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Journal articles on the topic 'Weeds Biological control South Australia'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Scott, John K. "Biology and climatic requirements of Perapion antiquum (Coleoptera: Apionidae) in southern Africa: implications for the biological control of Emexspp. in Australia." Bulletin of Entomological Research 82, no. 3 (September 1992): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300041195.

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AbstractThe potential distribution of the South African weevil, Perapion antiquum (Gyllenhal), a biological control agent for the weeds Emex spp., was deter mined by the computer program CLIMEX, using its native distribution, phenology and abundance together with development parameters. The predicted distribution included parts of Hawaii where the weevil successfully controlled Emex australis and E. spinosa. In Australia, sites of past unsuccessful releases have climates that this analysis indicates are unsuitable for the insect. The most favourable regions for establishment of the weevil are

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2

Leys, AR, RL Amor, AG Barnett, and B. Plater. "Evaluation of herbicides for control of summer-growing weeds on fallows in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 2 (1990): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900271.

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Eighteen herbicides or herbicide tankmixes were evaluated over 3 years (1987-89) for their control of 11 important summer-growing weeds on fallows in southern New South Wales and the Wimmera area of Victoria. Each of the weeds was effectively controlled by at least 1 herbicide. The tank-mixes of glyphosate plus metsulfuron (270 + 4.2 g a.i./ha) and glyphosate plus 2,4-D ester (270 + 320 g a.i./ha) were the most effective treatments, each giving an average of 68% control of all species. Hogweed (Polygolzunz avicu1ar.e L.), prickly paddy melon (Cucumis myriocarpris Naudin), spear thistle [Cirsiu

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3

Scott, J. K., and P. B. Yeoh. "Bionomics and the predicted distribution of the aphid Brachycaudus rumexicolens (Hemiptera: Aphididae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 89, no. 1 (January 1999): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485399000127.

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AbstractDevelopment rates of the aphid, Brachycaudus rumexicolens (Patch), a recent arrival in Australia and a potential biological control agent against weeds in the family Polygonaceae, were measured over a range of constant temperatures. The theoretical lower limit for development is 6.4°C and the upper limit 32°C. Maximum fecundity per day was reached at 19°C. The rate of increase peaked at about 28°C giving a population doubling time of less than two days. These values were used with the current distribution to develop a CLIMEX model to predict the potential world distribution of the aphi

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4

Walker, S. R., I. N. Taylor, G. Milne, V. A. Osten, Z. Hoque, and R. J. Farquharson. "A survey of management and economic impact of weeds in dryland cotton cropping systems of subtropical Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 1 (2005): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03189.

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In dryland cotton cropping systems, the main weeds and effectiveness of management practices were identified, and the economic impact of weeds was estimated using information collected in a postal and a field survey of Southern Queensland and northern New South Wales. Forty-eight completed questionnaires were returned, and 32 paddocks were monitored in early and late summer for weed species and density. The main problem weeds were bladder ketmia (Hibiscus trionum), common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus), barnyard grasses (Echinochloa spp.), liverseed grass (Urochloa panicoides) and black bindwe

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5

Taylor, AJ. "Influence of weed competition on autumn-sown lucerne in south-eastern Australia and the field comparison of herbicides and mowing for weed control." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 6 (1987): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870825.

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A field experiment in autumn-sown lucerne was conducted at Tatura to quantify the growth of winter weeds and the effects of weeds on lucerne seedling establishment, plant densities and hay production over the first year of cutting. In addition, mowing treatments and a range of herbicides were evaluated with respect to weed control. Weed growth rates in spring of up to 114 kg ha-l day-1 DM and high yields of annual winter weeds excluded lucerne (Medicago sativa L. cv. Delkalb 167) almost entirely from the first hay cut and significantly reduced seedling vigour and plant densities. The unsprayed

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6

Lemerle, D., B. Verbeek, and S. Diffey. "Influences of field pea (Pisum sativum) density on grain yield and competitiveness with annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 11 (2006): 1465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04233.

