid Corrosion in Open-Pit Copper Mine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 750–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.750.
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Combined with the engineering geological conditions and geological characteristics of soil-like slope in a certain open-pit copper mine, based on the experiments and theoretical analysis, the instability mechanism of soil-like slope under the action of acid mine wastewater is researched. Because the acid wastewater goes into the weak structural plane, reacting with the constitutional materials and fillings in slopes, the react change the microstructure of the rock and soil, and replace, dissolve the components, causing the cohesion and internal friction angle of slope reducing eventually and slope failure.
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Zheng, Gang, Xinyu Yang, Haizuo Zhou, Da Ha, and Tianqi Zhang. "Upper-Bound Multi-Rigid-Block Solutions for Seismic Performance of Slopes with a Weak Thin Layer." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1985458.
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The presence of a weak layer has an adverse influence on the seismic performance of slopes. The upper-bound solution serves as a rigorous method in the stability analysis of geotechnical problems. In this study, a multi-rigid-block solution based on the category of the upper-bound theorem of limit analysis is presented to examine the seismic performance of nonhomogeneous slopes with a weak thin layer. Comparison of the static factors of safety is conducted with various solutions (i.e., limit analysis with a different failure mechanism, limit equilibrium solution, and numerical method), and the results exhibit reasonable consistency. An analytical solution in estimating the critical yield acceleration coefficient is derived, and the influence of slope angle, slope height, and soil strength on the critical yield acceleration coefficient and failure mechanism is analyzed. Subsequently, Newmark’s analytical procedure is employed to evaluate cumulative displacement with various real earthquake acceleration records as input motion. Results show that the strength and geometric parameters have a remarkable influence on the critical yield acceleration coefficient, and the cumulative displacement increases with the increasing slope angle.
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He, Zhongming, and Baolin Wang. "Instability Process Model Test for Bedding Rock Slope with Weak Interlayer under Different Rainfall Conditions." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8201031.
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The instability process of bedding rock slope with weak interlayer may be induced under rainfall infiltration conditions. Due to this, we conducted a research of model test for the instability process, based on the similarity theory. With use of the recent 50 years’ rainfall data of Changsha, China, we analyzed the seepage characteristics, mechanical characteristics, and deformation laws of the slope under the conditions of long-time heavy rain and short-time rainstorm, respectively. The test results show that the original seepage characteristics of the slope were changed by the existence of weak interlayer, presented the “double seepage” effect, resulted in the seepage characteristics of rock and soil in the shallow layer and weak interlayer of the slope showed a sickle “Γ” distribution, and the adjacent rock layer presented a curve-type “S” distribution. With the increase of rainfall duration, the weak interlayer gradually became muddy and softened, and then the plastic flow zone was formed locally. The stress concentration phenomenon was gradually generated in the weak interlayer due to the influence of the gravitational field of the upper rock mass. The large infiltration of rainwater led to the phenomenon of plastic flow extrusion of the slope at the weak interlayer extrusion. With the further penetration of the tensile cracks in the upper part of the weak interlayer, the slope had a large settlement displacement and gradually formed sliding shear deformation along the weak structural plane. Under the condition of equal rainfall amount, the condition of long-time heavy rain has a greater influence on the stability of the bedding rock slope with weak interlayer than that of short-time rainstorm. The failure form of slope could be divided into four stages: prechange stage, interlayer extrusion stage, slip-pull-fracture stage and plastic flow-shear failure stage.
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Gan, JianJun, and Y. X. Zhang. "Analysis of Model Tests of Rainfall-Induced Soil Deposit Landslide." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (July 22, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6431247.
