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Journal articles on the topic 'Weaning practices'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Henry, Séverine, Hrefna Sigurjónsdóttir, Aziliz Klapper, Julie Joubert, Gabrielle Montier, and Martine Hausberger. "Domestic Foal Weaning: Need for Re-Thinking Breeding Practices?" Animals 10, no. 2 (February 23, 2020): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10020361.

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Artificial weaning is a standard practice known to be one of the most stressful events in a domestic foal’s life. Research has mainly focused on ways to alleviate weaning stress. However, there is still a need for more detailed research on what should constitute best practices with respect to animal welfare. The aim of this review is to address this issue by examining the natural weaning process. We first provide an overview of the scientific literature on the natural temporal dynamics of the dam-offspring bond in horses: it is to be noted that the natural process of weaning is little documented, individual variations have been poorly investigated and immediate effects of weaning on the mare–foal relationship remain unexplored. To partly address these gaps, we performed a study around the weaning period on 16 mare–foal pairs kept with minimal human interference. Most foals were weaned spontaneously when 9-10 months old, with individual variations mainly due to the conception rate of mares. Natural weaning induced no stress response in either partner and was performed without clear signs of rejection by the dams either just before or after. We lastly open up the discussion on the need for rethinking weaning practices under domestic conditions.

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Ambadan, Gadhavi Rajshri, Serene Shekhar, and Shraddha Kapadiya. "Weaning practices: Rural and Urban differences." ASIAN JOURNAL OF HOME SCIENCE 13, no. 1 (June 15, 2018): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ajhs/13.1/28-36.

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dos Santos Bacci, Suzi Laine Longo, Cíntia Johnston, Wallisen Tadashi Hattori, Janser Moura Pereira, and Vivian Mara Gonçalves de Oliveira Azevedo. "Pediatric weaning practices—Brazilian national survey." Journal of Critical Care 42 (December 2017): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.09.055.

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Akpor, Oluwaseyi, Tunrayo Oluwadare, Omotola Taiwo, Bukola Aladenika, and Oghenerobor Akpor. "Feeding and weaning practices among mothers of under-five children in selected primary health care centres in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 14 (January 28, 2020): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1211.

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An appropriate diet is necessary in the growth and health status of children especially in the first two years of life. This study determined the feeding and weaning practices among mothers of children below the age of five years in two selected Primary Healthcare Centres in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. The study design was descriptive and cross sectional using an interviewer-administered questionnaire, 200 mothers who were purposely selected participated in the study. Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used for data analysis. Findings from the study revealed that the main practice of feeding of infants was breastfeeding, the majority of the mothers started to wean their children at about 6 – 7 months. Also, the major type of weaning practiced by mothers was abrupt weaning, majority of the mothers had good knowledge of feeding and weaning including how beneficial exclusive breastfeeding is, though it is just a few of them that practice exclusive breastfeeding. Therefore, complementary feeding education that will involve the use of various media most especially the primary health facilities is paramount for optimal health of infants. Also teaching should focus on the type of weaning and mothers should be educated on the consequences of abruptly weaning a child.

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D’Andrea, Elisa, Kielyn Jenkins, Maria Mathews, and Barbara Roebothan. "Baby-led Weaning: A Preliminary Investigation." Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research 77, no. 2 (June 2016): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3148/cjdpr-2015-045.

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Purpose: To date, baby-led weaning (BLW) has not been examined in a Canadian population. This research investigated common BLW practices and compared associated knowledge and perceptions of practicing mothers and health care professionals (HCPs). Methods: Sixty-five mothers practicing BLW and 33 HCPs were surveyed using 2 online questionnaires. Mothers were recruited through the Newfoundland and Labrador BLW Facebook page and HCPs via email at 2 regional health authorities. Results: Mothers described BLW in terms of food shape and consistency (whole, solid); however, in practice, some mothers offered puréed foods such as infant cereals. More HCPs than mothers indicated choking, inadequate energy, and iron intake as concerns. Mothers relied on the Facebook page over HCPs for BLW information and support. Although all practicing mothers would recommend BLW to others, less than half (48.5%) of HCPs would support it in their practice. Conclusions: Mothers following BLW vary greatly in their experiences and adherence to BLW. They view the practice and its disadvantages very differently than HCPs. Although most HCPs were aware of BLW, few were familiar with specific practices. HCPs may benefit from a greater understanding of BLW to provide guidance to the growing number of mothers following this practice.

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Faruq, Mohammad Omar, ASM Areef Ahsan, Kaniz Fatema, Fatema Ahmed, Amina Sultana, Uzzwal Kumar Mallick, Mohammad Asaduzzaman, et al. "A Survey of Mechanical Ventilation Weaning Practices in ICUs of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Critical Care Journal 9, no. 1 (April 18, 2021): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bccj.v9i1.53049.

