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1
Parker, Chris, Barney P. Caton, and Larry Fowler. "Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by Their Potential to Invade the United States." Weed Science 55, no. 4 (August 2007): 386–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-06-168.
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Because of the large number of potentially invasive species, and the time required to complete weed risk assessments (WRAs) with the use of the current, mandated system in the United States, species need to be prioritized for assessment and possible listing as Federal Noxious Weeds. Our objective was to rank the potential invasiveness of weedy or pest plant species not yet naturalized in the United States. We created a new model of invasiveness (hereafter the U.S. weed-ranking model) based on scoring factors within four elements: (1) invasiveness potential, or likelihood to exhibit invasive behavior; (2) geographic potential, or habitat suitability; (3) damage potential, or likely impact; and (4) entry potential, or likelihood to be introduced. The ranking score was the product of the four elements. We scored 250 species satisfactorily, from a list of 700 +. We analyzed model sensitivity to scoring factors, and compared results to those from a WRA model for Hawaii. For species not in cultivation in the United States, the top 25 species included a mix of annuals, perennials, sedges, shrubs, and trees. Most had exhibited invasive behavior in at least several other countries. Because of greater entry potential scores, the highest-scoring species were weeds in cultivation. Twenty-nine such species, out of 44 total, had scores greater than the highest scoring species not in cultivation. In comparison to the Hawaii WRA model, correlation and regression analyses indicated that the U.S. weed-ranking model produced similar, but not exact, results. The ranking model differs from other WRAs in the inclusion of entry potential and the use of a multiplicative approach, which better suited our objectives and United States regulations. Two highly ranked species have recently been listed as Federal Noxious Weeds, and we expect most top-tier species to be similarly assessed.
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DeFrank, Joseph. "Response of Wetland Taro Yield and Weeds to Preplant Establishment of Azolla in Hawaii." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 912F—912. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.912f.
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Azolla (Azolla filiculoides) is a floating fern that maintains a symbiotic relationship with an N-fixing blue-green algae. In many parts of Asia, azolla is used as a green manure in flooded rice cultivation. Taro (Colocasia esculenta) grown under flooded conditions is used to produce a traditional Hawaiian staple, poi. Azolla has been present in Hawaii for many years, but is not used in a controlled way for either nutrient augmentation of production sites or weed suppression. In this experiment, azolla was removed from a stream on the island of Kauai and multiplied in a nursery pond. Phosphoric acid was added to the nursery pond as a nutrient (P = 5 ppm) at 5-day intervals to accelerate azolla growth. Azolla was moved from the nursery pond and added to taro production plots at a seeding rate of 488 kg·m–2. Phosphoric acid was used in production plots to hasten coverage of the water surface by azolla. Ten days after azolla inoculation, production plots were covered and taro seed pieces were planted. Weed dry weights from conventional and azolla covered plots were recorded 91 days after taro planting. Taro corms were harvested 315 days after planting. Weed dry weight in azolla plots was 86% less than conventional plots. Azolla delayed taro maturity, causing a 41% reduction in marketable corm yield.
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Ko, Wen-Hsiung, Sachi Su Ko, and Marco Chen. "Origin and control of fern weeds in orchid production in greenhouses in Hawaii." Crop Protection 24, no. 5 (May 2005): 487–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2004.09.010.
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Scott, John K. "Biology and climatic requirements of Perapion antiquum (Coleoptera: Apionidae) in southern Africa: implications for the biological control of Emexspp. in Australia." Bulletin of Entomological Research 82, no. 3 (September 1992): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300041195.
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AbstractThe potential distribution of the South African weevil, Perapion antiquum (Gyllenhal), a biological control agent for the weeds Emex spp., was deter mined by the computer program CLIMEX, using its native distribution, phenology and abundance together with development parameters. The predicted distribution included parts of Hawaii where the weevil successfully controlled Emex australis and E. spinosa. In Australia, sites of past unsuccessful releases have climates that this analysis indicates are unsuitable for the insect. The most favourable regions for establishment of the weevil are near the coast in the southern half of Australia, but most of these do not overlap with regions where Emex spp. are a problem. In western Cape Province, South Africa, E. australis plants are abundant and the weevil attacks the plant after seeds have formed. In Hawaii, a fortuitous combination of climatic conditions favours the weevil during the period after seed germination, and this may be the key to its control of the weed. Sites with climatic conditions similar to successful control sites in Hawaii are not found in Australia. It was concluded that P. antiquum will be of limited use as a biological control agent in Australia even in areas suitable for its establishment.