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A large number of deposit landslides are induced by rainfall, and those with different weak layers may be subject to catastrophic failure. This research investigates the rainfall infiltration effect on the stability of deposit landslides with a weak layer at different slope angles. Four rainfall physical model tests were conducted with fixed double penetration artificial rainfall technique and dynamic sensor technologies by using the rainfall test methods as modified in the paper. Deformation and mechanics parameters, as well as water content parameters in the key position in the deposit landslide, were monitored by means of various displacement monitoring sensors, dynamic soil pressure sensors, pore water pressure (PWP) monitoring sensors, and water content sensors. The results show that, under the same rainfall conditions, the rule of displacement and mechanical changes of deposit slope with different angles are similar, that the displacement, soil pressure, and PWP are characterized by two stages of rising and falling, and that the displacement of deposit slope with weak layer remains creep after rainfall. In addition, the displacement at the rear edge of the slope with a small angle is larger than that at the front of the steep slope, but the displacement in the front of the slope is opposite. Furthermore, the slope with a smaller angle is prone to form a tensile crack in the back of the slope, and its deformation and failure have the characteristics of a progressive and thrust-type landslide. While the failure in front of a steep slope (slope angle more than 60°) occurred first, the slope failure was characterized by sudden and retrogressive modes. The mathematical analysis of the model is also conducted which shows that deformation and failure can be divided into three stages, i.e., creep inoculation, accumulation uplift, and speed-up sliding. The test results can provide a reference for the investigation, design, and assessment of similar deposit slopes.
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Wang, Lai Gui, and Jie Yan. "The Experimental about the Weak Surface Slop Deformation and Failure under Earthquake Effect." Advanced Materials Research 461 (February 2012): 789–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.461.789.
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In order to study the law of containing the weak surface slope deformation and failure under earthquake action simulate under earthquake action deformation and failure of the model which is a single weak surface slope. Use the digital speckle correlation method to deal with the experimental results, and obtain displacement and strain of the slope model. From the experimental results: it can be found the displacement and strain are concentrated in the weak surface , with the continuous vibration, eventually leading to the slope failure. The model crack firstly appears in the top of the experiment picture, and extends downward along the weak surface, thus lead to the model slip.By the experiment picture analyze the causes of the cracks.
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Mangnejo, D. A., S. J. Oad, S. A. Kalhoro, S. Ahmed, F. H. Laghari, and Z. A. Siyal. "Numerical Analysis of Soil Slope Stabilization by Soil Nailing Technique." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 9, no. 4 (August 10, 2019): 4469–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2859.
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Slope instability may be a result of change in stress conditions, rise in groundwater table and rainfall. Similarly, many slopes that have been stable for several years can abruptly fail due to changes in geometry, weak soil shear strength or as the effect of an external force. Debris flows (i.e. slope failures) take place without any warning and can have devastating results. So, it is vital to understand the slope failure mechanism and adopt safety prevention measures. Soil nailing is one of the widely used stabilization techniques for soil slopes. In this study, soil nail technique is proposed to upgrade the existing slope in clay. A parametric study was conducted to understand the effects of different nail diameter (i.e. 25mm and 40mm) and nail inclination (i.e. 200, 250, 300, 350 and 400) on slope stability. Morgenstern-Price (i.e. limit equilibrium) method was used to determine the factor of safety of the slope. It was found that the factor of safety of the existing slope improved significantly with three rows of 40mm diameter nail at an inclination of 400.
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Xie, Zhong Qiu, Jin Zhao Fan, Hong Bin Xiao Xiao, and Yu Chi Zhang. "Full Waveform Acoustic Logging for Slope Weak Layer Evaluation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.159.
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Rock deformation and unstable failure of slope is controlled by weak structural plane whose identification and evaluation is greatly influenced by deformation failure prediction of slope and design treatment. Based on the propagation characteristics of acoustic wave in shaft lining strata, attenuation of stoneley wave and inherent attenuation of strata are analyzed and permeability relationship among shaft lining strata is researched. The relationship between reflected stoneley-wave intensity and the width and filling ability of strata crack is studied. By application example of landslide investigation, attribute parameters and characteristics of acoustic wave are discussed. Strata division, the practicability and accuracy of recognition for fracture and holes evaluation and mechanic characteristics of rock mass also are studied.
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Hu, Qijun, Yucheng Gu, Junsen Zeng, Leping He, Hexi Tang, Guilin Wei, and Xirui Lu. "Microwave irradiation reinforcement of weak muddy intercalation in slope." Applied Clay Science 183 (December 2019): 105324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2019.105324.
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Jones, Marshall B. "Slope-Controlled Performance Testing." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 32, no. 14 (October 1988): 836–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118188786762153.