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Objective : To determine mechanical ventilation discontinuation (weaning) practices in Bangladesh as there is currently no data available on this issue. Method : Analyzing the Survey on Bangladeshi respondents using questionnaire developed by and used by a pan Asian study where Bangladesh critical care physicians participated. Result : 40 physicians from 10 ICUs of Bangladesh participated. Majority of our participating doctors (62.5%) came from private for profit hospital. 19 out of 40 respondents were certified in critical care medicine. In our study spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) was liberally used with pressure support being used by 30% respondents. Most of the extubation trial took place during day. As criteria for extubation, respondents mainly considered consciousness and cooperation and along with gag reflex, cough strength, suction frequency and cuff leak at different times. Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) was commonly used for early extubation in cases of COPD, cardiogenic pulmonary edema, neuromuscular disorders, post-operative cases and obesity. Slightly less than half of respondents did not follow any sedation protocol and 42.5% followed weaning protocol. Protocolized weaning by nurses are not known to be practiced in Bangladesh. Conclusion : Weaning practices are diverse in Bangladeshi ICUs. Protoclized weaning is rarely practiced in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Crit Care J March 2021; 9(1): 4-11

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Mohamad, Hajar, Miranda Mirosa, Phil Bremer, and Indrawati Oey. "Parental attitudes toward weaning practices and weaning foods for health in Malaysia." British Food Journal 120, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 2466–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-01-2018-0031.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to gain insight on parental attitudes towards weaning practices and weaning foods for health in Malaysia using Q-methodology. Design/methodology/approach The study population was parents that had a child aged three years or less. A total of 47 parents were recruited to partake in a one-on-one activity which involved sorting 69 statements about weaning practices and weaning food products into a grid that was normally distributed ranging from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree”. Sorting was immediately followed by a short interview to understand the reasons behind the placement of particular statements. Findings Data analysis identified three statistically distinct participant attitudes towards weaning practices and foods for health that were then interpreted using the rich qualitative data from the post-sort interviews. The attitudes identified were “All Homemade and Natural”, “Commercial Convenience and Trust” and “Balance and Variety”. Originality/value This study identified the dominant sets of attitudes held by Malaysian parents towards weaning practices and weaning foods for health using Q-methodology. To authors’ knowledge, this is the first paper focussing on weaning foods for health, specifically on functional weaning food. This new understanding of shared attitudes will allow product developers, marketers and health communicators to more effectively design their products and their marketing mix to ensure that these messages resonate well with the target audience who want to provide the best weaning foods possible for their children.

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Ambike, Deepali, Vijay Bhavari, Faisal Poker, and Kaenat Ahmed. "A study on the awareness of the weaning practices and the determinants affecting them in a rural hospital based pediatric outpatient clinic of Maval Taluka, Maharashtra." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 4, no. 1 (December 21, 2016): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20164605.

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Background: Malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies is a very common cause of late weaning and improper weaning practices. There are many factors affecting the weaning practices in developing countries like India which may act as hindrance to the proper weaning methods. The objective of this study was to know the awareness about weaning or complementary feeding practices in the mothers of children attending the pediatric OPD. And to study the various determinants affecting the weaning or Complementary feeding practices in this rural population.Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study conducted in pediatric immunization outpatient clinic of M.I.M.E.R medical college, Talegaon (D) during the period from May to September 2016.About 300 parents were interviewed with a semi open questionnaire.Results: Out of total 304 respondents, total unawareness regarding weaning was the reason for not starting complimentary feeding at 6-months in 64 respondents (21.1%). Majority of the respondents (210, 69.1%) revealed that they prefer home based complimentary feeding. A total of 125 respondents (41.1%) admitted that they stopped the feeding in the event of illness.Conclusions: Incorrect weaning practices, withholding breastfeeding and improper feeding during illnesses are the major deterrents which can hamper proper weaning techniques and are major contributory factors in increasing Malnutrition.

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Tarrant, Roslyn C., Katherine M. Younger, Margaret Sheridan-Pereira, Martin J. White, and John M. Kearney. "Factors associated with weaning practices in term infants: a prospective observational study in Ireland." British Journal of Nutrition 104, no. 10 (July 5, 2010): 1544–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114510002412.

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The WHO (2001) recommends exclusive breast-feeding and delaying the introduction of solid foods to an infant's diet until 6 months postpartum. However, in many countries, this recommendation is followed by few mothers, and earlier weaning onto solids is a commonly reported global practice. Therefore, this prospective, observational study aimed to assess compliance with the WHO recommendation and examine weaning practices, including the timing of weaning of infants, and to investigate the factors that predict weaning at ≤ 12 weeks. From an initial sample of 539 pregnant women recruited from the Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin, 401 eligible mothers were followed up at 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum. Quantitative data were obtained on mothers’ weaning practices using semi-structured questionnaires and a short dietary history of the infant's usual diet at 6 months. Only one mother (0·2 %) complied with the WHO recommendation to exclusively breastfeed up to 6 months. Ninety-one (22·6 %) infants were prematurely weaned onto solids at ≤ 12 weeks with predictive factors after adjustment, including mothers’ antenatal reporting that infants should be weaned onto solids at ≤ 12 weeks, formula feeding at 12 weeks and mothers’ reporting of the maternal grandmother as the principal source of advice on infant feeding. Mothers who weaned their infants at ≤ 12 weeks were more likely to engage in other sub-optimal weaning practices, including the addition of non-recommended condiments to their infants’ foods. Provision of professional advice and exploring antenatal maternal misperceptions are potential areas for targeted interventions to improve compliance with the recommended weaning practices.