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The variation in field pea grain yield and competitiveness with annual ryegrass due to crop density, row spacing and cultivar was determined to enable farmers to better manage weeds with cultural control tactics. Crop density varied with seeding rate, cultivar, row spacing and year. Higher seeding rates were required to reach equivalent plant densities in cv. Dinkum (short, semi-leafless) compared with cv. Dundale (tall, conventional-leaf), and at 36 cm compared with 18 cm row spacing. Field pea grain yield was reduced more at low crop densities, in Dinkum, at 36 cm row spacing, and in the pre

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7

Giles, I., P. T. Bailey, R. Fox, R. Coles, and T. J. Wicks. "Prospects for biological control of cutleaf mignonette, Reseda lutea (Resedaceae), by Cercospora resedae and other pathogens." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 1 (2002): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01070.

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Four leaf pathogens were screened as biological control agents for the weed Reseda lutea (Resedaceae) in South Australia. Cercospora resedae isolated from Reseda luteola growing in south-eastern Australia produced a maximum damage to R. lutea seedlings of 54% of leaf area damaged at 22°C and 96% of leaf area damaged at 27°C under laboratory test conditions. By contrast, European isolates of C. resedae from both R. lutea and R. luteola produced a maximum of 10% leaf area damage to R. lutea seedlings. Field releases of Australian C. resedae failed to establish in dense populations of R. lutea on

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8

Seymour, M. "Narbon bean (Vicia narbonensis) agronomy in south-western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 10 (2006): 1355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04091.

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Narbon bean (Vicia narbonensis L.) shows promise as a fodder, green manure and grain crop in south-western Australia. This study examines the effect of time of sowing (2 experiments), plant density (3 experiments) and reaction to herbicides (4 experiments on tolerance to herbicides and 1 experiment on removing narbon bean from a wheat crop) in 10 separate field experiments sown at 4 locations in the mallee region of Western Australia from 1998 to 2001. Narbon bean was found to be unresponsive to changes in sowing date with yield maintained until the first week of June. The optimum plant densit

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9

Adair, R. J., and J. K. Scott. "Distribution, life history and host specificity of Chrysolina picturata and Chrysolina sp. B (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), two biological control agents for Chrysanthemoides monilifera (Compositae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 87, no. 4 (August 1997): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300037354.

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AbstractThe southern African shrubs Chrysanthemoides monilifera monilifera and C. m. rotundata (Compositae) are serious weeds of native vegetation in Australia and are targets for classical biological control. In host specificity tests using 69 species from 25 families, two leaf-feeding chrysomelid beetles, Chrysolina picturata (Clark) and Chrysolina sp. B, were able to complete development on only Chrysanthemoides monilifera and C. incana. The subspecies Chrysanthemoides m. monilifera was the superior host for both Chrysolina picturata and Chrysolina sp. B. Feeding and limited development of

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10

Campbell, MH. "Extending the frontiers of aerially sown pastures in temperate Australia: a review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 1 (1992): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920137.

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Over the past 40 years large areas of pastures on hill country in temperate Australia have been improved through aerial distribution of herbicides, pesticides, seed, and fertiliser, which has increased animal production and helped to control weeds. Refinements detailed in this review could extend the use of these techniques to promote sustainable systems by the establishment of perennial pasture species on unploughed land. It is argued that the most urgent requirement is ensuring that aerial spraying is not abolished by government regulation in response to demands by specialist groups, because

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11

Peterson, David J., and Raj Prasad. "The biology of Canadian weeds. 109. Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, no. 3 (July 1, 1998): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-079.

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Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius [L.] Link.) is an exotic perennial, leguminous, deciduous shrub, which during the past century has greatly expanded its range along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of North America, and in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Chile, Iran, and India. This shrub rapidly invades disturbed areas, forming dense thickets, which can suppress and inhibit native vegetation, including economically important conifer seedlings. The developmental characteristics whereby Scotch broom invades new sites include specialized stem photosynthesis, prolific seed production, longevi

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12

Manrique, Veronica, Rodrigo Diaz, James P. Cuda, and William A. Overholt. "Suitability of a New Plant Invader as a Target for Biological Control in Florida." Invasive Plant Science and Management 4, no. 1 (March 2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-10-00040.1.

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AbstractThe suitability of a target weed for classical biological control should be considered early in the process of plant invasion. Concerns have been raised about the recent arrival ofMikania micranthaKunth in south Florida and its potential to spread and invade natural and managed ecosystems. This weed is native to the neotropics, and has been introduced into many Asian countries and, more recently, into Australia. In Asia,M. micranthais particularly problematic in plantation crops, but also threatens natural areas and disturbed ecosystems. Several aspects of the biology and ecology ofM.

