Journal articles: 'Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R)'

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Sullivan, Karen. "Examiners' Errors on the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised." Psychological Reports 87, no. 1 (2000): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.87.1.234.

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This study examined the nature of WMS–R scoring errors made by trainee psychologists and the extent to which errors influenced index scores on this scale Trainee psychologists undertook competency based training exercises for the WMS–R, similar to those devised for the WAIS–R by Fantuzzo, Blakely, and Gorsuch in 1989. A WMS–R training protocol was devised and scored by three experienced psychologists to generate a gold standard protocol. The training protocol was then given to trainee psychologists to score. Scoring errors made by trainees included mathematical and transcription errors, and errors of judgment given failure to apply scoring criteria correctly. Present results are consistent with previous investigations of scoring errors among trainees on Wechsler's intelligence tests, and findings provide a preliminary indication that scoring errors on the WMS–R may alter classification by ability.

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Hall, Stuart, and Robert A. Bornstein. "The relationship between intelligence and memory following minor or mild closed head injury: greater impairment in memory than intelligence." Journal of Neurosurgery 75, no. 3 (1991): 378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1991.75.3.0378.

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✓ This study investigated the performance of patients with minor or mild closed head injury and age/education-matched normal controls on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) and the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R). The results demonstrated that the control group had significantly higher scores than the patients with closed head injury on all WAIS-R and WMS-R index scores. Further analysis revealed that the patients with closed head injury showed a greater impairment in delayed memory when directly compared to intellectual performance that was not seen in the control group. These results are discussed in relation to findings in patients with more severe closed head injury, the construction of the WAIS-R and the WMS-R, and the performance patterns of the two groups.

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Rogers, M. J. C., D. S. Demarest, and M. D. Franzen. "Construct validity of the Wechsler memory scale-revised (WMS-R)." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 7, no. 4 (1992): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/7.4.357.

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Hilsabeck, Robin C., John T. Dunn, and Paul R. Lees-Haley. "An Empirical Comparison of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised and the Memory Assessment Scales in Measuring Four Memory Constructs." Assessment 3, no. 4 (1996): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107319119600300407.

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Thirty participants were administered both the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) and the Memory Assessment Scales (MAS). Participants' standard (index) scores from each battery were compared across the same four memory constructs: Verbal Memory; Visual Memory; General/Global Memory; and WMS-R Attention and concentration and MAS Short-term Memory. The MAS yielded significantly lower mean standard scores across all four memory constructs. The largest difference between mean standard scores was found on Visual Memory in which the MAS mean was over one standard deviation lower than the WMS-R mean. Correlations between the MAS and the WMS-R mean standard scores were not significant on the Visual Memory and the General/Global Memory construct. Although the WMS-R and the MAS purport to measure the same memory constructs, these results suggest that they are measuring different abilities and are not comparable tests.

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Mittenberg, Wiley, Geoffrey Tremont, and Katrina R. Rayls. "Impact of Cognitive Function on MMPI-2 Validity in Neurologically Impaired Patients." Assessment 3, no. 2 (1996): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107319119600300207.

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The Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised (WMS-R), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R), and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Invcntory-2 (MMPI-2) were completed by 88 outpatients at a neuropsychology clinic who had diagnoses of central nervous system dysfunction. Extent of IQ, memory, or attention impairment were associated with elevations on MMPI-2 validity scales. Magnitude of estimated IQ loss separated valid from invalid profile groups more clearly than did obtained Full Scale IQ. Nonresponsivity to item content is probable when the patient scores below 70 on the WMS-R Memory or Attention/Concentration indexes, or earns a WAIS-R IQ that falls 20 points or more below expected premorbid level. These effects appear to be relatively independent of the patient's measured reading or intellectual levels. The MMPI-2 appears to provide valid information about the emotional status of patients with moderate and mild neurocognitive impairment.

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Erker, Gerard J., H. Russell Searight, and Patricia Peterson. "Patterns of Neuropsychological Functioning Among Patients With Multi-Infarct and Alzheimer's Dementia: A Comparative Analysis." International Psychogeriatrics 7, no. 3 (1995): 393–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610295002146.

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Cognitive and neuropsychological tests are often employed to help describe the functioning of patients with multi-infarct dementia (MID) or patients with dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT). In this study, the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery (HRNB), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R), and Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) were completed by 20 MID patients and 62 patients with DAT. Total scores on these measures did not differentiate DAT and MID patients. Contrary to clinical observations, cognitive tasks assessing social judgment did not differentiate between the groups. However, MID patients demonstrated greater variability in test scores. Compared with DAT patients, the MID patients demonstrated better preserved memory as shown on the WMS in comparison to the WAIS-R IQ.

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Smith, Glenn E., Jennifer S. Wong, Robert J. Ivnik, and James F. Malec. "Mayo's Older American Normative Studies: Separate Norms for WMS-R Logical Memory Stories." Assessment 4, no. 1 (1997): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107319119700400111.

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The present analyses provide separate norms for persons ages 56 to 93 years for each story from the Logical Memory subtests of the revised edition of the Wechsler Memory Scale. Norms for immediate (I) and delayed (II) trials are presented. Following our past Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies (MOANS) methods, we established the need for age adjustments (but not education adjustments) based on multiple regression analyses. Norms with added reliability based on the method of overlapping intervals were developed. We present means and standard deviations for 3-year interval age groups from age 61 to 88 years.

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Koltai, Deborah C., Rosemarie M. Bowler, and Rosemarie M. Bowler. "The Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test and Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised: Relationship to Everyday Memory Impairment." Assessment 3, no. 4 (1996): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107319119600300410.

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Investigations questioning the ecological validity of standardized neuropsychological instruments have led to the development of tests that are purported to be relevant to everyday functioning. The present investigation examined the relationships of the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT) and the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) to estimates of everyday memory functioning, as measured by patient and relative ratings on the Everyday Memory Questionnaire (EMQ). The research participants consisted of a group allegedly exposed to neurotoxicants (n = 29), and a demographically similar comparison group ( n = 20). Results indicated that the two objective memory tests did not significantly differ in their relationships to estimates of everyday memory functioning, and that use of the tests together did not improve prediction of memory complaints over the use of one test alone. In addition, patient and relative ratings were highly correlated. These results are discussed within the context of the validity of patient and relative rating scales as estimates of everyday memory impairment.