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Khan, M. E. "Breast-feeding and weaning practices in India." Asia-Pacific Population Journal 5, no. 1 (January 26, 1990): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/76fe5e12-en.

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Gürarslan Baş, Nazan, Gülnaz Karatay, and Duygu Arikan. "Weaning practices of mothers in eastern Turkey." Jornal de Pediatria 94, no. 5 (September 2018): 498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2017.06.019.

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Gürarslan Baş, Nazan, Gülnaz Karatay, and Duygu Arikan. "Weaning practices of mothers in eastern Turkey." Jornal de Pediatria (Versão em Português) 94, no. 5 (September 2018): 498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedp.2017.09.029.

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Al-Mazrou, Y. Y., K. M. S. Aziz, and M. Khalil. "Breastfeeding and Weaning Practices in Saudi Arabia." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 40, no. 5 (October 1, 1994): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/40.5.267.

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14

Lipsk, Sherry, Patricia A. Stephenson, Thomas D. Koepsell, Stephen S. Gloyd, Jose-Luis Lopez, and Carolyn E. Bain. "Breastfeeding and Weaning Practices in Rural Mexico." Nutrition and Health 9, no. 4 (January 1994): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010609400900402.

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This report describes the breastfeeding and weaning practices of rural women in two Mexican towns and the cultural beliefs upon which these practices are based. Interviews and focus group discussions were used to collect information. Women thought breastfeeding preferable to bottle-feeding. Eighty percent initiated breastfeeding and 69% gave colostrum. Breastfeeding was discontinued early (mean age 4 months). The mean age at which children were introduced to other liquids was 2 months (range 0–5 months) and to solids, 4 months (range 1–8 months). Women's decisions regarding infant feeding were influenced most by custom and advice from doctors and family members. In some instances medical advice conflicted with traditional practices. These findings suggest important avenues for intervention in hospital practices, education for health care workers, and in the development of health promotion services.

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15

MANZOOR, IRAM, Azeez Bukhari, SEEMA DAUD, Muhammad Khurram Munir, NOREEN RAHAT HASHMI, Sameer Shaharyar, and Jahanzaib Idrees. "WEANING." Professional Medical Journal 16, no. 02 (June 10, 2099): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2009.16.02.2939.

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Objective: To evaluate the awareness & practices regarding weaning in lactating mothers of infants. Design: A crosssectional descriptive study. Setting: At pediatrics OPD in Ghurki Trust Teaching hospital, Lahore. Period: From Octoberto December 2007.Methodology: A non probability convenience sampling was done to collect data from 50 mothers who were attending out patient departmentalong with their infants on a pre-formed questionnaire. After gathering, data was analyzed & presented in the form of tables & graphs.Results: In the present study, 66% mothers were in the age group of 20-29 years, all were house wives, 34 % were matriculate and 72%lived in joint family system, Mean age of weaning was 4-6 months in more than 64 % of the sample. Among the women interviewed, 44%used home-made weaning diets, 30% used mixture of homemade and commercially prepared diets, while 16% used only commerciallyprepared diets. Breast feeding was continued during and after weaning, by 64% of respondents along with weaning diets. Conclusion:Mothers need to be educated about the importance of weaning, the recommended age of weaning and about the types of weaning food.This can be achieved by using lady health workers and lady health visitors and the mass media. Importance of continued breast feedingwith weaning diet should be emphasized upon.

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Uwaegbute, Ada C. "Weaning practices and weaning foods of the Hausas, Yorubas and Ibos of Nigeria." Ecology of Food and Nutrition 26, no. 2 (September 1991): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03670244.1991.9991197.

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Clochesy, JM, SM Burns, ME Shekleton, SK Hanneman, AR Knebel, and GL Ingersoll. "A volunteers in participatory sampling survey of weaning practices. The Third National Study Group on Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation." Critical Care Nurse 17, no. 2 (April 1, 1997): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn1997.17.2.72.

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The survey results of the VIPs membership described in this article add qualitative information to the growing body of scientific knowledge on weaning patients off ventilators. Clearly, quantitative studies exploring the efficacy of different weaning practices across the continuum must be done if we are to accurately compare practices and prescribe the "when" and "how" of weaning. To this end, the Third National Study Group is revising the proposed weaning model and model in order to further elucidate the state of the art and science of weaning.

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Singh, Geetika, and Mohan Lal. "Assessment of feeding practices and morbidity patterns of infants in a rural field practice area of Punjab: a longitudinal study." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 8, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20201053.

