Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Web 2.0 araçları'

<p>Den här uppsatsen redogör för en studie om hur intranät används i organisationerna Ericsson och KPMG och hur intranätets möjligheter att stödja organisationens verksamhet förändras i en Webb 2.0 miljö. Syftet med studien var att underlätta olika organisationers överväganden om att ta till sig och använda sig av en Webb 2.0 standard i deras intranät. Studien består av en teoretisk referensram som sedan kopplas ihop med de intervjuer vi genomfört som mynnar ut i olika förslag på hur intranätet kan förbättras med Webb 2.0. Den teoretiska referensramen behandlar litteratur och artiklar inom området intranät och Webb 2.0. Vi kom bland annat fram till i vår studie att båda dessa organisationers intranät knappt eller inte alls stödjer den tvärfunktionella kommunikation och sökningar på intranätet gav ofta alldeles för många träffar som resulterade i att personalen inte alltid fick tag i det material de var ute efter och vi visade på hur Webb 2.0 kan lösa många av de här problemen.</p>

Nos travaux de recherche portent sur l'innovation et plus particulièrement sur le rôle de l'information dans la conception de produits. Le Web 2. 0 repose sur la production de contenus par les internautes et constitue une source permanente et intarissable d'informations que les entreprises peuvent utiliser à des fins d'innovation, car si le Web a modifié les techniques de recherche d'informations et renforcé le travail de veille technologique, concurrentielle et commerciale, nous montrons que le Web 2. 0 permet une meilleure connaissance des attentes et des besoins des consommateurs. Nous proposons l'analyse qualitative et quantitative des informations produites ou relayées par les internautes sous l'angle de leur pertinence au regard d'une démarche d'innovation. Nos expérimentations portent tout d'abord sur l'étude des Signets Sociaux (Social Bookmarking), nous montrons que l'exploration de ces annuaires thématiques co-constitués offre une alternative significative pour la recherche d'informations. Nous proposons une typologie des participants à cette plateforme afin de faciliter la détection d'usagers experts ou influents dans un domaine en particulier. Notre étude des commentaires sur le site de vente en ligne « Amazon. Com », montre que les clients participent de l'innovation incrémentale des entreprises en formulant des critiques pertinentes et constructives. Nous proposons alors une méthode d'extraction puis d'analyse de ces commentaires qui s'intègre aux dispositifs de veille an amont du projet d'innovation. Enfin, nous formulons les bases d'une méthode d'innovation qui consiste à mettre en place une observation permanente du Web 2. 0 et dont l'objectif consiste à la production d'un document de référence destiné à orienter les innovations de l'entreprise : le « cahier des attentes »<br>Our research work is focused on innovation and more specifically on the role of information in the product's conception process. Web 2. 0 is quickly growing because contents are mostly generated by users and it represents now a wide and borderless source of information that can be used for innovation purposes. If Web improved information search techniques in technological and competitive surveys, we argue that Web 2. 0 allow a better knowledge of customers needs and expectations. We propose in this thesis a qualitative and quantitative analysis of information generated or relayed by Web 2. 0 users regarding their relevance into the innovation process. Our experiments deal with the study of Social Bookmarking and especially the Delicious. Com Web application that allows users to memorize and share their bookmarks' lists. We would show that regarding to the increasing volume of information indexed by search engines, exploring this co-constructed directory offers a significant improvement in Web information retrieval. We also work on the social aspect of social bookmarking by proposing a way to sort participants in order to detect expert or influent users on a particular subject. Our study related to users comments on Amazon. Com shows that customers are more and more involved into the innovation process of companies by providing them interesting and relevant comments about the product they bought. We therefore recommend meanings to extract then to analysis those customers feedbacks to improve the way that products are conceived. Finally, we define an innovation method that consists in setting up a permanent survey of Web 2. 0 activities then to produce a document named « expectations notes ». That could be used for directing the further innovation processes