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Cognitive-ability tests, though promising in other respects, generally show pronounced practice effects and have weak test-retest reliabilities. One reason for the low reliabilities appears to be that practice effects themselves vary from individual to individual, so that subjects differ not only in the levels at which they are performing when testing ends but also in the slopes leading up to those levels. Since slope of the performance curve late in practice has been shown to affect performance at reacquisition (retest), uncontrolled variation in slope may lower test-retest reliability. A possible approach to this problem is experimentally to control slope during testing so that all subjects are improving at roughly the same rates when testing ends. The expected effect is that, with inter-subject differences in slope controlled, the temporal stability of cognitive-ability tests will improve. If temporal stability improves, however, predictive validities ought also to improve.
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Jiang, Long, Jian Hui Sun, and Wan Shun Wang. "Study on Deformation and Stability of High Slope with Weak Intercalated Layers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 3142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.3142.
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The paper analyzed external deformation, deep deformation and stability of slope with weak intercalated layers in detail through field monitoring of Mayanpo slope at Xiangjiaba Hydropower Station. The results show that: ① Displacement deformation increases with time and decreases with increasing depth, and displacement rate decreases with time. ② Dislocation position exists in weak intercalated layers. Dislocation rate first increases and then decreases until basically stable, and local fluctuations are mainly affected by rainfall and dynamic equilibrium adjustment of the slope internal deformation. ③ Through stability analysis of Mayanpo slope by strength reduction FEM, stability coefficient is 1.72.
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Sun, Shu-Wei, Fu Zhao, and Kui Zhang. "Stability of Slopes Reinforced with Truncated Piles." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1570983.
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Piles are extensively used as a means of slope stabilization. A novel engineering technique of truncated piles that are unlike traditional piles is introduced in this paper. A simplified numerical method is proposed to analyze the stability of slopes stabilized with truncated piles based on the shear strength reduction method. The influential factors, which include pile diameter, pile spacing, depth of truncation, and existence of a weak layer, are systematically investigated from a practical point of view. The results show that an optimum ratio exists between the depth of truncation and the pile length above a slip surface, below which truncating behavior has no influence on the piled slope stability. This optimum ratio is bigger for slopes stabilized with more flexible piles and piles with larger spacing. Besides, truncated piles are more suitable for slopes with a thin weak layer than homogenous slopes. In practical engineering, the piles could be truncated reasonably while ensuring the reinforcement effect. The truncated part of piles can be filled with the surrounding soil and compacted to reduce costs by using fewer materials.
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Ho, I.-Hsuan. "Numerical Study of Slope-Stabilizing Piles in Undrained Clayey Slopes with a Weak Thin Layer." International Journal of Geomechanics 15, no. 5 (October 2015): 06014025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0000445.
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Ge, Qi, He Wu, and Ya Feng Gong. "Research on the Soil Slope Stability Based on Soil Strength Deterioration in Seasonal Frozen Areas." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 4270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.4270.
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Soil slope is one of the main parts of the road engineering. The stability of the slope is an essential prerequisite to ensure the safe operation of road transport. In seasonal frozen regions, shallow landslide hazards in soil slopes usually happen, which pose a serious threat to road safety operations. During the melting process, there forms stagnant water lubrication between the melting soil and freezing soil interface, which constitutes the weak interface of landslide hazard. Special methods to form the freezing – thawing (F-T) surface is designed, and takes consider the interface strength as the foundation of experimental tests, then opening to research the soil slope stability. Safety factor modification of the soil slope is presented. The conclusions of this paper present well theoretical and applied value to the regional slope failure analysis.
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Tang, Hua, Zhenjun Wu, Ailan Che, Conghua Yuan, and Qin Deng. "Failure Mechanism of Rock Slopes under Different Seismic Excitation." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (February 20, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8866119.