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Background: Faulty feeding practices and infections have a detrimental effect on an infant’s health. Although, breastfeeding is almost universal in India, rates of early initiation, Exclusive Breast Feeding (EBF) and timely complimentary feeds are far from desirable. This takes a heavy toll on their health and increases their susceptibility to develop several morbidities including Diarrhoea and Respiratory Tract Infections. Thus, this study was undertaken to assess the feeding practices and morbidity patterns of infants and to determine their association.Methods: It was a longitudinal study on a birth cohort of 99 infants in the rural field practice area of GMC, Amritsar who were followed up to 6 months of birth. Baseline data on sociodemographic profile and breast feeding was collected in the first visit. Weaning practices and any morbidity suffered during six months’ period were assessed at the follow up visit.Results: Breast feeding was initiated in majority 88.87% but it was delayed in more than half (54.02%) of infants. Customs like prelacteal feeding (76.8%) and discarding colostrum (50.57%) were quite prevalent. EBF was practiced by most 65.51%. In around a quarter of infants, delayed or faulty weaning was observed. Diarrhea was the commonest morbidity (49.09%) followed by ARI (32.73%). Significant association (p<0.05) was observed between the feeding practices and infant morbidities especially diarrhoea.Conclusions: Mothers should be educated more effectively regarding benefits of early and exclusive breast feeding and correct weaning practices. Emphasis should also be placed on increasing awareness in the community to bring about a significant change in the deleterious customs and traditions.

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Kumar Thirunavukkarasu, Bharath, and Sujay Kumar Earan. "Prevailing pattern of feeding practices and malnutrition among infant and young children." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 6, no. 3 (April 30, 2019): 966. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20190974.

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Background: Nutritional factors like breast feeding practices, weaning practices and diet during illness influence the growth and development of children. Recurrent infections are other important factors that lead to malnutrition.Methods: This was a non-randomized prospective study using pretested, predesigned questionnaires. Study was done in a single centre to determine the pattern of feeding practices and malnutrition among infant and young children. This study was carried out in the Department of Paediatrics at Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and hospital, Puducherry.Results: Out of the 200 babies studied, 22% of the babies were exclusively breast fed and 5% of the babies were bottle fed. The remaining 73% of the babies were on both breasts feeding and bottle feeding. A 52% of children in the age group 6-12 months, 50% children under12-24 months and 52% of children >24 months were found to be malnourished according to WHO growth standards.Conclusions: Quantity and quality of complementary feeds given is inadequate due to lake of awareness, fear and food stigmata. Hence feeding practices are far from satisfactory. Complementary feeding and weaning practice guidelines are better practiced as the age advances but their practice at a younger age would lead to a better outcome.

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Oloko, Majing, and Regina Ekpo. "Exploring Traditional Weaning practices in North Western Nigeria; Food, Knowledge and Culture: A Step towards Safeguarding Community Food Security." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 7, no. 2 (July 1, 2018): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ajis-2018-0050.

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Abstract For many women in Nigeria who practice exclusive breast feeding, the weaning period is a crucial time. This is when children are introduced to solid food and such dietary change can be challenging for them, but also for care givers who are saddled with the responsibility of providing sufficient and nutritious food that would support healthy development. At this period, many women in rural communities utilize traditional foods of various kinds as weaning food. This paper highlights traditional food used by care givers in Makarfi Local Government Area (LGA) during weaning and the cultural teachings attached to weaning practices. Semi-structured interviews were conducted for 60 women who were purposefully selected from the ten districts in Makarfi LGA in Kaduna state, Nigeria because of their status as care givers. Results show that 95% of the participants derive their knowledge about foods used for weaning through cultural teachings that has been passed down through generations, while 5% got information from health practitioners. Some of the traditional foods used for weaning purposes include gyeda (Arachis hypoaea) and gero (Sorghum bicolar). This study reinforces the importance of traditional food and knowledge; and the need to take into consideration cultural practices when making food security policies.

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Lokare, Laxmikant, and Aravind C. Hippargi. "Weaning Practices among Mothers: A Focused Group Discussion." Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development 7, no. 3 (2016): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2016.00119.4.

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Gualdi-Russo, Emanuela, and Luciana Zaccagni. "Effects of breastfeeding and weaning practices on growth." Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris 10, no. 3 (1998): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bmsap.1998.2520.

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Amine, Ezzat K., Fawzia Al-Awadi, and Mohamed Rabie. "Infant Feeding Pattern and Weaning Practices in Kuwait." Journal of the Royal Society of Health 109, no. 5 (October 1989): 178–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146642408910900509.

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Dupras, Tosha L., Henry P. Schwarcz, and Scott I. Fairgrieve. "Infant feeding and weaning practices in Roman Egypt." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 115, no. 3 (2001): 204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1075.

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Liamputtong Rice, Pranee. "Infant Weaning Practices among Hmong Women in Melbourne." Australian Journal of Primary Health 5, no. 2 (1999): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py99017.

