To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Web Of Causation.
Journal articles on the topic 'Web Of Causation'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Web Of Causation.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Hawkins, Wesley E., David F. Duncan, and Regina Hovet. "Teaching Multi-Dimensional Views of Disease Causation: The Web of Causation in Epidemiology." Journal of Health Education 23, no. 5 (August 1992): 301–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10556699.1992.10610035.
Full text
2
Tryon, Warren W., Thanos Patelis, Michael Chajewski, and Charles Lewis. "Theory construction and data analysis." Theory & Psychology 27, no. 1 (January 6, 2017): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354316684043.
Full textAbstract:
Data analysis should be neutral relative to theory construction in order to be unbiased. Data analysis should not strongly favor one form of theory construction over others. Traditional approaches to theory construction prioritize simplicity of explanation based on parsimony using a few prominent statistically significant variables. Alternative web of causation explanations prioritize comprehensive explanations based on complexity using many small effects. This article presents argument and empirical evidence that contemporary data analytic methods are problematic for all theory construction approaches. They are especially biased against web of causation approaches to theory construction. Mathematical arguments and new empirical evidence that supports web of causation explanations are presented.
3
Janssen, Annelli. "Het web-model." Algemeen Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Wijsbegeerte 111, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 419–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/antw2019.3.007.jans.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The web-model: A new model of explanation for neuroimaging studiesWhat can neuroimaging tell us about the relation between our brain and our mind? A lot, or so I argue. But neuroscientists should update their model of explanation. Currently, many explanations are (implicitly) based on what I call the ‘mapping model’: a model of explanation which centers on mapping relations between cognition and the brain. I argue that these mappings give us very little information, and that instead, we should focus on finding causal relations. If we take a difference-making approach to causation, we can find manipulation patterns between neural and cognitive phenomena and start constructing satisfying explanations in neuroimaging studies: explanations based on what I call the web-model of explanation. This model of explanation not only contrasts with the mapping model, but is also different from Craver’s constitutive mechanistic model of explanation (2007), which takes the constitutive relation to be the main explanatory relation. Taking the difference-making idea of the importance of manipulation and control seriously, means that sometimes, causal relations are preferred over constitutive relations. If we follow the web-model of explanation, we can do justice to the central role that causation should play in neuroscientific explanations.
4
Ventriglio, Antonio, Antonello Bellomo, and Dinesh Bhugra. "Web of causation and its implications for epidemiological research." International Journal of Social Psychiatry 62, no. 1 (January 12, 2016): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764015587629.
Full text
5
Hemida, Shaimaa A. E., Seham G. Ragheb, Hemat A. El Sayied, and Hala M. Mohamed. "Effect of Web Causation Epidemiological Model on Preventive Behaviors of Diabetic Females with Genitourinary Tract Infection." Evidence-Based Nursing Research 3, no. 1 (March 14, 2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47104/ebnrojs3.v3i1.185.
Full textAbstract:
Context: Genitourinary tract infection becomes a silent epidemic that devastated female life. It is closely interrelated with hyperglycemia, diabetes, and lack of awareness about personal hygiene care. All increase the susceptibility to various types of infections.
Aim: To assess the effect of web causation epidemiological model on preventive behaviors of diabetic females with genitourinary tract infection.
Methods: The study was conducted at a diabetic outpatient clinic in El Demerdash Hospital because it received clients from different areas and a high population rate. This study encompasses a purposive sample of 100 females. A quasi-experimental research design was selected. Data were collected using a structured interviewing questionnaire and preventive practice checklists to assess the knowledge and practices of the diabetic female.
Results: 69% of diabetic females had a family history of diabetes mellitus. 39% of them had satisfactory knowledge about causes that increased blood glucose in diabetic females shift to 81% at post-intervention. 35% of diabetic females had satisfactory knowledge about the function of the reproductive system at preprogram shift to 93% at post-program implementation. 34% of diabetic females had satisfactory knowledge about entry urinary tract infection methods at preprogram shift to 81% at post-program implementation. A highly statistically significant association between the presence of urine infection and application of web causation model (causative factors) such as lack of hygiene during menstruation, lack of hygiene before and after sexual intercourse, using mechanical contraceptive methods, increase the intake of salty foods, poor glycemic control and lack of personal hygiene with the results of urine analysis for infection.
Conclusions: Females exposed to the web causation epidemiological model exhibited better knowledge and preventive practices after exposure than their pre-intervention level. Apply the web-causation model at high population areas as slum areas on a large group of participants to improve awareness and practices regarding diabetes mellitus and genitourinary tract infection. Replicate the current study on a representative sample to improve the generalizability.
6
Pechsiri, Chaveevan, and Titirut Mekbunditkul. "Extraction of cause-effect-concept pair series from web documents." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 18, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v18.i2.pp970-978.
Full textAbstract:
<span>This research aims to extract a cause-effect-concept pair series of consequent event occurrences in health information of hospital web-boards. The extracted cause-effect-concept pair series representing a disease causation pathway benefits for the automatic diagnosis and solving system. Where each causative/effect event concept is expressed by an elementary discourse unit (EDU which is a simple sentence). The research has three problems; how to determine causative/effect concept EDUs from the documents containing some EDU occurrences with both causative concepts and effect concepts, how to determine the cause-effect relation between two adjacent EDUs having the discourse cue ambiguity, and how to extract cause-effect-concept pair series mingled with either a stimulation relation EDU or other non-cause-effect relation EDUs from the documents. Therefore, we apply annotated NWordCo pairs with causative-effect concepts to represent EDU pairs with causative-effect concept where the NWordCo size solved by Naïve Bayes. We also apply Naïve Bayes to solve NWordCo-concept pairs having the cause-effect relation from the adjacent EDU pairs. We then propose using cue words and the collected NWordCo-concept pairs with the cause-effect relation to extract the cause-effect-concept pair series. The research results provide the high precision of the cause-effect-concept pair series determination from the documents. </span>
7
Krieger, Nancy. "Epidemiology and the web of causation: Has anyone seen the spider?" Social Science & Medicine 39, no. 7 (October 1994): 887–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)90202-x.
Full text
8
Denisov, E. I., L. V. Prokopenko, and S. V. Stepanyan. "OCCUPATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT: PROGNOSIS, CAUSATION AND BIOINFORMATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES." Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 67, no. 6 (June 23, 2012): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn.v67i6.284.
Full textAbstract:
Methodology of occupational risk management is outlined based on workers’ health disorders forecast and causation (work-relatedness assessment). It originates from Labour Code of Russian Federation prescriptions and includes principles, methods and criteria of risk management and risk communication. The methodology is realized by means of bioinformational technologies as expert and analytical system in the form of interactive Web-based directory «Occupational risk assessment» for practical use for occupational risk prevention.
9
Kaur, Parminder, Chakshu Chaudhry, Harsha Neelam, and Inusha Panigrahi. "Bardet-Biedl syndrome presenting with laryngeal web and bifid epiglottis." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 1 (January 2021): e236325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-236325.
Full textAbstract:
Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare autosomal recessive ciliopathy characterised by rod-cone dystrophy, obesity, postaxial polydactyly, cognitive impairment, hypogonadism, renal abnormalities, and rarely, laryngeal webs or bifid epiglottis. Most patients present with obesity. Multiple genes are involved in causation of BBS and there is also evidence of triallelic inheritance. We herein report an Asian boy who had weak cry and stridor since birth, and on evaluation was found to have both laryngeal web and bifid epiglottis. Mutation analysis revealed a homozygous variant in BBS10 gene.