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BARR, WILLIAM B., GORDON J. CHELUNE, BRUCE P. HERMANN, et al. "The use of figural reproduction tests as measures of nonverbal memory in epilepsy surgery candidates." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 3, no. 5 (1997): 435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617797004359.

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The construct of nonverbal memory, as assessed by figural reproduction tests, has recently been questioned by a number of investigators. The purpose of this study was to reexamine this construct and its relationship to right temporal lobe dysfunction. Figural reproduction test scores were examined in 757 epilepsy surgery candidates obtained from 8 epilepsy centers participating in the Bozeman Epilepsy Consortium. All participants exhibited unequivocal evidence of left (LTL) or right (RTL) temporal lobe epilepsy observed in ictal and interictal EEG recordings. All subjects also had IQ scores exceeding 70, right-hand preference, and left hemisphere language dominance confirmed by intracarotid sodium amytal testing. Comparisons of LTL and RTL groups showed no significant differences in scores on the Visual Reproduction subtests from the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) or Wechsler Memory Scale–Revised (WMS–R) or on the copy and delayed recall conditions of the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCFT). Significant differences were observed among centers on WMS and ROCFT scores, which are likely to be a result of variations in administration and/or scoring procedures. The lack of significant differences between LTL and RTL groups in this large sample raise questions about the nature of nonverbal memory and its relationship to right temporal lobe dysfunction. (JINS, 1997, 3, 435–443.)

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Zamir, S. M., S. A. Haji Seyed Javadi, and Z. Farzaneh Khanshir. "The effects of fluvoxamine on cognition in patients with schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (2016): s266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.690.

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IntroductionSchizophrenia is a severe disease which affects different aspects of behavior, including cognitive functions. The most important fields of cognitive disorders in schizophrenia are working memory, vigilance/attention, learning by oral and visual memory, argument and resolving, analysis rate and social knowledge.AimsThis study was designed to assess the effects of fluvoxamine on cognitive functions of schizophrenic patients.MethodThirty-six patients with schizophrenia, all male, were treated with 100 mg fluvoxamine and a second generation anti-psychotic for 4 weeks and before and after treatment, their cognitive functions were assessed by Wechsler-3 memory scale (WMS-revised) and negative symptoms by scale for the assessment of negative symptoms (SANS).ResultsIn our study, the average patients’ scores increased in Wechsler-3 memory scale (WMS-revised) before and after receiving fluvoxamine (P < 0.001). This study couldn’t show a statistically significant difference between the patients’ scores in negative symptoms (SANS test) before and after the treatment course (P = 0.59) There was a negative statistically significant correlation found between WMS score before and after the intervention and the level of education, living area and cigarette smoking. Increasing scores in the test was statistically correlated with lower education, cigarette smoking and living in rural area.ConclusionAugmented treatment with fluvoxamine, probably has effects on some parts of cognitive abilities of male schizophrenic patients which are assessable by Wechsler-3 memory scale. Therefore further studies on evaluation of fluvoxamine effects in other fields of cognitive abilities like concentration and attention in schizophrenic patients are still required.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Moore, Norman C., Robert L. Vogel, Karen A. Tucker, Nahed M. Khairy, and Kerry L. Coburn. "P2 Flash Visual Evoked Response Delay May Be a Marker of Cognitive Dysfunction in Healthy Elderly Volunteers." International Psychogeriatrics 8, no. 4 (1996): 549–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610296002876.

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In an earlier study, 31 healthy elderly volunteers had normal cognitive function as measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination. Twenty-seven returned for further memory testing using the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R). The P2 latency of the flash visual evoked response was positively correlated with age (p = .0008), but was not significantly related to gender. Nine of these 27 putatively healthy subjects had a delayed P2, suggestive of dementia. Although unaware of any memory deficits, 5 of the 27 had WMS-R Visual Memory Span percentile scores 1 or more standard deviations less than age-matched controls. Four of the five also had a significantly delayed P2 component. This positive correlation, adjusted for age, between poor Visual Memory Span performance and a delayed P2 was statistically significant (p < .025). These findings suggest that a delayed P2 in putatively healthy subjects is indicative of a visuospatial deficit which might be a precursor of dementia later.

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KNEEBONE, ANTHONY C., GORDON J. CHELUNE, and HANS O. LÜDERS. "Individual patient prediction of seizure lateralization in temporal lobe epilepsy: A comparison between neuropsychological memory measures and the Intracarotid Amobarbital Procedure." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 3, no. 2 (1997): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617797001598.

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Neuropsychological assessment has been extensively used in the presurgical evaluation of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients to assist in determining lateralization of seizure onset. Very few studies have examined the accuracy with which commonly used neuropsychological instruments provide this information in the individual patient. In 81 patients (49 right-, 32 left-TLE) without space-occupying lesions in whom correct seizure lateralization was inferred on the basis of postsurgical seizure-free status, we compared the frequency with which discrepancies between the Wechsler Memory Scale–Revised (WMS–R; Wechsler, 1987) Verbal and Visual Memory Indices, Warrington Recognition Memory Test (WRMT; Warrington, 1984) Words and Faces scaled scores, and Intracarotid Amobarbital Procedure (IAP) hemispheric memory scores correctly predicted seizure lateralization in the individual patient. Using both clinical analysis and discriminant function analyses (DFA), the IAP was found to be a clearly superior predictor of seizure laterality to the neuropsychological measures, whether used individually or in combination with one another. Using clinical analysis the WRMT was found to be a superior predictor to the WMS–R, which frequently gave false lateralizing information. Using all 3 measures in combination with one another, 87.1% of patients were correctly lateralized using DFA. Correctly lateralized patients were older and had longer durations of seizure disorder. (JINS, 1997, 3, 159–168.)

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Humes, Larry E., Betty U. Watson, Laurel A. Christensen, Carol G. Cokely, Dan C. Halling, and Lidia Lee. "Factors Associated With Individual Differences in Clinical Measures of Speech Recognition Among the Elderly." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 37, no. 2 (1994): 465–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3702.465.