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This paper examines infant weaning practices and describes the role of cultural beliefs and practices on infant feeding patterns among Hmong immigrants in Melbourne. The paper is based on in-depth interviews and participant observation conducted with 27 Hmong mothers and some traditional healers during 1993 and 1998. Traditionally, Hmong women breastfeed their newborn infants. Exclusive breastfeeding continues until the infant is at least five months old when supplementary food is commenced. Hmong women practise prolonged breastfeeding, usually until a subsequent birth. However, solid foods are gradually given to the child and common household foods are offered when the child is ready for them. Weaning, therefore, does not usually present an abrupt interruption in the infant's habits and hence does not cause much upset. Cultural beliefs and practices relating to infant feeding and weaning among the Hmong constitute a favourable trend, as currently recommended by the World Health Organization. It is proposed that knowledge about cultural beliefs and practices among the Hmong will help to promote better understanding among health care professionals who work with immigrants, so that culturally appropriate care can be provided.

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Pant, Ira, and Khushnuma Chothia. "Maternal knowledge regarding breast feeding and weaning practices." Indian Journal of Pediatrics 57, no. 3 (May 1990): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02727923.

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Y., Arvind, Sravan Kumar, Usha Pranam, Pranam G.M., and G. A. Manjunath. "Study of Weaning Practices in Children between 6 Months to 2 Years Attending OPD." Pediatric Education and Research 5, no. 1 (2017): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/per.2321.1644.5117.4.

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Onofiok, N. O., and D. O. Nnanyelugo. "Weaning Foods in West Africa: Nutritional Problems and Possible Solutions." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 19, no. 1 (January 1998): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659801900105.

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Weaning practices and the problems of weaning foods in West Africa are reviewed. The low nutrient density and high bulk of the weaning foods, early introduction of solid foods, and unhygienic practices predispose infants to malnutrition, growth retardation, infection, and high mortality. Multi-approach strategies, involving the development of improved recipes and processing, nutrition education, access to safe water, good sanitation, economic empowerment of women, reduction in workload, and promotion of breastfeeding, are recommended solutions to the problems.

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dos Santos Bacci, Suzi Laine Longo, Cíntia Johnston, Wallisen Tadashi Hattori, Janser Moura Pereira, and Vívian Mara Gonçalves de Oliveira Azevedo. "Mechanical ventilation weaning practices in neonatal and pediatric ICUs in Brazil: the Weaning Survey-Brazil." Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia 46, no. 1 (2020): e20190005-e20190005. http://dx.doi.org/10.36416/1806-3756/e20190005.

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Pollard, J. C., and D. R. Stevens. "Some production outcomes when management practices and deer behaviour interact." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 9 (January 1, 2003): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.9.2002.3408.

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There are three key times during the year when deer management interacts with behavioural needs to influence pr oductivity. At calving time , average neonatal losses are 10-12%. The most common causes of perinatal mortality are dystocia, starvation and misadventure. Observational studies have shown that loss of contact between the hind and calf, calf beating by hinds and entanglement of calves in fences are consequences of calving environments with high stocking densities, that lack vegetative or topographical cover, allow disturbance by humans, or provide unfamiliar social or environmental conditions. Weaning is a second critical production phase when management affects pr oductivity. Early post-weaning growth rates in calves weaned before the rut are not influenced readily by feed quality. Reducing weaning stress using management tools such as confining the calves indoors for a few days, or adding some unrelated hinds to the weaned group can improve weight gains at this time. Another option is to delay weaning until the calves are older. Mating time is a third critical period dur ing which management needs to take behavioural needs into account. Appr opriate stag-hind ratios and management at mating that increase the chances of conception have been identified. Suitable social conditions at mating differ between yearling and adult hinds. Fence line pacing is frequently observed at the above three critical times and can occur at other times of the year in response to unfavourable conditions. Pacing consumes energy and contributes to erosion and fence maintenance requirements. Attention to the behavioural needs of deer can help improve performance through appropriate management systems. Keywords: behaviour, calving, fence pacing, management, mating, weaning

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Febery, E., and L. Greening. "An investigation into the weaning practices used within the UK equine breeding industry sector." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200028465.

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Weaning occurs during the development of the young horse, involving maternal deprivation, abrupt nutritional challenges and social changes (Nicol, 1999) in both the free-living and domestic horse. Both psychological and physical aspects of well being can be impacted on if weaning is received with a negative response by the individual (Hoffman et al., 1995). Weaning can therefore evoke both short term and long term responses. Short term includes depressed immunity, inappetance and increased cortisol and adrenal responses. Long term changes include locomotory or oral stereotypies development (Waters et al., 2002), reduced ability to interact with other equines (Weeks et al., 2000), and affects on the human-horse bond and trainability (Sondergaard and Ladewig, 2004). There is an abundance of research discussing the advantages and disadvantages of different foal weaning practices and which is best (Waran et al., 2008). Parker et al., (2008) examined horse breeding management in Europe, North America and Australia. The USA sample population were weaned at a much earlier age with a greater percentage displaying abnormal behaviours. However there is little research to suggest which weaning methods, such as gradual or abrupt, are actively used or favoured within the horse breeding industry. The current study therefore sets out to investigate which method of weaning is most common within the UK equine breeding industry.

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Ambadan, Gadhavi Rajshri. "Knowledge of Recommended Weaning Practices Prevalent Among Urban Mothers." International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience 6, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.4099.