10
Șerban, Costela Lăcrimioara, Denis Mihai Șerban, Ștefania Ioana Butica, and Diana Lungeanu. "Web of Causation between Dietary Patterns and Childhood Obesity: Applying Hill's Criteria." Romanian Journal of Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases 25, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 431–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rjdnmd-2018-0052.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Since their publication in 1965, the Bradford Hill criteria for causality have been largely used as a framework for causal inference in epidemiology. We aim at employing this classical approach to shed new light onto the web of causation of childhood obesity. Although the fundamental cause of obesity is the long-term imbalance between energetic need and intake, this medical condition is multifactorial in its origin, influenced by genetic, behavioral, socioeconomic, and environmental factors. This imbalance leads to accumulation of excessive adipose tissue. Observational studies tend to mostly quantify association between dietary factors and accumulation of adipose tissue. On the other hand, multivariate analysis proved some of these associations to be spurious, therefore prospective trials are needed to demonstrate causality. Short term experimental studies have been conducted to identify unique dietary pattern changes on specific outcomes, but long term, community-based studies would offer more comprehensive answers on dietary pattern effects. We conducted a literature review on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. From a total of 323 papers identified at first stage, we further discuss the applicability of Bradford Hill criteria for 31 articles, by examples of dietary patterns and accumulation of excess body fat as exposure-response associations. We also put forward and analyzed the evidence prospective studies would bring, as foundation for future interventions.
11
Peleteiro, Bárbara, Carlo La Vecchia, and Nuno Lunet. "The role of Helicobacter pylori infection in the web of gastric cancer causation." European Journal of Cancer Prevention 21, no. 2 (March 2012): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cej.0b013e32834a7f66.
Full text
12
Samuels, Sheldon W. "Philosophic Perspectives: Community, Communications, and Occupational Disease Causation." International Journal of Health Services 28, no. 1 (January 1998): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/44mr-ypqf-kukp-npqy.
Full textAbstract:
The caste in which workers and occupational health practitioners find themselves is plagued by intertwined but separable conflicts. A Cartesian model of causation, useful in the demonologies of regulation and toxic torts, is not heuristic in the revisions of health care, worker's compensation, and disability systems, nor in the prevention of violence in the workplace. Outside the caste, science progresses beyond mind-body bifurcations, the adverse effects of which are magnified within the caste. An argument is made for an ecological concept of causation, drawn from Darwin's community approach to the web of causal factors in both cultural and biological evolution, subsequently stimulated and developed by G. H. Mead and by biologically oriented and sociologically oriented human ecologists for application in the workplace. The ecological model is found in occupational biomedicine as practiced by leaders as diverse as Tichauer and Selikoff. The model integrates environmental, lifestyle, and genetic vectors in a community system bonded by communication and embracing a view of work unbifurcated from other activities.
13
Kocher, David C., A. Iulian Apostoaei, Russell W. Henshaw, F. Owen Hoffman, Mary K. Schubauer-Berigan, Daniel O. Stancescu, Brian A. Thomas, John R. Trabalka, Ethel S. Gilbert, and Charles E. Land. "INTERACTIVE RADIOEPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROGRAM (IREP): A WEB-BASED TOOL FOR ESTIMATING PROBABILITY OF CAUSATION/ASSIGNED SHARE OF RADIOGENIC CANCERS." Health Physics 95, no. 1 (July 2008): 119–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hp.0000291191.49583.f7.
Full text
14
Brigham, Christopher R. "Evidence-Based Medicine, Treatment Guidelines, and Literature Search Web Resources." Guides Newsletter 19, no. 4 (July 1, 2014): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2014.julaug02.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Cardiopulmonary exercise stress testing (CPET) provides objective data to assess cardiac and pulmonary impairment. This article discusses changes in the CPET section of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides). The explanation of CPET in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, adds a single word, “static,” that significantly effects how this test should be conducted. Routine pulmonary function tests (PFTs) provide information about a person's ability to breathe, eg chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma can stratify the severity of these diseases; they do not measure the ability of the lungs or heart to provide adequate oxygenation to metabolizing tissues. Static tests of lung function are the norm when diagnosing asbestosis, and the typical abnormalities seen are restriction, some airflow obstruction, and a diminished diffusing capacity. These abnormalities correlate linearly with the degree of abnormality found radiographically. In individuals with unexplained shortness of breath with exertion or fatigue that is not easily explained in the medical records, a CPET will allow secure diagnosis of causation. Thus CPET is a powerful tool to explain shortness of breath with exertion or fatigue, and CPET has a role in the impairment rating process of all individuals with interstitial lung diseases and in selected individuals with unexplained symptoms.
15
Pemunta, N. V. "The Social Epidemiology and Burden of Malaria in Bali Nyonga, Northwest Cameroon." Health, Culture and Society 4, no. 1 (May 17, 2013): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/hcs.2013.69.
Full textAbstract:
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the anopheles mosquito that kills at least one million people in Sub-Saharan Africa every year, leading to human suffering and enormous economic loses. This paper examines the complex web of cultural, poor socio-economic conditions and environmental factors for the prevalence of malaria in Bali Nyonga. The study outlines and assesses the multiple notions of malaria causation with dirty environment (80.76%) and the mosquito (76.92%) as the leading causes. Other causes are poor hygiene (46.15%), impure sources of portable water (23.08%), malnutrition (15.38%), witchcraft (11.54%), human-vector contact (34.61%),and palm wine drinking (32.69%).It reveals that any effective management of malaria must be based on an understanding of traditional cultural views and insights concerning the cause, spread and treatment of the disease, as well as gender roles within a given community since women bear a greater burden of the disease than men. This study further underscores the need to incorporate folk theories of disease causation, gender and malaria issues into malaria control strategies in order to improve their coverage and effectiveness in different contexts.
16
Agrawal, Swati, Vrinda Saxena, Swapnil Jain, Vijayta Sharva, Shibani Sarangi, and Chandrahas Thakur. "Early detection and prevention of oral cancer: an appraisal." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 1 (December 25, 2019): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20195883.
Full textAbstract:
Oral cancers (OC) represent the majority of head and neck cancers with more than half million patients being affected each year worldwide. Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the sixth commonest cancer worldwide, accounting for approximately 4% of all cancers. Therefore, an improvement in the prevention and control of oral cancer is of critical importance. This may be achieved by reducing the risk through avoidance of tobacco and alcohol, recognizing and treating premalignant lesions and detecting developed OC at an early stage. Data search for the present review was done electronically. Electronic search was conducted using databases such as Pubmed and Medline, Cochrane library, articles published in peer-reviewed journals, text books, grey literature and from sites of World Health Organization, Centre For Diseases Control Report, Global Adult Tobacco Survey and Global Youth Tobacco Survey reports. This review ruled out web of causation and web of prevention including early detection and prevention to be an ideal strategy to reduce the prevalence of oral cancer and its impact on quality of life. Screening and early detection in population at risk have been proposed to decrease both morbidity and mortality associated with the oral cancer.
17
Obonyo, Esther, Sumit Pareek, and Dawit Woldu. "Decision Making within the Built Environment as a Strategy for Mitigating the Risk of Malaria and Other Vector-Borne Diseases." Buildings 9, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9010002.
Full textAbstract:
Although significant efforts have been made to combat the spread of vector-borne diseases (VBDs), they still account for more than 17% of all infectious diseases. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there were 216 million estimated cases in 2016. The efforts that resulted in these positive outcomes lack long-term financial sustainability because of the significant amount of funding involved. There is, therefore, a need for more cost-effective intervention. The authors contend that design decisions in the built environment can have a positive impact on the efforts directed at mitigating the risk of malaria in a more cost-effective manner. It is known that the built environment, through features such as openings, can propagate the spread of malaria. There have been some significant efforts directed at addressing this risk. This notwithstanding, an extensive review of closely related work established that built environment professionals have limited access to information on specific ways through which their design decisions can contribute to mitigating the risk of malaria. The validity of this hypothesis was tested through evaluating the opportunities for synergies in selected parts of East Africa. Secondary data derived from relevant urban health journals as well as repositories curated by leading health agencies such as WHO were synthesized and analyzed using a web of causation approach. The outcome of the analysis is a schema of primary and secondary source (risk) factors. The use of the web of causation approach revealed the existing factor-to-factor interactions that could have a reinforcing effect. This information was used to identify the critical linkages and interdependencies across different factors. The outcome of the analysis was mapped against risk factors that can be linked to decisions made during the six primary phases of the construction life cycle: Preliminary phase, conceptual design, detailed design, construction, facilities management, and end of life/disuse. A conceptual architecture for a decision support framework has been proposed and will be developed into a prototype in subsequent efforts.