Ce projet de recherche appliquée a été initié afin d'optimiser la mesure et le pilotage de la performance e-Marketing dans un contexte évolutif lié aux mutations perpétuelles du Web (réseaux sociaux, Web 2. 0. . . ) et des modèles d‟affaires associés. Il vise à identifier des solutions organisationnelles et technologiques pour pallier aux difficultés rencontrées par l'équipe e-Marketing de l'agence interactive BleuRoy. Com (groupe HighCo) tout en optimisant l'efficacité et la rentabilité des actions menées pour ses clients. Pour ce faire, plusieurs recherches ont été conduites. Dans un premier temps et afin de faire le point sur le sujet, nous avons étudié les différentes notions potentielles sur lesquelles le projet repose. Mais face aux nombreuses définitions éparses et démarches proposées, nous avons utilisé la méthode de méta-analyse afin de synthétiser les résultats. Durant cette étude, nous avons étudié le concept de Web Analytics 2. 0 qui se veut être une composante de l'e-Marketing fournissant des techniques et des méthodes pour mesurer les différents vecteurs de communication en ligne. Celui-ci embarque partiellement la notion d'Intelligence Compétitive en se limitant aux aspects de Veille Concurrentielle pour expliquer les variations potentielles des indicateurs clés de performance reportés par les solutions de Web Analytics. Au moyen de la méthode observation participante, nous avons élaboré un état des lieux des techniques et des pratiques en dressant les différentes attentes du projet. A partir de l'ensemble, nous avons pu développer davantage l'Intelligence Compétitive pour l'e-Marketing à travers la proposition du modèle KIM (Knowledge Internet Marketing). L'ingénierie de projet nous a amené à concevoir la plateforme sur la base d'un logiciel Open Source de Web Analytics comportemental préalablement sélectionné au moyen de la méthode OSMM (Open Source Maturity Model) de Capgemini. Face à quelques difficultés pour appréhender les développements, nous avons intégré la méthode des Cas d'Utilisation en complément de l'étude fonctionnelle pour décrire, tester et documenter précisément les différents modules du dispositif d'Intelligence Compétitive à développer Suite à une fusion stratégique de l'entreprise, le projet voit son spectre fonctionnel évoluer et se doit d'appréhender de nouveaux métiers, de nouvelles fonctionnalités. La réorientation du projet est aujourd'hui envisagée notamment grâce à sa conceptualisation fondée sur la notion globale d'Intelligence Compétitive<br>This research project has been introduced to optimize the measure and the control of the e-marketing performance in an evolving context related to the Web constant changes (social networks, Web 2. 0. . . ) and associated business models. It aims at identifying organizational and technological solutions to overcome the difficulties encountered by the e-marketing team of the interactive agency BleuRoy. Com (group HighCo) while optimizing the efficiency and the profitability of the actions run for its customers. To this end, several investigations have been pursued. First of all and in order to review the whole subject, we studied the different possible notions on which the project has been based. Faced with the many definitions and approaches proposed, we have used the meta-analysis method for synthesizing the results. During this study, the concept of Web Analytics 2. 0 which is meant to be a component of the e-marketing providing techniques and methods for measuring the different on-line communication vectors has been analyzed. This one partially encloses the Competitive Intelligence notion by limiting itself to the Business Intelligence aspects to explain the possible variations of the key performance indicators reported by the Web Analytics solutions. By means of the participative observation method, we have provided a review of the techniques and practices by listing the different expectations of the project. From these different results, we have been in measure to develop more precisely the Competitive Intelligence for the e-marketing through the proposal of KIM (Knowledge Internet Marketing) model. The project engineering led us to design a platform on the basis of a behavioural Open Source software from Web Analytics previously selected by means of the Capgemini OSMM (Open Source Maturity Model) method. To overcome some difficulties in apprehending the developments, we have integrated the Using Cases method to complete the functional study in order to precisely describe, test and document the different modules of the Competitive Intelligence device to be developed. Further to the strategic merging of the company, the functional spectrum of the project is now evolving and the project implies new professions and functionalities. The project reorientation is now contemplated, including thanks to its conceptualization based on the general Competitive Intelligence notion