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13

Bailey, P., J.-L. Sagliocco, J. Vitou, and D. Cooke. "Prospects for biological control of cutleaf mignonette, Reseda lutea (Resedaceae), by Baris picicornis and Bruchela spp. in Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 2 (2002): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01059.

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In South Australia, Reseda lutea is abundant, invading pastures and crops on calcareous soils while in its native Mediterranean range it is uncommon in occurrence and is not reported as a weed of cultivated crops. Its invasive behaviour in South Australia may be attributed to vegetative growth of root fragments spread by cultivation, while propagation by seed is of minor importance. Surveys in Spain, Portugal, Morocco, France, Turkey and Israel indicated that agronomic differences, particularly depth of cultivation and seeding rates of cereals may explain why it is not a crop weed in these cou

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14

Felton, WL, GA Wicks, and SM Welsby. "A survey of fallow practices and weed floras in wheat stubble and grain sorghum in northern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 2 (1994): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940229.

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A survey undertaken in northern New South Wales after the 1989 wheat harvest investigated the effects of cultural practices used by dryland farmers on summer weed flora. Only 50% of fallow paddocks surveyed between December and February were weedfree, and by mid January 65% had inadequate stubble cover (<1000 kg/ha) for protection from soil erosion, mainly because of excessive tillage. By February, only 10% of paddocks were being sprayed with a herbicide to control weeds. Examination of 65 uncultivated fallow wheat stubble paddocks and 25 grain sorghum crops identified 87 and 51 different w

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15

Cooke, JW. "Effect of fallowing practices on runoff and soil erosion in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 3 (1985): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850628.

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The effect on runoff and soil loss of four methods of preparation of fallow was investigated at each of three sites in north-central Victoria. There was a chemical fallow treatment (uncultivated) and three scarified treatments (smooth, medium and rough cultivation). When the results from the three sites were combined, there was 10.7 mm runoff from the uncultivated treatment, 5.1 mm from the smooth, 0.8 mm from the medium and 0.3 mm from the rough scarified treatments. Soil loss from the uncultivated treatment was 103 g/m2 compared with 87 g/m2 from the smooth, 22 g/m2 from the medium and 13 g/

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16

Adair, R. J., and J. K. Scott. "Distribution, life history, host specificity and suitability of an undescribed Chrysolina species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) for the biological control of Chrysanthemoides monilifera (Compositae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 81, no. 3 (September 1991): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300033484.

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AbstractIn host specificity tests using 81 plant species from 27 families, an undescribed Chrysolina sp. completed its development only on Chrysanthemoides monilifera, a serious weed of native vegetation in Australia. Minor exploratory feeding, mostly by adults, occurred on 35 plant species. The Chrysolina sp. is restricted to the eastern Cape Province of South Africa where it occurs on Chrysanthemoides m. pisifera, a subspecies not yet recorded in Australia. Chrysanthemoides m. monilifera and C. m. rotundata, both naturalized in Australia, were accepted as hosts by Chrysolina sp., but adult e

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17

SPICER, K. W., and P. M. CATLING. "THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 88. Elodea canadensis Michx." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 68, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 1035–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps88-125.

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A review is provided of information on the biology of elodea (Elodea canadensis Michx.). This submersed aquatic develops dense beds that impede water traffic and restrict water-based recreation in the southern portions of Quebec, Ontario, in British Columbia and Alberta. In some regions the dense beds decrease the efficiency of irrigated agriculture. Native to North America, elodea has recently spread to other parts of the world including Europe, Asia, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. Elodea is beneficial in providing food and cover for insects and other small aquatic organisms, and co

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18

Mitchell, GJ, RJ Carter, and SR Chinner. "Studies on the control of water-dropwort (Oenanthe pimpinelloides) in South Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 4 (1995): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950483.

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Water-dropwort (Oenanthe pimpinelloides L.), a tuberous perennial herb, is currently known in South Australia from only a single locality in the Mount Lofty Ranges. There is little information on water-dropwort control, and 2 experiments were conducted to assess the effects of sowing pasture, with or without presowing herbicides, on the control of this weed. Phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) and perennial clovers were successfully introduced into infested pastures by direct drilling in autumn. Water-dropwort regenerated from seed more densely in unsown plots than plots of established perennial p

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19

Wapshere, AH. "Prospects for the biological control of silver-leaf nightshade, Solanum elaeagnifolium, in Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39, no. 2 (1988): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9880187.