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Ara, Tabasum, Khurshid Banday, and Afshan Gul. "Infant Feeding and Weaning Practices among Kashmiri Rural Population." JMS SKIMS 12, no. 2 (December 13, 2009): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33883/jms.v12i2.15.

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Objective: The study was carried out with the aim to assess infant feeding and weaning practices among Kashmiri rural population. Materials and Methods: The present investigation comprised 85 rural women having their children in the age group of 1-24 months. Samples were selected randomly .Data was analyzed in the form of percentages, mean and standard deviation. Results: Average age of exclusive breast feeding was 9.41±2.32 months.88.23 per cent of mothers fed colostrum to their babies while as 11.77 per cent were of the opinion that it is not good for baby’s health. Only 23.52 per cent considered breast milk as a complete food for their infants. The most common reason for terminating breast feeding was subsequent pregnancy.Upto 4 months of age infants were fed on demand. Cow’s milk or reconstituted milk was introduced by 80 per cent of respondents between the ages of 9-12 months. The foods introduced were chut and biscuits softened in tea, banana, mashed rice with milk, porridge, egg, cerelac and nestum. Conclusion: Breast feeding was a universal practice in rural women. Most of the infants were fed colostrum without knowing its importance. A small percentage of subjects weaned their babies from 4-6 months of age. Hence, mothers need to be educated about the significance of colostrum and introduction of semi- solid foods at an appropriate age. J Med Sci.2009;12(2):46-48

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McINTOSH, J. "Weaning practices in a sample of working class primiparae." Child: Care, Health and Development 12, no. 4 (July 1986): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.1986.tb00500.x.

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BØHLER, ERIK. "UNIVERSAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SOME WEANING PRACTICES DO MAKE SENSE." Journal of Biosocial Science 34, no. 3 (July 2002): 419–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932002004194.

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In the July 2001 issue of the Journal of Biosocial Science Tina Moffat presents an interesting study from Nepal (Moffat, 2001). She refers to several studies, among them our study from Nepal’s neighbouring country Bhutan (Bøhler & Ingstad, 1996), to show that weaning practices are determined by different aspects of the environment, and thus cannot be made universal. However, she goes on to conclude that the recommendation of exclusive breast-feeding for 6 months may not be appropriate for the population she studied. This part of her conclusion is, in my view, far from sufficiently supported by her data.

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Hill, Pamela, Sharron S. Humenick, Trudy M. Argubright, and Jean C. Aldag. "Effects of Parity and Weaning Practices on Breastfeeding Duration." Public Health Nursing 14, no. 4 (August 1997): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1446.1997.tb00295.x.

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Oflu, Ayse. "Weaning Practices of Turkish Mothers: A Mixed-Model Research." Breastfeeding Medicine 15, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2019.0262.

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Donkor, Ernestina Safoa. "Exclusive breastfeeding and weaning practices among mothers in Ghana." African Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health 3, no. 4 (October 2009): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ajmw.2009.3.4.44809.

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Foterek, Kristina, Annett Hilbig, and Ute Alexy. "Breast-Feeding and Weaning Practices in the DONALD Study." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 58, no. 3 (March 2014): 361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mpg.0000000000000202.

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Rose, L., J. J. Presneill, L. Johnston, S. Nelson, and J. F. Cade. "Ventilation and Weaning Practices in Australia and New Zealand." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 37, no. 1 (January 2009): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x0903700117.

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Jackson, Dorothy A., Stella M. Imong, Lumduan Wongsawasdii, Adung Silprasert, Sakda Preunglampoo, Posri Leelapat, R. F. Drewett, Kosin Amatayakul, and J. D. Baum. "Weaning practices and breast-feeding duration in Northern Thailand." British Journal of Nutrition 67, no. 2 (March 1992): 149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19920019.

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Current infant feeding guidelines recommend exclusive breast-feeding until the infant is about 4 months old to reduce the risks of early termination of breast-feeding, undernutrition and infection. In many societies, however, supplementary foods are given well before 4 months of age. The present paper describes weaning practices, factors associated with early supplementation and the effects of supplementation on duration of breast-feeding in a random sample of sixty northern Thai breast-fed infants studied prospectively from birth to 2 years of age. Composition of supplementary foods, energy and protein intake from supplements and changes in the supplementary diet with increasing infant age are also described. Rice-based foods were given from soon after birth; 81% of the sample had received supplements by 6 weeks of age. Early supplementary feeding was significantly associated with rural residence, large household size, maternal employment in agriculture and maternal age. Girls and infants with lower birth weights tended to be supplemented earlier. Despite early feeding of supplements, breast-feeding was prolonged, with median duration of 12 months. Early introduction of supplements and quantity of supplements consumed in the first 3 months were not associated with duration of breast-feeding. However, mothers who gave infant formula as the first supplementary food stopped breast-feeding slightly earlier, as did younger mothers living in households with more children.Breast-feeding: Supplementary feeding: Weaning

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Burns, Karen E. A., Leena Rizvi, Deborah J. Cook, Gerald Lebovic, Peter Dodek, Jesús Villar, Arthur S. Slutsky, et al. "Ventilator Weaning and Discontinuation Practices for Critically Ill Patients." JAMA 325, no. 12 (March 23, 2021): 1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.2384.