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In the present study, the speech-recognition performance of 50 subjects aged 63 to 83 years was measured for a wide range of materials (nonsense syllables, monosyllabic words, sentences) and listening conditions (presentation levels of 70 and 90 dB SPL, both in quiet and in a noise background). In addition to complete audiologic evaluations, measures of auditory processing (the Test of Basic Auditory Capabilities [TBAC], Watson, 1987) and cognitive function (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised [WAIS-R], and the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised [WMS-R], Wechsler, 1981, 1987) were obtained from all subjects. Principal component analyses were applied to each of the three sets of measures (speech-recognition, auditory, and cognitive) prior to examining associations among the sets using canonical analyses. Two principal components captured most of the systematic variation in performance sampled by the set of 20 speech-recognition measures. Hearing loss emerged as the single largest factor associated with individual differences in speech-recognition performance among the elderly, accounting for 70–75% of the total variance in speech-recognition performance, with the measures of auditory processing and cognitive function accounting for little or no additional variance.

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Tani, Naoki, Haruhiko Kishima, Hui Ming Khoo, et al. "Electrical stimulation of the parahippocampal gyrus for prediction of posthippocampectomy verbal memory decline." Journal of Neurosurgery 125, no. 5 (2016): 1053–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2015.7.jns15408.

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OBJECTIVE Epilepsy surgery is of known benefit for drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE); however, a certain number of patients suffer significant decline in verbal memory after hippocampectomy. To prevent this disabling complication, a reliable test for predicting postoperative memory decline is greatly desired. Therefore, the authors assessed the value of electrical stimulation of the parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) as a provocation test of verbal memory decline after hippocampectomy on the dominant side. METHODS Eleven right-handed, Japanese-speaking patients with medically intractable left TLE participated in the study. Before surgery, they underwent provocative testing via electrical stimulation of the left PHG during a verbal encoding task. Their pre- and posthippocampectomy memory function was evaluated according to the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) and/or Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) before and 6 months after surgery. The relationship between postsurgical memory decline and results of the provocative test was evaluated. RESULTS Left hippocampectomy was performed in 7 of the 11 patients. In 3 patients with a positive provocative recognition test, verbal memory function, as assessed by the WMS-R, decreased after hippocampectomy, whereas in 4 patients with a negative provocative recognition test, verbal memory function, as assessed by the WMS-R or MMSE, was preserved. CONCLUSIONS Results of the present study suggest that electrical stimulation of the PHG is a reliable provocative test to predict posthippocampectomy verbal memory decline.

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Masoudzadeh, Abbas, Seyyed Taha Yahyavi, Hooman Rashidi, Reza Ali Mohammadpour, and Reza Kiani. "Use of liothyronine in preventing electroconvulsive therapy-induced memory impairment: evaluation." Psychiatrist 37, no. 2 (2013): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.111.038398.

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Aims and methodTo evaluate the effect of liothyronine administration on the cognitive side-effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 30 participants with major depressive disorder that were suitable candidates for ECT were randomly allocated to either a liothyronine or a placebo group. Participants in the liothyronine group received a daily 50 μg dose for the whole period of receiving ECT starting the day before ECT, whereas the other group received a placebo. The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) and the Wechsler Memory Scale – revised (WMS-R) were used for evaluating mood and memory before the first ECT session and after the sixth session (the HRSD was also used after the third session).ResultsThe results indicated that after the sixth ECT session, participants that received liothyronine achieved significantly better scores on the HRSD and WMS-R.Clinical implicationsFurther studies with a larger number of participants, through multicentre research projects, are indicated to obtain adequate data for meta-analysis and systematic review.

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Elwood, Richard W. "Factor structure of the wechsler memory scale-revised (WMS-R) in a clinical sample: A methodological reappraisal." Clinical Neuropsychologist 5, no. 4 (1991): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13854049108404100.

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Griffin, S. L., and E. J. Rankin. "Normative data for a copy version of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) visual reproduction subtest." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 14, no. 1 (1999): 77–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/14.1.77.

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Johnstone, Brick, Kristi Erdal, and Michael A. Stadler. "The relationship between the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised (WMS-R) Attention index and putative measures of Attention." Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings 2, no. 2 (1995): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01988643.

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Jones-Daniel, L., L. Dwarshuis, and K. Nelk. "Comparison of Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) and Weschsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) in a population of neuropsychologically impaired patients using three methods of data collection." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 4, no. 2 (1989): 144–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/4.2.144a.

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Jones-Daniel, L. "Comparison of Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) and Weschsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) in a population of neuropsychologically impaired patients using three methods of data collection." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 4, no. 2 (1989): 144–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0887-6177(89)90124-8.

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Hori, H., J. Matsuo, T. Teraishi, et al. "Moderating effect of schizotypy on the relationship between smoking and neurocognition." European Psychiatry 28, no. 8 (2013): 457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2012.09.002.

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AbstractPurposeSmoking rates in schizotypic individuals are shown to be elevated, as in patients with schizophrenia, although findings on the association of smoking with different symptomatology of schizotypy have been mixed. Moreover, possible moderating effects of schizotypy on the relationship between smoking and cognition have not been well documented.Subjects and methodsThe Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) and the full version of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) were administered to 501 healthy adults. Subjects were divided into smokers (n = 85) and non-smokers (n = 416) based on the presence/absence of current smoking.ResultsThe analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) on the three factor scores as well as the total score of the SPQ, controlling for age and gender, revealed that cognitive-perceptual factor was significantly associated with an increased rate of smoking (P = 0.048). The ANCOVA on the WMS-R indices, with smoking group as a fixed factor and age, gender and total SPQ score as covariates, revealed that the schizotypy-by-smoking interaction was significant for attention/working memory (P = 0.029).Discussion and conclusionPositive schizotypy may be associated with more smoking. Schizotypy and smoking could interact with each other to negatively affect attention/working memory.

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Ninomiya-Baba, Midori, Junko Matsuo, Daimei Sasayama, et al. "Association of body mass index-related single nucleotide polymorphisms with psychiatric disease and memory performance in a Japanese population." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 29, no. 5 (2016): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/neu.2016.66.

