Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Weber, Max, Religion and sociology. Sociology'

Orientador: Renato José Pinto Ortiz
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: Esse trabalho tem como objetivo comparar Durkheim e Weber, os quais representam figuras emblemáticas nos estudos das sociedades ocidentais modernas, na tentativa de aproximar suas teorias sociológicas à religião. Procuramos destacar, a partir dos estudos epistemológicos e metodológicos deles, alguns elementos que podem nos levar a destacar pontos convergentes e divergentes, tentando explorá-los para ressaltar certa aproximação. Para tanto, no primeiro capítulo expomos uma comparação entre religião e magia, levando em conta noções como sacrifício, culto e rito. Essa comparação tem como objetivo mostrar, de um lado, que em Durkheim ambas são fenômenos sociais e que, por outro lado, em Weber a religião se revela mais racional do que a magia, considerada como uma atividade irracional. Portanto, esse capítulo seria uma articulação em torno da natureza social e racional da religião em relação à natureza social e irracional da magia. Já no segundo capítulo buscamos entender melhor, segundo as concepções durkheimiana e weberiana, o sentido da relação que o indivíduo mantém com os seres espirituais objetos de culto, como Alma, Deus e Espírito, para então delimitar o papel desempenhado pelo sagrado na socialização. Por fim, no terceiro capítulo retomamos o debate, ao mesmo tempo velho e atual, sobre as relações complexas entre religião e política. Nesse sentido, mostramos como em Durkheim o caráter indiferenciado desses dois elementos se incorpora e se funde no conceito de religião civil, enquanto em Weber sua diferenciação mais ou menos radical nos leva à sua sociologia da dominação. Com isso buscamos analisar até que ponto a religião e a política podem se influenciar e interagir reciprocamente, mesmo quando elas se opõem. Dessa forma, esse estudo comparativo trata de alguns temas comuns a Durkheim e Weber, mas essencialmente importantes para a sociologia da religião
Abstract: This work, pursuing a very ambitious goal to compare Durkheim and Weber, try to reconcile the two theories of the sociology of religion as they represent the leading figures in the advent of modern Western societies. It seeks to highlight, starting from their epistemological and methodological studies, elements that show us what is convergent and divergent, while trying to exploit them to find an approximation. In order to develop this idea, in the first chapter there is a comparison between religion and magic, taking into account concepts such as sacrifice, worship and ritual. The objective of this comparison is, on one hand, to show that both in Durkheim are a social phenomenon, and, on the other hand, in Weber religion is more rational than the magic considered as an irrational activity. So, this chapter is a joint around the social and rational nature of religion in relation to social and irrational nature of magic. The second seeks to understand better, according to Durkheim and Weber's designs, the meaning of the relationship the individual has with the spiritual beings objects of worship, such as Soul, God and Spirit, as well as to determine the role played by the sacred in the socialization. Finally, the third chapter resumes the debate, in the same time old and current, on the complex relationship between religion and politics. By comparing, we will try to emphasize, first in Durkheim, their indiscriminate nature that incorporates and merges the concept of civil religion, then in Weber, their differentiation more or less radical which is rooted in its sociology of domination. In this sense, we will see through these two leading sociologists extent how religion and politics can influence each other and interact, even if they disagree. Thus, this comparative study discusses some common themes between Durkheim and Weber, which are essentially important for the sociology of religion
Mestrado
Sociologia
Mestre em Sociologia

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
A presente pesquisa propõe-se a estabelecer um diálogo com a Sociologia Política de Max Weber, vendo-a como uma área estruturada pelos conceitos de dominação e legitimação, basicamente. Ao contrário da forma de discussão mais corrente que analisa e aplica tais conceitos – bem como os conceitos a eles imediatamente relacionados, como poder, organização e luta – queremos trabalhar a articulação entre idéias e interesses enquanto uma dimensão implícita nestes conceitos, pois que mantém estreita afinidade com eles. Isto significa que as idéias se inserem em cursos de legitimação de interesses materiais e de interesses ideais. Pretendemos demonstrar que existem, no pensamento de Weber, três níveis cruciais desta articulação, quais sejam: o epistemológico, o teórico sistemático de sua Sociologia da Religião e o de sua Sociologia Política, sendo que este último se objetiva a partir da ênfase nas justificações internas em que se apóia a dominação. Derivamos daí a principal questão da pesquisa: como as idéias se inserem em cursos de legitimação específicos?
This study aims to establish a dialogue with Max Weber’s Political Sociology, deeming it as an area structured by the concepts of domination and legitimation, basically. Unlike the most common approach, which analyzes and applies such concepts – as well as the concepts immediately related to them, such as power, organization and strife – we would like to work the articulation between ideas and interests as an implicit dimension in these concepts, for it bears close affinity with them. This means that ideas are inserted in courses of legitimation of ideal and material interests. Our intention is to demonstrate that there are, in Weber’s thought, three crucial levels of such articulation: the epistemological, the theoretical systematic of his Sociology of Religion and that of his Political Sociology, the latter being objectified from the emphasis on the internal justifications which support domination. From that argument we derive the main question of this study: how are ideas embedded in specific courses of legitimation?

Orientador: Marco Aurélio Nogueira de Oliveira e Silva
Banca: Milton Lahuerta
Banca: João Carlos Soares Zuin
Banca: Antônio Flávio de Oliveira Pierucci
Banca: Gabril Cohn
Resumo: A presente pesquisa propõe-se a estabelecer um diálogo com a Sociologia Política de Max Weber, vendo-a como uma área estruturada pelos conceitos de dominação e legitimação, basicamente. Ao contrário da forma de discussão mais corrente que analisa e aplica tais conceitos - bem como os conceitos a eles imediatamente relacionados, como poder, organização e luta - queremos trabalhar a articulação entre idéias e interesses enquanto uma dimensão implícita nestes conceitos, pois que mantém estreita afinidade com eles. Isto significa que as idéias se inserem em cursos de legitimação de interesses materiais e de interesses ideais. Pretendemos demonstrar que existem, no pensamento de Weber, três níveis cruciais desta articulação, quais sejam: o epistemológico, o teórico sistemático de sua Sociologia da Religião e o de sua Sociologia Política, sendo que este último se objetiva a partir da ênfase nas justificações internas em que se apóia a dominação. Derivamos daí a principal questão da pesquisa: como as idéias se inserem em cursos de legitimação específicos?
Abstract: This study aims to establish a dialogue with Max Weber's Political Sociology, deeming it as an area structured by the concepts of domination and legitimation, basically. Unlike the most common approach, which analyzes and applies such concepts - as well as the concepts immediately related to them, such as power, organization and strife - we would like to work the articulation between ideas and interests as an implicit dimension in these concepts, for it bears close affinity with them. This means that ideas are inserted in courses of legitimation of ideal and material interests. Our intention is to demonstrate that there are, in Weber's thought, three crucial levels of such articulation: the epistemological, the theoretical systematic of his Sociology of Religion and that of his Political Sociology, the latter being objectified from the emphasis on the internal justifications which support domination. From that argument we derive the main question of this study: how are ideas embedded in specific courses of legitimation?
Doutor

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Neste trabalho interpretamos a epistemologia weberiana como uma proposta de ordenação aproximativa do concreto, que possui em seu ponto de partida uma concepção do mundo empírico como um reino de infinidade, diversidade e caos. Tal postura de ordenação pressupõe a utilização de definições conceituais referidas seletivamente ao mundo empírico, estabelecendo sua reconstrução pelo pensamento. O método em Weber se caracteriza, sobretudo, pela utilização de táticas de sociologia histórica comparada como meio de submeter hipóteses causais à verificação, sendo que a causalidade opera uma combinação de fatores necessários e dificilmente suficientes para a explicação de determinado evento ou momento histórico. No decorrer da argumentação, torna-se claro que a estratégia cognitiva weberiana não escapa de uma parcialidade significativa, que pressupõe a presença de pontos de vista particulares que organizam a comparação histórica e o desenvolvimento de hipóteses. Isto significa que a questão da objetividade encontra-se aberta, sendo o esquema teórico weberiano articulado em torno de três pontos chave que o perpassam, quais sejam, a significação, a seleção e o interesse.
In this research we interpret the weberian epistemology like a proposal of approximative ordination of the concrete, that haves in its departure's point a conception of the empiric world like a reign of infinity, diversity and chaos. So posture of ordination presupposes the utilization of conceptual definitions related selectively to the empiric world, establishing its reconstruction by thought. The method by Weber characterizes itself by utilization of tactics of historic sociology comparate like mean of to submit causal hypothesis to verification, being that causality operates a combination of necessary factors and difficultly sufficient for a explication of determinate event or historic moment. Our argumentation shows that the weberian cognitive strategy no escapes of a significative partiality, that presupposes the presence of particular points of view that organizes the historic comparation and the development of hypothesis. This denotes that the question of the objectivity is open, and the teoric scheme is articulate around three key-points: the signification, the selection and the interest.

This study is centered on the social question as addressed and defined by Ernst Troeltsch (1865--1923) and by Max Weber (1864--1920); it pertains mainly to the rise of religious modernity and its conditions of possibility; based on a comparative analysis of the socio1ogy of religion of Troeltsch and Weber, it deals with the question how religious modernity has to be thought from a sociological perspective.
Along with modern historical science and scientific rationality in general, the social question challenged religion in the nineteenth century; this study brings out the originality of Troeltsch's vision of a modernity compatible with belief in the future of religion.
Motivated by the debate on the social question, Troeltsch's concern was the social foundations of the Christian doctrine in its relation to secular domains of activity, and this calls for a new outlook on the issue of the relation between religion and culture.
Eventually, the comparative approach of the sociological thought of Weber and Troeltsch pursued in the present work, while providing new insight into Weber's views on religion, brings about a better understanding of Troeltsch as a theologian and a philosopher of religion.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
It is intended, by means of three essays, to analyze the rationalization of the religion and of the law in Max Weber. It will accentuate how the German thinker understood the "disenchantment" of the world as dismagification of the ways of salvation and as scientific transformation of the world in a "causal mechanism". Nevertheless, the two senses are not simultaneous, there is a unique historical turning to western modernity: the own religious ethos, especially by his Calvinist streak, at the enthroning the impersonality of the social relations and to promote the rationalization of the different spheres of action, stripped the world of his sacral mantle and profane it. On the other hand, will highlight the rise, thanks to the "disenchantment" of the world, the modern legal formalism in which the laws lose their magical aura. The laws are to be reviewable, although the technical-abstract content to become unknown to the layman. Finally, the weberian concepts will be read in light of recent interpretations about the religious, moral and legal modernity of Brazil. Between the lines, will appear the weberian "ethics", secular and self-assured.
Pretende-se, por meio de três ensaios, analisar a racionalização da religião e do direito em Max Weber. Acentuar-se-á como o pensador alemão compreendeu o desencantamento do mundo como desmagificação das vias de salvação e como transformação científica do mundo em um mecanismo causal . Entretanto, os dois significantes não são coetâneos, há uma inflexão história singular à modernidade ocidental: o próprio ethos religioso, sobretudo por seu filão calvinista, ao entronizar a impessoalidade das relações sociais e ao promover a racionalização das distintas esferas de ação, despiu o mundo de seu manto sacral, profanando-o. Por outro lado, destacar-se-á o advento, graças ao desencantamento do mundo, do formalismo jurídico moderno, no qual as leis perdem sua aura mágica. As leis passam a ser revisáveis, remodeláveis, embora o seu conteúdo técnico-abstrato passe a ser desconhecido dos leigos. Por fim, as conceituações weberianas serão lidas à luz das recentes interpretações sobre a modernidade religiosa, moral e jurídica do Brasil. Nas entrelinhas, aparecerá a ética weberiana, laica e segura de si.
Mestre em Ciências Sociais