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Trujillo, Eduardo E. "History and success of plant pathogens for biological control of introduced weeds in Hawaii." Biological Control 33, no. 1 (April 2005): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2004.11.008.
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Clement, Charles R., and Joseph DeFrank. "The Use of Ground Covers during the Establishment of Heart-of-Palm Plantations in Hawaii." HortTechnology 9, no. 1 (January 1999): 129a. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.9.1.129a.
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Pejibaye (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) is being evaluated in Hawaii for production of fresh heart-of-palm. Yields and offshoot (sucker) production were evaluated in response to woven black polypropylene mat (control), three legumes [Arachis pintoi Krap. & Greg., Cassia rotundifolia Pers., and Desmodium heterocarpon (L.) DC], and a grass (Chloris gayana Kunth) used as ground covers. D. heterocarpon and C. gayana formed closed canopies quickly and controlled weeds well, but required more frequent mowing. A. pintoi formed a closed canopy slowly and only controlled weeds after forming a thick canopy, but required less mowing. Cassia rotundifolia died out after flowering and setting seed. All vegetative ground covers delayed heart-of-palm harvest and had reduced yields 1.5 years after planting. A combination of polypropylene (adjacent to plants) and vegetative ground covers (in service rows) may provide the best solution to minimizing labor for vegetative management in this orchard crop.
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Clement, Charles R., and Joseph DeFrank. "The Use of Ground Covers during the Establishment of Heart-of-Palm Plantations in Hawaii." HortScience 33, no. 5 (August 1998): 814–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.5.814.
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Pejibaye (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) is being evaluated in Hawaii for production of fresh heart-of-palm. Yields and offshoot (sucker) production were evaluated in response to woven black polypropylene mat (control), three legumes [Arachis pintoi Krap. & Greg., Cassia rotundifolia Pers., and Desmodium heterocarpon (L.) DC], and a grass (Chloris gayana Kunth) used as ground covers. D. heterocarpon and C. gayana formed closed canopies quickly and controlled weeds well, but required more frequent mowing. A. pintoi formed a closed canopy slowly and only controlled weeds after forming a thick canopy, but required less mowing. Cassia rotundifolia died out after flowering and setting seed. All vegetative ground covers delayed heart-of-palm harvest and had reduced yields 1.5 years after planting. A combination of polypropylene (adjacent to plants) and vegetative ground covers (in service rows) may provide the best solution to minimizing labor for vegetative management in this orchard crop.
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Zona, Scott. "The correct gender of Schinus (Anacardiaceae)." Phytotaxa 222, no. 1 (August 7, 2015): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.222.1.9.
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Species of the genus Schinus Linnaeus (1753) (Anacardiaceae) are native to the Americas but are found in many tropical and subtropical parts of the world, where they are cultivated as ornamentals or crops (“pink peppercorns”) or they are invasive weeds. Schinus molle L. (1753: 388) is a cultivated ornamental tree in Australia, California, Mexico, the Canary Islands, the Mediterranean, and elsewhere (US Forest Service 2015). In Hawaii, Florida, South Africa, Mascarene Islands, and Australia, Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (1820: 399) is an aggressively invasive pest plant, costing governments millions of dollars in damages and control (Ferriter 1997).
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Scott, C., R. K. Nishimoto, and C. S. Tang. "CYPERUS KYLLINGIA AND CYPERUS BREVIFOLIUS: A POTENTIAL MODEL FOR THE STUDY OF ALLELOPATHY." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 631d—631. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.631d.