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ObjectiveObesity is a risk factor for psychiatric diseases. Recently, a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been shown to be related to body mass index (BMI). In this study, we investigated the association of BMI-related SNPs with psychiatric diseases and one of their endophenotypes, memory performance, in a Japanese population.MethodsThe subjects were 1624 patients with one of three psychiatric diseases (799 patients with major depressive disorder, 594 with schizophrenia, and 231 with bipolar disorder) and 1189 healthy controls. Memory performance was assessed using the Wechsler Memory Scale – Revised (WMS-R). Genomic DNA was prepared from venous blood and used to genotype 23 BMI-related SNPs using the TaqMan 5′-exonuclease allelic discrimination assay. We then analysed the relationships between the SNPs and psychiatric disease and various subscales of the WMS-R.ResultsThree SNPs (rs11142387, rs12597579, and rs6548238) showed significant differences in the genotype or allele frequency between patients with any psychiatric diseases and controls. Furthermore, six SNPs (rs11142387, rs12597579, rs2815752, rs2074356, rs4776970, and rs2287019) showed significant differences in at least one subscale of the WMS-R depending on the genotypes of the healthy controls. Interestingly, rs11142387 near the Kruppel-like factor 9 (KLF9) was significantly associated with psychiatric disease and poor memory function.ConclusionsWe identified three and six BMI-related SNPs associated with psychiatric disease and memory performance, respectively. In particular, carrying the A allele of rs11142387 near KLF9 was found to be associated with psychiatric disease and poor memory performance, which warrants further investigations.

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Devous Sr., Michael D., Adam S. Fleisher, Michael J. Pontecorvo, et al. "Relationships Between Cognition and Neuropathological Tau in Alzheimer’s Disease Assessed by 18F Flortaucipir PET." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 80, no. 3 (2021): 1091–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-200808.

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Background: Tau neurofibrillary tangle burden increases with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) stage and correlates with degree of cognitive impairment. Tau PET imaging could facilitate understanding the relationship between tau pathology and cognitive impairment. Objective: Evaluate the relationship between 18F flortaucipir uptake patterns and cognition across multiple cognitive domains. Methods: We acquired flortaucipir PET scans in 84 amyloid-positive control, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD subjects. Flortaucipir standardized uptake value ratio (SUVr) values were obtained from a neocortical volume of interest (VOI), a precuneus VOI, and VOIs defined by the correlation between flortaucipir SUVr images and domain-specific cognitive tests. Cognitive assessments included Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-cog), and a neuropsychological test battery (i.e., Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised Logical Memory (WMS-R), Trail Making Test, Boston Naming Test, Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Animal List Generation, WMS-R Digit Span, American National Adult Reading Test, Clock Drawing Test, Judgment of Line Orientation, and WMS-R Logical Memory II (Delayed Recall)) and the Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ). Correlation analyses compared regional and voxel-wise VOIs to cognitive scores. Results: Subjects included 5 controls, 47 MCI, and 32 AD subjects. Significant correlations were seen between both flortaucipir and florbetapir SUVrs and MMSE, ADAS-Cog, and FAQ. Cognitive impairment was associated with increased flortaucipir uptake in regionally specific patterns consistent with the neuroanatomy underlying specific cognitive tests. Conclusion: Flortaucipir SUVr values demonstrated significant inverse correlations with cognitive scores in domain-specific patterns. Findings support the hypothesis that PET imaging of neuropathologic tau deposits may reflect underlying neurodegeneration in AD.

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Hilsabeck, R. C., and J. T. Dunn. "An empirical comparison of the Memory Assessment scales (MAS) and the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) in measuring four memory constructs." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 10, no. 4 (1995): 341–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/10.4.341.

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Hilsabeck, R. "An empirical comparison of the Memory Assessment scales (MAS) and the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) in measuring four memory constructs." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 10, no. 4 (1995): 341–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0887-6177(95)92948-5.

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Silver, H., and N. Geraisy. "Effects of Biperiden and Amantadine on Memory in Medicated Chronic Schizophrenic Patients." British Journal of Psychiatry 166, no. 2 (1995): 241–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.166.2.241.

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BackgroundThe effects on memory of an anticholinergic (biperiden) and a dopaminergic (amantadine) anti-Parkinsonian agent were compared.MethodTwenty-six chronically medicated schizophrenic (DSM–III–R) in-patients received amantadine (200 mg/day) or biperiden (4 mg/day) for two weeks in a double-blind cross-over design.ResultsBiperiden treatment was associated with significantly lower scores on Benton Visual Retention Test (P< 0.003) and the visual subscale of Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) (P≤ 0.02), with a trend to poorer scores on WMS total (P= 0.086) and the digit span (P= 0.07) and logical memory (P= 0.06) subscales.ConclusionsIn usual clinical doses, biperiden interferes with memory, particularly visual, more than amantadine.

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Harmon, Timothy, Tanya Clausen, and Ralph Scott. "Factor Analysis of the WAIS—R and Verbal Memory and Visual Memory Indices of the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised, for a Vocational Rehabilitation Sample." Perceptual and Motor Skills 76, no. 3 (1993): 907–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.76.3.907.

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Few empirical studies have examined factor structures of responses of vocationally impaired persons, and those studies have drawn only on aptitude scores (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised: WAIS—R). Results have been inconclusive as to whether a two- or three-factor solution is more appropriate. The present work examined the factor scores of a vocational rehabilitation sample of 54 adults who had been given the WAIS—R and the Verbal Memory and Visual Memory Indices of the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised. Analysis indicated that combining data from the two tests yields a viable three-factor solution which may contribute to the refinement of intervention strategies for vocationally vulnerable adults.

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Hilsabeck, R. "Partial cross-validation of the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised (WMS-R) General Memory—Attention/Concentration Malingering Index in a nonlitigating sample." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 18, no. 1 (2003): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0887-6177(01)00180-9.

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Hilsabeck, R. C., M. D. Thompson, J. W. Irby, R. L. Adams, J. G. Scott, and Wm D. Gouvier. "Partial cross-validation of the Wechsler Memory Scale--Revised (WMS-R) General Memory--Attention/Concentration Malingering Index in a nonlitigating sample." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 18, no. 1 (2003): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/18.1.71.

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El-Missiry, A. "Comparing cognitive functions in medication adherent and non-adherent patients with schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (2016): S97—S98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.071.