Les travaux presentes sont articules autour de la publication de max weber, sociologie des religions , paris, 1996, ainsi que d'un index analytique ( shadyc, marseille, 1997) se rapportant a cet ouvrage. Ils visent , sur la base d'un ensemble coherent de textes fortement lies et presentes dans des traductions nouvelles, ainsi qu'a travers une analyse critique detaillee de la traduction francaise de l'ethique protestante et l'esprit du capitalisme , a reconstruire l'architecture conceptuelle de la sociologie weberienne des religions
The works presented are formulated around the publication of max weber, sociologie des religions , paris, 1966, as well as of an index analytique (marseille, 1997) concerning this book. They aim to reconstruct the conceptual architecture of the weberian sociology of religion, on the basis of a coherent collection of strongly linked texts presented in new translations and through a critical detailed analysis of the french translation of the protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism

Orientador: Renato Pinto Ortiz
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: A religião é, para Weber, a chave de interpretação para o entendimento de processos culturais mais amplos, como o desencantamento do mundo e a secularização. Além disso, ele a define como estilo de vida próprio fomentado pelo indivíduo, que, conseqüentemente, interfere na conduta de um grupo ou de uma coletividade historicamente determinados. A análise da religião possibilita também a compreensão interpretativa de "individualidades históricas", ou seja, das seis religiões ou sistemas como o budismo, confucionismo, judaísmo, o islamismo, protestantismo e hinduísmo, cuja descrição histórica e tipológica possibilitou a formulação mais desenvolvida da relação entre religião e economia, ou seja, da conexão de sentido entre protestantismo e capitalismo. Mediante a análise comparativa e descritiva das religiões mundiais (éticas religiosas), Weber aponta a religião (o protestantismo) como um dos determinantes causais da ética econômica do capitalismo europeu
Abstract: For Weber, religion is the key to the interpretation and understanding of wider cultural processes, such as disenchantment of the world and secularization. Moreover, he defines it as a personal style of life promoted by the individual, which consequently interferes in the conduct of a historically detennined group or collective. Analysis of religion pennits the interpretive comprehension of various "historical individualities", that is, innumerous religions such as Buddhism, Confucianism, Judaism, Protestantism, and Hinduism, among others, whose historic and typological description permitted the most complete formulation of the relationship between religion and economy, that is, of the meaningful connection between Protestantism and Capitalism. Based on a comparative and descriptive analysis of world religions (religious ethics), Weber considers religion (Protestantism) to be one of the causal detenninants of European capitalism
Mestrado
Mestre em Sociologia

Thesis (DTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2000
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The fundamental perspective of this study is that faith cannot be separated from either tradition or empirical experience. The relationship between theology, as the critical justification of faith, and sociology, as the empirical study of society and religion, is discussed in this perspective. Chapter 1 presents an overview of tradition as a theological problem. The conclusion is that the reformational sola-scriptura-confession is not antithetical to a positive evaluation of tradition, but that reformed theology has often had problems with really taking the historical aspect of tradition seriously. In Chapter 2 it is argued that a dialogue between theology and sociology is both necessary and fruitful. Chapter 3 discusses the philosophy of science, in order to give a perspective on the foundations for dialogue. This discussion also facilitates the choice of sociological partners for discussion. Weber and Berger, as sociologists who take theological themes seriously, are chosen as partners for discussion. Chapter 4 presents a critical evaluation of Weber's sociology. It is argued that his approach to religion is reductionistic, but that it poses questions that should be taken seriously. Among these the question of the influence of the social context on tradition and the problem of routinization of tradition stand out. These problems also surface in the sociology of Berger, as Chapter 5 points out. Berger differs from Weber in that he is a Christian who practices theology. Yet his perspective on religion remains reductionistic. His view that religion is to a great extent determined by the social context finds itself in tension with his view that faith is a fee choice of the individual. This problem is never satisfactorily adressed in Berger's work. The final chapter attempts to give a basic perspective within which theology can both remain true to itself and take sociology seriously. It is argued that thisperspective is found in the viewpoint that humans are neither the passive objects of social determination, nor the active constructors of society. Humans receive the empirical world as a gift, but this reception should be understood as an activity. The conclusion is that tradition is ambivalent. On the one hand it is a necessary tool for ordering experience, but on the other hand it can distort experience. Therefore there is a tension between tradition and experience. Faith should not be tied exclusbely to either tradition or experience, but stands within the tension between the two. Theso/a-scriptura-confession expresses the conviction that faith lives within this tension through the Word of God alone.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie gaan uit van die standpunt dat geloof in die spanningsveld van tradisie en empirie staan. Dit impliseer dat geloof nie losgemaak kan word van 'n positiewe waardering vir tradisie nie, maar dat geloof ook nie teenoor empiriese waarneming gestel kan word nie. Hierdie standpunt word belig deur die verhouding tussen teologie, as kritiese geloofsverantwoording, en sosiologie, as 'n empiriese dissipline wat ook die godsdiens vertolk, te bestudeer. Hoofstuk 1 bespreek die kerklike tradisie. Daar word gewys op die waarde sowel as die ambivalensie van tradisie. Die reformatorieseso/a scriptura word aan die orde gestel om aan te dui dat dit moontlik is om hierdie belydenis te versoen met 'n waardering vir die tradisie, hoewel die Skrif as kritiese norm teenoor tradisie gehandhaaf word. Verder word aangetoon dat die gereformeerde benadering tot tradisie nie sonder probleme is nie en dat veral die historiese aard van die geloofstradisie nie altyd in die gereformeerde teologie verdiskonteer word nie. In Hoofstuk 2 word die keuse vir 'n dialogiese benadering tot die verhouding tussen teologie en sosiologie gemotiveer. Hoofstuk 3 stel die wetenskapsfilosofie aan die orde, ten einde die gespreksbasis sowel as die keuse vir gespreksgenoteduidelik te maak. Die keuse vir gespreksgenote val op Weber en Berger as sosiolce wat beide erns gemaak het met teologiese temas. Die sosiologie van Max Weber word in Hoofstuk 4 bespreek. In die evaluering van sy godsdienssosiologie word aangedui dat Weber se perspektief op die godsdiens reduksionisties is, maar dat dit die teologie voor ernstige vrae stel, waaronder die invloed van die sosiale konteks op die geloofstradisie en die probleem van roetinisering van die tradisie uitstaan. Hierdie vrae kom ook na vore uit die sosiologie van Peter Berger. Berger verskil van Weber daarin dat hy 'n Christen is en self teologie beoefen. Tog bly sy perspektief op die godsdiens reduksionisties en staan sy siening oor die beinvloedinq van die godsdiens deur die sosiale konteks in spanning met sy verstaan van die geloof as 'n vrye keuse van die individu. Hierdie spanning word nie bevredigend opgelos nie. Die slothoofstuk soek na 'n perspektief waarbinne die teologie erns kan maak met die sosiologie, maar ook getrou kan bly aan sy eie aard as geloofsverantwoording. Hierdie perspektief word gevind in die uitgangspunt dat die mens n6g as 'n passiewe objek van sosiale be"lnvloeding, n6g as 'n aktiewe subjek van sosiale konstruering verstaan kan word. In die geloof ontvang die mens sy ervarinqswereld, maar hy is aktief betrokke by daardie ontvangs. Die slotsom is dat tradisie ambivalent is. Aan die een kant maak dit gerigte ervaring vir die mens moontlik. Aan die ander kant kan tradisie die mens se uitsig op die werklikheid belemmer. Daarom staan tradisie altyd in spanning met empiriese ervaring. Geloof staan nie net in die tradisie nie en ook nie net in die ervaring nie, maar in die spanningsveld van tradisie en empirie. Die sola-scriptura-belydenis verwoord die oortuiging dat geloof in hierdie spanningsveld leef uit die Woord van God aileen.