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A survey of the distribution of the herbivores associated with the weed, Solanum elaeagnifolium, in its native range in Mexico and south-west U.S.A., has been made in relation to climate. The biological control agents considered were: a leaf-galling nematode, Orrina phyllobia; the defoliating cassidine Gratiana pallidula; chrysomelids Leptinotarsa texana and L. defecta, and tingids, Gargaphia spp.; a stem-boring curculionid, Trichobaris texana; a stem-galling cecidomyid species; the fruit-feeding gelechiid, Frumenta nephelomicta; and tephritid Zonosemata vittigera. The results of the survey su

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20

Lattimore, MAE. "Pastures in temperate rice rotations of south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 7 (1994): 959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940959.

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Legume-based pastures have long been an integral part of rice growing in the southern New South Wales irrigation areas and still offer potential to improve the productivity, profitability, and sustainability of the temperate rice-cropping system.This paper reviews both historical and current aspects of pastures in temperate rice rotations in southern New South Wales and highlights the importance of pastures in sustaining this cropping system as environmental pressures increase. Topics discussed include pasture species and rotations, their role in improving soil fertility and sustainability, th

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21

KNIHINICKI, DANUTA K., KATHRYN L. MCCARREN, and JOHN K. SCOTT. "A new species of Aceria (Acari: Eriophyidae) damaging sowthistles, Sonchus spp. (Asteraceae), in Australia with notes on Aceria sonchi (Nalepa, 1902)." Zootaxa 2119, no. 1 (May 27, 2009): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2119.1.2.

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A new species of eriophyoid mite from Australia is described and illustrated. Aceria thalgi sp. n. causes severe curling and rolling of leaves of common introduced sowthistle, Sonchus oleraceus L. It also affects introduced Sonchus asper (L.) Hill and native Sonchus hydrophilus Boulos. The native species may be the original host for this mite. Aceria thalgi sp. n. is shown to be a separate species to Aceria sonchi (Nalepa), which forms distinctive leaf galls on Sonchus spp. in southern Europe. English translations of past descriptions of A. sonchi are included for comparison. Historical observ

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22

Warwick, Suzanne I., and Ardath Francis. "The biology of Canadian weeds. 132. Raphanus raphanistrum L." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85, no. 3 (July 1, 2005): 709–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p04-120.

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A review of biological information is provided for Raphanus raphanistrum L. Native to the Mediterranean region, the species is widely introduced and naturalized in temperate regions around the world. In Canada, it currently occurs in all provinces except Saskatchewan and Manitoba, has only a limited distribution in Alberta, and is also absent from the Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. It is most abundant in the Atlantic and Pacific regions and is an important weed of field crops in the Maritime provinces and Quebec. A persistent seed bank, competitive annual growth habit and high f

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23

Strelau, M., D. R. Clements, J. Benner, and R. Prasad. "The Biology of Canadian Weeds: 157.Hedera helixL. andHedera hibernica(G. Kirchn.) Bean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 98, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 1005–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2018-0009.

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Two related species of Hedera spp. exist throughout Canada: English Ivy (Hedera helix L.) and Irish Ivy [Hedera hibernica (G. Kirchn.) Bean]. These species are difficult to distinguish taxonomically and clear distinctions are not always made in the literature, so we largely discuss them as a single taxon in this account. Ivy is an evergreen perennial with two distinct forms: woody vine (juvenile form) or shrub (adult form). In Canada, Hedera spp. are found naturalized along the southern coast of British Columbia (Vancouver, Vancouver Island, and the Gulf Islands) and in southwestern Ontario. D

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24

Morrison, SM, and JK Scott. "Variation in Populations of Tribulus terrestris (Zygophyllaceae) .3. Isozyme Analysis." Australian Journal of Botany 44, no. 2 (1996): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9960201.

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Isozyme variation in seedlings was investigated as part of a study to identify the origins of the widespread weed and potential biological control target Tribulus terrestris L. s.1. (Zygophyllaceae). Seedlings were obtained from 30 Australian and 24 overseas collections of burrs. Polymorphism was detected in 8 of the 11 putative loci scored. Queensland and Northern Territory collections differed from other Australian and non-Australian collections, indicating that they belong to a separate and possibly native Australian species. Other Australian collections had a high genetic similarity to bur

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Hetherington, S. D., and J. A. G. Irwin. "Pathological and molecular genetic variation in the interaction between Sporobolus spp. and Bipolaris spp." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, no. 4 (1999): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a98126.