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In earthquake-prone areas, special attention should be paid to the study of the seismic stability of rock slope. Particularly, it becomes much more complicated for the rock slopes with weak structural surfaces. In this study, numerical simulation and the shaking table test are carried out to analyze the influence of seismic excitation and structural surface in different directions on dynamic response of rock slope. Huaping slope with bedding structural surfaces and Lijiang slope with discontinuous structural surfaces besides Jinsha River in Yunnan Province are taken as research objects. The results of numerical simulation and the model test both show that discontinuous structure surface has influence on the propagation characteristics of seismic wavefield. For Huaping slope, the seismic wavefield responses repeatedly between the bedding structural surface and slope surface lead to the increase of the amplification effect. The maximum value of seismic acceleration appears on the empty surface where terrain changes. Horizontal motion plays a leading role in slope failure, and the amplification coefficient of horizontal seismic acceleration is about twice that of vertical seismic acceleration. The failure mode is integral sliding along the bedding structural surface. For Lijiang slope, seismic acceleration field affected by complex structural surface is superimposed repeatedly in local area. The maximum value of seismic acceleration appears in the local area near slope surface. And the dynamic response of slope is controlled by vertical and horizontal motion together. Under the seismic excitation with an intense of 0.336 g in X direction and Z direction, the amplification coefficients of seismic acceleration of Lijiang slope are 3.23 and 3.18, respectively. The vertical motion leads to the cracking of the weak structural surface. Then, Lijiang slope shows the toppling failure mode under the action of horizontal motion.
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Bu, Lin, Tao Xu, Yun Jie Zhang, and Qiang Xu. "Stability Analysis of Steep Bedding Rock Slope with Strength Reduction Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 501-504 (January 2014): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.501-504.399.
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Stability analysis of steep rock bedding slope with weak structure planes using strength reduction method was simulated in this paper. The post processing function can display the development condition of the plastic zone, which is the criterion for instability of the slope. Analysis with working conditions of natural circumstance, after excavation, and the slope reinforced by anchor shank after excavation were put forward. Failure modes and safety coefficients of the slope proved that weak plane is the main factor controlling slope failure. Simulation results shown that strength reduction method is appropriate in predict the shape and position of the potential failure surface of steep rock bedding slope.
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GANG, ZONG, FU JIAJIA, and WANG YAO. "Stability analysis of soil slope based on rainfall." Science Journal Innovation Technologies Transfer, no. 2020-3 (September 28, 2020): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36381/iamsti.3.2020.18-26.
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Rainfall is the main cause of landslides, the two are closely related. Based on the theory of saturatedunsaturated seepage and the theory of unsaturated soil shear strength, this paper makes an in-depth comparatve analysis on the infuence of short-term heavy rainfall and long-term weak rainfall on slope stability. The results show: The soil above the slope is more likely to reach saturaton under short-term heavy rainfall, while the infuence of long-term weak rainfall on the slope soil is deeper and the stability is greatly reduced. However, landslides with long periods of weak rainfall are more dangerous. In additon, the method of determining the critcal rainfall of a slope for landslide is obtained, and the safety status of the slope can be directly judged by comparing the actual rainfall with the critcal rainfall, and the classifcaton standard of the safety grade of a specifc slope is further obtained, which can provide reference for landslide preventon and treatment.
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Anaperta, Yoszi Mingsi, and Septian Andika Putra. "ANALISIS POTENSI LONGSOR LERENG BUKIT TUI KELURAHAN TANAH HITAM KOTA PADANG PANJANG SUMATERA BARAT MENGGUNAKAN APLIKASI SLIDE V6.0." Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Pendidikan 12, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 73–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/tip.v12i1.181.
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Tui Hill is a limestone hill lined south of Padang Panjang. It is located between Rao-Rao Village and Tanah Hitam. Based on the results of investigations of researchers on the slopes of Bukit Tui limestone in the coordinates S0 ° 28'21.3 "E100 ° 24'00.4ʺ which are in the Tanah Hitam Village, there are many weak fields such as burly, steep slope geometry, influence on earthquake vibrations, and rainfall the high can lead to landslides on slopes, potential for landslides on the slopes of research can endanger road users and community settlements on slope locations. This study aims to analyze the potential of landslides based on the physical and mechanical properties of intact rocks, using the boundary equilibrium method. Then make reinforcement recommendations so that slope conditions are safe / stable. Based on the results of analysis and calculations in saturated conditions with the influence of earthquake factors 0,7 - 0,9g the values of FK 1,461, 1,295, and 1,144 were obtained. From the results of the analysis, the slope is unsafe / unstable. In the original condition with 0.9g earthquake factor, FK 1.364 is obtained. Based on the results of analysis and calculations, the slope reinforcement recommendation used is the wire mesh installation method (wiremesh) in slope face.
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Puzrin, Alexander M., Thomas E. Gray, and Andrew J. Hill. "Significance of the actual nonlinear slope geometry for catastrophic failure in submarine landslides." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 471, no. 2175 (March 2015): 20140772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2014.0772.