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Those intellectuals in Western modernity who exempted themselves from the Orientalist intellectual vanguard position did so, in part and in fact, once they were deeply involved with Eastern philosophy (especially, the Indian); undeniably in greater number among the Germans. This German intellectual look, along with a clear indomania, remained almost completely apart from the imperialist exploratory justifications, so attractive to the British and the French minds, as Said’s Orientalists, those explored by literary dictates and other Orientalists presented by him. Therefore, we confirm and disagree, at the same time, with the author of Orientalism on a fundamental point: Germany has opposed orientalisms. One, to a lesser extent, based specifically on Hegel’s communicating vessels (coming from some English and French), which confirms Said’s thesis; the other, and here under the particular look of Max Weber, opposed to the imperialist and modernist Orientalism. Given this premise, we deal with a fruitful and broad intellectual understanding, under the Weberian look, with respect to the transmission of ideas that took place in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the so-called East India towards West Germany. Nevertheless, we have the following central problems: what would Weber's interests be? What and how did he present the Indian religions? Was he a mere influencer of Orientalism, as Said claims? Another Eurocentric adventurer and rationalist when it comes to an oriental culture? About the the first two questions, our research points to deep intellectual interests on the part of the German, far beyond what was expected; on the other questions, the answer is notably negative, since Weber will go beyond his time in many respects and will have unprecedented concerns, conclusions and amplifications regarding the indological analysis. Besides, he was not oblivious and submissive to the reports and analyzes coming from England and France, much less to the rationalist European and modern dictates that propagate the idea of being "better" than other times and other cultures.
Da posição de vanguarda intelectual orientalista se eximiram, em parte, aqueles intelectuais na modernidade ocidental que de fato ficaram profundamente envolvidos com a filosofia oriental (em especial, indiana), inegavelmente com maior ênfase entre os alemães. Tal olhar intelectual alemão, junto a uma indomania evidente, manteve-se quase que absolutamente à parte das justificativas exploratórias imperialistas, tão atraentes às mentes inglesas e francesas, os orientalistas de Said, e tão exploradas pelos ditames literários e orientalistas apresentados por ele. Assim sendo, confirmamos e discordamos ao mesmo tempo do autor de Orientalismo em um ponto fundamental: a Alemanha possui orientalismos opostos. Um, em menor proporção, calcado especificamente nos vasos comunicantes de ingleses e franceses, que confirma a tese do Said; outro, e aqui sob o olhar particular de Max Weber, contrapõe-se ao orientalismo imperialista. Diante desta premissa, tratamos de um entendimento intelectual frutífero e amplo, sob o olhar weberiano, no tocante ao contato ou transmissão de ideias ocorridas no século XIX e início do XX, entre os assim chamados Oriente indiano e o Ocidente alemão. Não obstante, temos os seguintes problemas centrais: quais seriam os interesses indológicos de Weber? O que e como ele apresentou as religiões indianas? Seria ele um mero influenciador do orientalismo, como assim apregoa Said? Mais um aventureiro eurocêntrico e racionalista em torno de uma cultura oriental? Para as duas primeiras questões, nossa pesquisa aponta para interesses intelectuais profundos por parte do alemão, muito além do esperado; para as demais, notadamente não, já que Weber irá além de seu tempo em muitos aspectos e terá preocupações, conclusões e amplificações inéditas em relação à análise indológica; além de não ficar omisso ou submisso aos relatos e análises advindas da Inglaterra e França, muito menos aos ditames racionalistas europeus e modernos que propagam a ideia de serem “melhores” a outros tempos e a outras culturas.

This thesis attempts to describe the meanings, chart the development and evaluate the cogency of 'Caesarism', with particular reference to that concept's place and significance in the thought of Max Weber. It begins (Chapter 2) by investigating the genesis and historical trajectory of the term, concentrating on French and German usage between the period 1850-1880. My concern here is to determine the social causes of the word's emergence, the social problems and issues that it articulated and the reasons that account for its decline as a vernacular expression among the educated political public. With the term's original intellectual milieu established the next task is to proceed (Chapters 3 and 4) to the centrepiece of this study, an exposition and critique of Caesarism as both word and concept in Weber's political and sociological writings. Four primary contexts in which Weber employed 'Caesarism' are discussed: Bismarck's governance; 'plebiscitary leadership' in modern liberal-democratic states; the military 'dictatorships' of the likes of Cromwell and Napoleon; and the constitutional position of the Weimar Reich President. In the process of the discussion, 'Caesarism’ ‘s relationship to the more famous 'charisma' is explored. Following on from this I assess the view of the 'irrational masses' that underlies Weber's theory of leadership, and seek to demonstrate that view's empirical implausibility and logical incoherence while, at the same time, defending Weber from the charge of 'irrationalism' and defending also the value of the notion of 'irrationality' itself. Finally (Chapter 5) surveys a selection of recent attempts to apply the concept of 'Caesarism' to specific institutions, epochs and types of leadership. Though locating problems with these attempts, my suggestion is that 'Caesarism' can indeed do some sociological work for us, provided that our ambitions for the concept are modest and our approach historically informed.

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Analyzes the possibilities of dialogue between literature, in selected works of Fiódor Dostoiévski, Franz Kafka and Thomas Mann, and sociology of Max Weber. The dialogue between poets, writers and social scientists in Germany and France in the nineteenth century confirms the possibility of this analysis. The social situation that was developing in Europe at that time directed the gaze of both fields of scientific and literary production to common questions. It seeks to prove that weberian sociology, with all its peculiar elements can be placed as a reference for study of the works. For the subjective nature of literary texts and the multiple possibilities of interpretation, had the care methodology to perform both a sociological analysis of the literature, which takes into account the context in which such works were produced as a sociological analysis of literary discourse, in which the specificity of the text goes on to win a highlight as important as the context and the balance between both text and context, is to define the course of analysis. The works of Dostoiévski, with his polyphonic textual structure, approach the methodological to the interpretation of reality developed by Max Weber, as well as deal with common themes such as religion and the consequences of capitalism. In Kafka, the relationship was built around recurring themes also to Weber, as the issue of laws and bureaucracy. Finally, Thomas Mann demonstrated the possibility of a sociology of art proposed by Max Weber, in which the author works the process of empowerment of the aesthetic sphere and the implications in creating artistic, literary placed by Thomas Mann through the conflicts experienced by their protagonists. The study proved that the elements common to sociology can and should be used as a resource to perform an analysis of literary works
Analisa as possibilidades de diálogo entre literatura, em obras escolhidas de Fiódor Dostoiévski, Franz Kafka e Thomas Mann, e a sociologia de Max Weber. O diálogo existente entre poetas, literatos e cientistas sociais na Alemanha e na França do século XIX ratifica a possibilidade desta análise. A conjuntura social que desenvolvia-se na Europa naquele período direcionou o olhar tanto do campo de produção literário quanto do científico para questões comuns. Busca demonstrar que a sociologia Weberiana, com todos os seus elementos peculiares pode ser posta como um referencial para estudo das obras. Pelo caráter subjetivo dos textos literários e das múltiplas possibilidades de interpretação, teve-se o cuidado metodológico de executar tanto uma análise sociológica da literatura, que leva em consideração o contexto na qual tais obras foram produzidas quanto uma análise sociológica do discurso literário, na qual a especificidade do texto passa a ganhar um realce tão importante quanto o contexto e o equilíbrio entre ambos, texto e contexto, passa a definir o rumo da análise. As obras de Dostoiévski, com sua estrutura textual polifônica, aproximam-se da perspectiva metodológica para a leitura da realidade desenvolvida por Max Weber, bem como tratam de temáticas comuns, como religião e as conseqüências do capitalismo. Em Kafka, a relação construiu-se em torno de temas recorrentes também para Weber, como a questão das leis e da burocracia. Por fim, Thomas Mann demonstrou a possibilidade de uma sociologia da arte proposta por Max Weber, na qual o autor trabalha o processo de autonomização da esfera estética e as implicações na criação artística, colocada literariamente por Thomas Mann através dos conflitos vivenciados por seus protagonistas. O estudo comprovou que os elementos comuns à sociologia podem e devem ser utilizados como um recurso para a realização de uma análise de obras literárias

This dissertation deals with the specifics of the design of "objectivity" in Max Weber. Therefore, it seeks to locate this design through a comparison with various theoretical and methodological lines, including most importantly Marxism and positivism and hermeneutics. Do not search here necessarily draw a comprehensive and detailed the origins of the notion of "objectivity" in Weber, but by comparison with other lines of thought about the "objectivity" of the role of science and social science or science of culture highlight what's innovative in building epistemological and methodological Weber doing his work culminating in a singular vision, specifically, about the "objectivity. We conclude that Weber has managed to keep the "objectivity" while that left open possibilities for the intersection between the sphere of subjectivity and objectivity in the realm of social phenomena, ie, between the substrate subjective actions of social agents and substrate material, causal and institutional.
Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas
Esta dissertação trata das especificidades da concepção de “objetividade” em Max Weber. Para tanto, busca localizar esta concepção através de um confronto com várias linhas teóricas e metodológicas, das quais se destacam o marxismo e o positivismo e a hermenêutica. Não se busca aqui necessariamente traçar de forma exaustiva e aprofundada as origens da noção de “objetividade” em Weber, mas, através do confronto com outras linhas de pensamento acerca da “objetividade” científica e do papel da ciência social ou da ciência da cultura, evidenciar o que tem de inovador na construção epistemológica e metodológica weberiana que faz sua obra culminar numa visão singular, específica, cerca da “objetividade. Conclui-se que Weber conseguiu conservar a “objetividade” ao mesmo tempo em que deixava aberta possibilidades para a intersecção entre a esfera da subjetividade e a esfera da objetividade dos fenômenos sociais, ou seja, entre o substrato subjetivo das ações dos agentes sociais e o substrato material, causal e institucional.

Este trabalho é uma primeira etapa da elaboração de um conjunto conceitual que tem por objetivo fornecer uma explicação sociológica para o fenômeno do conhecimento. O ponto de partida é a reconstrução de uma possível explicação presente na sociologia de Max Weber para o fenômeno em questão. Parto da suposição que os trabalhos de Weber indiretamente explicariam-no, dado que a teoria da ação e da racionalização suscitariam inevitáveis problemas epistemológicos. Não obstante, essas duas teorias endereçariam respostas parciais aos dois problemas básicos sobre o conhecimento, a saber, o que é o conhecimento? e como o conhecimento é desenvolvido? Para respondê-las integralmente, seria necessário encontrar um fenômeno que conjugasse a teoria da ação social com a teoria da racionalização. Minha principal hipótese é que este seria o no processo de intelectualização. Com isso, a parte central deste trabalho refere- se à reconstrução do processo de intelectualização e sua solução prévia para o conhecimento. Ao esgotar todas as possibilidades de explicação, utilizo os trabalhos de Hermann Lotze e Gottlob Frege como auxiliares na compreensão e resolução de noções subjacentes ao problema do conhecimento, como as noções de sentido, significado, verdade, interpretação e intersubjetividade. Ao final, chego a uma conclusão que tenta acoplar uma teoria da linguagem sobre a explicação do conhecimento produzida pela reconstrução dos trabalhos de Weber
This study is a first stage of drafting a conceptual framework that aims to provide a sociological explanation for the phenomenon of knowledge. The starting point is the reconstruction of a possible explanation for knowledge grounded on Max Weber\'s Sociology. As a starting point, we assume that Weber\'s work indirectly explains the phenomenon of knowledge, since the theory of action and rationalization would raise inevitable epistemological problems. Nevertheless, these two theories would only address partial answers to two basic problems about knowledge, namely, what is knowledge? and how knowledge is developed? In order to answer completely such questions it would require a phenomenon that combines the theory of social action with the theory of rationalization. Our main hypothesis is that the process of intellectualization is the phenomenon would best combine both theories. Thus, the central part of this study refers to the reconstruction of the process of intellectualization and its prior solution to the knowledge. When all possibilities were exhausted, we used some works of Hermann Lotze and Gottlob Frege in order to assist the comprehension and solve some knowledge\'s underlying notions, such as meaning, sense, truth, interpretation, and intersubjectivity. In the conclusion, we attempt to attach a theory of language on the explanation of knowledge produced by the reconstruction of Weber\'s writings