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Bélanger-Naud, Stéphanie, Dany Cinq-Mars, Carl Julien, Sébastien Buczinski, Janie Lévesque, Julie Arsenault, and Elsa Vasseur. "162 Raising your kids the right way: A survey of rearing practices in Canadian dairy goat farms." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.353.

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Abstract Kid rearing is the foundation of goat milk production, yet little is known about how to raise replacement does efficiently to make healthy and productive dairy animals. This study aimed to identify the common rearing practices of Canadian commercial dairy goat farms (≥40 goats/farm), from birth to weaning, and to determine best management practices to improve herd performances. A survey was sent to dairy goat producers across Canada by post or email, and 104 respondents were selected for analysis. The 70-questions survey collected information regarding kidding management, care of the newborn, feeding in the preweaning period, housing, weaning and herd performances. Respondents were from Ontario (69%), Quebec (22%) and the Western provinces (9%). Farm sizes ranged from 42 to 2,500 (median: 190) goats, and most producers (64%) were relatively new to goat milk production (≤10 yrs). A large amount of variation in rearing practices was seen across farms. Ad libitum milk was offered on 55% of farms, and there was no consistency as to when concentrates, forages and water were first offered to kids. Weaning criteria was predominantly a mix of age and weight of the kid (36%), followed by age only (27%) and weight only (22%). Weaning age varied between 4.5 and 20 (median: 8) wks and weaning weight varied between 9 and 35 (median: 15) kg. Weaning methods ranged from abrupt (37%) to different progressive strategies (20% skipping milk feedings, 19% reducing milk quantity, and 10% diluting milk with water). This research provides the dairy goat industry with information concerning current common kid rearing practices used on Canadian goat farms, and the lack of consensus indicates that further research is necessary to determine and refine the best kid rearing practices for Canadian farms.

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Qadir, S. A. l., M. Umar, A. Rehman, H. U. Nisa, Z. Fatima, and F. Rehman. "Weaning Practices in Mothers of Infants age 6 to 12 months visiting Sandeman Provincial Hospital, Quetta." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): 1400–1403. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211561400.

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Background: Weaning can be described as gradually increasing the amount of foods other than breast 's milk in the infant's diet. Breast feeding for the first four to six months is recommended by the WHO for a full-term healthy child by a healthy mother. Aim: To find weaning-related factors that contribute, strengthen, and enable mothers of infants under the age of 12 months to obey or not obey guidance for proper infant feeding by World Health Organization's (WHO-2009) Methods: The current research was a cross-sectional descriptive study. From March 2020 to January 2021, pre design performa was used to collect data from 100 mothers of infants under the age of 12 months who lived in Quetta City and visited at OPD department of Sandeman Provincial Hospital in Quetta. .The multiple rounds of data collection were done. The data was analyzed by SPSS 20. Statistical test like chi- square test was applied to obtain the required results. Results: Total 100 babies consist of 41(41%) male and 59(59%) femaleenrolled. The mothers in the sample were on average 27.2 ± 4.2 years old with the age range of 20-40 years. Results showed that mothers of 6-8 months’ kids 18(45%) fully aware about the importance of weaning and feed their children with different soft food along with breast feeding which increased at the age of 8-12 month as 22(73.33%).Majority of mothers, i.e63% were housewives. The social status showed lower middle income 34% and 41% of research participants belonged to the middle income group.The findings showed that 61% mothers had inadequate knowledge about proper child feeding and weaning practice compare with other group as 39% with p-value 0.01. Conclusion: Mothers should be well informed about the benefits and importance of weaning, as well as the age in which weaning should begin and the different forms of weaning diets available. This target can be met with the assistance of LHWs and LHVs, as well as the use of social media. It is important to stress the importance of continuing to breastfeed after weaning. Key words: Mothers; Practices; Infants: Weaning.

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Lindsay, Ana Cristina, Marcia Tavares Machado, Katarina M. Sussner, Cary K. Hardwick, and Karen E. Peterson. "Infant-Feeding Practices and Beliefs about Complementary Feeding among Low-Income Brazilian Mothers: A Qualitative Study." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 29, no. 1 (March 2008): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482650802900102.

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Background Breastfeeding and weaning practices are important determinants of growth and development not only in infancy but also later in life. Objective To describe infant-feeding practices and beliefs about complementary feeding among low-income Brazilian mothers. Methods Qualitative methods included focus group discussions with low-income mothers enrolled in a Family Health/Community Health Workers program in Ceará, Northeast Brazil. Results Breastfeeding is widely practiced in this area, and overall, mothers are knowledgeable about the benefits of breastfeeding for their infants and themselves. Practices of prolonged breastfeeding and delayed supplementation of infants with semisolid foods emerged as a problem among very poor women. In addition, the results showed common problems related to complementary feeding practices, such as the early introduction of solid foods and the use of expensive commercial cereals and formula for weaning. Cultural factors and taboos appeared to have an important influence on mothers' infant-feeding practices and eating patterns of their children. Conclusions The results have implications for the design of breastfeeding promotion and interventions to improve complementary feeding. Improvements of the national Food Grant Program are also suggested, which are needed by low-income mothers to improve their infant-feeding practices.