La diaspora bretonne offre un terrain fertile pour questionner la composition des collectifs web 2. 0. Nous faisons ici référence aux nouvelles formes de regroupements qui émergent avec le web mais que l'on aborde trop souvent en distinguant les problématiques sociales des problématiques techniques. En recourant aux diasporas, nous décentrons notre regard pour aborder ces collectifs selon un point de vue tout à la fois technique, social et cognitif. Dans ce travail, nous recourrons à la sociologie de la traduction et à la sociologie pragmatique pour construire une méthodologie basée sur l'analyse des traces numériques produites par les collectifs. Après avoir identifié au sein de la diaspora bretonne trois collectifs correspondants à nos critères, nous les avons analysé à l'aide de trois formats, afin d'identifier les médiateurs de différentes natures qui les composent. Nos résultats démontrent que les collectifs web sont des regroupements proliférants et hétérogènes. Loin d'homogénéiser les cultures ou les civilisations, les technologies web favorisent l'exploration et la combinaison. Les collectifs web détiennent une dynamique et un fonctionnement en proche qui favorisent l'innovation<br>The Breton diaspora is a prolific field to question the composition of web 2. 0 collectives. Web 2. 0 collectives refer to new types of assemblies that appears within the web. The problem is theses assemblies are only socially or technically questioned. Observing web collectives through diaspora is useful to construct a new point of view that embrace cognitive, social and technical approaches. With pragmatic sociology and the actor network theory we designed an original method to analyse the digital data produced by web collectives. We selected three collectives from the larger field of the breton diaspora, to analyse them with accuracy. The results show different kinds of mediators which composed web collectives. Far from creating homogeneity, technologies are introducing much more differences. Web collectives present a particular configuration of social, technical and cognitive elements to explore and innovate

Le Story-telling est une technique d’ingénierie des connaissances destinée à la modélisation de structures de connaissances, d’interactions et de documents narratifs. Les théories du récit font généralement une hypothèse d’existence d’une «histoire complète», préalable à l’analyse du récit qui en est l’inscription documentaire. Dans cette thèse, nous considérons que cette hypothèse est trop forte, et lui substituons l’hypothèse que les histoires se présentent comme des « fragments » progressivement composés au fil de l’eau. Ces travaux s’appuient sur la technologie RSS/Atom pour illustrer ce caractère fragmentaire de l’histoire. En nous basant sur la sémantique des cadres, des traitements linguistiques, le modèle du réseau narratif et différentes technique de visualisation de données, nous proposons le modèle ainsi que la plate-forme ReNaRSS (Réseau Narratif pour la gestion de fil RSS) permettant de modéliser et visualiser une histoire dynamique à partir des événements qui la composent. Bien que ciblée sur les fils RSS actuellement, ces travaux sont voués à pouvoir modéliser tout type de données événementielles temporelles<br>Story-telling is a knowledge engineering technique designed to model knowledge structures, interactions and narrative documents. The theories of narrative are generally assumed existence of a "complete history", a preliminary analysis of the narrative which is the registration document. In this thesis, we consider that this assumption is too strong, and we substitute the assumption that the stories are presented as "fragments" composed gradually in continuous flow. These works leans on the technology RSS / Atom to illustrate fragmentary nature of history. Based on the semantic frameworks, linguistic processing, the narrative network model and different narrative data visualization technique, we propose the model and the platform ReNaRSS (Narrative Network for managing RSS) to model and view a dynamic history from the events that compose it. Although focused on the RSS feeds, these works are dedicated to being able to model all types of temporal event data

Os programas de educaÃÃo a distÃncia que utilizam tecnologias digitais constituem possibilidades pedagÃgicas cada vez mais recorrentes no contexto educacional. Evidencia-se grande expansÃo de experiÃncias de ensino a distÃncia que complementam os sistemas convencionais, bem como o surgimento de formas hÃbridas de educaÃÃo que combinam atividades presenciais e a distÃncia que promovem o intercÃmbio e a integraÃÃo dos dois tipos de sistemas. As mÃdias digitais e as ferramentas da Web 2.0, por meio de plataformas colaborativas como o Moodle, possibilitam a comunicaÃÃo, interaÃÃo, colaboraÃÃo e formulaÃÃo coletiva dos conhecimentos, transformando os tradicionais papÃis de professores e alunos. Com base nesse cenÃrio, a pesquisa procurou identificar como as tecnologias digitais e as mediaÃÃes pedagÃgicas baseadas na co-autoria potencializam os saberes colaborativos - conhecimentos, habilidades e atitudes relacionadas à colaboraÃÃo - fundamentais para a aprendizagem ao longo da vida. A abordagem teÃrica procurou explorar teorias e pesquisas sobre colaboraÃÃo e aprendizagem colaborativa; definir o conceito de saberes colaborativos e eleger, entre estes, cinco mais fortemente aplicÃveis à dinÃmica colaborativa em programas de EAD: autonomia, comunicaÃÃo e compartilhamento, exploraÃÃo e resoluÃÃo de conflitos, engajamento colaborativo e verificaÃÃo e sÃntese. Buscou ainda reaver aspectos centrais da utilizaÃÃo das tecnologias digitais na EAD, como as caracterÃsticas das mÃdias digitais, integraÃÃo multimÃdia, hipertexto, interatividade, interfaces e Web 2.0. A pesquisa teÃrica destacou os aspectos teÃricos que norteiam o conceito de mediaÃÃo pedagÃgica como diÃlogo, elaboraÃÃo simbÃlica e cultural e possibilidade de comunicaÃÃo e crÃtica. A investigaÃÃo abordou os modelos de comunicaÃÃo relativos ao uso das tecnologias na educaÃÃo, com destaque para o modelo EMEREC e os conceitos de autoria e co-autoria nos processos de ensino e aprendizagem. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada na disciplina EducaÃÃo a DistÃncia, da FACED- UFC, de agosto a dezembro de 2007, utilizando a metodologia da etnografia virtual. A anÃlise de dados està organizada em trÃs categorias: saberes colaborativos, tecnologias digitais e mediaÃÃes pedagÃgicas esteadas na autoria e co-autoria. Os resultados indicam que os saberes colaborativos sÃo vivenciados e aprimorados em contexto de utilizaÃÃo de tecnologias digitais e de mediaÃÃes pedagÃgica baseadas na autoria e na co-autoria, que precisam ser aprimoradas. Indicam, tambÃm, que as ferramentas da web 2.0, ainda que insuficientemente exploradas, favorecem e induzem Ãs prÃticas colaborativas e que as mediaÃÃes pedagÃgicas baseadas na autoria e co-autoria requerem grande investimento na formaÃÃo docente. A pesquisa sugere a definiÃÃo de polÃticas pÃblicas em gestÃo e financiamento, acesso à internet das diversas camadas sociais e formaÃÃo docente voltada para aÃÃes crÃticas e autÃnomas.<br>The programs of distance learning that use digital technologies constitute pedagogical possibilities more and more frequent on the educational context. It is verified great expansion of experiences in distance learning that complement conventional systems, as well as the upcoming of hybrid forms of education that combine presence activities and distance activities, which promote the interchange e the integration of both systems. The digital media and the Web 2.0 tools, by collaborative platforms such as Moodle, possibilitate the communication, interactivity, collaboration and collective formulation of knowledge, transforming the traditional roles of teachers and students. Having this scenario as basis, the research tried to identify how the digital technologies and the pedagogical mediations based on co-authorship increases the collaborative knowledges - knowledge, abilities and attitudes related to collaboration - fundamental to life long learning. The theoretical approach tried to explore theories and researches about collaboration and collaborative learning; tried to define the concept of collaborative knowledge and to elect, among these, the five concepts most applicable to the collaborative dynamic in distance learning programs (EAD): autonomy, communication and sharing, exploration and resolution of conflicts, collaborative engagement and verification and synthesis. This study searched yet to retrieve central aspects of the use of digital technologies in EAD, such as digital media characteristics, hypertext, interactivity, interfaces and Web 2.0. The theoretical research highlighted the theoretic aspects that guide the concept of pedagogic mediation such as dialogue, symbolic and cultural elaboration and possibility of communication and critic. The investigation approached the relative communication models to the use of technologies in education, highlighting the EMEREC model and the concepts of authorship and co-authorship in the processes of distance teaching and learning. The field research was done in the discipline of Distance Education, of FACED-UFC, from august to December 2007, using the methodology of virtual ethnography. The data analysis is organized in three categories: collaborative knowledges, digital technologies and pedagogical mediations supported by authorship and co-authorship. The results indicate that the collaborative knowledges are lived and improved in context of use of digital technologies and pedagogical mediations based in authorship and co-authorship, which need to be improved. Indicate also that the Web 2.0 tools, although insufficiently explored, favors and induces collaborative practices and that pedagogical mediations based in authorship and co-authorship require great investment in docent formation. The research proposes the definition of public politics in management and financing, access to internet to different social segments and teacher formation towards critic and autonomy actions.

Thesis (Ed. D.)--Illinois State University, 2006.<br>Title from title page screen, viewed on February 4, 2008. Dissertation Committee: Dent Rhodes (chair), Tom Crumpler, Cheri Toledo, Bobb Darnell. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-113) and abstract. Also available in print.