A pesquisa busca apontar fundamentos da teoria da ação em Max Weber a partir da formação da vontade na filosofia prática de Immanuel Kant. Verifica-se em que medida a sociologia poderia aceitar tais elementos constitutivos, sem deixar de cumprir sua tarefa como ciência. O vínculo irrecusável entre ambas está nas relações entre a representação de uma regra e a determinação de uma ação. O interesse sociológico na regularidade permite a passagem da ação às formações sociais mais complexas. O dispositivo conceitual que oferece tal chave é o sentido da ação social. Através de sua constante referência, Weber elabora a tensão entre perspectivas subjetivas e objetivas na unidade coerente da ação: o tecelão, que não sabe o que tece. Daí se desenvolve uma profícia relação entre os domínios da realidade concreta e da validade ideal. Ao manter tal tensão, recusa-se também valores universalmente válidos à ciência o limite de seu kantismo é disputa entre valores últimos. O problema da insociável-sociabilidade apresentado por Kant, repõe esta tensão no plano da história. Na ocasião da coerência observada entre os diversos níveis teóricos dos escritos weberianos, este movimento também se mostra operante, na formação da legitimidade. Por isso, pode-se dizer que a exposição da vontade apresentará uma crítica da sociologia da dominação. A tensão atua no momento mesmo da tessitura social: o tecelão, perdoa-lhe, ele não sabe o que faz.
This work seeks the grounds for Max Webers theory of action on Immanuel Kants pratical philosophy, since the formation of will. It enquires into the extents sociology accepts this founding elements without leaving scientific duties. A straightforward binding along with both of them is found in the link between rule representation and the determination of action. Sociological interest in regularity allows the access from action to more complex social formations. The conceptual device that provides the key: the meaning of social action. Throught out its continual reference, Weber develops the strain between subjective and objective perspectives in a coherent action unity: the weaver, that doesnt know what he weaves. From there on, he builts up a fruitful relationship for the domains of concrete reality and ideal validity. For holding this strain also means to refuse universal validity of values in science the borders of his kantianism is the struggle around the latest values. Kants expositions on the unsocial-sociability restores the strain on historical scale. Given the noted coherence, to be found on Weber, between distinct theoretical levels, this trend is also undertaken, during legitimations building. For the exposition of will presents a critic of the sociology of domination. A tension on the weaving social fabric: the weaver, forgive him, he doesnt know whats doing.

O texto procura reconstruir a posição de Max Weber no debate acerca dos juízos de valor nas ciências sociais. Com base nos argumentos elencados por Weber, identificam-se duas dimensões na tese da neutralidade valorativa, uma metodológica e outra ética e tenta-se investigar a relação entre as duas dimensões. Em anexo, ainda se apresenta a tradução de três textos de Weber, inéditos em português
The text seeks to reconstruct Max Webers position in the debate concerning the value-judgments in the social sciences. Based on the arguments given by Weber, it identifies two dimensions in the value-freedom thesis, a methodological and an ethical one. Finally, it tries to investigate the relation that links the two dimensions. At the end, there is a translation of three Max Weber texts, still unavailable in Portuguese

Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Max Weber’s text, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904-5), also called “the Weber thesis”, has animated debates on the relationship between religion, particularly Calvinism, and capitalism for over a century. Many studies have been done to test the validity of the relationship between religion, particularly Protestantism, and capitalism in different parts of the world. However, the case of the relationship between Calvinism and capitalism in South Africa has received limited scholarly attention. In the view of the political economist Francis Fukuyama, ‘the failure of the Calvinist Afrikaners to develop a thriving capitalist system until the last quarter of the [19th] century’ is an anomaly that needs explanation. My doctoral thesis takes up this challenge and offers an understanding of the engagement of Boers/Afrikaner Calvinists with trade, later modern industrial capitalism, from 1652 to 1948. In order to understand the South African case study — Calvinism found roots at the Cape in 1652 and is significant still today — I have employed historical sociology as my methodology. My preference was guided by Weber’s use of a form of this methodology. This allows for nuanced understandings of Calvinism and forms of capitalism at different periods in its evolution. I have employed Weberian sociological theory, including his ideal type constructs such as the Protestant ethic, bureaucracy and the spirit of capitalism, to gain greater insight. In my analysis I have also relied on Weber’s Verstehen (interpretive) frameworks to offer more nuanced results. To add to the conceptual framework, I have used Weber’s metaphor of the “switchmen” in order to trace the impact of ideas. Of course, the focus is on Calvin’s ideas as they were reintroduced at different periods in South African Calvinist history: often to suit new socio-political conditions and material interests. I trace the values of the Protestant ethic and the attitudes expressing the spirit of capitalism, following Weber, through an investigation of bureaucratisation of business and government. I show the increased convergence of the Afrikaner Calvinist volk with the spirit of modern industrial capitalism in the early 20th century through the call by the elite among the Afrikaners acting as ideological “switchmen” through their ideas and wanting to alleviate poverty amongst the group. Finally, the thesis shows the validity of the Weber thesis and its use for the study of Afrikaner Calvinism, including in period that follows after 1948.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Max Weber se teks, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904-5), ook genoem “die Weber tesis”, het debatte oor die verhouding tussen religie, veral Calvinisme, en kapitalisme vir meer as ‘n eeu geanimeer. Daar is vele studies wat poog om die geldigheid van ‘n verband tussen religie, veral Protestantisme en kapitalisme in ander dele van die wêreld te beoordeel. Die verhouding tussen Calvinisme en kapitalisme in Suid Afrika het egter beperkte akademiese ondersoek gekry. Na die siening van die politieke ekonoom Francis Fukuyama is “die onvermoë van die Calvinistiese Afrikaners om ‘n welvarende kapitalistiese stelsel te ontwikkel tot voor die laaste kwart van die [19de] eeu” ‘n anomalie wat verduideliking benodig. My doktorale tesis neem die uitdaging aan en bied insig in die verband tussen Afrikaner Calvinisme en handel, later, moderne industriële kapitalisme, van 1652 tot 1948. Historiese sosiologie, gelei deur ‘n Weberiaanse benadering, is as metodologie toegepas om insig te kry in die Suid-Afrikaanse gevallestudie – Calvinisme vestig in die Kaap in 1652 en is tans nog betekenisvol. Dit het my in staat gestel om ‘n genuanseerde begrip van Calvinisme en die vorms van kapitalisme in verskillende tydperke in sy evolusie te ontwikkel. Weberiaanse sosiale teorie, insluitend sy ideale tipes konsepte, soos die Protestante etiek, burokrasie en die gees van kapitalisme is toegepas om beter insig te kry. In my analise het ek op Weber se Verstehen (interpretatiewe) raamwerke gesteun om meer genuanseerde resultate op te lewer. Weber se metafoor van die “switchmen” is aangewend om die nalatenskap van idees te volg. Die fokus is natuurlik veral op die wyse waarop Calvyn se idees herhaaldelik gebruik is gedurende verskillende tydperke in Suid-Afrikaanse Calvinistiese geskiedenis: soms om nuwe sosio-politieke kondisies en materiële belange te bevredig. Ek het die waardes van die Protestante etiek en houdings wat, volgens Weber, die gees van kapitalisme uitdruk, in die burokratisering van besigheid en regering ondersoek. Ek het toenemende konvergensie tussen die Afrikaner Calvinistiese volk en die gees van moderne industriële kapitalisme in die vroeë 20e eeu, gevoed deur die oproep van die elite onder die Afrikaners wat waarneem as ideologiese “switchmen” deur hulle idees in die poging om armoede onder die groep te verlig, uitgelig. Laastens, die tesis bewys die geldigheid van die Weber tesis en sy toepassing in die studie van Afrikaner Calvinisme, insluitend die tydperk wat volg na 1948.

This study examines two interconnected and as yet wholly neglected aspects of Max Weber's 'Sociology of Law,' namely, its substantive underpinnings and focal concern with the status of the judge. At the heart of the 'Sociology of Law' is a comparative analysis of the Continental and the English administrations of justice, which can best be understood when read against his substantive sociology and which requires an assiduous reading of the 'Sociology of Law.' Thus the first part of this examination elucidates Weber's overarching concern with the effects of bureaucratization on the development of personality. The second part provides a detailed explication of the 'Sociology of Law' which privileges his treatment of the Common Law and distinguishes the juristic and sociological strands of his analysis, re-examines his notion of formal and substantive rationality, pays close attention to his assessment of the Free Law Movement, and accords due place to his discussion of the anti-formalistic tendencies in modern law. Taken together, these expose the contradictions and assumptions which frame his tendentious analysis and bring to light the vital role he ascribes to the judge.