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BackgroundMedication non-adherence presents a considerable problem in patients with schizophrenia. Cognitive and executive functions can affect adherence. The association between medication non-adherence and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia is under investigated with limited and conflicting research data.Purpose of the studyTo prospectively assess the rate of drug adherence among a sample of patients with schizophrenia and to compare the cognitive and executive functions between adherent and non-adherent patients.Subjects and methodsOne hundred and nine patients with schizophrenia diagnosed according to the DSM-IV classification were initially assessed by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and six months later by the Brief Adherence Rating Scale (BARS).ResultsAmong the patients, 68.8% were non-adherent to their antipsychotic medication. Adherent patients (31.2%) had significantly higher mean scores for the total, verbal and performance IQ. Moreover, they had significantly higher mean scores in most of WMS subtests (orientation, information, verbal paired association, digit span, visual memory span), and higher mean scores for; total correct, conceptual level response, percentage and categories completed on the WSCT subscales (P < 0.0001). Whereas the non-adherent group had higher mean scores in; trials administered, total errors, perseverative responses, and perseverative errors (P < 0.0001). In a step regression analysis, digit span, conceptualization, total and percentage of errors were putative predictors of non-adherence to antipsychotic medications.ConclusionCognitive deficits, especially verbal memory and executive functions were the strongest patients’ related factors associated with non-adherence to medication. Psychiatrists should consider possible cognitive factors influencing adherence to enable offering proper interventions.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

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De Carvalho, Afonso Denofre, Augusto Mattos Spinato, Bárbara França Kanadani, et al. "Alterações na memória e no cortisol após única sessão de exercício resistido." Cuadernos de Educación y Desarrollo 15, no. 12 (2023): 16423–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.55905/cuadv15n12-070.

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O exercício físico pode ser utilizado como uma das ferramentas não-medicamentosas mais acessíveis e eficientes para promoção e manutenção da saúde. Estudos mostram os efeitos positivos através da expressão de antioxidantes e fatores de crescimento que estimulam o aumento da neuroplasticidade cerebral, neurogênese e proliferação celular. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar os efeitos benéficos de uma única sessão de exercício resistido na aquisição e persistência na memória em acadêmicos da Universidade Alto Vale do Rio do Peixe (UNIARP), na cidade de Caçador, Santa Catarina, do sexo masculino, sedentários, com idade entre 20 a 40 anos e a sua relação com a expressão do cortisol salivar. Esses achados mediante exercício e sub-testes da Wechsler Escala de Memória – Revisada / WMS-R III (Wechsler Memory Scale – Revised) demonstraram que o exercício físico resistido promove uma tendência de aprendizado de certos tipos de memória, indicando possíveis benefícios abrangentes do exercício para as funções de memória relacionada ao hipocampo.

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Moshir Estekhareh, Seyyedeh Somayyeh, Sajjad Saghebdoust, Reza Zare, Mohsen Aghaee Hakak, and Bahram Ali Ghanbari Hashemabadi. "Memory and executive functioning outcomes of selective amygdalohippocampectomy in patients with hippocampal sclerosis: A preliminary study in a developing country." Surgical Neurology International 13 (April 22, 2022): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/sni_49_2022.

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Background: Selective amygdalohippocampectomy (SA) is an effective treatment for drug-resistant cases of epilepsy due to hippocampal sclerosis (HS). However, its neurocognitive outcomes are inconsistent across the previous studies, pointing to potential location-specific confounders. Here, we investigated the neurocognitive outcomes of SA in an Iranian center recently adopting this approach. Methods: Thirty adults (53.3% of females, age 31.4 ± 6.2 years) with drug-resistant epilepsy due to HS were included in the study. Patients were stratified into surgical (n = 15) and medical (n = 15) treatment groups based on their preferences. Neurocognitive function was assessed before and 6 months after intervention using Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, and Wechsler Memory Scale- Third Edition (WMS-III). Postintervention performance changes were compared between the two groups, and predictors of worse postoperative outcomes were investigated. Results: Longitudinal changes of performance in WMS-III and WCST were significantly different between the surgically and medically treated patients. Postoperative WMS-III performance showed an average 25% decline (mean ∆T2-T1 = –25.1%, T = –6.6, P < 0.001), and WCST performance improved by an average of 49% (mean ∆T2-T1 = +49.1%, T = 4.6, P < 0.001). The decline in memory performance was more severe in the left-sided surgery and in patients with higher baseline education (mean ∆T2-T1 = –31.1%, T = –8.9, P < 0.001). Conclusion: In our center, executive functioning improved or remained stable after SA, but memory functions declined moderately. The left-sided SA and higher education were associated with more severe decline in memory functions, highlighting the need for special considerations for these groups.

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Snow, W. Gary. "A Factor Analytic Approach to the WAIS–III and WMS–III: Clinical Interpretation of the WAIS–III and WMS–III. D.S. Tulsky, D.H. Saklofske, G.J. Chelune, R.K. Heaton, R.J. Ivnik, R. Bornstein, A. Prifitera, and M.F. Ledbetter (Eds.). 2003. Amsterdam: Academic Press. 618 pp., $75.00." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 10, no. 7 (2004): 1024–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617704227138.

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This is an edited collection of papers that focuses on various aspects of the most recent revision of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS–III) and Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS–III). The papers in this volume fall into three broad areas. The first section of the book (and part of one of the subsequent chapters) provides an overview of the history of the development of measures of memory and intelligence, with particular emphasis on the Wechsler scales. These chapters are thoroughly delightful, and the only shortcoming is that they are too brief. Indeed, though over 100 pages are devoted to this topic, there are a number of questions about the measures which could have been answered but weren't. (For example, given the cost and time pressures on psychological assessment, why were the tests—particularly the WMS–III—lengthened? Why, for example, include a measure of list learning when Psychological Corporation already published the California Verbal Learning Test? Why, after all these years, hasn't the WAIS Information subtest been dropped or the content made less specific to the United States? What led to the decision to include a verbally mediated measure of visual memory on the WMS–III, a decision which can make it harder to evaluate visual memory in aphasics?) Given how involved they were in the revisions of the WAIS and WMS, the editors would appear to have been uniquely positioned to provide a more in-depth discussion of the issues that arose during this process and how these issues were resolved.