Cette étude porte sur la transition politique et son interaction avec la communication religieuse en Tunisie, dans la nouvelle sphère publique virtuelle suite à la suppression de la censure d'Internet en 2011. Notre enquête a révélé qu'Internet et en particulier les réseaux sociaux portent différentes significations positives et libératrices pour la participation politique en ligne. Les répondants ont décrit comment Internet et notamment Facebook ont permis aux citoyens tunisiens de participer à la vie politique, de briser l'isolement et la censure, de diffuser des informations et d'exprimer leur indignation. Par ailleurs, malgré les fractures qui sont apparues sur la sphère publique virtuelle, l'engagement politique a été soutenu par l'utilisation d'autres plates-formes technologiques par les cyberactivistes et l'adoption simultanée des deux formes de participation politique en ligne et hors ligne. Néanmoins, on constate la volonté d'une certaine partie de la population tunisienne de créer une nouvelle ère de l'islam politique qui a pour objectif de transmettre une image des partis religieux comme une force religieuse modérée et libérale au public occidental<br>This study deals with the political transition and its interaction with the political transition in Tunisia in the new virtual public sphere following the abolition of internet censorship in 2011. Our inquiry revealed that the internet and in particular social networks carry different positive and liberating significances for the political participation online. The respondents showed how the Internet and especially Facebook permitted the Tunisian citizens to participate to the political life, to break the isolation of censorship, to disseminate information and to express their indignation. Despite the divides which surfaced on the public virtual sphere, the political commitment was sustained by the use of other technological platforms by cyber activists and the simultaneous adoption of two forms of political commitment online and off-line. However, it was found that a certain part of the Tunisian population is willing to create a new era of the political Islam which aims to transmit an image of the religious parties as a religious moderate and liberal force to the western audience

LIMA, Tereza Cristina Batista de. Ação educativa e tecnologias digitais: análise sobre os saberes colaborativos. 2006. 224 f. Tese (Doutorado em Educação) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Brasileira, Fortaleza-CE, 2006.<br>Submitted by moises gomes (celtinha_malvado@hotmail.com) on 2012-07-17T13:49:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_tese_TCBLima.pdf: 2568880 bytes, checksum: 1cb52cf4eca59d915679f37a630bab16 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-07-17T14:29:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_tese_TCBLima.pdf: 2568880 bytes, checksum: 1cb52cf4eca59d915679f37a630bab16 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-17T14:29:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_tese_TCBLima.pdf: 2568880 bytes, checksum: 1cb52cf4eca59d915679f37a630bab16 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006<br>The programs of distance learning that use digital technologies constitute pedagogical possibilities more and more frequent on the educational context. It is verified great expansion of experiences in distance learning that complement conventional systems, as well as the upcoming of hybrid forms of education that combine presence activities and distance activities, which promote the interchange e the integration of both systems. The digital media and the Web 2.0 tools, by collaborative platforms such as Moodle, possibilitate the communication, interactivity, collaboration and collective formulation of knowledge, transforming the traditional roles of teachers and students. Having this scenario as basis, the research tried to identify how the digital technologies and the pedagogical mediations based on co-authorship increases the collaborative knowledges - knowledge, abilities and attitudes related to collaboration - fundamental to life long learning. The theoretical approach tried to explore theories and researches about collaboration and collaborative learning; tried to define the concept of collaborative knowledge and to elect, among these, the five concepts most applicable to the collaborative dynamic in distance learning programs (EAD): autonomy, communication and sharing, exploration and resolution of conflicts, collaborative engagement and verification and synthesis. This study searched yet to retrieve central aspects of the use of digital technologies in EAD, such as digital media characteristics, hypertext, interactivity, interfaces and Web 2.0. The theoretical research highlighted the theoretic aspects that guide the concept of pedagogic mediation such as