18
Asakura, K., M. Nakano, and K. Omae. "Relationship between bidet toilet use and haemorrhoids and urogenital infections: a 3-year follow-up web survey." Epidemiology and Infection 146, no. 6 (March 21, 2018): 763–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268818000584.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractGiven the growing use of electric bidet toilets in Japan and other countries, we assessed the relationship between bidet toilet use and haemorrhoids or urogenital infections. Data were collected using a web-based longitudinal survey. In total, 10 305 subjects randomly selected from panels of a Japanese website research company for the baseline survey in 2013 were asked about their frequency of bidet toilet use and receipt of a doctor's diagnosis or subjective symptom of haemorrhoids and urogenital infections. One- and three-year follow-up surveys were performed in 2014 and 2016, respectively, and information on newly diagnosed/experienced outcomes occurring during the follow-up period were collected. Cumulative incidence of haemorrhoids and urogenital infections was not significantly increased by habitual use of a bidet toilet. In men, more habitual users reported subjective symptoms of irritated skin around the anus, which were newly experienced during follow-up than non-habitual users (adjusted risk ratio 1.36 (95% confidence interval 1.06–1.75)). Further studies are needed to confirm this relationship. Several of the outcomes were significantly more prevalent in habitual users, but these results were probably explained by reverse causation.
19
Vancea, Mihaela, and Mireia Utzet. "How unemployment and precarious employment affect the health of young people: A scoping study on social determinants." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 45, no. 1 (November 24, 2016): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494816679555.
Full textAbstract:
Background: The impact of unemployment and precarious employment on the health of young people is not well understood. However, according to social causation, higher socio-economic positions and thus better working conditions are beneficial to health in general. We tried to synthesize the results of studies that test this hypothesis in the case of young people. Methods: We conducted a scoping study mapping all the academic articles published in the period 2006–2016 in Europe. The literature was searched in PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, Web of Science and Scopus. Results: We identified 1770 studies, of which only 46 met the inclusion criteria. There are more studies that focus on the relationship between unemployment and health than between precarious employment and health (28 and 16, respectively). The vast majority of the studies (44) found support for the social causation hypothesis, the most common health outcomes being mental health disorders, health risk behaviour, poor quality of life and occupational injuries. The causal mechanisms behind this association relied mainly on the life-course perspective, the breadwinner model, and the lack of social and economic benefits provided by standard employment. Conclusions:There is evidence that young people are especially vulnerable to health problems when unemployed or working in precarious conditions. Active labour market and training programmes, inclusive social security measures, improved working conditions and targeted health programmes are important for addressing this vulnerability. Further research should strive to enhance the causal model by including a gender perspective, longitudinal data, more indicators on precariousness and third factor explanations.
20
Buzard, Kristy, and Kathleen Claussen. "Under Pressure: Intractable Trade Conflicts and Korea – Pneumatic Valves." World Trade Review 20, no. 4 (May 14, 2021): 509–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745621000124.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe Appellate Body (AB) report in Korea–Pneumatic Valves is among the most structurally complex of recent trade remedies reports. The AB weaves a complicated web to explicate the intricacies of the relationship among the relevant provisions on injury determination in anti-dumping disputes in the midst of a contentious and long-running series of disputes between two close regional trading powers. This Article first examines the Korean investigation and its significance in economic terms. Second, it analyzes the AB's conclusions on Article 6.2 of the Dispute Settlement Understanding regarding the panel request and the significance of the AB's treatment. Third, it studies the AB's comments on the panel's anti-dumping calculations where the AB amplifies its prior pronouncements on the elements of injury and causation. Finally, the Article situates this dispute in the broader political debates playing out both at the AB and between the two disputing parties.
21
Heath, Gregory W., and Nicholas Boer. "Epidemiologic Research: A Primer for the Clinical Exercise Physiologist." Journal of Clinical Exercise Physiology 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31189/2165-6193-9.1.29.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT An understanding of epidemiologic methods is important for the clinical exercise physiologist to assess the complex relationships between physical activity and health and disease. It is essential to the practice of preventive and rehabilitative care to understand the web of causation and complex interactions among agent (exercise), host (individual), and environment (affects transmission of agent source to host) in relationship to disease/injury and clinical outcomes. Application of the epidemiologic measures of disease/injury occurrence, variations in occurrence, and statistical measures of attributable risk and population attributable risk contribute to the clinician's skill level in assessing potential cause-effect relationships reported in the literature about exercise medicine, physical activity, and public health. By becoming familiar with the study methods used in epidemiology, the clinical exercise physiologist will be better positioned to assess criteria for a cause-effect relationship as well as to critically evaluate the assessment efforts used across a variety of study designs and applications of epidemiology in clinical research and practice.
22
Goldin, Owen. "Circular Justification and Explanation in Aristotle." Phronesis 58, no. 3 (2013): 195–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685284-12341248.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Aristotle’s account of epistēmē is foundationalist. In contrast, the web of dialectical argumentation that constitutes justification for scientific principles is coherentist. Aristotle’s account of explanation is structurally parallel to the argument for a foundationalist account of justification. He accepts the first argument but his coherentist accounts of justification indicate that he would not accept the second. Where is the disanalogy? For Aristotle, the intelligibility of a demonstrative premise is the cause of the intelligibility of a demonstrated conclusion and causation is asymmetric. Within the Posterior Analytics itself, Aristotle does not account for this, but elsewhere he develops the resources for doing so: the cause is what acts on a substrate to actualize a potential in that substrate, resulting in the effect. On the other hand, it may well happen that two propositions entail each other, in which case one may as well justify the one on the basis of the other as vice versa.
23
Walker, Venexia M., Neil M. Davies, Gibran Hemani, Jie Zheng, Philip C. Haycock, Tom R. Gaunt, George Davey Smith, and Richard M. Martin. "Using the MR-Base platform to investigate risk factors and drug targets for thousands of phenotypes." Wellcome Open Research 4 (November 7, 2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15334.2.
Full textAbstract:
Mendelian randomization (MR) estimates the causal effect of exposures on outcomes by exploiting genetic variation to address confounding and reverse causation. This method has a broad range of applications, including investigating risk factors and appraising potential targets for intervention. MR-Base has become established as a freely accessible, online platform, which combines a database of complete genome-wide association study results with an interface for performing Mendelian randomization and sensitivity analyses. This allows the user to explore millions of potentially causal associations. MR-Base is available as a web application or as an R package. The technical aspects of the tool have previously been documented in the literature. The present article is complementary to this as it focuses on the applied aspects. Specifically, we describe how MR-Base can be used in several ways, including to perform novel causal analyses, replicate results and enable transparency, amongst others. We also present three use cases, which demonstrate important applications of Mendelian randomization and highlight the benefits of using MR-Base for these types of analyses.
24
Satterfield, Dawn, Lemyra DeBruyn, Carolee Francis, and Aiko Allen. "A Stream Is Always Giving Life: Communities Reclaim Native Science and Traditional Ways to Prevent Diabetes and Promote Health." American Indian Culture and Research Journal 38, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 157–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/aicr.38.1.hp318040258r7272.