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A simple approach to slope stability analysis of naturally occurring, mild nonlinear slopes is proposed through extension of shear band propagation (SBP) theory. An initial weak zone appears in the steepest part of the slope where the combined action of gravity and seismic loads overcomes the degraded peak shear resistance of the soil. If the length of this steepest part is larger than the critical length, the shear band will propagate into the quasi-stable parts of the slope, where the gravitational and seismically induced shear stresses are smaller than the peak but larger than the residual shear strength of the soil. Growth of a shear band is strongly dependent on the shape of the slope, seismic parameters and the strength of soil and less dependent on the slope inclination and the sensitivity of clay. For the slope surface with faster changing inclination, the criterion is more sensitive to the changes of the parameters. Accounting for the actual nonlinear slope geometry eliminates the main challenge of the SBP approach—determination of the length of the initial weak zone, because the slope geometry can be readily obtained from submarine site investigations. It also helps to identify conditions for the early arrest of the shear band, before failure in the sliding layer or a change in loading or excess pore water pressures occurs. The difference in the size of a landslide predicted by limiting equilibrium and SBP approaches can reach orders of magnitude, potentially providing an explanation for the immense dimensions of many observed submarine landslides that may be caused by local factors acting over a limited portion of the slope.
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Stern, Daniel P., James R. Brisbois, and David S. Nolan. "An Expanded Dataset of Hurricane Eyewall Sizes and Slopes." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 71, no. 7 (June 20, 2014): 2747–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-13-0302.1.
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Abstract Using airborne Doppler radar data from 39 flights into hurricanes from 2004 to 2010, the authors examine the outward slope of the eyewall, revisiting the recent studies of Stern and Nolan. The slope of the radius of maximum winds (RMW) is found to increase nearly linearly with size and is uncorrelated with intensity. The slope of the eyewall absolute angular momentum surface M increases with increasing size (strong correlation) and decreases with increasing intensity (weak to moderate correlation). Two other measures of eyewall slope are also investigated: the 20-dBZ reflectivity isosurface (dBZ20) and the radius of maximum azimuthal-mean updraft (RWMAX). The slopes of both dBZ20 and RWMAX increase with their size. The slope of dBZ20 decreases with intensity, though the correlation is weak, while the slope of RWMAX is uncorrelated with intensity. The absolute angular momentum decreases on average along the RMW by 9% from 2- to 8-km heights. With this larger dataset, the previous results are generally confirmed: the slope of the eyewall is mostly a function of the size of the RMW. The vertical decay rate of the maximum tangential winds (Vmax) is also reexamined. On average, Vmax decreases by 20% from 2- to 8-km heights, but this varies from 8% to as large as 42%. This percentage decay rate increases with increasing size and decreases with increasing intensity. Three cases are found where Vmax increases with height from 2 to 4 km, which is likely a consequence of unbalanced flow.
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HOSHINA, Takashi, Satoru OHTSUKA, and Koichi ISOBE. "Rigid plastic stability analysis for slope including thin weak layer." Jiban Kogaku Janaru (Japanese Geotechnical Journal) 6, no. 2 (2011): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/jgs.6.191.
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Hsu, Sung-Chi, and Priscilla P. Nelson. "Material Spatial Variability and Slope Stability for Weak Rock Masses." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 132, no. 2 (February 2006): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2006)132:2(183).
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Jurnal, Redaksi Tim. "SISTEM DRAINASE ALIRAN BAWAH TANAH UNTUK DAERAH RAWAN LONGSOR (STUDI KASUS SUB DAS SUNGAI CIKAPUNDUNG, BANDUNG)." Forum Mekanika 6, no. 2 (December 11, 2018): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33322/forummekanika.v6i2.121.
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Cikapundung River Restoration lies in a river border with a steep sloping slope and waves to the west - east which is formed from the flow of the river cikapundung. Generally, the soil structure of the Cikapundung River Basin slope is residual ground, corrosion stone and colluvial deposition,which caused vulnerable to landslides. It was also separate and able to keep water. Therefore, shear strength is weak, especially if water is saturated. In this case landslides always occur when it rains. In general, this is due to high rainfall with a certain duration, thus causing the stability of the slope is disrupted. Another cause is the non-functioning drainage system because it is covered by some material from the slopes submitted by water. Therefore, the water rubs the slope.