dialogue, symbolic and cultural elaboration and possibility of communication and critic. The investigation approached the relative communication models to the use of technologies in education, highlighting the EMEREC model and the concepts of authorship and co-authorship in the processes of distance teaching and learning. The field research was done in the discipline of Distance Education, of FACED-UFC, from august to December 2007, using the methodology of virtual ethnography. The data analysis is organized in three categories: collaborative knowledges, digital technologies and pedagogical mediations supported by authorship and co-authorship. The results indicate that the collaborative knowledges are lived and improved in context of use of digital technologies and pedagogical mediations based in authorship and co-authorship, which need to be improved. Indicate also that the Web 2.0 tools, although insufficiently explored, favors and induces collaborative practices and that pedagogical mediations based in authorship and co-authorship require great investment in docent formation. The research proposes the definition of public politics in management and financing, access to internet to different social segments and teacher formation towards critic and autonomy actions.<br>Os programas de educação a distância que utilizam tecnologias digitais constituem possibilidades pedagógicas cada vez mais recorrentes no contexto educacional. Evidencia-se grande expansão de experiências de ensino a distância que complementam os sistemas convencionais, bem como o surgimento de formas híbridas de educação que combinam atividades presenciais e a distância que promovem o intercâmbio e a integração dos dois tipos de sistemas. As mídias digitais e as ferramentas da Web 2.0, por meio de plataformas colaborativas como o Moodle, possibilitam a comunicação, interação, colaboração e formulação coletiva dos conhecimentos, transformando os tradicionais papéis de professores e alunos. Com base nesse cenário, a pesquisa procurou identificar como as tecnologias digitais e as mediações pedagógicas baseadas na co-autoria potencializam os saberes colaborativos - conhecimentos, habilidades e atitudes relacionadas à colaboração - fundamentais para a aprendizagem ao longo da vida. A abordagem teórica procurou explorar teorias e pesquisas sobre colaboração e aprendizagem colaborativa; definir o conceito de saberes colaborativos e eleger, entre estes, cinco mais fortemente aplicáveis à dinâmica colaborativa em programas de EAD: autonomia, comunicação e compartilhamento, exploração e resolução de conflitos, engajamento colaborativo e verificação e síntese. Buscou ainda reaver aspectos centrais da utilização das tecnologias digitais na EAD, como as características das mídias digitais, integração multimídia, hipertexto, interatividade, interfaces e Web 2.0. A pesquisa teórica destacou os aspectos teóricos que norteiam o conceito de mediação pedagógica como diálogo, elaboração simbólica e cultural e possibilidade de comunicação e crítica. A investigação abordou os modelos de comunicação relativos ao uso das tecnologias na educação, com destaque para o modelo EMEREC e os conceitos de autoria e co-autoria nos processos de ensino e aprendizagem. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada na disciplina Educação a Distância, da FACED- UFC, de agosto a dezembro de 2007, utilizando a metodologia da etnografia virtual. A análise de dados está organizada em três categorias: saberes colaborativos, tecnologias digitais e mediações pedagógicas esteadas na autoria e co-autoria. Os resultados indicam que os saberes colaborativos são vivenciados e aprimorados em contexto de utilização de tecnologias digitais e de mediações pedagógica baseadas na autoria e na co-autoria, que precisam ser aprimoradas. Indicam, também, que as ferramentas da web 2.0, ainda que insuficientemente exploradas, favorecem e induzem às práticas colaborativas e que as mediações pedagógicas baseadas na autoria e co-autoria requerem grande investimento na formação docente. A pesquisa sugere a definição de políticas públicas em gestão e financiamento, acesso à internet das diversas camadas sociais e formação docente voltada para ações críticas e autônomas.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 2006.<br>Title from title page screen, viewed on April 27, 2007. Dissertation Committee: Rodney P. Riegle (chair), Dianne C. Gardner, W. Paul Vogt, Galen B. Crow. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 141-175) and abstract. Also available in print.

Thesis (Ed. D.)--Illinois State University, 2006.<br>Title from title page screen, viewed on February 4, 2008. Dissertation Committee: Dent M. Rhodes (chair), Temba C. Bassoppo-Moyo, Cherie A. Toledo. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 208-222) and abstract. Also available in print.