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Alexander, R. W., D. C. Marson, and L. W. Duke. "The factor structure of the wechsler memory scale-revised (WMS-R) in a sample of patients with alzheimer's type dementia." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 7, no. 4 (1992): 314–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/7.4.314.

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Mohagheghi, Arash, Asghar Arfaie, Shahrokh Amiri, Masoud Nouri, Salman Abdi, and Salman Safikhanlou. "Preventive Effect of Liothyronine on Electroconvulsive Therapy-Induced Memory Deficit in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder: A Double-Blind Controlled Clinical Trial." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/503918.

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Introduction and Objective. Despite the effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in treating major depressive disorder (MDD), its cognitive side effects make it less popular. This study investigated the impact of liothyronine on ECT-induced memory deficit in patients with MDD.Methodology. This is a double-blind clinical trial, in which 60 patients with MDD who were referred for ECT were selected. The diagnosis was based on the criteria of DSM-IV-TR. Patients were divided randomly into two groups to receive either liothyronine (50 mcg every morning) or placebo. After the assessment with Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) before first session of ECT, posttests were repeated again, two months after the completion of ECT.Findings. By controlling the pretest scores, the mean scores of the experimental group were higher than the control group in delayed recall, verbal memory, visual memory, general memory, and attention/concentration scales (P<0.05).Conclusion. Liothyronine may prevent ECT-induced memory impairment in patients with MDD. This study has been registered in IRCT underIRCT201401122660N2.

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Makino, Taeko, Hiroyuki Umegaki, Masahiko Ando, et al. "Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, or Combined Exercise Training Among Older Adults with Subjective Memory Complaints: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 82, no. 2 (2021): 701–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-210047.

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Background: Physical exercise is suggested to be effective for preventing cognitive decline in older adults, but the relative efficacy of different types of exercise have yet to be clarified. Objective: This single-blinded randomized controlled trial was designed to investigate the differential effects of aerobic exercise training (AT), resistance exercise training (RT), and combined exercise training (CT) on cognition in older adults with subjective memory complaints (SMC). Methods: Community-dwelling older adults with SMC (n = 415; mean age = 72.3 years old) were randomly assigned to one of the four groups: AT, RT, CT, or control group. The study consisted of two phases: a 26-week intervention and a 26-week follow-up. The participants were evaluated at baseline, 26 weeks (postintervention), and 52 weeks (follow-up). The primary outcome of this study was memory function, which was assessed using the Logical Memory II subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) score. The secondary outcomes included global cognitive function, verbal fluency, working memory, processing speed, and executive functions. Results: Intention-to-treat analysis by a mixed-effect model repeated measure showed that the AT group had significantly improved performance on the WMS-R Logical Memory II test (2.74 [1.82–3.66] points) than the control group (1.36 [0.44–2.28] points) at the postintervention assessment (p = 0.037). The effect was more pronounced in those without amnesia than those with amnesia. No significant improvement was observed in the RT and CT groups. Conclusion: This study suggests that AT intervention can improve delayed memory in community-dwelling older adults, particularly in individuals without objective memory decline.

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Nikendei, C., C. Funiok, U. Pfüller, et al. "Memory performance in acute and weight-restored anorexia nervosa patients." Psychological Medicine 41, no. 4 (2010): 829–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291710001121.

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BackgroundAnorexia nervosa (AN), at the stage of starvation and emaciation, is characterized by abnormalities in cognitive function, including memory performance. It is unclear whether memory impairment persists or is reversible following weight restoration, and whether memory function differs between AN subtypes. The aim of the present study was to investigate general memory performance in currently ill and fully weight-restored patients of different AN subtypes.MethodMemory performance was assessed using the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) in a total of 99 participants, including 34 restricting-type AN patients (AN-RESTR), 19 binge-eating/purging-type AN patients (AN-PURGE), 16 weight-restored AN patients (AN-W-R) and 30 healthy controls (CONTROL). Cognitive evaluation included a battery of standardized neuropsychological tasks for validating the findings on memory function.ResultsDeficits were found with respect to immediate and delayed story recall in currently ill AN patients irrespective of AN subtype. These deficits persisted in weight-restored AN patients. Currently ill and weight-restored AN patients did not differ significantly from healthy controls with respect to working memory or other measures of neuropsychological functioning.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that impaired memory performance is either a stable trait characteristic or a scar effect of chronic starvation that may play a role in the development and/or persistence of the disorder.

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Mueller, R. M., A. A. Russo, L. H. Barker, et al. "Memory testing and memory for sentences: Concurrent and construct validity of the Test of Memory and Learning (TOMAL) utilizing the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R)." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 10, no. 4 (1995): 369–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/10.4.369a.

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Mueller, R. "Memory testing and memory for sentences: Concurrent and construct validity of the Test of Memory and Learning (TOMAL) utilizing the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R)." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 10, no. 4 (1995): 369–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0887-6177(95)92996-i.

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Motomura, Kazuya, Lushun Chalise, Fumiharu Ohka, et al. "Neurocognitive and functional outcomes in patients with diffuse frontal lower-grade gliomas undergoing intraoperative awake brain mapping." Journal of Neurosurgery 132, no. 6 (2020): 1683–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2019.3.jns19211.

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OBJECTIVELower-grade gliomas (LGGs) are often observed within eloquent regions, which indicates that tumor resection in these areas carries a potential risk for neurological disturbances, such as motor deficit, language disorder, and/or neurocognitive impairments. Some patients with frontal tumors exhibit severe impairments of neurocognitive function, including working memory and spatial awareness, after tumor removal. The aim of this study was to investigate neurocognitive and functional outcomes of frontal LGGs in both the dominant and nondominant hemispheres after awake brain mapping.METHODSData from 50 consecutive patients with diffuse frontal LGGs in the dominant and nondominant hemispheres who underwent awake brain surgery between December 2012 and September 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The goal was to map neurocognitive functions such as working memory by using working memory tasks, including digit span testing and N-back tasks.RESULTSDue to awake language mapping, the frontal aslant tract was frequently identified as a functional boundary in patients with left superior frontal gyrus tumors (76.5%). Furthermore, functional boundaries were identified while evaluating verbal and spatial working memory function by stimulating the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex using the digit span and visual N-back tasks in patients with right superior frontal gyrus tumors (7.1%). Comparing the preoperative and postoperative neuropsychological assessments from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Third Edition (WAIS-III) and Wechsler Memory Scale–Revised (WMS-R), significant improvement following awake surgery was observed in mean Perceptual Organization (Z = −2.09, p = 0.04) in WAIS-III scores. Postoperative mean WMS-R scores for Visual Memory (Z = −2.12, p = 0.03) and Delayed Recall (Z = −1.98, p = 0.04) were significantly improved compared with preoperative values for every test after awake surgery. No significant deterioration was noted with regard to neurocognitive functions in a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. In the postoperative course, early transient speech and motor disturbances were observed in 30.0% and 28.0% of patients, respectively. In contrast, late permanent speech and motor disturbances were observed in 0% and 4.0%, respectively.CONCLUSIONSIt is noteworthy that no significant postoperative deterioration was identified compared with preoperative status in a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. The results demonstrated that awake functional mapping enabled favorable neurocognitive and functional outcomes after surgery in patients with diffuse frontal LGGs.