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Cyperus kyllingia and Cyperus brevifolius are problematic turfgrass weeds in Hawaii. Both are closely related weed species with similar morphology and growth characteristics. C. kyllingia appears to be a more successful weed with regards to interference than C. brevifolius. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to compare the levels of interference exerted by C. kyllingia and C. brevifolius upon Cynodon dactylon turfgrass. C. kyllingia reduced the growth of C. dactylon by about 50 %, while C. brevifolius did not significantly reduce C. dactylon growth. These results correspond with the chemical profiles of C. kyllingia and C. brevifolius. Analysis has shown that C. kyllingia contains two sesquiterpenes which have been identified as potentially allelopathic components of Cyperus rotundus. C. brevifolius contains waxes and the two sesquiterpenes found in C. kyllingia are absent. This suggests that allelopathy may be the mechanism responsible for the different levels of interference exhibited by C. kyllingia and C. brevifolius, and these species may provide an important model for the study of allelopathy.
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Strelau, M., D. R. Clements, J. Benner, and R. Prasad. "The Biology of Canadian Weeds: 157.Hedera helixL. andHedera hibernica(G. Kirchn.) Bean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 98, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 1005–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2018-0009.
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Two related species of Hedera spp. exist throughout Canada: English Ivy (Hedera helix L.) and Irish Ivy [Hedera hibernica (G. Kirchn.) Bean]. These species are difficult to distinguish taxonomically and clear distinctions are not always made in the literature, so we largely discuss them as a single taxon in this account. Ivy is an evergreen perennial with two distinct forms: woody vine (juvenile form) or shrub (adult form). In Canada, Hedera spp. are found naturalized along the southern coast of British Columbia (Vancouver, Vancouver Island, and the Gulf Islands) and in southwestern Ontario. During the past century, ivies have greatly expanded their ranges along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of North America and in New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, Brazil, and Hawaii. Ivy is physiologically plastic, invading both semi-open and deeply shaded forests. It forms a dense ground cover that can inhibit native vegetation. It grows up on tree trunks and competes for soil nutrients, frequently leading to tree damage or even tree fall. Invasive characteristics include its evergreen habit, persistence, and vegetative reproductive capabilities. Humans have accelerated the spread of ivy by planting it along highway embankments and medians to control soil erosion and through widespread sale as an ornamental plant. There is debate among horticulturalists and ecologists over the destructive and advantageous effects of ivy growth and sale within North America. Various methods of control (chemical, manual, biological, and integrated) may be used to manage this species, but more research is needed to design better control techniques.
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Lukas, Scott B., Joseph DeFrank, Orville C. Baldos, and Glenn S. Sakamoto. "Response of Seashore Dropseed and Weed Species to the Preemergence Herbicide Oxadiazon Applied as a Component of a Hydromulch Cap." HortTechnology 25, no. 4 (August 2015): 565–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.25.4.565.
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In Hawaii, seashore dropseed (Sporobolus virginicus), a coastal native grass, has been identified as a useful species for roadside revegetation. Cuttings of seashore dropseed covered with a hydromulch cap, irrigated, and managed to control weeds have greater establishment success. In this study, the efficacy and phytotoxicity of the preemergence herbicide oxadiazon applied as a component of the hydromulch cap over seashore dropseed cut stems was evaluated. Oxadiazon in two formulations, granule and suspension concentrate (SC), was applied at two rates of 2.0 and 4.0 lb/acre, resulting in four chemical treatments. Seashore dropseed response was recorded as numerical counts of new shoots, aboveground biomass, and percent visual coverage. The highest new shoot counts of seashore dropseed, aboveground biomass, and visual canopy coverage were recorded in plots treated with the granular (G) formulation of oxadiazon applied at 2.0 lb/acre. All hydromulch cap treatments containing herbicides reduced weed pressure compared with the untreated control treatment. Granular oxadiazon at 2.0 lb/acre in the hydromulch cap provided commercially acceptable weed control while maintaining high levels of rooting and plant vigor during the establishment period.
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Lindsey, Alex J., Joseph DeFrank, and Zhiqiang Cheng. "Seashore Paspalum and Bermudagrass Response to Spray Applications of Postemergence Herbicides." HortTechnology 29, no. 3 (June 2019): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04267-19.