Full textAbstract:
Rare in Indian country just sixty years ago, type 2 diabetes mellitus is now woven into the fabric of losses in tribal communities across North America. Westernized lifestyles, with coincident obesity and physical inactivity, are powerful risk factors for this relatively new "disease of civilization." The web of causation is thicker and wider than obesity and physical activity alone, intertwined by historical, economic, environmental, and sociological roots. As diabetes-related morbidity, disability, and mortality continue to increase in communities around the globe, many tribal elders recall when diabetes was almost unknown. They remember being taught how to stay healthy, lessons that were part of their "traditional ecological knowledge," a symbolic and informational knowledge that is grounded in cultural values and practices, and refined through generations of observation, experimentation, and adaptation. In these conversations, the elders' traditional ecological knowledge richly illustrates the cultural capital that supported their survival and helped maintain the health of their communities even when they had to face challenging times. The purpose of this article is to describe a number of dynamic, tribally driven efforts that draw on traditional ecological knowledge to address the problem of diabetes in American Indian and Alaska Native communities.
25
Masters, Ken, Teresa Loda, Finja Tervooren, and Anne Herrmann-Werner. "How Have Researchers Acknowledged and Controlled for Academic Work Activity When Measuring Medical Students’ Internet Addiction? A Systematic Literature Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 20, 2021): 7681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147681.
Full textAbstract:
Internationally, medical students’ Internet Addiction (IA) is widely studied. As medical students use the Internet extensively for work, we asked how researchers control for work-related Internet activity, and the extent to which this influences interpretations of “addiction” rates. A search of PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar was conducted on the search phrase of “medical students” and “internet addiction” in March 2020. In total, 98 studies met our criteria, 88 (90%) used Young’s Internet Addiction Test, and the studies’ IA rates ranged widely. Little note was taken of work-related activity, and, when discussed, had little to no impact on the interpretation of Internet “addiction”. Studies seldom accounted for work-related activities, researcher bias appears to influence their position, “usage” appears conflated with “addiction”, and correlations between “addiction” and negative behaviours are frequently confused with one-way causation. In spite of IA’s not being officially recognised, few researchers questioned its validity. While IA may exist among medical students, its measurement is flawed; given the use of the Internet as a crucial medical education tool, there is the risk that conscientious students will be labelled “addicted”, and poor academic performance may be attributed to this “addiction”.
26
Abdullahi, Ali Arazeem, and Anas Danasabe Abubakar. "Why It Is Difficult to Eradicate Malaria in Sub-Sahara Africa." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 18, no. 3 (May 17, 2019): 269–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341516.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Malaria is a major public health problem in Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA). First-time pregnant mothers and children below the age of five are the most vulnerable. Governments of the region have relied on both local and international donor agencies to fight against malaria where emphasis has been on financial interventions, provision and distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs), provision of rapid-test apparatus, and drugs for first line treatment. However, the impacts of local and global efforts have been minimally felt as the burden of malaria continues unabated. The rate of malaria infections is still apocalyptically alarming. This article argues that the reason why cases and deaths attributable to malaria continue to rise is because wrong approaches are used in the so-called broad fight against malaria. Based on the assumptions of the epidemiological triangle model, the web of causation and social determinants of health, the article argues that for countries in SSA to effectively fight malaria, the nexus between the agent, host, and environment must be acknowledged. It is constructively argued that efforts to tame the scourge of malaria in SSA would be in futility where the environmental factors that produce the breeding ground for malaria are not adequately addressed. European and American experiences are compared to sufficiently substantiate this line of argument.
27
Bestor, Timothy H., John R. Edwards, and Mathieu Boulard. "Notes on the role of dynamic DNA methylation in mammalian development." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 22 (November 3, 2014): 6796–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1415301111.
Full textAbstract:
It has been nearly 40 y since it was suggested that genomic methylation patterns could be transmitted via maintenance methylation during S phase and might play a role in the dynamic regulation of gene expression during development [Holliday R, Pugh JE (1975) Science 187(4173):226–232; Riggs AD (1975) Cytogenet Cell Genet 14(1):9–25]. This revolutionary proposal was justified by “... our almost complete ignorance of the mechanism for the unfolding of the genetic program during development” that prevailed at the time. Many correlations between transcriptional activation and demethylation have since been reported, but causation has not been demonstrated and to date there is no reasonable proof of the existence of a complex biochemical system that activates and represses genes via reversible DNA methylation. Such a system would supplement or replace the conserved web of transcription factors that regulate cellular differentiation in organisms that have unmethylated genomes (such as Caenorhaditis elegans and the Dipteran insects) and those that methylate their genomes. DNA methylation does have essential roles in irreversible promoter silencing, as in the monoallelic expression of imprinted genes, in the silencing of transposons, and in X chromosome inactivation in female mammals. Rather than reinforcing or replacing regulatory pathways that are conserved between organisms that have either methylated or unmethylated genomes, DNA methylation endows genomes with the ability to subject specific sequences to irreversible transcriptional silencing even in the presence of all of the factors required for their expression, an ability that is generally unavailable to organisms that have unmethylated genomes.
28
Ma, Yuan, Alex Song, Anand Viswanathan, Deborah Blacker, Meike W. Vernooij, Albert Hofman, and Stefania Papatheodorou. "Blood Pressure Variability and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease." Stroke 51, no. 1 (January 2020): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.119.026739.
Full textAbstract:
Background and Purpose— Blood pressure (BP) variability may increase the risk of stroke and dementia. It remains inconclusive whether BP variability is associated with cerebral small vessel disease, a common and potentially devastating subclinical disease that contributes significantly to both stroke and dementia. Methods— A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies that examined the association between BP variability and the presence or progression of established markers of cerebral small vessel disease, including white matter hyperintensities, lacunes, and microbleeds on magnetic resonance imaging. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science. Ten studies met the criteria for qualitative synthesis and 7 could be included in the meta-analysis. Data were synthetized using random-effect models. Results— These studies included a total of 2796 individuals aged 74 (mean) ±4 (SD) years, with a median follow-up of 4.0 years. A one SD increase in systolic BP variability was associated with increased odds of the presence or progression of white matter hyperintensities (odds ratio, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.06–1.50]). The association of systolic BP variability with the presence of lacunes (odds ratio, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.74–1.16]) and the presence of microbleeds (odds ratio, 1.13 [95% CI, 0.89–1.44]) were not statistically significant. Conclusions— A larger BP variability may be associated with a higher risk of having a higher burden of white matter hyperintensities. Targeting large BP variability has the potential to prevent cerebral small vessel disease and thereby reducing the risk of stroke and dementia. The potential issue of reverse causation and the heterogeneity in the assessment of cerebral small vessel disease markers should be better addressed in future studies.
29
Katerndahl, David, Sandra Burge, Robert Ferrer, Johanna Becho, and Robert Wood. "Webs of causation in violent relationships." Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 20, no. 5 (September 12, 2014): 703–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jep.12259.
Full text
30
Tariq, Muhammad Salman, Iram Manzoor, Qurat Ul Ain Zulfi, Naeem Hussain, Nimra Saleem, and Murtaza Shabbir. "Gender difference in risk factors associated with ischemic heart disease in Lahore." Journal of Fatima Jinnah Medical University 14, no. 2 (July 15, 2020): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37018/hjie6482.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is one of the leading causes of mortality in Pakistan. With advancement in research, multiple causes have contributed in development of web of causation of this public health issue. The objective of this study was to assess gender differences in risk factors associated with ischemic heart disease in patients presenting at the biggest cardiology hospital of Lahore.
Patients and methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was carried out in Punjab Institute of Cardiology, Lahore from January to August, 2018 on a sample of 296 diagnosed patients of IHD, through non-probability consecutive sampling technique. Data was collected on pretested questionnaire. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 22. Chi-Square test of significance was applied and a p-value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The mean age of participants was 45±12 years with predominance of male patients (71.3%). Frequency of risk factors for IHD included increase body mass index (83.8%), hypertension (61%), insufficient physical activity (43%), diabetes (38.5%) and smoking (23%). Increase serum cholesterol was reported in 95% and triglycerides in 99% of the participants. Gender difference was significant with females residing in urban population (p=0.054) and exercise routine (p=0.034). Males showed high tendency of IHD with smoking pattern (p<0.001) contrary to presence of diabetes in females (p=0.05), hypertension (p=0.054), BMI (p=0.0379) and stressful event in life (p=0.002). Males showed regular intake of medicines (p =0.045) after diagnosis as compared to female population.