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Russo, A. A., L. H. Barker, R. M. Mueller, et al. "Memory testing and digit span: Concurrent and construct validity of the Test of Memory and Learning (TOMAL) utilizing the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R)." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 10, no. 4 (1995): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/10.4.386.

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Russo, A. "Memory testing and digit span: Concurrent and construct validity of the Test of Memory and Learning (TOMAL) utilizing the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R)." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 10, no. 4 (1995): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0887-6177(95)93024-7.

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Kanmogne, Georgette D., Julius Y. Fonsah, Anya Umlauf, et al. "Attention/Working Memory, Learning and Memory in Adult Cameroonians: Normative Data, Effects of HIV Infection and Viral Genotype." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 26, no. 6 (2020): 607–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617720000120.

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AbstractObjective:There is lack of Cameroonian adult neuropsychological (NP) norms, limited knowledge concerning HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa, and evidence of differential inflammation and disease progression based on viral subtypes. In this study, we developed demographically corrected norms and assessed HIV and viral genotypes effects on attention/working memory (WM), learning, and memory.Method:We administered two tests of attention/WM [Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT)-50, Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS)-III Spatial Span] and two tests of learning and memory [Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R), Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R)] to 347 HIV+ and 395 seronegative adult Cameroonians. We assessed the effects of viral factors on neurocognitive performance.Results:Compared to controls, people living with HIV (PLWH) had significantly lower T-scores on PASAT-50 and attention/WM summary scores, on HVLT-R total learning and learning summary scores, on HVLT-R delayed recall, BVMT-R delayed recall and memory summary scores. More PLWH had impairment in attention/WM, learning, and memory. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) and current immune status had no effect on T-scores. Compared to untreated cases with detectable viremia, untreated cases with undetectable viremia had significantly lower (worse) T-scores on BVMT-R total learning, BVMT-R delayed recall, and memory composite scores. Compared to PLWH infected with other subtypes (41.83%), those infected with HIV-1 CRF02_AG (58.17%) had higher (better) attention/WM T-scores.Conclusions:PLWH in Cameroon have impaired attention/WM, learning, and memory and those infected with CRF02_AG viruses showed reduced deficits in attention/WM. The first adult normative standards for assessing attention/WM, learning, and memory described, with equations for computing demographically adjusted T-scores, will facilitate future studies of diseases affecting cognitive function in Cameroonians.

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Kixmiller, Jeffrey S., Mieke Verfaellie, Kenneth A. Chase, and Laird S. Cermak. "Comparison of figural intrusion errors in three amnesic subgroups." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 1, no. 6 (1995): 561–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617700000692.

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AbstractTo examine the contribution of memory deficits and executive dysfunction to the production of prior-item intrusion errors, Korsakoff, mesial temporal amnesic, and anterior communicating artery aneurysm (ACoA) patients’ performance on the Visual Reproduction subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) was assessed. The Korsakoff patients were matched to the mesial temporal group in terms of severity of amnesia, while the ACoA group, which was less severely amnesic, was matched to the Korsakoff group in their performance on executive tests. Results indicated that at immediate recall, Korsakoff patients made significantly more intrusions than mesial temporal and ACoA patients. Conversely, after a delay, ACoA patients tended to make more intrusions than the other groups. Findings suggest that intrusions are due to a combination of deficient memory and executive dysfunction. A further comparison of a subgroup of ACoA patients matched to the Korsakoff patients in terms of severity of amnesia, however, revealed differences in the pattern of intrusions of these two groups, suggesting that different mechanisms may underlie Korsakoff and ACoA patients’ susceptibility to interference. (JINS, 1995, 1, 561–567.)

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Mossaheb, N., M. Schloegelhofer, R. M. Kaufmann, et al. "Association of deficits in smell identification, social and basic cognition in patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, their first-degree relatives and matched healthy controls." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (2011): 1458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73163-7.

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IntroductionAssociations between smell identification deficits (SID) and impairments in basic cognitive domains have been shown in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders.ObjectivesWe analyzed social and basic cognitive deficits and SID.AimsTo assess differences in affective decision making tasks in patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, their 1st degree relatives and healthy controls. Methods: We examined 51 patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (49% female, age 33.1 years, SD 11), 21 first-degree relatives (61.9% female, age 49.5 years, SD 17.6, one affected, others non-affected) and 51 matched healthy controls (49% female, age 33 years, SD 12.1). Psychopathology was evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Subjects were administered the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), the Facially Expressed Emotion Labelling (FEEL) test, the spatial span subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) and the Mehrfachwahl-Wortschatz Test (MWT-B).ResultsPatients, controls and 1st degree relatives differed in age (p = 0.000), WMS-R (p = 0.000) and FEEL scores (p = 0.007). In healthy controls, patients and 1st degree relatives FEEL correlated with age (p = 0.005, p = 0.003, p = 0.004, respectively). In patients FEEL also correlated with MWT-B (p = 0.000), UPSIT (p = 0.000) and PANSS negative scores (p = 0.016); furthermore, UPSIT correlated with MWT-B (p = 0.001). In 1st degree relatives age correlated with WMS-R (p = 0.04) and FEEL (p = 0.004), both of which inter-correlated (p = 0.006).ConclusionWe found that SID, basic and social cognition, i.e. affective decision-making processes, inter-correlate in patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and are partly under the influence of negative symptoms. Some of these relationships can also be seen in 1st degree relatives of patients.