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Members of the Sporobolus indicus complex, particularly Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. var. major (Buse) Baaijens (Giant Parramatta Grass; GPG) and S. pyramidalis P. Beauv. (Giant Rat’s Tail Grass; GRTG), are serious pastoral weeds in coastal areas of Australia. Ovariicolous fungal pathogens from the genus Bipolaris Shoem. are agents of the disease false smut on these plants. The hosts are morphologically plastic and variation in disease susceptibility may affect the use of the fungus as a biological control agent. Variation was investigated by screening 22 clones representative of 5 taxonomic

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Cooke, JW, GW Ford, RG Dumsday, and ST Willatt. "Effect of fallowing practices on the growth and yield of wheat in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 3 (1985): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850614.

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The effects on crop establishment, crop development and the yield of wheat of two methods of fallow preparation, at each of three lengths of fallow were investigated over 5 years on red duplex and associated soils in north-central Victoria. The two methods of preparation were: scarifying, which involved the repeated use of a tined tillage implement; and herbicide application, which involved the repeated use of non-residual herbicides to control weeds during the fallow phase. The three lengths of fallow were winter, spring and autumn, which were approximately 10, 8 and 2 months respectively. Gr

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D'Emden, F. H., and R. S. Llewellyn. "No-tillage adoption decisions in southern Australian cropping and the role of weed management." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 4 (2006): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05025.

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Adoption of no-tillage sowing systems has increased rapidly in many Australian grain growing regions over the past decade. The extent of herbicide resistant weed populations in these regions has also increased over the same period. A survey of growers in the South and Western Australian cropping regions was conducted to identify opportunities for more effective tillage and weed-related extension. Trends in sowing system use are determined, as are growers’ perceptions of the long-term effects of no-tillage on herbicide costs, herbicide resistance, and soil erosion. The results suggest a major e

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Scott, JK, and PB Yeoh. "The Rediscovery and Distribution of Rumex drummondii (Polygonaceae) in South-Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 43, no. 4 (1995): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9950397.

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Rumex drummondii Meisn., a south-western Australian endemic vascular plant species recorded from widely separated localities, had not been collected for 46 years and was considered possibly extinct. The methods developed from search theory, which has been used for finding lost people or objects, were applied to finding R. drummondii, starting from previous records. Eleven populations of the species were discovered within a 50 km radius in the Kalgan River and Manypeaks region. A disjunct population of six plants was found in 1992 in a parking area at a crossing of the Moore River, 480 km north

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van der Meulen, A. W., I. J. Reeve, and B. M. Sindel. "Weed management on grazing properties: a survey of livestock producers in New South Wales and Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 12 (2007): 1415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06179.

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Social research was conducted to explore factors influencing weed management on grazing properties in southern Australia. Face-to-face interviews were held with 122 livestock producers, 94 written questionnaires were returned and 90 grazing properties were visited and rated for weed incidence and management effort. Segmentation techniques revealed three groups, on the basis of farmer demographics and farm characteristics. These groups varied significantly in the range of control methods used, weed management effort, difficulties encountered with weed control and attitudes towards weed control.

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Bortolussi, G., J. G. McIvor, J. J. Hodgkinson, S. G. Coffey, and C. R. Holmes. "The northern Australian beef industry, a snapshot. 4. Condition and management of natural resources." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 9 (2005): 1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03262.

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Natural resource management practices were surveyed on 375 northern Australian beef properties in 8 regions during 1996–97. These producers represented a broad cross section of the beef industry in terms of geographical location, size of enterprise, and herd and ownership structures. More than 48% of producers reported land degradation (erosion, salinity, weeds, etc.) and >68% reported woody weeds on their properties. Eucalypt (Eucalyptus and Corymbia spp.) and wattle (Acacia spp.) regrowth were universally common native woody weeds. Parkinsonia (Parkinsonia aculeata) was widespread across

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Mound, Laurence A., and Miguel C. Zapater. "South American Haplothrips Species (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), with a new species of biological control interest to Australia against weedy Heliotropium amplexicaule (Boraginaceae)." Neotropical Entomology 32, no. 3 (September 2003): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-566x2003000300009.

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Peirce, JR. "Morphological and phenological variation in three populations of saffron thistle (Carthamus lanatus L.) from Western Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 6 (1990): 1193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9901193.