Conclusion: There is more frequency of ischemic heart disease in males as compared to females. Significant association was observed with residence in urban area, presence of diabetes, hypertension, high BMI and stressful event in life in occurrence of ischemic heart disease in female population.
31
Smyth, Laura Jane, Marisa Cañadas-Garre, Ruaidhri C. Cappa, Alexander P. Maxwell, and Amy Jayne McKnight. "Genetic associations between genes in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and renal disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis." BMJ Open 9, no. 4 (April 2019): e026777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026777.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundChronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities in kidney structure and/or function present for more than 3 months. Worldwide, both the incidence and prevalence rates of CKD are increasing. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) regulates fluid and electrolyte balance through the kidney. RAAS activation is associated with hypertension, which is directly implicated in causation and progression of CKD. RAAS blockade, using drugs targeting individual RAAS mediators and receptors, has proven to be renoprotective.ObjectivesTo assess genomic variants present within RAAS genes, ACE, ACE2, AGT, AGTR1, AGTR2 and REN, for association with CKD.Design and data sourcesA systematic review and meta-analysis of observational research was performed to evaluate the RAAS gene polymorphisms in CKD using both PubMed and Web of Science databases with publication date between the inception of each database and 31 December 2018. Eligible articles included case–control studies of a defined kidney disease and included genotype counts.Eligibility criteriaAny paper was removed from the analysis if it was not written in English or Spanish, was a non-human study, was a paediatric study, was not a case–control study, did not have a renal disease phenotype, did not include data for the genes, was a gene expression-based study or had a pharmaceutical drug focus.ResultsA total of 3531 studies were identified, 114 of which met the inclusion criteria. Genetic variants reported in at least three independent publications for populations with the same ethnicity were determined and quantitative analyses performed. Three variants returned significant results in populations with different ethnicities at p<0.05: ACE insertion, AGT rs699-T allele and AGTR1 rs5186-A allele; each variant was associated with a reduced risk of CKD development.ConclusionsFurther biological pathway and functional analyses of the RAAS gene polymorphisms will help define how variation in components of the RAAS pathway contributes to CKD.
32
Al-Muzian, Lubna, Mohammed Almuzian, Hisham Mohammed, Aman Ulhaq, and Alexander J. Keightley. "Are developmentally missing teeth a predictive risk marker of malignant diseases in non-syndromic individuals? A systematic review." Journal of Orthodontics 48, no. 3 (January 18, 2021): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465312520984166.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Different genes and loci that are associated with non-syndromic developmental tooth agenesis (TA) have the same causation pathway in the development of tumours including breast cancer (BC), epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), colorectal cancer (CRC) and lung cancer (LC). Objectives: To assess the link between TA and the development of cancer. Search sources: This registered review included a comprehensive search of electronic databases (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials [CENTRAL], LILACS, Scopus, Web of Science and Medline via Ovid) until 1 April 2020, supplemented by manual, grey literature and reference lists search. There was no restriction in term of date of publication, gender, race or type of hypodontia. Data selection: The primary outcome was the relationship between TA and cancer. The secondary outcome was to identify the genetic correlation between TA and cancer. Data extraction: Study selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment were performed independently and induplicate by two reviewers, with disputes resolved by a third reviewer. Results: Eight studies with a moderate-high risk of bias were included in the final review, with a total of 5821 participants. Due to the heterogeneity among the included studies, the data were presented narratively. Limited studies reported a high prevalence of EOC (19.2%–20%) and CRC (82%–100%) in individuals with TA (depending on the study) compared to those without TA (3% for EOC and 0% for CRC). While others reported a weak correlation between EOC and CRC and TA ( P > 0.05). Weak evidence suggested a strong correlation between breast, cervical uterine and prostate cancers and TA ( P < 0.05). Conclusions: Though low-quality evidence suggests a link between TA and cancer, it was not possible to verify that TA can hold a predictive value as a marker for cancers. Further research is needed to confirm the association. Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42020139751).
33
Clark, Stephen, Nick Hood, and Mark Birkin. "A hedonic model of the association between grocery brand provision and residential rental prices in England." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 14, no. 4 (January 29, 2021): 680–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-05-2020-0062.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose This study aims to measure the association between local retail grocery provision and private residential rental prices in England. Renting is an important sector of the housing market in England and local grocery provision is an important aspect of service provision and consumers are known to be highly sensitive to the branding of this type of retailing. Design/methodology/approach This research uses a novel data source from a property rental Web platform to estimate a hedonic model for the rental market. These models incorporate information on the nature of the properties and their neighbourhoods, with an emphasis on how different retail brands are associated with rental prices. This retail brand is captured on two scales: the provision of local branded convenience stores and the provision of larger stores. Findings The study finds clear differentials in how the local grocery brand is associated with rental prices. When controlling for commonly explored confounding factors, “Luxury” retailers such as Waitrose and Marks and Spencer are associated with higher rental prices, while “Discounter” retailers are associated with lower rental prices. This finding has many implications, particularly in relation to potential price changes in an already challenging housing market for many people. Research limitations/implications This is an observational study and as such only associations (not causation) can be implied by these findings. Originality/value The focus of this research is on the private residential property market, an important market in England but one that has enjoyed less scrutiny than the sales or socially rented markets. Rather than using general accessibility to retail, this research has differentiated the association by the retail brand and store size, two very important aspects of consumer choice.
34
Ramakrishnan, Rema, Shishir Rao, and Jian-Rong He. "Perinatal health predictors using artificial intelligence: A review." Women's Health 17 (January 2021): 174550652110461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17455065211046132.
Full textAbstract:
Advances in public health and medical care have enabled better pregnancy and birth outcomes. The rates of perinatal health indicators such as maternal mortality and morbidity; fetal, neonatal, and infant mortality; low birthweight; and preterm birth have reduced over time. However, they are still a public health concern, and considerable disparities exist within and between countries. For perinatal researchers who are engaged in unraveling the tangled web of causation for maternal and child health outcomes and for clinicians involved in the care of pregnant women and infants, artificial intelligence offers novel approaches to prediction modeling, diagnosis, early detection, and monitoring in perinatal health. Machine learning, a commonly used artificial intelligence method, has been used to predict preterm birth, birthweight, preeclampsia, mortality, hypertensive disorders, and postpartum depression. Real-time electronic health recording and predictive modeling using artificial intelligence have found early success in fetal monitoring and monitoring of women with gestational diabetes especially in low-resource settings. Artificial intelligence–based methodologies have the potential to improve prenatal diagnosis of birth defects and outcomes in assisted reproductive technology too. In this scenario, we envision artificial intelligence for perinatal research to be based on three goals: (1) availability of population-representative, routine clinical data (rich multimodal data of large sample size) for perinatal research; (2) modification and application of current state-of-the-art artificial intelligence for prediction and classification in health care research to the field of perinatal health; and (3) development of methods for explaining the decision-making processes of artificial intelligence models for perinatal health indicators. Achieving these three goals via a multidisciplinary approach to the development of artificial intelligence tools will enable trust in these tools and advance research, clinical practice, and policies to ensure optimal perinatal health.
35
Rautenbach, Christa. "EDITORIAL." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 19 (June 13, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2016/v19i0a1287.