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MOFFAT, TINA. "A reply to Bøhler." Journal of Biosocial Science 34, no. 3 (July 2002): 421–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932002004212.

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My response to Bøhler’s contention that ‘Universal recommendations for some weaning practices do make sense’ is presented in two parts. The first focuses on the more detailed criticisms of the article ‘A Biocultural Investigation of the Weanling’s Dilemma in Kathmandu, Nepal: Do universal recommendations for weaning practices make sense?’ (Moffat, 2001), the second on the larger issue of biomedical approaches to maternal–child health education.

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Bekkevold, Marit, Reidar Kvåle, and Guttorm Brattebø. "Relation of Reported Sedation and Ventilator Weaning Practices to Ventilator Time in Norwegian Intensive Care Units." Journal of Critical Care Medicine 2015 (May 26, 2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/173985.

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Background. Guidelines for sedation, ventilator weaning, and delirium screening are helpful to avoid too deep sedation and to identify signs of delirium in the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods. National ICU registry members (n=37) were surveyed regarding use of scoring instruments and guidelines for sedation and ventilator weaning, choice of drugs, and daily sedation interruption practices. Results were merged with registry data on ventilator time and length of stay for ICU patients ventilated >24 hours (7.075 ICU stays). Results. Eighty-five percent of the 33 responding ICUs used sedation scales and 39% and 55% had sedation and weaning protocols, respectively. An association was found between using protocols and longer mean ventilator time and mean length of ICU stay. Thirty three percent (11/33) practiced daily sedation interruption. Regular delirium assessment was associated with significantly shorter mean ventilator time and mean length of ICU stay but used by few. Conclusion. More ICUs had guidelines for weaning than for sedation. The ventilator time and length of ICU stay compared well with other studies. Although having guidelines was associated with longer ventilator time and ICU stay, the differences were rather small. Daily sedation interruption was seldom used. Few units used delirium scoring instruments.

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Moeser, Adam James, Yihang Li, Mrigendra Rajput, and Kyan Thelen. "115 Negative impacts of early weaning on lifelong gut health in the pig." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.117.

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Abstract Of all the stressors a pig encounters in production, early weaning is the most stressful. Under current early weaning practices, the young pig is exposed to multiple concurrent stressors including maternal and littermate separation, transportation, changes in social hierarchy, and a change in environment and food source. Moreover, the stress of weaning causes significant intestinal barrier loss and inflammation during critical stages of postnatal gut development. The immediate, negative impacts of early weaning on gut health and performance are well-known, but the long-term consequences are poorly understand. However, recent evidence from field investigations and basic science research have demonstrated that early weaning has negative consequences on performance and health from wean-to-finish. A fundamental understanding of the biological mechanisms by which current early weaning practices alter gut develop and predispose pigs to performance inefficiencies and disease throughout the production lifespan is lacking. This represents a significant gap in knowledge for the U.S. swine industry, as biological targets for interventions and management are currently lacking. This presentation will provide an overview of postnatal gut development in the pig and how early life stressors, such as early weaning, alter the normal development of critical gut health parameters, including intestinal epithelial barrier function, nutrient transport and immune function, and the link to performance and disease resistance throughout the production lifespan.

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Nicklaus, Sophie. "Children's acceptance of new foods at weaning. Role of practices of weaning and of food sensory properties." Appetite 57, no. 3 (December 2011): 812–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.05.321.

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Garcia, Ada L., Sarah Looby, Kimberley McLean-Guthrie, and Alison Parrett. "An Exploration of Complementary Feeding Practices, Information Needs and Sources." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22 (November 6, 2019): 4311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224311.

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Following complementary feeding (CF) guidelines might be challenging for mothers lacking time, resources and/or information. We aimed to explore CF practices, information needs and channels used to obtain information in parents living in areas of socioeconomic deprivation. Sixty-four parents of infants aged 4–12 months completed a short questionnaire and 21 were interviewed. Mean (SD) weaning age was 5 ± 2.5 months, foods given >7 times/week included commercial baby foods (33%) and fruits (39%) while 86% gave formula daily. The main sources of CF information were friends and family (91%), the internet (89%) and health visitors (77%). Online forums (20%), e.g., Facebook and Netmums, were used to talk to other parents because they felt that “not enough” information was given to them by health professionals. Parents felt access to practical information was limited and identified weaning classes or online video tutorials could help meet their needs. Themes identified in qualitative findings were (1) weaning practices (i.e., concerns with child’s eating; and (2) information sources and needs (i.e., trust in the National Health Service (NHS) as a reliable source, need for practical advice). In conclusion, parents are accessing information from a number of non-evidence-based sources and they express the need for more practical advice.

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