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Saffron thistle (Carthamus lanatus L.), an erect spiny annual herb, is a weed of pasture and cereal crops in some agricultural areas of southern Australia. Cypselas (achenes or seeds) were collected from mature plants at three sites near Salmon Gums, Moorine Rock and Greenough in Western Australia and grown at South Perth. Two forms were observed and could be distinguished by differences in their phenology and the shape of cotyledons and achenes. After two generations at South Perth, germination in the presence or absence of leaching with water or after storage at daily fluctuating temperature

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Ndlovu, Mpilonhle S., Julie A. Coetzee, Menzi M. Nxumalo, Reshnee Lalla, Ntombifuthi Shabalala, and Grant D. Martin. "The Establishment and Rapid Spread of Sagittaria Platyphylla in South Africa." Water 12, no. 5 (May 21, 2020): 1472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051472.

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Sagittaria platyphylla Engelm. (Alismataceae) is a freshwater aquatic macrophyte that has become an important invasive weed in freshwater systems in South Africa, New Zealand, Australia, and recently China. In South Africa, due to its rapid increase in distribution and ineffective control options, it is recognised as one of the country’s worst invasive aquatic alien plants. In this paper, we investigate the spread of the plant since its first detection in 2008, and the management strategies currently carried out against it. Despite early detection and rapid response programmes, which included

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Kwong, Raelene M., Linda M. Broadhurst, Brian R. Keener, Julie A. Coetzee, Nunzio Knerr, and Grant D. Martin. "Genetic analysis of native and introduced populations of the aquatic weed Sagittaria platyphylla – Implications for biological control in Australia and South Africa." Biological Control 112 (September 2017): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2017.06.002.

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Morrison, SM, and JK Scott. "Variation in Populations of Tribulus terrestris (Zygophyllaceae) .2. Chromosome Numbers." Australian Journal of Botany 44, no. 2 (1996): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9960191.

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Variation in chromosome number was investigated as part of a study to identify the origins of the widespread weed and potential biological control target Tribulus terrestris L. s.1. (Zygophyllaceae). Three ploidy levels, tetraploid 2n = 24, hexaploid 2n = 36 and octoploid 2n = 48, were detected in 24 Australian and 24 overseas collections. Northern Territory and Queensland collections, possibly representing a native species of Tribulus, had counts of 2n = c. 24. The majority of collections of T. terrestris in southern and north-western regions of Australia had counts of 2n = c. 36, but two col

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Anderson, W. K., G. B. Crosbie, and W. J. Lambe. "Production practices in Western Australia for wheats suitable for white, salted noodles." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 1 (1997): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a95133.

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Wheat cultivars acceptable for the Noodle wheat segregation in Western Australia were compared with cultivars suitable for the Australian Standard White (ASW) grade over the period 1989–93. Yield and grain quality responses to sowing time, nitrogen fertiliser, soil type, and cropping history were examined to determine management practices most likely to result in wheat grain suitable for the production of white, salted noodles. Thirty experiments were conducted in the 300–450 mm average annual rainfall zone between Three Springs in the north (approx. 29° 30′S) and Newdegate in the south (appro

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McKay, AG, RM Floyd, and CJ Boyd. "Phosphonic acid controls downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica) in cauliflower curds." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 1 (1992): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920127.

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Postharvest development of downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica) symptoms in export cauliflower curds has resulted in economic losses to growers in south-western Australia. Neutralised phosphonic acid sprays applied onto cauliflowers in the field within 3 weeks of harvest reduced this disease. Two applications of 2.4 kg a.i./ha, 21 and 7 days before harvest, reduced the incidence of curds affected by downy mildew from 92% in untreated plots to 8%. The maximum phosphonate residue in curds at harvest was 12 �g/g, while control curds contained no detectable phosphonate. No effects of phosphonic a

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Heap, J. W. "Biology and control of Reseda lutea L. 1. Seed biology and seedling growth." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 4 (1997): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96107.

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Reseda lutea L. is a major perennial weed of alkaline cropping soils in South Australia. Seed biology and early seedling growth of R. lutea were studied in field and laboratory experiments to gain information needed for effective control strategies. Recovery of intact seeds buried for 4 years in the field at 50 and 150 mm was 77–96%. Germination of this seed was 33–63% (50 mm) and 0% (150 mm). Germination patterns differed markedly between seed collected from 2 populations. Seed germinated at all constant and fluctuating temperatures between 10 and 35° C with the maximum (88%) at 25°C constant

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Jones, R., and R. Medd. "Economic analysis of integrated management of wild oats involving fallow, herbicide and crop rotational options." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, no. 6 (1997): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea97036.