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Lu, Li Bing, Jing Wang, Meng Gao, and Dong Li. "Slope Effect of Phase Change Materials in Phase Change Roof." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 1835–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.1835.
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Under summer climatic features of Daqing area in China, numerical simulation on the unsteady heat transfer characteristic of phase change roof was investigated, considering direct influence of solar radiation. The main influencing factor of roof slope in the phase change roof was analyzed in this paper. The results show that, increasing the roof slope is beneficial to promote the effect of heat-insulating and temperature-reducing of phase change roof, whereas the extent of the ascension is weak. Different slopes in roof structure have basically no influence on the delay effect.
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Song, Danqing, Zhuo Chen, Lihu Dong, and Wencheng Zhu. "Numerical Investigation on Dynamic Response Characteristics and Deformation Mechanism of a Bedded Rock Mass Slope Subject to Earthquake Excitation." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 30, 2021): 7068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11157068.
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In order to systematically reveal the dynamic response characteristics of rock mass slopes subject to seismic excitation, time-domain and frequency-domain analyses are used to investigate the dynamic response of a bedded rock slope from multiple perspectives, using the two-dimensional numerical dynamic analyses. Based on the numerical simulation results, the influence of the weak bedded structural planes on the propagation characteristics of seismic waves in the slope is analyzed. The time-domain analysis suggests that the topographic and geological conditions have an influence on the dynamic response of the slope. The effects of ground motion direction on the dynamic response characteristics of the slope are identified. In addition, according to the frequency-domain analysis, the impacts of slope surface, elevation, and structural plane on the seismic response characteristics of the slope are also clarified. The intrinsic characteristics of the slope are investigated by using Fourier spectral analysis and modal analysis, and the deformation response characteristics of the slope are clarified. The relationship between different natural frequencies of the slope, the predominant frequency of the seismic wave, and the dynamic response characteristics of the slope is discussed. Moreover, the dynamic failure mechanism of the slope is analyzed. This work provides a reference for the seismic analysis of this type of slope.
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Zhu, Xiaoxiao, Sheng Nie, Cheng Wang, Xiaohuan Xi, Dong Li, Guoyuan Li, Pu Wang, Di Cao, and Xuebo Yang. "Estimating Terrain Slope from ICESat-2 Data in Forest Environments." Remote Sensing 12, no. 20 (October 11, 2020): 3300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12203300.
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The global digital elevation measurement (DEM) products such as SRTM DEM and GDEM have been widely used for terrain slope retrieval in forests. However, the slope estimation accuracy is generally limited due to the DEMs’ low vertical accuracy over complex forest environments. The Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) mission shows excellent potential for slope estimation because of the high elevation accuracy and unique design of beam pairs. This study aimed to explore the possibility of ICESat-2 data for terrain slope retrieval in the United States forests. First, raw ICESat-2 data were processed to obtain accurate ground surfaces. Second, two different methods based on beam pairs were proposed to derive terrain slopes from the ground surfaces. Third, the estimated slopes were validated by airborne LiDAR-derived slopes and compared with SRTM-derived slopes and GDEM-derived slopes. Finally, we further explored the influence of surface topography and ground elevation error on slope estimation from ICESat-2 data. The results show that the ground surface can be accurately extracted from all scenarios of ICESat-2 data, even weak beams in the daytime, which provides the basis for terrain slope retrieval from ICESat-2 beam pairs. The estimated slope has a strong correlation with airborne LiDAR-derived slopes regardless of slope estimation methods, which demonstrates that the ICESat-2 data are appropriate for terrain slope estimation in complex forest environments. Compared with the method based on along- and across-track analysis (method 1), the method based on plane fitting of beam pairs (method 2) has a high estimation accuracy of terrain slopes, which indicates that method 2 is more suitable for slope estimation because it takes full advantage of more ground surface information. Additionally, the results also indicate that ICESat-2 performs much better than SRTM DEMs and GDEMs in estimating terrain slopes. Both ground elevation error and surface topography have a significant impact on terrain slope retrieval from ICESat-2 data, and ground surface extraction should be improved to ensure the accuracy of terrain slope retrieval over extremely complex environments. This study demonstrates for the first time that ICESat-2 has a strong capability in terrain slope retrieval. Additionally, this paper also provides effective solutions to accurately estimate terrain slopes from ICESat-2 data. The ICESat-2 slopes have many potential applications, including the generation of global slope products, the improvement of terrain slopes derived from the existing global DEM products, and the correction of vegetation biophysical parameters retrieved from space-borne LiDAR waveform data.