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This dissertation lays out the main elements that make up the rationalization process discussed by Max Weber throughout his work, which results in the singularity of modern Western civilization and disenchantment of the world , as well as the effects of this process in the meaning of sciences, especially legal science, in modernity. To that effect, special attention is given to Weber s reflections on this respect in his classic essays Intermediate reflection and Science as a vocation. For proper comprehension of the rationale developed by Weber in said essays, this dissertation also examines, in general terms, Weber s sociology of religion and scientific methodology. Based on these elements, this dissertation proposes an examination of Weberian thought on law within a larger context of his sociology of modernity in order to identify the contribution of law to the rationalization process and the effects suffered by it as a consequence of the same process
Este trabalho tem por objetivo expor os principais elementos que compõe o processo de racionalização discutido por Max Weber ao longo de sua obra, ao qual se deve a singularidade da moderna sociedade ocidental e o desencantamento do mundo , bem como os efeitos deste processo no significado das ciências, notadamente a ciência do direito, na modernidade. Para tanto, é dada especial atenção às considerações de Weber a esse respeito em seus textos clássicos Consideração intermediária e A ciência como vocação. Para que os argumentos desenvolvidos por Weber nos referidos textos possam ser adequadamente compreendidos, este trabalho percorre, ainda, de modo geral, a sociologia da religião e a metodologia científica de Weber. Com base nesses elementos, este trabalho propõe o exame do pensamento weberiano sobre o direito no contexto maior da sua sociologia da modernidade a fim de identificar a contribuição do direito para o processo de racionalização e os efeitos por este sofridos em consequência do mesmo processo

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There is in contemporary societies an increasing interest in understanding violence as well as improving measures of security in order to contain it. An effort has been made to understand the complex process of the State s dimensions specially those related to wide range public policies. The aim is to understand why socially strategic sectors, specially security, so far under State responsibility, is now being shared with the market and people even accept their tendency of being dominated by market. The phenomenon of commodification of security is not a new one but has taken place more intensely in the decade of 1970 in many countries. The subject is a complex one. The causes, consequences and meaning of commodification of security is attracting a deserved attention from scholars. The knowledge of this phenomenon must contribute to a better understanding of many aspects of its social dynamics that has great relevance from the economic, cultural and political view. This work adopts the approach of Economic Sociology, supported by the main contribution of Max Weber, Karl Marx and contemporary sociologists
É cada vez maior o interesse em entender a violência contemporânea, bem como aperfeiçoar as medidas de segurança que devem ser adotadas para contê-la. Também é grande o esforço para compreender o complexo processo redimensionamento do Estado, particularmente no tocante à implantação de políticas públicas de amplo alcance. E mais, entender o que tem levado setores estratégicos socialmente, em especial a segurança, até então sob a responsabilidade do Estado, a conviver e até aceitar a tendência de tornar-se dominada pelo mercado. O fenômeno da mercantilização da segurança não é novo, mas vem ocorrendo de maneira mais intensa a partir da década 1970 do século XX em vários países. O tema é complexo. Assim, as causas, as consequências e os significados da mercantilização da segurança têm merecido uma especial atenção dos estudiosos. O conhecimento deste fenômeno deve contribuir para melhor perceber os vários aspectos da sua dinâmica social que tem grande relevância do ponto de vista econômico, cultural e político. O caminho adotado foi o da construção de uma abordagem a partir da Sociologia Econômica, apoiada na contribuição principal de Max Weber, Karl Marx e de autores contemporâneos

Setting out from the works of Max Weber and Karl Polanyi, this chapter outlines a sociology of economic constitutionalism. The starting point is a functional definition of economic constitution as the law constituting the market order, no matter if it is public or private, national or international, official or informal law. Economic constitutionalism is understood as a system of thought, which emphasises the role of a liberal economic constitution in integrating the global economy. Adapting Weber's ideal-typical method, the economic constitution is conceived as a constitutional ideal type, next to juridical constitution, political constitution, social constitution, and security constitution. Sociologically speaking, these ideal types capture different constitutional rationalities, which are all culturally significant but not equally successful in the global age. Drawing on Polanyi's work, which exposes the self-regulating market as an artefact of economic thinking, the argument proceeds by highlighting the constitutive role of economics in constructing the law of the globalised market society. After economic law came to be embedded in national welfare states in the twentieth century, economic constitutionalism furthers the opening up of national laws and economies. In contrast to the rule of law, the rule of the market is inherently transnational in character.

On démontre trois choses dans ce travail : 1) L’histoire politique de la Macédoine, sous les Antigonides, est à comprendre à partir du problème du charisme et de ce que Weber appelle sa « quotidiennisation ». 2) Ce processus dépend d’une forme de sociologie, qui fait s’alterner pente à la construction d’une bureaucratie et nécessité d’une remotivation périodique de l’institution monarchique. 3) Cette sociologie s’enracine enfin dans la nature même du social, tantôt pratique démotivée, tantôt réenchantée, comme on le vérifiera ici à partir du problème du culte aux dirigeants et de la croyance
This Phd studies the relationship between kings and subjects in Macedonia. It has three goals. 1) To give a comprehensive history of the Antigonids, by using Weber’s concepts (charisma and routinization) on three topics (King’s body, kings and queen, the constitution of a bureaucracy). 2) To study the hesitation of this regime between pomp and simplicity (kolakeia, parrêsia, hellenistic palace). 3) To ling this structural feature with a reflection on the nature of the Kingdom (by studying the ruler’s cult : did the Greek believec in their divinity ? What is belief ?)

This thesis studies the Weberian notion of rationality in the context of speedrunning and the speedrunning community. By contrasting the instrumental rationality of the speedrunning practice with the value-oriented rationality of the community, it crystallizes the difference between "performing the metrics" as an extension of community values and as a function of externally imposed constraints. The former is an expression of autonomy, while the latter an expression of heteronomy. This difference, it is argued, is found in many different areas of society, sometimes in the guise of "audit culture", at other times as an unintended side-effect of established forms of practice. In either case, a return to communal values (e.g. the sociological imagination) is seen as an antidote to becoming an extension of someone else’s metrics; autonomy is not a function of performing to external specifications, but of being able to rationally choose which measurements to use and which to leave aside. Speedrunners, in their endeavor to go fast, express such autonomy, albeit implicitly. By analyzing YouTube videos wherein runners explain their tactics and methods, this thesis endeavors to make this aspect of autonomy ever so slightly more explicit.

Sikh leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale’s militant and masculinist discourses were embraced by Punjabi Sikhs because of his presence as a charismatic authority, a concept first developed by sociologist Max Weber to understand the conditions surrounding and personal qualities of a figure which attracts followers. The rebellion he led in Punjab resulted from his radical exploitation of issues concerning the Sikh community. Religion was wielded as a tool, legitimizing Sikh violence as commanded by the Gurus. Radical interpretations of Sikh scripture and folklore were initially preached to rural, less educated crowds. While his sermons brought out their frustrations with the government, his charisma allowed him to manipulate young men, his largest demographic of supporters, into embracing violence. This study analyzes Bhindranwale from the perspective of the people that supported him. By identifying multiple social factors through which to understand Bhindranwale’s reign, this study exhibits his importance in understanding Sikhism in Modern India.

Nous présentons d'abord les travaux de la "Nouvelle sociologie économique" et décrivons la riche théorie de l'action que permet une approche en terme d'encastrement. Dans cette optique, le marché en tant que réalité identifiable disparaît pour être remplacé par des échanges marchands variés, socialement et localement construits. Nous montrons ensuite que la "Nouvelle sociologie économique" gagnerait à mieux considérer le poids des contraintes économiques liées à la participation à l'ordre marchand. Pour démontrer cette insuffisance, nous nous appuyons sur une enquête de terrain portant sur les deux organisations françaises majeures du commerce équitable, Artisans du Monde (importation, boutiques et promotion) et Max Havelaar (labellisation et promotion). Nous décrivons la façon dont les promoteurs du commerce équitable pensent, construisent et mettent en scène leur commerce « pas comme les autres ». Puis, nous montrons comment ces agents perçoivent et répondent aux obligations économiques liées à leur participation au système capitaliste. La construction d'une filière intégrée en remplacement des importations directes des boutiques, puis la création d'une filière labellisée afin d'augmenter encore les débouchés, se font au prix de renoncements douloureux. La prédiction webérienne de l'impersonnalisation et de la difficile rationalisation matérielle des activités économiques, dès lors qu'elles participent au capitalisme, se vérifie sur ce marché particulier

The purpose of this thesis is to develop and test the Advanced Integrated Model, a typological model in the tradition of Weber's interpretive sociology, as an asset in explaining recent transformations in American Episcopal-Anglican organizations. The study includes an assessment of the church-sect tradition in the sociology of religion and a summary overview of Weber's interpretive sociology with special emphasis on the nature and construction of ideal-types and their use in analysis. To illustrate the effectiveness of the model a number of institutional rivalries confronting contemporary Episcopal-Anglican organizations are identified and shown to be explainable only from a sociological perspective and not simply as “in house” institutional problems. The present work sheds light on parent-child conflicts in religious organizations and reopens discussion about the theoretical value of ideal-types in general, and church-sect typologies in particular, when utilized from a comparative-historical perspective.
M.A.
Masters
Sociology
Sciences
Applied Sociology

The concept of charisma, while gaining greater usage in contemporary society, is under-researched and often misused. This thesis discusses the classical theoretical conception of charisma, beginning with Max Weber, and provides three empirical illustrations of charismatic leadership in the fields of religion, politics, and the media.

Prior to Germany’s emergence as an imperial power in 1884, scholarly knowledge of the Orient was only deemed useful to a handful of academics, largely in part because oriental scholarship’s primary emphasis was the study of classical languages and ancient manuscripts. German colonialism, on the other hand, required the creation of a new body of oriental knowledge, one that was firmly rooted in the contemporary world instead of antiquity. In 1907, Carl Heinrich Becker published Christianity and Islam, one of the first pieces of scholarship to examine the modern Orient with a modern methodology. In particular, it was Becker’s adoption of the sociology of religion, a concept pioneered by Max Weber and Émile Durkheim, which allowed him to interpret the modern Orient in a way not previously possible under the philological tradition that defined oriental studies for previous generations of scholars.

Ancré dans une perspective historique, ce mémoire cherche à mettre en application une relecture de la théorie wébérienne de la « rationalisation éthique » comme facteur explicatif de la reconfiguration moderne du rapport entretenu entre les individus et la religion. Un retour sur les changements survenus dans la pensée religieuse de la Renaissance — pensée mise en contraste avec la situation religieuse des populations du Moyen-Âge — permet de mettre en évidence le passage d’une religion syncrétique, ritualiste et imprégnée de magie, à un christianisme épuré, intériorisé et rationnel. L’étude de la pensée religieuse de l’humaniste Érasme de Rotterdam, pris comme « figure historique » porteuse de cette transformation, pointe vers la diffusion à la Renaissance d’un christianisme compris comme système philosophique compréhensif dépouillé de son caractère mystique. Cette diffusion d’un « esprit » chrétien, et l’importance accordée à la mise en œuvre d’une conduite de vie méthodique spécifiquement orientée vers le salut, participe au premier chef d’un processus de « quotidianisation » du charisme religieux, prélude essentiel, dans une perspective wébérienne, à la « rationalisation éthique » et à l’autonomisation de la sphère religieuse dans la vie sociale.
By way of a historical perspective, this masters thesis aims to reconsider the weberian “ethical rationalization” theory as an explanatory factor for the modern transformation of the relationship between individuals and religion. Reviewing the changes in Renaissance religious thought—and contrasting it with the Medieval religious context—enables us to uncover a shift from a syncretic and ritualized religion that is filled with magical elements, towards an uncluttered, internalized and rational Christianity. The focus on Erasmus of Rotterdam’s religious humanist thought—considered here as a “historical figure” and carrier of these transformations—brings light on how Christianity was stripped of its mystical aspects and came to be understood as a comprehensive philosophical system. The dissemination of such a Christian “spirit”, as well as the importance granted to a methodical way of life specifically oriented towards salvation, play a key role in the appearance of a “quotidian ritualization” of religious charisma, which is in itself, according to Weber, an essential preliminary to an “ethical rationalization” and thus to the “autonomization” of the religious sphere in the social life.