Full textAbstract:
EDITORIALWhen PER (acronym for the Afrikaans journal title Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regstydskrif, but also suggesting the Latin connotations of causation, durability and facilitation) first appeared in November 1998, there was an awareness of the incongruity of the notion of a law journal not being published in tangible form by an established law publisher on the one hand, and on the other of the inevitability of things to come. The editorial stated:"In this era of an unstoppable increase in information on offer and improved means of communication, it is inevitable that the exchange of juristic ideas should develop and escalate electronically, by internet. A problem already challenging the time starved legal user of the electronic medium, is to separate the wheat from the chaff. For many people it is relatively easy to publish something on the Web. It is, however, just as demanding to produce quality in this manner as through any other medium, be it primitive or avant garde."From the outset the Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regstydskrif (PER) / Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal (PELJ) was focused on maintaining high editorial standards, producing material for legal scholars worth reading. Probably still the most widely cited contribution to PER/PELJ (on Ubuntu by Justice Yvonne Mokgoro) appeared in the first volume. Papers delivered (referred to as orationes) by prominent scholars and judges are often published in PER/PELJ, and double-blind peer review practices are maintained throughout, except for the orationes.From time to time guest editors are invited to produce single or special editions. Renowned South African and foreign scholars are regularly approached to review submissions to PER/PELJ, and the editorial board is composed of prominent internationally recognised academics and judges.Since 2003, PER/PELJ has taken its place among a range of renowned internationally accredited journals, currently listed and indexed inter alia by IBSS, DOAJ, SSRN, AJOL, Boloka, SciELO, HeinOnline, and Web of Knowledge.In 2016, PER/PELJ migrated to this online journal system, and contributions accepted for publication are now published continuously as soon as the finally edited version becomes available.We are entirely grateful to our authors, reviewers and readers who have always believed in the scholarly quality of the contributions. You have been instrumental in the phenomenal growth of the journal over the last 18 years.We are proud to announce the first contribution of 2016 entitled “Remedial Principles and Meaningful Engagement in Education Rights Disputes” by the renowned author, Sandy Liebenberg, who is a distinguished professor and HF Oppenheimer Chair in Human Rights Law, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa.Editor-in-Chief: Christa RautenbachandFounding Editor: Francois Venter
36
Schotvanger, Yvonne. "Exploratief Corpusonderzoek naar Partikel-Werkwoorden en Finietheid in Eerste-taal Verwerving." Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 69 (January 1, 2003): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.69.05sch.
Full textAbstract:
In the early stage of Dutch first-language acquisition, conjugation is thought to be applied to particle verbs indicating movement (e.g., hij gaat weg/he goes away) rather than to causative particle verbs (e.g. Jas openmaken/coat open-make) (Jordens, 2000). Here, we validate this hypothesized relation between semantics and morphology using spontaneous speech-data from two different groups of children: children with a normal language development and children with a Specific Language Impairment (SLI). Utterances from both groups were compared for finiteness (i.e., conjugation) of particle verbs of the two semantic classes 'movement' and 'causation'. The results indicate that finiteness of particle verbs is indeed determined by the semantics of the verbs. Furthermore, we conclude that young SLI-children prefer to use the less complex structure of particle verbs of movement to causative particle verbs.
37
Hunter, Abby, Rachael Murray, Laura Asher, and Jo Leonardi-Bee. "The Effects of Tobacco Smoking, and Prenatal Tobacco Smoke Exposure, on Risk of Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 1 (August 9, 2018): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty160.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background The association between cigarette smoking and schizophrenia is well established. However, up to 90% of people with schizophrenia begin smoking before the onset of their illness; thus, smoking could be an independent risk factor for schizophrenia. Prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoke is also associated with psychiatric problems in adolescence. Therefore, our aim was to undertake a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the effect of smoking, and prenatal smoke exposure, on risk of schizophrenia. Method We systematically searched Medline, EMBASE, PsychInfo, Maternity and Infant Care, and Web of Science (from inception to February 2018) to identify comparative observational studies of the risk of schizophrenia in relation to smoking status. Measures of relative risk (RR) were pooled in a meta-analysis with 95% confidence intervals (CI), using random effects model. Results Twelve studies (9 cohort, 3 case-control) were included. Odds ratios (OR) and hazard ratios (HR) were pooled together to estimate pooled relative risks and estimates combined in a meta-analysis on an assumption of constant risk over time. Smokers had a significantly increased risk of schizophrenia compared with nonsmokers (RR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.10% to 3.61%, I2 = 97%, 5 studies). Exposure to prenatal smoke increased the risk of schizophrenia by 29% (95% CI = 1.10% to 1.51%, I2 = 71%, 7 studies). Sensitivity analyses identified no significant differences between the results from studies reporting OR and hazard ratio. Conclusions Our findings suggest smoking, and prenatal smoke exposure, may be an independent risk factor for schizophrenia. Care should be taken when inferring causation, given the observational nature of the studies. Implications In this meta-analysis of 12 studies, smokers had a significantly increased risk of schizophrenia compared with nonsmokers. Exposure to prenatal tobacco smoke also increased the risk of schizophrenia by 29% compared with those with no exposure to prenatal tobacco smoke. Our findings suggest that smoking, and prenatal tobacco smoke exposure, may be independent risk factors for schizophrenia. These results may have important public health implications for decreasing the incidence of schizophrenia. The possibility of a causal link between smoking and schizophrenia warrants further investigation.
38
Stephenson, Callum, Niloufar Malakouti, Joseph Y. Nashed, Tim Salomons, Douglas J. Cook, Roumen Milev, and Nazanin Alavi. "Using Electronically Delivered Therapy and Brain Imaging to Understand Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Pathophysiology: Protocol for a Pilot Study." JMIR Research Protocols 10, no. 9 (September 14, 2021): e30726. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/30726.
Full textAbstract:
Background Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating and prevalent anxiety disorder. Although the basal ganglia and frontal cortex are the brain regions that are most commonly hypothesized to be involved in OCD, the exact pathophysiology is unknown. By observing the effects of proven treatments on brain activation levels, the cause of OCD can be better understood. Currently, the gold standard treatment for OCD is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with exposure and response prevention. However, this is often temporally and geographically inaccessible, time consuming, and costly. Fortunately, CBT can be effectively delivered using the internet (electronically delivered CBT [e-CBT]) because of its structured nature, thus addressing these barriers. Objective The aims of this study are to implement an e-CBT program for OCD and to observe its effects on brain activation levels using functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It is hypothesized that brain activation levels in the basal ganglia and frontal cortex will decrease after treatment. Methods Individuals with OCD will be offered a 16-week e-CBT program with exposure and response prevention mirroring in-person CBT content and administered through a secure web-based platform. The efficacy of the treatment will be evaluated using clinically validated symptomology questionnaires at baseline, at week 8, and after treatment (week 16). Using functional MRI at baseline and after treatment, brain activation levels will be assessed in the resting state and while exposed to anxiety-inducing images (eg, dirty dishes if cleanliness is an obsession). The effects of treatment on brain activation levels and the correlation between symptom changes and activation levels will be analyzed. Results The study received initial ethics approval in December 2020, and participant recruitment began in January 2021. Participant recruitment has been conducted through social media advertisements, physical advertisements, and physician referrals. To date, 5 participants have been recruited. Data collection is expected to conclude by January 2022, and data analysis is expected to be completed by February 2022. Conclusions The findings from this study can further our understanding of the causation of OCD and help develop more effective treatments for this disorder. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04630197; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04630197. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/30726
39
Sathianathen, Niranjan Jude, Robert Lane III, Declan G. Murphy, Stacy Loeb, Caitlin Bakker, Alastair D. Lamb, and Christopher J. Weight. "Social Media Coverage of Scientific Articles Immediately After Publication Predicts Subsequent Citations - #SoME_Impact Score: Observational Analysis." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): e12288. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/12288.