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Summary. The primary objective of this study was to estimate the economic benefits associated with an integrated weed management approach for wild oats (Avena fatua and A. ludoviciana) in northern New South Wales involving chemical and non-chemical controls. The paper presents a framework for assessing the population dynamics of wild oats and the economics of a range of control options over 15 years. Wild oats is a weed primarily of winter crops which, as a consequence of its persistence and its impact upon yields, leads to significant economic losses in the grain growing regions of Australia.

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Pankhurst, CE, HJ McDonald, and BG Hawke. "Influence of soil-water matric potential on the control of Pythium root infection of wheat with metalaxyl in two contrasting soils of South Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 5 (1995): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950603.

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Under prevailing climatic conditions, treatment of winter-sown wheat with metalaxyl (seed dressing, granule, or soil drench applications) significantly limited seed infection by Pythium species but did not give a significant yield response in separate field trials conducted on 2 contrasting soil types in South Australia. However, following irrigation of trial plots (which raised the soil-water matric potential from about -0.09 MPa to -0.02 MPa) during the first 3 weeks of wheat growth in 1989, metalaxyl granule treatment was effective in limiting seed and root infection by the 2 dominant Pythi

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Morokhovets, V. N., Т. V. Morokhovets, T. V. Shterbolova, Z. V. Basay, and A. A. Baimuhanova. "Test results of the new herbicide Flex in soybean crops in Primorsky Territory." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 49, no. 2 (May 22, 2019): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2019-2-2.

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The biological and economic efficiency of the new herbicide Flex in post-emergence application to soybean crops of the variety Sphera was studied. The tests were carried out incompliance with the standard methods in the form of the plot experiment in 2017, 2018 on brown meadow podzolized soils in the south of the Far East. The preparation was tested in the consumption rates of 1.25 and 1.5 l/ha when the crop reached the development phase of two triple leaves as opposed to the standard herbicide Galaxy Top in the rate of 1.7 l/ha. It was found that Flex has a high herbicidal activity against al

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Unkovich, Murray, Therese McBeath, Rick Llewellyn, James Hall, Vadakattu VSR Gupta, and Lynne M. Macdonald. "Challenges and opportunities for grain farming on sandy soils of semi-arid south and south-eastern Australia." Soil Research 58, no. 4 (2020): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr19161.

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Sandy soils make up a substantial fraction of cropping land in low rainfall (&lt;450 mm p.a.) south and south-eastern Australia. In this paper we review the possible soil constraints to increased production on these soils in this region. Many of these soils have a very low (&lt;3%) clay content and suffer from severe water repellency, making crop establishment and weed control problematic. Crops which do emerge are faced with uneven soil wetting and poor access to nutrients, with crop nutrition constraints exacerbated by low fertility (soil organic matter &lt; 1%) and low cation ex

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KOLESIK, PETER, and ALAN R. WOOD. "Redescription of Mitodiplosis graminis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a gall midge inhibiting the flowering of pyp grass Ehrharta villosa (Poaceae) in South Africa." Zootaxa 4614, no. 1 (June 7, 2019): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4614.1.8.

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Mitodiplosis graminis Kieffer, the only species of the genus Mitodiplosis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), was described in 1914 as the causative agent of an unspecified gall on pyp grass Ehrharta villosa (Poaceae) in South Africa. The type specimens are presumed lost. We reared all developmental stages of the gall midge, redescribe here the male and female, and describe for the first time the gall, egg, larva and the pupa. Diagnosis of the genus Mitodiplosis is extended. The gall is a large thickening of the stem that becomes malformed and does not produce flowers. Pyp grass is an environmental weed

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Wood, A. R., A. den Breeÿen, and F. Beed. "First Report of Smut on Imperata cylindrica Caused by Sporisorium schweinfurthianum in South Africa." Plant Disease 93, no. 3 (March 2009): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-3-0322a.