Ce présent mémoire est animé par une forte conviction : les frontières disciplinaires entre les sociologues et les écrivains ne doivent pas se transmuer en barbelés obstruant un éclairage de sens renouvelé sur la réalité sociale. Alors qu’au tournant du siècle dernier, le roman réaliste et la sociologie allemande se sont mutuellement inspirés, au fil du temps les canaux de communication se sont progressivement brouillés. Notre démarche consiste donc à renouer avec la tradition du monde germanophone à l’orée du 20e siècle, période au cours de laquelle la sociologie émerge comme discipline propre. Plus précisément, nous chercherons à faire converser les deux régimes d’écriture afin d’une part, d’explorer les vertus cognitives de la littérature pour la sociologie et d’autre part de mieux comprendre comment les hommes contemporains aux premiers sociologues entrevoyaient l’époque des temps modernes. Pour ce faire, nous nous appuierons sur la sociologie de Max Weber (1864-1920), un des pères fondateurs de la discipline, ainsi que sur l’analyse de trois romans réalistes, signés par deux romanciers germanophones du début du 20e siècle, c’est-à-dire Joseph Roth (1894-1939) et Thomas Mann (1875-1955).
This master’s thesis is driven by a strong conviction: disciplinary boundaries between sociologists and writers should not be transmuted into trenches which would block a renewed sense of social reality. At the turn of the last century, realistic novels as well as German sociology were mutually inspired. However, over time, the communication channels have gradually been blurred. Our approach is therefore to revive the tradition of the German-speaking world at the dawn of the 20th century, in which period sociology emerged as its own discipline. Specifically, we will try to make interact the writing systems by exploring, on one hand, the cognitive virtues of literature in sociology and on the other hand, by trying to understand how the first contemporary sociologists men foresaw the era of modern times. In order to do so, we will rely on the works of Max Weber (1864-1920) one of the founding fathers of sociology as well as on an analysis of three realistic novels, written by two of the German novelists of the early 20th century, Joseph Roth (1894-1939) and Thomas Mann (1875-1955).

Initiée par Wolfgang J. Mommsen (1930-2004), la réception dominante de la pensée politique de Max Weber (1864-1920) conclut qu’il aura été un penseur précurseur au fascisme allemand. Ce mémoire revient aux textes politiques de Weber, écrits entre 1895 et 1919, afin de dégager le sens qu’il voulait leur conférer, indépendamment du rôle historique qu’ils purent jouer après sa mort. Il s’agit donc de reconstituer la pensée politique wébérienne dans le contexte social qui l’a vu naître et de saisir l’origine politique de la sociologie wébérienne de l’action. Pour y parvenir, un détour par l’histoire s’impose. Ce n’est que par la mise en relation, proposée dès le chapitre I, entre les écrits politiques et la configuration historique particulière de l’Allemagne wilhelmienne qu’il est possible de concilier deux dimensions dont l’une ou l’autre est souvent écartée des études wébériennes : l’étude d’acteurs historiques précis (Max Weber et ses contemporains) et la pensée wébérienne à proprement parler (les écrits). Nous verrons que Weber craint le processus de bureaucratisation inhérent à la sphère politique moderne de peur qu’il n’en vienne à pétrifier l’existence humaine. Le chapitre II examine l’opposition de Weber à cette « possibilité objective » afin de préserver les conditions d’une liberté individuelle authentique. C’est par la figure du chef charismatique, initialement développée dans le cadre de ses travaux scientifiques et présentée au chapitre III, que Weber croit pouvoir prévenir les pires conséquences du processus de bureaucratisation. Il s’agira alors de produire un édifice institutionnel propice à l’émergence de tels hommes politiques. Le dernier chapitre (IV) du mémoire cherche à démontrer comment Weber tente d’instrumentaliser la césarisation, second processus constitutif de la sphère politique moderne, pour l’opposer à la bureaucratisation. Sous le régime monarchiste, c’est par un renforcement des pouvoirs parlementaires qu’il compte y parvenir, mais la proclamation de la République de Weimar l’oblige à adapter son projet constitutionnel ; il propose alors la démocratie plébiscitaire de chef (Führerdemokratie). Si la conception wébérienne de la démocratie surprend, notamment par l’importance qu’elle accorde au chef, il n’en demeure pas moins que Weber met de l’avant un système politique démocratique. Loin de l’abandon de son projet politique auquel certains critiques ont conclu, la Führerdemokratie se révèle plutôt – c’est la thèse de ce mémoire — le fruit de la fidélité de Weber à ses idéaux politiques, et ce malgré les importants changements sociaux qui marquent la fin de sa vie.
Initiated by Wolfgang J. Mommsen (1930-2004), the dominant understanding of Max Weber’s (1864-1920) political thought concludes that it ultimately led to German fascism. This master’s thesis reflects upon Weber’s political texts, written between 1895 and 1919, in order to grasp the meaning their author intended to give them, notwithstanding the historical role these texts may have played after his passing. We will therefore reconstitute the Weberian political thought in the social context that witnessed its coming and understand the political origin of Weberian theory on social actions. To that end, we must review history. Only by establishing a relationship, as described as early as Chapter I, between political writings and Wilhelmine Germany’s specific historical configuration is it possible to reconcile two dimensions, as either is often disregarded in Weberian studies: the study of specific historical characters (Max Weber, the man and his contemporaries) et Weberian thought itself (Weber’s writings). We will see that Weber fears that the bureaucratization process inherent to the modern political sphere as it may well petrify human existence. Chapter II reviews Weber’s opposition to such an objective possibility in order to preserve the basis to a true individual liberty. According to Weber, it is through the political direction of a charismatic leader, a figure initially developed his scientific works and presented in Chapter III, that the direst consequences of the bureaucratization process can be averted. An environment favorable to such political men will then have to be institutionalized. The last chapter (IV) of this master’s thesis will demonstrate how Weber tries to use caesarization, the second constitutive process of the modern political sphere, as a means against such a bureaucratization. Under the monarchy, he intends to succeed by strengthening the parliamentary powers. However, the Weimar Republic forces him to adapt his constitutional project: hence his suggestion of a plebiscitary leader democracy. Because of the focus on the leader one might be surprised by Weber’s conception of democracy. What Weber proposes is a democratic political system nonetheless. Far from abandoning his political project, as some critics may conclude, Weber remained true to his ideals, despite the major social changes that occurred at the end of his life.

À partir d’observations personnelles sur l’importance de la technique et des technologies dans la production musicale, le projet de ce mémoire fut élaboré autour de la sociologie de la musique de Weber. En premier lieu, un questionnement du rapport entre musique, technologie et société permet d’établir de nombreuses voies pour la recherche concernant les médiations techniques de la musique. Ces médiations sont maintenant caractérisées par les changements issus de l’implantation de l’informatique dans de nombreuses sociétés et la modification des rapports de pouvoir et des rapports sociaux par les possibilités nouvelles offertes par le médium numérique. Si Internet semble avoir bouleversé l’industrie de la musique, de nouvelles possibilités de dépasser les limitations des technologies traditionnelles de la musique sont toutefois aussi apparues au sein de ce « système sociotechnique ». Ces modifications prennent la forme de philosophies, mais aussi de pratiques sociales qui se répandent, avant tout, auprès de la jeune génération, ce qu’il est possible d’observer par les changements dans les pratiques musicales. À partir des outils conceptuels de Weber, deux idéaltypes seront créés qui représentent autant de modes de diffusion de musique sur Internet. L’accent est mis sur la différence entre les pratiques sociales et musicales de ces modes de diffusions : l’un est basé sur des pratiques traditionnelles et greffé sur la nouvelle plateforme Internet, l’autre emprunte les caractéristiques de la diffusion de l’information en réseau caractéristique de la culture Internet et se caractérise par des pratiques dites réflexives. Ces idéaltypes, ainsi que les cas qui les constituent et qu’ils mettent en lumière, sont mis à profit pour discuter des motifs de l’action chez différents agents au cœur des pratiques de diffusion et, finalement, des modalités variées que prend la rationalisation de la diffusion de la musique à partir du médium numérique.
Starting from personal observations on the place hold by techniques and technologies in the production of music, this thesis project was created around Max Weber’s Sociology of Music. First, the relations between music, technology and society are critically questioned in order to underline the possible ways of further research concerning the technical mediation of music. The latter are now characterized through the changes brought by the implementation of Informatics in many societies and the modification of the social or power relationships by the new possibilities of the digital medium. It seems that the Internet has shaken the music industry. However, in this socio-technical system new ways are being shaped allowing the overcome the traditional limitations of the music technologies. These ways takes the form of philosophies but also of social popular among the younger generations observable through changes in social practices. Using the Weber’s conceptual tools, two ideal types are created—representing as many diffusion modes of music on the Internet. Two dimensions regarding the difference between these social and musical practices are stressed: the perpetuation of traditional diffusion practices integrated on the Internet platform and the reflexives practices characterized by a diffusion mode expressing the network type of information circulation of the Internet culture. These ideal types, and the related cases chosen to construct and describe them, serve to discuss the multiple motives of action of different social agents relevant for the diffusion practices, and, finally, the various modalities of the rationalization of music diffusion through the digital medium.

The individual and collective perception of time, which is culturally transmitted, molds significantly the way individuals and societies behave and perform in economic matters. The overall aim is to explore how time (as a resource and an institution) is thought-out and how it is one of the most preponderant factors to influence, for instance, consumption, preferences, economic growth and development. The investigation aims to further corroborate and strengthen Max Weber’s 1904-1905 The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. This is done by showing that the perception of time comes forward as an important cause of the differences between the ascetic Protestant and Catholic mentalities, and consequently their economic behavior and decision-making processes. In other words, it aims to prove that cultural time is a variable (albeit often neglected) that plays a central role in the way the “capitalistic spirit” appeared among certain Protestant doctrines and helped construct the economic paradigms of our times.
A perceção individual e coletiva de tempo, que é transmitida por via cultural, molda consideravelmente a forma como os indivíduos e as sociedades agem e como é o seu desempenho em termos económicos. O principal objetivo da presente tese é abordar a forma como o tempo (como um recurso e uma instituição) está presente como um dos fatores que mais influência tem sobre o consumo, as preferências, o crescimento económico e o desenvolvimento. Pretende-se, nesse sentido, corroborar e consolidar a obra A Ética Protestante e o Espírito do Capitalismo de Max Weber (1904-1905). Tal faz-se ao demonstrar que a perceção de tempo assume um papel central no contraste entre as formas de pensamento e conceções protestantes e católicas, e consequentemente o seu comportamento económico e processos de tomada de decisão. Por outras palavras, pretende-se provar que o tempo cultural é uma variável (ainda que frequentemente negligenciada) que assume um papel central na forma como o “espírito capitalista” surgiu em determinadas doutrinas protestantes e ajudou a construir os paradigmas económicos dos nossos tempos.