Dans la plupart des systèmes nécessitant la modélisation de l'utilisateur pour adapter l'information à ses besoins spécifiques, l'utilisateur est représenté avec un profil généralement composé de ses centres d'intérêts. Les centres d'intérêts de l'utilisateur sont construits et enrichis au fil du temps à partir de ses interactions avec le système. De par cette nature évolutive des centres d'intérêts de l'utilisateur, le profil de l'utilisateur ne peut en aucun moment être considéré comme entièrement connu par un système. Cette connaissance partielle du profil de l'utilisateur à tout instant t a pour effet de réduire considérablement les performances des mécanismes d'adaptation de l'information à l'utilisateur lorsque le profil de l'utilisateur ne contient pas (ou contient très peu) les informations nécessaires à leur fonctionnement. Cet inconvénient est particulièrement plus récurrent chez les nouveaux utilisateurs d'un système (instant t=0, problème du démarrage à froid) et chez les utilisateurs peu actifs. Pour répondre à cette problématique, plusieurs travaux ont exploré des sources de données autres que celles produites par l'utilisateur dans le système : utilisateurs au comportement similaire (utilisé dans le filtrage collaboratif) ou données produites par l'utilisateur dans d'autres systèmes (conception de profil utilisateur multi-application et gestion des identités multiples des utilisateurs). Très récemment, avec l'avènement du Web social et l'explosion des réseaux sociaux en ligne, ces derniers sont de plus en plus étudiés comme source externe de données pouvant servir à l'enrichissement du profil de l'utilisateur. Ceci a donné naissance à de nouveaux mécanismes de filtrage social de l'information : systèmes de recherche d'information sociale, systèmes de recommandation sociaux, etc. Les travaux actuels portant sur les mécanismes de filtrage social de l'information démontrent que ce nouveau champ de recherche est très prometteur. Une étude sur les travaux existants nous permet tout de même de noter particulièrement deux faiblesses : d'une part, chacune des approches proposées dans ces travaux reste très spécifique à son domaine d'application (et au mécanisme associé), et d'autre part, ces approches exploitent de manière unilatérale les profils des individus autour de l'utilisateur dans le réseau social. Pour pallier ces deux faiblesses, nos travaux de recherche proposent une démarche méthodique permettant de définir d'une part un modèle social générique de profil de l'utilisateur réutilisable dans plusieurs domaines d'application et par différents mécanismes de filtrage social de l'information, et à proposer d'autre part, une technique permettant de dériver de manière optimale des informations du profil de l'utilisateur à partir de son réseau social. Nous nous appuyons sur des travaux existants en sciences sociales pour proposer une approche d'usage des communautés (plutôt que des individus) autour de l'utilisateur. La portion significative de son réseau social est constituée des individus situés à une distance maximum k de l'utilisateur et des relations entre ces individus (réseau k-égocentrique). A partir de deux évaluations de l'approche proposée, l'une dans le réseau social numérique Facebook, et l'autre dans le réseau de co-auteurs DBLP, nous avons pu démontrer la pertinence de notre approche par rapport aux approches existantes ainsi que l'impact de mesures telles que la centralité de communautés (degré ou proximité par exemple) ou la densité des réseaux k-égocentriques sur la qualité des résultats obtenus. Notre approche ouvre de nombreuses perspectives aux travaux s'intéressant au filtrage social de l'information dans de multiples domaines d'application aussi bien sur le Web (personnalisation de moteurs de recherche, systèmes de recommandation dans le e-commerce, systèmes adaptatifs dans les environnements e-Learning, etc. ) que dans les intranets d'entreprise (systèmes d'analyses comportementales dans les réseaux d'abonnés de clients télécoms, détection de comportements anormaux/frauduleux dans les réseaux de clients bancaires, etc. )<br>In most systems that require user modeling to adapt information to each user's specific need, a user is usually represented by a user profile in the form of his interests. These interests are learnt and enriched over time from users interactions with the system. By the evolving nature of user's interests, the user's profile can never be considered fully known by a system. This partial knowledge of the user profile at any time t significantly reduces the performance of adaptive systems, when the user's profile contains no or only some information. This drawback is particularly most recurrent for new users in a system (time t = 0, also called cold start problem) and for less active users. To address this problem, several studies have explored data sources other than those produced by the user in the system: activities of users with similar behavior (e. G. Collaborative filtering techniques) or data generated by the user in other systems (e. G. , multi-application user's profiles, multiple identities management systems). By the recent advent of Social Web and the explosion of online social networks sites, social networks are more and more studied as an external data source that can be used to enrich users' profiles. This has led to the emergence of new social information filtering techniques (e. G. Social information retrieval, social recommender systems). Current studies on social information filtering show that this new research field is very promising. However, much remains to be done to complement and enhance these studies. We particularly address two drawbacks: (i) each existing social information filtering approach is specific in its field scope (and associated mechanisms), (ii) these approaches unilaterally use profiles of individuals around the user in the social network to improve traditional information filtering systems. To overcome these drawbacks in this thesis, we aim at