Full textAbstract:
Background Social media coverage is increasingly used to spread the message of scientific publications. Traditionally, the scientific impact of an article is measured by the number of citations. At a journal level, this conventionally matures over a 2-year period, and it is challenging to gauge impact around the time of publication. Objective We, therefore, aimed to assess whether Web-based attention is associated with citations and to develop a predictive model that assigns relative importance to different elements of social media coverage: the #SoME_Impact score. Methods We included all original articles published in 2015 in a selection of the highest impact journals: The New England Journal of Medicine, The Lancet, the Journal of the American Medical Association, Nature, Cell, and Science. We first characterized the change in Altmetric score over time by taking a single month’s sample of recently published articles from the same journals and gathered Altmetric data daily from the time of publication to create a mixed effects spline model. We then obtained the overall weighted Altmetric score for all articles from 2015, the unweighted data for each Altmetric component, and the 2-year citation count from Scopus for each of these articles from 2016 to 2017. We created a stepwise multivariable linear regression model to develop a #SoME_Score that was predictive of 2-year citations. The score was validated using a dataset of articles from the same journals published in 2016. Results In our unselected sample of 145 recently published articles, social media coverage appeared to plateau approximately 14 days after publication. A total of 3150 articles with a median citation count of 16 (IQR 5-33) and Altmetric score of 72 (IQR 28-169) were included for analysis. On multivariable regression, compared with articles in the lowest quantile of #SoME_Score, articles in the second, third, and upper quantiles had 0.81, 15.20, and 87.67 more citations, respectively. On the validation dataset, #SoME_Score model outperformed the Altmetric score (adjusted R2 0.19 vs 0.09; P<.001). Articles in the upper quantile of #SoME_Score were more than 5 times more likely to be among the upper quantile of those cites (odds ratio 5.61, 95% CI 4.70-6.73). Conclusions Social media attention predicts citations and could be used as an early surrogate measure of scientific impact. Owing to the cross-sectional study design, we cannot determine whether correlation relates to causation.
40
Xu, Lei, Boris V. Schmid, Jun Liu, Xiaoyan Si, Nils Chr Stenseth, and Zhibin Zhang. "The trophic responses of two different rodent–vector–plague systems to climate change." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1800 (February 7, 2015): 20141846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1846.
Full textAbstract:
Plague, the causative agent of three devastating pandemics in history, is currently a re-emerging disease, probably due to climate change and other anthropogenic changes. Without understanding the response of plague systems to anthropogenic or climate changes in their trophic web, it is unfeasible to effectively predict years with high risks of plague outbreak, hampering our ability for effective prevention and control of the disease. Here, by using surveillance data, we apply structural equation modelling to reveal the drivers of plague prevalence in two very different rodent systems: those of the solitary Daurian ground squirrel and the social Mongolian gerbil. We show that plague prevalence in the Daurian ground squirrel is not detectably related to its trophic web, and that therefore surveillance efforts should focus on detecting plague directly in this ecosystem. On the other hand, plague in the Mongolian gerbil is strongly embedded in a complex, yet understandable trophic web of climate, vegetation, and rodent and flea densities, making the ecosystem suitable for more sophisticated low-cost surveillance practices, such as remote sensing. As for the trophic webs of the two rodent species, we find that increased vegetation is positively associated with higher temperatures and precipitation for both ecosystems. We furthermore find a positive association between vegetation and ground squirrel density, yet a negative association between vegetation and gerbil density. Our study thus shows how past surveillance records can be used to design and improve existing plague prevention and control measures, by tailoring them to individual plague foci. Such measures are indeed highly needed under present conditions with prevailing climate change.
41
de Oliveira, Bruna Paloma, Carlos Menezes Aguiar, and Andréa Cruz Câmara. "Photodynamic therapy in combating the causative microorganisms from endodontic infections." European Journal of Dentistry 08, no. 03 (July 2014): 424–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.137662.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) is presented as a promising antimicrobial therapy that can eliminate microorganisms present in endodontic infections. This treatment is based on the use of a nontoxic photosensitizing agent followed by irradiation of a resonant light source being capable of generating highly reactive species that are harmful to microorganisms. The purpose of this paper is to review the dental literature about the main factors that encompass the use of PDT combined with endodontic treatment for decontamination of the root canal system. A literature search was performed using the following index databases: PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge and MedLine, between 2000 and 2014, looking for studies regarding antimicrobial action of PDT and its application to endodontic therapy. It was observed that despite numerous promising results, it is still necessary to establish different parameters so that PDT can be used with maximum effectiveness in eliminating microorganisms that cause endodontic infections.
42
Ilyas, Muhammad, Asif Mir, Sobiah Rauf, Sidrah Nazir, and Humera Javed. "HUNTINGTON GENE ONTOLOGICAL STUDY AND ORTHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS." World Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 1, no. 2 (August 15, 2016): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33865/wjb.001.02.0008.
Full textAbstract:
Huntington gene is located on chromosome 4p16.3 IT15 locus considered a major causative gene of Huntington disorder. HTT is a neurodegenerative disorder mutation in gene cause abnormal movements and psychiatric disturbances. HTT is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner with almost complete penetrance and till now, no research studies provide insight into HTT gene. Bioinformatics analysis includes transcription factors binding sites, phylogenetic studies with reference to various selected orthologs and syntenic relationship of HTT gene. Our study showed that in HTT gene majority of the portion is conserved among two orthologs chimpanzee and mouse in significance to human. These studies also revealed information about conservation of genes among different ortholog species and their evolutionary relationship.
43
Dam, Leena B., and Deepa Pillai. "Crafting Virtual Community of Indigenous Entrepreneurs: Case in Social Entrepreneurship." South Asian Journal of Business and Management Cases 10, no. 1 (March 22, 2021): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277977921991916.
Full textAbstract:
Facebook has voyaged a significant distance since its launch in 2004 as a web-based social media connector. What initially started off as a way to socially associate people at an individual level has in its journey become a platform for doing business easily. It is currently a huge ring to associate and network across the globe. Sonia Konjeti Agarwal has weaved a comparable success story utilizing Facebook. Her story, like that of Facebook, started with a motive to socially connect people of a geographical area. She created a Facebook group for women in Pune and christened it PULA (Pune Ladies Association), which has now become a vibrant business platform. Research Questions: i. Social entrepreneurs are change agents. In the context of social entrepreneurship which is most important: initiation of an idea, transmission of idea or creating a sustainable impact? ii. Social media is a powerful tool for networking. How did PULA strategically leverage social media for real time interactions and entrepreneurial ventures? Link to Theory: This case draws linkage to Social Cognitive Theory. Social Cognitive theory depicts bidirectional character of causation where behavior, cognitive, emotional factors and environment persistently and jointly persuade each other. Role of the protagonist in creating an exciting platform for indigenous entrepreneurs through the path of social entrepreneurship is linked here. Phenomenon Studied: Social entrepreneurship is a promising field with diverse interpretations. As a social entrepreneur, Sonia’s efforts are directed towards strengthening the identity of indigenous entrepreneurs. She initiated small venture creations within social network. Growth of indigenous entrepreneurs ignites self dependency and magnetizes new investments. Success of the virtual community to hone entrepreneurial skills is studied. Case context - As a social entrepreneur, the protagonist used Facebook to create virtual community of indigenous (women) entrepreneurs. PULA enhanced visibility, reach, network and prominence of indigenous entrepreneurs at low cost. Opportunity to interact with buyers directly expanded vendor registration in the group. It also created level playing field for first generation entrepreneurs. Findings: This case depicts pragmatism of the social entrepreneur. PULA unified the virtual community and resources fostering entrepreneurship. This virtual community signifies uniqueness of domain, novel practices and policies. PULA was initially constituted for social networking. Gradually members discovered business opportunities. Efficacy of social media for virtual engagement and small venture creation resulted in financial independence for women. Status of women transitioned to indigenous entrepreneur from homemaker. Growth of indigenous entrepreneurs being contagious, a wave of first generation entrepreneurs was born. Discussions: PULA encouraged individuals hitherto in the veil of self imposed life situations to become entrepreneurs. Sonia was zealous about empowering women, to create opportunities for them to succeed and advance in lives. As a social influencer her actions are directed towards social well being. Her primary objective is to leverage the trust shown by two hundred forty-five thousand plus members and six thousand five hundred plus verified sellers. Non existence of tangible and quantifiable metrics for measuring the performance of the social entrepreneur creates a challenge. Sonia is exploring new social media engagement strategies for creating a sustainable virtual community.