À partir des études récentes démontrant l’importance des élites catholiques dans la foulée des changements et de la modernisation de la société québécoise entre les années 1930 et 1970, nous tentons de mieux comprendre ces élites, leurs motifs et leur destin. Issues des jeunes générations de laïcs contestataires des années 1930 et 1940, nous montrons d’abord que les élites catholiques laïques ont été influencées par des courants philosophiques de renouveau chrétien et par leur formation dans l’Action catholique spécialisée. En contestant le cléricalisme et le conservatisme présents au Québec entre 1930 et 1960, elles ont développé une pensée réformiste se situant dans l’esprit du concile Vatican II et de la Révolution tranquille. Un trait caractérise ces élites: même en étant critiques envers l’Église catholique, elles sont tout de même demeurées loyales envers le catholicisme. Nous proposons de nous réapproprier la sociologie de Max Weber afin de mieux comprendre l’implication des élites catholiques laïques à la modernisation de la société québécoise et, par là, de saisir le type particulier de sécularisation qu’a connu le Québec des années 1950 à 1970. Pour ce faire, nous retenons les parcours de vie et le discours de trois représentants de ces élites: Guy Rocher, Jacques Grand’Maison et Claude Ryan. À partir de ces acteurs, nous délinéons trois « voies » distinctes empruntées par les élites catholiques laïques pour s’engager dans la société. Ces trois « voies » relatent certes des types d’engagement différents, mais elles renvoient aussi à un ancrage catholique commun. En considérant le point de vue de ces élites face aux transformations du paysage religieux au Québec, nous examinons enfin l’utilisation du concept de sécularisation par rapport à la laïcisation et la déconfessionnalisation ainsi que les enjeux actuels liés à la religion.
Based on recent studies acknowledging the importance of Catholic elites in the changes leading to the modernization of Quebec society between 1930 and 1970, this master thesis try to provide a better understanding of these elites, their motives and their destiny. Stemming from the young generations of lay protesters of the 1930’s and 1940’s, the lay Catholic elites were influenced by philosophical tendencies within the Christian renewal and their formation in the “Action catholique”. Questioning the clericalism and the social and political conservatism prevalent in Quebec between 1930 and 1960, they put forward a reformist thought tuned with the “spirit” of the Vatican II council and of the Quiet Revolution. One characteristic of these elite: even if they were critical of the Catholic Church, they retained a loyalty towards the Catholicism. I propose to “reappropriate” the sociology of Max Weber in order to better understand the involvement of lay Catholic elites to the modernization of Quebec society and, thus, grasp the particular kind of secularization that take place between 1950 and 1970 in Quebec. In order to do so, I study the life trajectories and discourses of three actors from these elites: Guy Rocher, Jacques Grand’Maison and Claude Ryan. With these actors in mind, I describe three distinct “ways” taken by the lay Catholic elites to get involved in their society. Those three “ways” certainly relate three different types of involvement, but they also refer to a common Catholic feeling of belonging. Considering the point of view of these elites together with the transformations of Quebec’s religious landscape, I can question the use of the concepts of secularization, laicization, and deconfessionalization and, thus, describe the way religious issues are dealt with.

Dans cette thèse de sociologie du droit, nous étudions l'influence du droit de l'État sur les sujets de droit. Notre hypothèse générale est que les intermédiaires du droit de l'État contribuent de façon importante à façonner le« rapport au droit» des sujets de droit. C'est-à-dire qu'ils auraient une incidence sur la construction de la relation d'influence du droit sur ces acteurs sociaux et, par là, un effet marqué sur la « légitimité empirique » du droit. Par leurs pratiques professionnelles les intermédiaires du droit auraient une incidence notable, quoique non exclusive, sur les formes concrètes de «rapports au droit» des sujets de droit. Dans l'étude de ce phénomène, nous comparons empiriquement les liens existant entre différents « rapports au droit » des sujets de droit et un droit caractérisé par une rationalité juridique fort différente selon qu'il aurait été porté par un avocat ou un médiateur. Ces deux groupes de professionnels sont les intermédiaires du droit qui font 1’objet de notre observation, laquelle n'est ni générale, ni globale, mais spécifique au divorce, géographiquement localisée à Montréal et historiquement située au début des années 1990. L'intérêt de cette période pour une étude de l'influence du droit sur les sujets de droit est qu'elle constitue un moment unique de l'histoire à Montréal. À cette époque, les différences entre les pratiques professionnelles des avocats et des médiateurs auraient été les plus extrêmes, ce qui favorise un travail de comparaison d'autant plus éclairant. En effet, au début des années 1990, après une dizaine d'années d'expérience, le Service de médiation à la famille de Montréal avait réussi à assurer une solide pratique professionnelle. Par ailleurs, la pratique professionnelle des avocats dans le domaine du divorce était déjà fort « modernisée », mais elle demeurait encore très peu influencée par la médiation familiale. Puisque le « rapport au droit » des personnes qui ont consulté ces intermédiaires du droit en vue de leur divorce est au cœur de 1 'étude, c'est auprès d'eux que nous avons réalisé des entretiens, et c'est l'analyse de ces entretiens qui permet de comprendre leur « rapport au droit». La sociologie de Max Weber est la perspective scientifique dans laquelle nous avons inscrit notre recherche. Une telle ambition exigeait que nous ne restions pas confinée aux seuls concepts les plus populaires. Par conséquent, une partie importante de cette thèse est consacrée à une présentation substantielle de la sociologie wébérienne. Sur cette base, nous avons construit notre stratégie d'enquête et nos instruments d'analyse idéal typiques. Non seulement il n'y a pas, chez Weber, de théorie systémique générale composée de lois explicatives des relations sociales, mais il n'y a pas non plus de modèle de cadre d'analyse particulier préfabriqué qui serait constitué comme un «prêt-à-porter» applicable en vue de réaliser des recherches empiriques, que ce soit dans le domaine du droit ou dans n'importe quel autre domaine d'activité humaine. En revanche, la sociologie wébérienne fournit plusieurs séries de repères conceptuels. Ils permettent d'organiser la recherche empirique sans jamais limiter les objets d'enquêtes possibles, ni l'imagination du chercheur, en autant que celui-ci a pour but de comprendre l'action sociale en l'interprétant et, par-là, de l'expliquer causalement dans son déroulement et ses effets. C'est là le projet de connaissance que Weber désigne par « sociologie ». Il vise ce projet de connaissance, non pas de manière générale et globale, mais toujours de manière particulière selon les domaines d'activité, les lieux, les époques, les sphères de valeurs, etc. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons un cadre d'analyse qui peut servir à poser et à approfondir toutes sortes de questions sur le droit et son influence, sans jamais qu'il soit considéré comme un système de lois à la manière du droit positif. Ce cadre d'analyse vise à appréhender le droit comme une sorte de relation sociale que l'on peut comprendre sociologiquement en considérant, notamment, les représentations juridiques des différentes catégories d'acteurs sociaux. C'est là la première, non pas la seule, condition à rencontrer en vue de respecter les exigences de la connaissance empirique du droit parce que le « droit empirique » ne se trouve pas dans la règle de droit positif. Il se trouve là où il est « porté » par des êtres humains et, en particulier, par des groupes d'humains qui détiennent une importante dose d'influence sociale. Nous souhaitons que cette étude, grâce à 1 'immense apport de la sociologie de Max Weber, contribue à la compréhension sociologique d'un aspect du « droit empirique» de l’État contemporain.
In this sociology of law thesis, we study the influence of State generated law on legal actors. Our general hypothesis is that the State's legal intermediaries significantly contribute to shape legal actors' "relationship to law". This implies that they would have an impact on the construction of the law's influential relationship with these social actors and, therefore, an undeniable effect on law's "empirical legitimacy". Through their professional practice legal intermediaries should have a noticeable- yet non exclusive impact on the concrete forms of legal actors' "relationship to law". In studying this phenomena, we make an empirical comparison between the links which exist between legal actors' different "relationships to law" and a Law characterized by a very different legal rationality whether it be "carried" by a lawyer or mediator. These two groups of professionals are the legal intermediaries at the center of our study, which is neither general nor global, but specific to divorce cases, geographically located in Montreal, and historically situated in the early 1990's. This period is interesting to conduct a study on the impact of the law on legal actors since it constitutes a unique moment in the history of Montreal. That is when the professional practices of lawyers and mediators were the furthest apart, which sets the table for comparative work which should prove enlightening. In the early 1990's, after operating for close to ten years, Montreal’s Service de médiation à la famille had succeeded in establishing a solid professional practice. Furthermore, lawyers' professional practice in relation to divorce cases was already "modern", but remained relatively uninfluenced by family mediation. Since the "relationship to law" of those who have consulted these legal intermediaries in relation to their divorce proceedings is at the heart of our study, we interviewed said individuals. The analysis of these interviews will allow us to understand our subjects' "relationship to law". Our research is based upon the scientific perspective of Max Weber's sociology. Such an ambitious project demanded that we not confine ourselves to popular concepts. Therefore, an important part of this thesis is dedicated to presenting a substantial part of weberian sociology. This served as the foundation on which we built our investigative strategy and our ideal-typical analytical instruments. Not only is there no general systems theory made up of laws aimed at explaining social relationships in weberian sociology, but there is no prefabricated "ready-to-wear" analytical framework model which could be applied in order to perform empirical studies, whether it be in law or any other area of human activity. However, weberian sociology gives us many conceptual references which allow us to organize empirical research without limiting the number of subjects or the investigator’s imagination if the researcher wishes to understand social action through its interpretation, the re by, explaining its causality through its development and its effects. Such is the knowledge project which Weber calls "sociology". He doesn't view this knowledge project in a general and global manner, but rather as being particular to each field of work, place, period, spheres of values, etc. In this thesis, we propose an analytical framework which can help identify and further study many questions relating to Law and its influence, without limiting it to a system of rules as in positive law. This analytical framework aims at presenting law as a kind of social relationship which can be sociologically understood if you consider the legal representations put forth by the different categories of social actors. That is the first, but not the only, condition that must be met in order to comply with the demands of empirical knowledge of law since "empirical law" cannot be found in positive law rules. It can be found where it is "carried" by human beings, particularly those with greater social influence. We hope that this study, which is influenced by Max Weber's immense contribution to the field of sociology, adds to the sociological comprehension of one aspect of the contemporary State's "empirical law".