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Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. (Poaceae) is indigenous to the old world but is a problem weed in tropical areas throughout the world (1). A smut fungus was observed frequently on this grass at a single site near Pretoria (25°44′19″S, 28°15′39″E), South Africa during April of 2006. On the basis of the following characteristics, it was identified as Sporisorium schweinfurthianum (Thüm.) K. Vánky (2). Panicles were systemically infected and all ovaries in infected inflorescences were replaced by spores. Spores were globose or subglobose, brown, 10 to 14 × 9 to 12 μm (average 11.2 × 9.8 μm; n =

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Bell, L. W., G. A. Moore, M. A. Ewing, and S. J. Bennett. "Establishment and summer survival of the perennial legumes, Dorycnium hirsutum and D. rectum in Mediterranean environments." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 10 (2005): 1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04227.

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The genus Dorycnium has been identified for its potential use as a forage plant for southern Australia, but little is known about factors affecting establishment and survival. This investigation examined some factors affecting the establishment of D. hirsutum and D. rectum in Mediterranean environments of south-west Western Australia. The population dynamics of D. hirsutum and D. rectum seedlings were investigated during the summer drought in 4 environments. The effect of time of sowing on establishment and survival of D. hirsutum was tested as a management option for improving establishment o

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Drew, E. A., V. V. S. R. Gupta, and D. K. Roget. "Herbicide use, productivity, and nitrogen fixation in field pea (Pisum sativum)." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, no. 12 (2007): 1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar06394.

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Grain legumes grown in low-rainfall (<300 mm per annum) cropping regions of southern Australia have at times failed to provide the rotational benefits observed in other regions, such as improved cereal yields in the season following a legume. ‘In-crop’ herbicides were identified as one possible factor that may have been negatively affecting the legume–rhizobia symbiosis. To test this hypothesis and identify possible mechanisms behind any observed effects, field trials were conducted at Waikerie (South Australia) in 2001, 2003, and 2004. Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) was grown and treated wit

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Witt, A. B. R., A. J. McConnachie, and R. Stals. "Alcidodes sedi (Col.: Curculionidae), a natural enemy of Bryophyllum delagoense (Crassulaceae) in South Africa and a possible candidate agent for the biological control of this weed in Australia." Biological Control 31, no. 3 (November 2004): 380–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2004.07.008.

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Turner, Neil C., and Senthold Asseng. "Productivity, sustainability, and rainfall-use efficiency in Australian rainfed Mediterranean agricultural systems." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, no. 11 (2005): 1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05076.

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Mediterranean environments are characterised by hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. The native vegetation in Mediterranean-climatic regions is predominantly perennial shrubs and trees intermixed with annual forbs. In south-western Australia, the spread of agriculture has seen the well adapted perennial vegetation replaced by rainfed annual crops and pastures. This has increased waterlogging and secondary salinity, thereby causing loss of productivity in ~10% of the cleared land area. To reduce deep drainage and make the agricultural systems environmentally sustainable requires the re-intro

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White, C. L., M. v.-H. Staines, N. Phillips, P. Young, F. Coupar, J. R. Ashes, and S. K. Gulati. "Protected canola meal increases milk protein concentration in dairy cows fed a grass silage-based diet." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 9 (2004): 827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03132.

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Low concentrations of protein in milk occur during the summer–autumn in south-west Australia. This is the period, on dryland farms, when the diet of lactating cows typically consists of grass silage and a mixture of crushed lupins and cereal grain. This experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that supplying protected canola meal would increase the protein concentration of milk and, possibly, milk yield in cows fed grass silage and a lupin–cereal concentrate. Sixty Holstein cows in mid lactation were allocated to 2 equal-sized dietary treatment groups: control (lupin) or protected canol

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Johnston, W. H., P. S. Cornish, T. B. Koen, and V. F. Shoemark. "Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees. complex pastures in southern New South Wales, Australia: a comparison of Eragrostis curvula cv. Consol and Medicago sativa L. cv. Nova under intensive rotational management." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 10 (2005): 1255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04080.

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The productivity, carrying capacity and liveweight performance of wether sheep grazing pastures of Eragrostis curvula cv. Consol and Medicago sativa cv. Nova, which were also sown with annual grasses and Trifolium subterraneum, were compared under an intensive 4-paddock rotational grazing regime in a ‘put-and-take’ grazing experiment at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales from November 1993 to August 1996. The productivity of the pastures was broadly similar, with production peaks of >1000 kg/ha in winter and >3000 kg/ha in spring and summer in paddocks that had been spelled for 6 weeks. Althou

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