44
Aureli, Filippo, and Colleen M. Schaffner. "Empathy as a special case of emotional mediation of social behavior." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, no. 1 (February 2002): 23–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x02250013.
Full textAbstract:
Empathy can be viewed as an intervening variable to explain complex webs of causation between multiple factors and the resulting responses. The mediating role of emotion, implicit in the concept of an intervening variable, can be at the basis of the flexibility of empathic responses. Knowledge of the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms is needed for empathy to be considered as a biologically functional intervening variable.
45
Padhi, Aditya K., Suhas V. Vasaikar, Bhyravabhotla Jayaram, and James Gomes. "ANGDelMut – a web-based tool for predicting and analyzing functional loss mechanisms of deleterious angiogenin mutations causing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis." F1000Research 2 (October 28, 2013): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.2-227.v1.
Full textAbstract:
ANGDelMut is a web-based tool for predicting the functional consequences of missense mutations in the angiogenin (ANG) protein, which is associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Missense mutations in ANG result in loss of either ribonucleolytic activity or nuclear translocation activity or both of these functions, and in turn cause ALS. However, there are no web-based tools available to predict whether a newly identified ANG mutation will be ALS causative. More importantly, no web-implemented method is currently available to elucidate the mechanisms of loss-of-function(s) of ANG mutants. In light of this observation, we developed the ANGDelMut web-based tool, which predicts whether an ANG mutation is deleterious or benign. The user selects certain attributes from the input panel, which serves as a query to infer whether a mutant will exhibit loss of ribonucleolytic activity or nuclear translocation activity or whether the overall stability will be affected. The output states whether the mutation is deleterious or benign, and if it is deleterious, gives the mechanism(s) of loss-of-function. This web-based tool, freely available at http://bioschool.iitd.ernet.in/DelMut/, is the first of its kind to provide a platform for researchers and clinicians, to infer the functional consequences of ANG mutations and their association with ALS ahead of experimental findings.
46
Hur, YoungJae, Mauricio Chalita, Sung-min Ha, Inwoo Baek, and Jongsik Chun. "VCGIDB: A Database and Web Resource for the Genomic Islands from Vibrio cholerae." Pathogens 8, no. 4 (November 23, 2019): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040261.
Full textAbstract:
Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, which is a severe, life-threatening diarrheal disease. The current seventh pandemic has not been eradicated and the outbreak is still ongoing around the world. The evolution of the pandemic-causing strain has been greatly influenced by lateral gene transfer, and the mechanisms of acquisition of pathogenicity in V. cholerae are mainly involved with genomic islands (GIs). Thus, detecting GIs and their comprehensive information is necessary to understand the continuing resurgence and newly emerging pathogenic V. cholerae strains. In this study, 798 V. cholerae strains were tested using the GI-Scanner algorithm, which was developed to detect candidate GIs and identify them in a comparative genomics approach. The algorithm predicted 435 highly possible genomic islands, and we built a database, called Vibrio cholerae Genomic Island Database (VCGIDB). This database shows advanced results that were acquired from a large genome set using phylogeny-based predictions. Moreover, VCGIDB is a highly expendable database that does not require intensive computation, which enables us to update it with a greater number of genomes using a novel genomic island prediction method. The VCGIDB website allows the user to browse the data and presents the results in a visual manner.
47
Al-Ani, Yasir Mansour Mohamed. "STUDY OF TINEA PEDIS IN DIABETIC VERSUS NON-DIABETIC PATIENTS." AL-Kindy College Medical Journal 16, no. 1 (September 16, 2020): 78–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.47723/kcmj.v16i1.199.
Full textAbstract:
Background : The aim of this work is to study the clinical features and causative fungi of tinea pedis in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Result : Tinea pedis was estimated to be the second most common skin disease in the United States, after acne. Up to 15% of the U.S., population may have tinea pedis. Across Europe and East Asia, prevalence rates reach 20 %. Methods: The Complete history taking regarding: age, sex, occupation, residency, history of diabetes and diabetic profile (fasting blood sugar and post prandial).and Clinical examination of the feet Aim of the study : The aim of this work was to study the clinical features and causative fungi of tinea pedis in diabetic and non-diabetic patients Conclusion : Tinea pedis is more frequent in tropical climates and may be associated with use of occlusive footwear. Males are more often affected than females. It is mostly affecting the web space between the fourth and fifth toes. Children do not often develop tinea pedis. Patients with atopic dermatitis or immuno suppressive disorders may be predisposed to developing tinea pedis
48
Levine, Amy-Jill. "Christian Faith and the Study of the Historical Jesus: A Response to Bock, Keener, and Webb." Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus 9, no. 1 (2011): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/174551911x601153.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis paper responds to three essays on historical-Jesus research which claim that an explicitly confessional Christian perspective need not compromise participation in historical research. Responding to Darrell Bock, it notes that evangelicals are new to embrace the methods associated with such study but questions whether this shift advances discussion. Responding to Craig Keener, it questions both the value of using biographies of Roman officials to determine the reliability of Gospel portraits and the use of data derived from late rabbinic sources to determine Second Temple practices. Responding to Robert Webb, it suggests that his 'methodological-naturalistic' view regarding causation of events will be most productive in conservative settings where there is no preliminary argument as to whether the events in question actually happened.
49
Pechsiri, Chaveevan, and Sumran Phainoun. "Event-Concept Pair Series Extraction to Represent Medical Complications from Texts." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 12, no. 3 (December 1, 2018): 1320. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v12.i3.pp1320-1333.
Full textAbstract:
<p>This research aims to determine an event-concept pair series as consequent events, particularly a Cause-Effect-concept pair (called ‘CEpair’) series on disease documents downloaded from hospital-web-boards. CEpair series are used for representing medical/disease complications which benefit for Solving system. Each causative/effect event concept is expressed by a verb phrase of an elementary discourse unit (EDU) which is a simple sentence. The research has three problems; how to determine each adjacent-EDU pair having the cause-effect relation, how to determine a CEpair series mingled with non-causeeffect-relation EDUs, and how to identify the complication of several extracted CEpair series from the documents. Therefore, we extract NWordCo-concept set having the causative/effect concepts from EDUs’ verb phrases including a support vector machine to solve each NWordCo size. We apply the Naïve Bayes classifier to learn and extract an NWordCoconcept pair set as a knowledge template having the cause-effect relation from the documents. We then propose using the knowledge template to extract several CEpair series. We also apply the intersection of the NWordCo-concept sets to identify the commoncause/effect for representing the complication-development parts of the extracted-CEpair series. The research results provide the high percent correctness of the CEpair-series determination from the documents.</p>
50
Stone, Marcus B., Jeffrey E. Edwards, Catherine L. Stemmans, Christopher D. Ingersoll, Riann M. Palmieri, and B. Andrew Krause. "Certified Athletic Trainers' Perceptions of Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 12, no. 4 (November 2003): 333–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.12.4.333.
Full textAbstract:
Context:Despite recent evidence to suggest that exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMC) might be primarily of neuromuscular origin, the authors surmise that most information available to certified athletic trainers (ATCs) emphasizes the role of dehydration and electrolyte imbalance in EAMC.Objective:To investigate ATCs' perceptions of EAMC.Design:7-question, Web-based, descriptive, cross-sectional survey.Subjects:997 ATCs.Main Outcome Measures:Responses to 7 questions regarding the cause, treatment, and prevention of EAMC.Results:Responders indicated humidity, temperature, training, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance as causative factors of EAMC. Fluid replacement and stretching the involved muscle were identified as very successful in treating and preventing EAMC. Proper nutrition and electrolyte replacement were also perceived as extremely successful prevention strategies.Conclusions:ATCs' perceptions of the cause, treatment, and prevention of EAMC are primarily centered on dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Other prominent ideas concerning EAMC should be implemented in athletic training education.