defining a generic social model of users' profiles that can be reusable in many application domains and for several social information filtering mechanisms, and proposing optimal techniques for enriching user's profile from the user's social network. We rely on existing studies in social sciences to propose a communities (rather than individuals) based approach for using individuals around the user in a specific part of his social network, to derive his social profile (profile that contains user's interest derived from his social network). The significant part of the user's social network used in our studies is composed of individuals located at a maximum distance k (in the entire social network) from the user, and relationships between these individuals (k-egocentric network). Two evaluations of the proposed approach based on communities in k-egocentric networks have been conducted in the online social network Facebook and the co-authors network DBLP. They allow us to demonstrate the relevance of the proposal with respect to existing individual based approaches, and the impact of structural measures such as the centrality of communities (degree or proximity) or user's k-egocentric network density, on the quality of results. Our approach opens up many opportunities for future studies in social information filtering and many application domains as well as on the Web (e. G. Personalization of search engines, recommender systems in e-commerce, adaptive systems in e-Learning environment) or in Intranets business systems (e. G. Behavioral analysis in networks of subscribers telecom customers, detection of abnormal behavior network bank customers, etc. )

Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia Informática apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra<br>A massiva proliferação de blogues e redes sociais fez com que o conteúdo gerado pelos utilizadores, presente em plataformas como o Twitter ou Facebook, se tornasse bastante valioso pela quantidade de informação passível de ser extraída e explorada. No entanto, a análise de informação proveniente destas fontes apresenta bastantes desafios, devido, não só, ao curto tamanho das mensagens, mas também ao tipo de linguagem usada, que contém inúmeras abreviaturas, erros ortográficos e conteúdo específico da media social, o que dificulta significativamente a tarefa de extração de informação a partir deste texto. A presente tese visa o desenvolvimento de um conjunto de ferramentas que permitem efetuar a análise e extração de conhecimento a partir de várias fontes da Web 2.0, recorrendo ao uso de diversas técnicas de Processamento de Linguagem Natural e representando esse conhecimento através de tecnologias da Web Semântica. De forma a realizar este objetivo foi desenvolvida uma biblioteca, constituída por vários módulos que possibilitam a extração de informação semântica a partir de notícias online, blogues e publicações provenientes de redes sociais. Foi também desenvolvido um sistema cujo principal objetivo é demonstrar as funcionalidades providenciadas pela biblioteca, permitindo a realização de pesquisa e navegação sobre a informação extraída e representando-a através de tecnologias da Web Semântica. Importa ainda salientar que a biblioteca suporta unicamente a língua portuguesa (português de Portugal) o que, por si só, representa um desafio, visto existirem relativamente poucos recursos disponíveis para o português.

La collaboration et le contenu généré par les usagers, aussi appelé « Web 2. 0 », sont des phénomènes nouveaux, qui bâtissent sur l'ouverture et le foisonnement d'Internet. Les environnements numériques qui emploient ces moyens mettent à contribution la communauté qui gravite autour d'une présence virtuelle afin d'en enrichir l’expérience. Suivant une approche constructiviste, nous explorons commnent la collaboration peut servir les usagers d'une banque de donnée de jugements en accès libre par Internet, comme le site de l'Institut canadien d'information juridique (www.CanLIT.org). La collaboration s'articule grâce à un gabarit d'analyse que nous nommons «Cadre de diffusion de la collaboration». Il comporte deux classes d'objets, les usagers et les documents, qui interagissent selon quatre relations : les liens documentaires, les échanges entre usagers, l'écriture (de l'usager vers le document) et la consommation (du document vers l'usager). Le Cadre de diffusion de la collaboration met en lumière les modalités de la collaboration comme mécanisme de création de contenu dans un contexte numérique, au profit d'une classe de documents. Suite à une analyse les modalités de la jurisprudence comme système documentaire et d'un exposé illustratif des besoins des usagers de la société civile, le Cadre de diffusion de la collaboration est employé pour explorer les mécanismes à retenir pour enrichir le contenu d'un système diffusant des jugements par Internet.<br>User generated content and collaboration, also called « Web 2.0 », offer new possibilities in the context of a thriving and open Internet. Digital environments that employ these production mecanisms allow user communities to enrich a virtual space. Using a constructivist approach, we explore how collaboration can serve the users of an open access database of court rulings, namely the Canadian Legal Information Institute's website (www.CanLU.org). Collaboration is set within a framework that we name the « Collaboration Framework ». There are two classes of objects, users and documents, that interact following four relationships: links between documents, exchanges between users, writing (from users to documents) and consumption (from documents to users). In turn, we can better understand how collaboration functions, given a specific class of documents. Following an analysis of court rulings as a system of documents and an illustration of user needs in civil society, the Collaboration Framework is applied to an open access database of court rulings in order to determine how users can enrich the system's content.