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Nian, Ting Kai, Ke Li Zhang, Run Qiu Huang, and Guang Qi Chen. "Stability Analysis of a 3D Vertical Slope with Transverse Earthquake Load and Surcharge." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 676–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.676.
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The stability and failure mode for a 3D vertical slope with transverse earthquake load and surcharge have been an interesting issue, especially in building excavation and wharf engineering. In order to further reveal the seismic and surcharge effect, a three-dimensional elasto-plastic finite element(FE) code combined with a strength reduction procedure is used to yield a factor of safety and failure mode for a vertical slopes under two horizontal direction pseudo-static(PS) coefficient and surcharge on the slope top, respectively. Comparative studies are carried out to investigate the effect of seismic coefficient, surcharge intensity and location on the stability and the failure mechanism for a 3D vertical slope including an inclined weak layer. Several important findings are also achieved.
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Islami, Nur. "The Weak Soil Investigation at the Slope Zone in the Hot Spring Area, Rokan Hulu, Indonesia." Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology 4, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jgeet.2019.4.4.4258.
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The slope failure can occur due to the soil on the slope area is relatively porous and the surface water is easily to move in the soil. The zone of the weak zone of the soil should be detected early to avoid the ground mass movement on the slope area. This study is to investigate the weak zone of the soil on the slope area of the hot spring tourism location using geoelectrical resistivity and soil property analysis methods. The Wenner configuration with a total of 40 electrodes has been employed at each four resistivity survey lines. The electrode spacing was adjusted to be 2 – 5 meter in order to get relatively higher resolution of the resistivity data. Soil samples were collected at several site to measure the soil characteristics of the study area. The soil analysis results show that the study area consist of gravel, sand, clay, silt and weathered methasediment. The geoelectrical resistivity model shows the relatively low resistivity value of about 30 ohm.m at the slope zone which is indicating that the soil has higher porosity. Generally only a few locations with the weak soil zone detected in the slope of the hot spring area, however, it is not potential for the ground mass movement due to the soil is relatively thin.
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Xiong, Bao Lin, Jin Song Tang, and Chun Jiao Lu. "Complex Slope Stability Analysis of Slip Surface Stress Method Based on Nader Hypoplastic Model." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 2071–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.2071.
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Hypoplaticity and Nader hypoplastic model are introduced. Based on finite element stress-strain analysis of Nader hypoplastic model, slip surface stress method in the slope stability is provided. The factor of safety of the slip surface is defined as the ratio of the critical shear intensity during failure to real shear stress and the critical slip surface of slope is ascertained with pattern search method. The clay slope with a weak foundation layer and clay slope with a foundation layer including a thin weak layer under the plane strain condition are analyzed. The results are shown that the shapes of critical slip surface and the magnitude of factor of safety are obtained by this method.
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Wang, Ya-Qiong, Shao-Bing Zhang, Long-Long Chen, Yong-Li Xie, and Zhi-Feng Wang. "Field monitoring on deformation of high rock slope during highway construction: A case study in Wenzhou, China." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 15, no. 12 (December 2019): 155014771989595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147719895953.
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In order to study the deformation stability of rock slope during the excavation of cutting slope and ensure the safety of rock slope during construction and operation period, this article analyzed the deformation law of a typical slope excavation by monitoring the surface deformation and the internal displacement of the rock mass. The surface deformation of the slope is monitored by setting monitoring points, and the internal deformation of the slope is monitored by installing multipoint displacement meters and inclinometers. Therefore, the relationship between slope excavation and deformation is obtained. The analysis of monitoring results shows that the slope is stable before excavation, and the displacement of the slope is gradually increased with the slope excavation. After the excavation, the displacement of each slope tends to converge. The maximum displacement in surface monitoring points is 12.30 mm, and the displacement parallels to the direction of the expressway. The maximum vertical displacement in surface monitoring points is 10.60 mm which occurred in the third step; the maximum internal displacement is 11.02 mm which mainly occurs in the weak structural plane of the rock boundary. During the excavation of the weak rock slope, the slope rock mass is prone to large displacement deformation. After the excavation, the slope surface displacement and internal displacement tend to converge in a short time.