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Atkinson, Leslie. "Concurrent use of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised and the WAIS-R*." British Journal of Clinical Psychology 30, no. 1 (1991): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1991.tb00923.x.

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Johnson, Judith L., C. Garth Bellah, Tim Dodge, William Kelley, and Mary Margaret Livingston. "Effect of Warning on Feigned Malingering on the Wais—R in College Samples." Perceptual and Motor Skills 87, no. 1 (1998): 152–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.87.1.152.

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Research indicates claimant malingering of cognitive deficits to be common in personal injury litigation. Efforts have been made to either detect such tendencies or deter efforts at malingering. The present study examined whether warning people that feigned malingering efforts would be detected results in more valid profiles on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised. Undergraduates ( N = 48) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: feigned malingerers without warning, feigned malingerers with warning, and controls. Analysis indicated both feigned malingerer groups performed significantly worse than the control group; however, feigned malingerers with warning did not perform significantly better than those without warning. Unlike previous research using the Wechsler Memory Scale–Revised, results did not support effectiveness of warning in reducing feigned malingering scores.

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Stout, J. C., D. P. Salmon, N. Butters, et al. "Decline in working memory associated with HIV infection." Psychological Medicine 25, no. 6 (1995): 1221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700033195.

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SynopsisHIV infection has been associated with decline in a number of cognitive functions that are components of ‘working memory’. Thus, tests of working memory that require the interaction of these components may be particularly sensitive to cognitive dysfunction that arises from HIV infection. To assess this possibility, working memory was examined in 147 HIV-seropositive (HIV+) and 38 HIV-seronegative (HIV−) males using the Reading Span Test and the Digit Span subtest from the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R). Speed of information processing, a component of some working memory tasks, was assessed with a version of the Sternberg Memory Scanning task. Results indicated that symptomatic HIV+ subjects were impaired relative to HIV− control subjects on the Reading Span and Digit Span tests. Asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic HIV+ groups exhibited a trend toward impairment on these tests, and on the whole, a greater proportion of HIV+ subjects than HIV− subjects were impaired. The groups did not differ significantly in information processing speed. These results indicate that deficits in working memory are apparent in at least a subset of HIV-infected individuals. These deficits are most apparent in symptomatic HIV+ individuals, but the decline may begin during the asymptomatic phase of infection.

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Panwala, Tanya F., Michelle E. Fox, Tiffany D. Tucker, and Tricia Z. King. "The Effects of Radiation and Sex Differences on Adaptive Functioning in Adult Survivors of Pediatric Posterior Fossa Brain Tumors." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 25, no. 7 (2019): 729–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135561771900033x.

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AbstractObjective: Radiation therapy (RT) improves rates of survival of patients with childhood brain tumors but increases deficits in cognition and independent living skills. Previous literature has studied difficulties in basic cognitive processes, but few explore impairment in higher-order skills such as adaptive functioning. Some studies identify females as at risk for cognitive deficits due to RT, but few investigate sex differences in adaptive functioning. It was hypothesized that females would exhibit poorer long-term independent living skills and core cognitive skills relative to males following RT. Methods: Forty-five adult survivors of posterior fossa childhood brain tumors (24 females) completed the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI-II), Wechsler Memory Scale, Third Edition (WMS-III) Digit Span Forward (DSF) and Backward (DSB), and Oral Symbol Digit Modalities Test (OSDMT). Informants completed the Scales of Independent Behavior-Revised (SIB-R). Results: DSF and OSDMT were positively correlated with all five SIB-R domains, full-scale IQ (FSIQ) was positively correlated with four SIB-R domains, and DSB was positively correlated with three SIB-R domains. There was an interaction between sex and RT for OSDMT and community living skills with trend level interactions for personal living skills and broad independent living skills, where females without RT had higher scores than females with RT. Conclusions: Female survivors were more affected by RT than males across the community living skills domain of adaptive functioning as well as processing speed. Processing speed deficits may have a cascading impact on daily living skills. Future studies should investigate how clinical and biological factors may contribute to personalized treatment plans between sexes. (JINS, 2019, 25, 729–739)

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C, Cohen, Guidotti Breting L, Klipfel K, Geary E, and Sweet J. "A-024 The Relationship Between Levels of Insight and Memory Performance in Patients with Dementia." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 35, no. 6 (2020): 814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaa068.024.

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Abstract Objective Impaired awareness of cognitive and functional decline is common in dementia syndromes. Insight into cognitive changes is often assessed during a clinical interview, questioning of independent activities of daily living, or via self-report measures of functional abilities. Few studies have examined patient insight in a neuropsychological test performance. The current study investigated the relationship between memory performance on the Wechsler Memory Scale Fourth Edition(WMS-IV) and the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised(HVLT-R) with level of insight in patients with dementia. Insight was determined from the clinician-based insight rating item on the Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale-II(BDS-II). Method Patients with dementia (ages 50–91) from an outpatient clinic referred for memory testing were divided into groups based on their BDS-II insight score: intact(n = 52), moderate(n = 30), and none/poor(n = 29). One-way ANOVA and post hoc analyses examined the insight differences for immediate recall(IR) and delayed recall(DR) trials on the WMS-IV Visual Reproduction(VRI/II) and Logical Memory(LMI/II) subtests and the HVLT-R. No group differences were found for age or education. Results Analyses revealed significant group differences on the HVLT-R IR [F(2,96) = 5.33,p &lt; .01] and VRI [F(2,100) = 4.88,p &lt; .01], with no significant differences for LM. Post hoc analyses demonstrated poorer performance in the none/poor insight group compared to the moderate (HVLT:p &lt; .05,Cohen’s(d) = .95;VR:p &lt; .05,d = .67) and intact insight groups (HVLT:p &lt; .05,d = .75;VR:p &lt; .05,d = .71). Performance between moderate and intact groups did not differ. There were no significant group effects in the three DR measures. Conclusions Findings suggest that patients with poor insight performed worse on IR measures. The presence of poor insight, in the context of impaired IR performances, may assist in recommendations regarding future functional supports.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R)'

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