Manifestation du processus de rationalisation capitaliste contemporain, la gestion des ressources humaines s’est largement développée et diffusée comme paradigme d’organisation des relations sociales au sein de l’entreprise, mais aussi à l’extérieur de celle-ci. En m’appuyant sur l’étude Les employés de Siegfried Kracauer (2004 [1931]) ayant mis en lumière les effets de la rationalisation de l’entreprise moderne sur les traits de mentalités des employés dans les années 1920, je propose de me pencher sur les employés en gestion des ressources humaines aujourd’hui. Plus précisément, c’est la tension dont ils sont à la fois les porteurs et les objets qui constitue le coeur de ce mémoire. Cette tension lie la fonction particulière que ces employés sont appelés à jouer dans l’entreprise et leur propre condition comme employé. Ainsi, c’est par la constitution de rapports à la tension sous une forme idéaltypique— propre à l’approche wébérienne — que ce mémoire propose d’appréhender la condition des employés en gestion des ressources humaines. L’interprétation des rapports à la tension et à la pratique professionnelle de ces employés, à l’aune de quatre idéaltypes construits à cette fin (le sous-officier comptable, le sous-officier sportif, celle qui prend sur soi et le synthétique), permet de mettre en lumière des dilemmes qu’ils sont enclins à vivre, dilemmes inhérents à leur condition d’employés dans le monde rationalisé.
As a form of the contemporary process of rationalization, human resources management developed itself as a paradigm to organize social relations not only within the business industry, but also outside. This master thesis is based on the work of Siegfried Kracauer “The Salaried Masses” (1998 [1931]) that reveals the effects of the rationalized modern business industry on the mentality of the employees in the 1920’s. I propose to investigate the tension that the human resources management employees bear as they are, nowadays, both its carriers and objects. This tension, that binds the particular function of these employees within the business industry and their own condition as employees, forms the object of this master thesis. It is through the construction of relations toward the tension in an idealtypical form — specific to the Weberian approach – that this master thesis proposes to understand the employees’ condition in human resources management. By interpreting the relations toward the tension underpinned in this professional field with the four idealtypes constructed for this purpose (the accountant sergeant, the sport sergeant, she who takes upon herself and the synthetic), I bring to light the dilemmas that are likely to be experienced by these employees; dilemmas inherent to their condition in the rationalized world.

L’Empire austro-hongrois (1867-1918) est l’un des derniers empires d’Europe à s’être effondré avec la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale. Cas particulièrement en accord avec les conditions internes de la politique et de l’économie austro-hongroise, l’apparition du phénomène social du dandysme à Vienne au début du XXe siècle est le centre de ce travail de mémoire. La figure sociale du dandy, remarquablement moderne, est étudiée en suivant la conceptualisation idéal-typique, héritage de Max Weber. En suivant les écrits sociologiques de Karl Marx, Max Weber et Robert Michels, le portrait typique des quatre figures socio-économiques que sont tour à tour la figure du bourgeois, du prolétaire, du bohème et de l’aristocrate, permettent, dans une première partie du mémoire (chapitre deux), de délinéer conceptuellement la figure du dandy. Une fois cet outil forgé, il est possible d’y comparer la réalité viennoise, avec le cas de Stefan Zweig, pour en montrer les particularités. L’apparition du dandy à la fin de la monarchie des Habsbourg n’est pas étrangère à plusieurs conditions externes que portent en soi cette première partie du XXe siècle, marquée notamment par le nationalisme et la Première Guerre mondiale. Les conditions économiques que permettent aussi l’expression littéraire et journalistique témoigne de cette phénoménalisation sociale à laquelle participe le dandy et sont discutées dans la deuxième partie du mémoire (chapitre trois). En basant cette étude sur le phénomène du dandy, le présent travail s’emploie à appréhender ce phénomène au travers d’une biographie sociologique de l’écrivain et poète Stefan Zweig. Au cours des chapitres quatre et cinq, la mise en relief de la biographie de Stefan Zweig rencontrera son écho social, entre l’étude de l’homme, de l’œuvre, de la vie et des différentes caractéristiques propres au dandy. Enfin, il sera présenté au cinquième chapitre, l’influence de l’esthétique et de la philosophie sur la conduite de vie du dandy, guidé notamment par la philosophie de Friedrich Nietzsche, et l’importance des valeurs du pacifisme et du cosmopolitisme, sous l’influence de la religion juive. En conclusion, je reviens sur l’idéal-type du dandy et m’interroge son utilité pour appréhender des phénomènes contemporains.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867-1918) is one of the last European Empire to collapse with the end of World War One. Tightly linked with internal conditions such as Austro- Hungarian politics and economics, the central theme of this work concerns the emergence of the social phenomenon of dandysm in Vienna at the beginning of the XXth century. Remarquably modern, the social figure of the dandy is studied following the ideal-typical method, a legacy of Max Weber. Following the sociological writings of Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Robert Michels, the typical portrait of the four socio-economic figures such as the bourgeois, the proletarian, the bohemian and the aristocrat allows, in the first part of the thesis (chapter two), to show the features and to conceptually delineate the figure of the dandy. Once this portrait is forged, it is possible to compare the Viennese reality with the case of the poet Stefan Zweig. The appearance of the dandy, at the end of the Habsburg monarchy, is not alien to many external conditions that are themselves particularly linked to this first part of the XXth century, marked notably by nationalism and World War I. Discussed in the second part of the thesis (chapter three), the economic conditions, that are expressed with either literature or journalism, reflect this social phenomenalization in which the dandy takes part. The study of the social appearance of the dandy being at the very center of this study, the present thesis seeks to understand this phenomenon through a sociological biography of the writer and poet Stefan Zweig. In the fourth and fifth chapter, highlights of his biography meet its social resonance with dandysm through the man itself, his work, his life and the way he lived it. Finally, the influence of aesthetics and philosophy on dandy’s life, especially following Friedrich Nietzsche’s very own word and ideas, will be presented as well as the importance of values of pacifism and cosmopolitism, as influences of Jewish religion. In conclusion, I return to the ideal- type of dandy by questioning its usefulness in understanding contemporary phenomena.
Die Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie (1867-1918) war eines der letzten europäischen Reiche, welches mit dem Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges kollabierte. Eng verbunden mit wirtschaftlichen und politischen Bedingungen des k.u.k. Österreichs, handelt das zentrale Thema dieser Arbeit von der Entstehung der sozialen Phänomene rund um den Dandyismus in Wien zu Beginn des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts. Die soziale Figur des Dandy wird nach dem idealtypis- chen Konzept Max Webers untersucht. Anlehnend an die soziologischen Schriften von Karl Marx, Max Weber und Robert Michels, dem typischen Porträt der vier sozioökonomischen Zahlen, wie der Bürger, der Proletarier, die Boheme und der Aristokrat gestatten, dass im ersten Teil der Abschlussarbeit (Kapitel zwei) die Figur des Dandys konzeptionell beschrieben wird. Auf dieses Porträt aufbauend wird es möglich, die herausgearbeiteten Merkmale mit der Wiener Realität zu vergleichen. Die Texte des Dichters Stefan Zweig geben dazu genug Material. Das Aussehen des Dandys am Ende der Habsburgermonarchie ist passend zu vielen äußeren Bedin- gungen, die besonders mit dem ersten Teil des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts verbunden sind. Speziell werden diese vom Nationalismus und dem Ersten Weltkrieg beeinflusst. Im zweiten Teil der Abschlussarbeit (Kapitel drei) werden die wirtschaftlichen Bedingungen, die entweder mit Literatur oder Journalismus zum Ausdruck kommen, und die die soziale phenomenalization vom Dandy wiederspiegeln, beleuchtet. Die Untersuchung der sozialen Erscheinung des Dandy dient als Basis dieser Studie. Die vorliegende Arbeit versucht, das Phänomen des Dandyismus durch eine soziologische Biographie des Schriftstellers und Dramatikers Stefan Zweig zu verstehen. In den Kapiteln vier und fünf treffen die Höhepunkte seiner Biographie die gesellschaftliche Reso- nanz des Dandyismus auf den Mensch selbst, seine Arbeit, sein Leben und seine Lebensart. Schlussendlich wird der Einfluss von Ästhetik und Philosophie auf das Leben eines Dandy vor allem nach den Worten und Ideen von Friedrich Nietzsche präsentiert, sowie die Bedeutung der Werte des Pazifismus und Kosmopolitismus, als auch Einflüsse der jüdischen Religion. Ich kehre zum Idealtyp des Dandys zurück, indem ich seine Nützlichkeit in gegenwärtigen Phänomenen in Frage stelle.

Exploring Puritanical cultural habits in the 21st century American military, the following study focuses on U.S. Army courts-martial in the Global War on Terrorism. The study uses Emile Durkheim's original sociological interpretation of crime and deviance. That interpretation is linked with responsibility as described by Durkheim's follower Paul Fauconnet in Responsibility: A Study in Sociology ([1928] 1978) and with a new cultural reading of Max Weber's The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism ([1905] 1976). The study is an inductive, descriptive examination of the Puritanical aspects of American military culture based on its treatment of acts labeled as deviant and criminal in the Global War on Terrorism. Four sets of war crimes are included in the study: Abu Ghraib (which occurred in Iraq in 2004), Operation Iron Triangle (which occurred in Iraq in 2006), the Baghdad canal killings (which occurred in Iraq in 2007), and the Maywand District killings (which occurred in Afghanistan in 2010). My data include primary data collected through participation and observation as a consultant for courts-martial related to all the cases except Abu Ghraib. Records of trial, investigation reports, charge sheets, sworn statements, and other documentation are also included in the study as secondary data sources. The study illuminates how unconscious, Puritan cultural habits color and shape both military actions and their perceptions. I explore Puritanism and its influence on military law, responsibility, revenge, "magic" (in its sociological sense), and narcissism. The study concludes with observations and recommendations for changes in U.S. military law.