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Vlachopoulos, N., I. Vazaios, and B. M. Madjdabadi. "Investigation into the influence of excavation of twin-bored tunnels within weak rock masses adjacent to slopes." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 55, no. 11 (November 2018): 1533–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2017-0392.
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The focus of this investigation is twin tunnelling projects designed and constructed adjacent to slopes. To this end, several state-of-the-art two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) numerical models for multiple scenarios were utilized. The novelty of this research (further highlighted by two case studies) explicitly demonstrates that for 2-D and 3-D elastic and plastic analyses for weak rock masses, the interaction between the two tunnel branches for various conditions show how the pillar width minimally influences such interaction past two diameter widths of separation. As well, the 3-D sequential longitudinal tunnel excavation of the twin tunnel does not significantly influence the crown displacements of the two tunnels prior to construction of the mid-span of the twin tunnel. Slope stability analysis was conducted by employing the novel shear strength reduction (SSR) method. These findings confirm that changes in the location of the twin tunnels with respect to the slope and one another in combination with the natural angle of the slope can improve the overall stability without any other special measures taken. As well, by having the twin tunnel pillar width constant, the vertical translation of the tunnels (i.e., increase in the overburden) is more beneficial than that of a horizontal translation, resulting in a higher factor of safety.
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Hwang, Paul A., Yalin Fan, Francisco J. Ocampo-Torres, and Héctor García-Nava. "Ocean Surface Wave Spectra inside Tropical Cyclones." Journal of Physical Oceanography 47, no. 10 (October 2017): 2393–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-17-0066.1.
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AbstractDirectional wave spectra acquired in hurricane reconnaissance missions are compared with wind-wave spectral models. The comparison result is quantified with two indices of model–measurement spectral agreement. In the main region of hurricane coverage, the indices vary sinusoidally with the azimuth angle referenced to the hurricane heading while showing a weak dependence on the radial distance from the hurricane center. The measured spectra agree well with three models evaluated in the back and right quarters, and they are underdeveloped in the front and left quarters. The local wind and wave directions also show a weak radial dependence and sinusoidal variation along the azimuth. The wind and wave vectors are almost collinear in the back and right quarters; they diverge azimuthally and become almost perpendicular in the left quarter. The azimuthally cyclical correlation between the indices of spectral agreement and the wind-wave directional difference is well described by the sinusoidal variations. Also discussed is the wide range of the spectral slopes observed in both hurricane and nonhurricane field data. It is unlikely that the observed spectral slope variation is caused by Doppler frequency shift from background currents. No clear correlation is found between spectral slope and various wind and wave parameters. The result suggests that the spectral slope needs to be treated as a stochastic random variable. Complementing the existing wind-wave spectral models that prescribe a fixed spectral slope of either −4 or −5, a general spectral model with its spectral parameters accommodating a variable spectral slope is introduced.
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Song, Yan Hui. "Deformation Characteristics of High Slope of Cihaxia Hydropower Station." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 3201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.3201.
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The geological conditions of high slope is detailed, the main deformation characteristics of high slope are described. Based on the above, it is known that the rock mass unloading-loosing and toppling deformation accompanying the creeping along bedding plane or fault mainly happen in the upper and middle portion of the high slope, especially in the upper portion. These deformations have other features in the middle portion of the slope: the deformed rock mass rarely appears the bending, but exists an obvious weak plane out of which the rock stratum and tensile fissures mostly dip to the inner of the slope, suggesting the deformation mainly is toppling and tensile-cracking; inside of the weak plane the dip direction is opposite to the outside. The deformation of the upper portion is different from the middle one in which there has a lot of tensile fissures which attitudes are variable and the degree of the breaking and loosing is largely higher than the middle portion of the high slope.
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West, Howard (Jack). "The Slippery Slope of Broadening Treatment Eligibility and Weak End Points." JAMA Oncology 1, no. 9 (December 1, 2015): 1219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.2966.
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