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The use of nonpotable water for irrigation on various sport venues has led to an increased use of seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum) turf in Hawaii. An ongoing challenge many seashore paspalum turf managers struggle with is bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) infestations. Herbicide efficacy studies were conducted at the Hoakalei Country Club [‘SeaDwarf’ seashore paspalum (fairway cut)] and the Magoon Research Station [‘SeaStar’ seashore paspalum (grown in container)] on the island of Oahu in Hawaii. Spray applications of the herbicides mesotrione, topramezone, metribuzin, and ethofumesate were evaluated alone and in tank mixtures for bermudagrass suppression and seashore paspalum injury. At the Hoakalei Country Club, maximum bermudagrass injury with minimal seashore paspalum discoloration was obtained with tank mixes of mesotrione (0.06 lb/acre) + metribuzin (0.19 lb/acre) + ethofumesate (1.00 lb/acre) and topramezone (0.02 lb/acre) + metribuzin (0.19 lb/acre) + ethofumesate (1.00 lb/acre). Unacceptable seashore paspalum turf injury was obtained in all treatments that did not include metribuzin. At the Magoon Research Station, maximum selective bermudagrass suppression was achieved with tank mixes of topramezone (0.01 lb/acre) + ethofumesate (1.00 lb/acre) and topramezone (0.01 lb/acre) + metribuzin (0.09 lb/acre) + ethofumesate (1.00 lb/acre). The addition of metribuzin and/or ethofumesate to the tank mix safened (reduced turf discoloration) seashore paspalum to topramezone or mesotrione foliar bleaching. Tank mixes of mesotrione, topramezone, metribuzin, and ethofumesate have the potential for bermudagrass suppression and control of other grassy weeds in seashore paspalum turf.
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Komor, Ewald. "Susceptibility of sugarcane, plantation weeds and grain cereals to infection by Sugarcane yellow leaf virus and selection by sugarcane breeding in Hawaii." European Journal of Plant Pathology 129, no. 3 (October 24, 2010): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-010-9701-2.
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Schenck, S., and A. T. Lehrer. "Factors Affecting the Transmission and Spread of Sugarcane yellow leaf virus." Plant Disease 84, no. 10 (October 2000): 1085–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.10.1085.
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Sugarcane, Saccharum spp. hybrid, is widely infected in the United States and many other countries with a yellowing and stunting disease called sugarcane yellow leaf syndrome. The causal agent, Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (ScYLV), is a Polerovirus of the Luteoviridae family. In this study, it was transmitted by the sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari, and also by the corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis, and the rice root aphid, R. rufiabdominalis. Two other aphids that infest sugarcane in Hawaii did not transmit the virus. Some Hawaiian sugarcane cultivars are susceptible to ScYLV, while others remain virus-free in the field. The latter were not infected when inoculated with viruliferous M. sacchari. Virus-free plants of susceptible cultivars were produced through apical meristem culture and were readily reinfected by viruliferous M. sacchari. They were also quickly reinfected when planted in a field in proximity to other infected sugarcane naturally infested with M. sacchari. Sugarcane cultivars are hybrids of several Saccharum species. In a field-grown collection of Saccharum and related species, 11 to 71% of the clones of four of the species were infected with ScYLV. None of the related genus Erianthus plants were infected, but four clones were infected experimentally by aphid inoculation. A low to moderate percentage of corn, rice, and sorghum seedlings became infected when inoculated with ScYLV, but barley, oats, and wheat proved to be very susceptible. None of seven weeds common in sugarcane fields were infected with ScYLV.
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Tunali, B., D. K. Berner, and H. J. Dubin. "First Report of Leaf Spot Caused by Colletotrichum cf. linicola on Field Bindweed in Turkey." Plant Disease 92, no. 2 (February 2008): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-2-0316a.
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Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L., Convolvulaceae) is one of the most problematic weeds in the world (1) and a target of biological control efforts (2). In the summer of 2006, dying field bindweed plants were found in a wheat field near Bafra, Turkey (41°21.197′N, 36°12.524′E). Plants had water-soaked lesions that developed into necrotic leaf spots on most of the leaves, particularly along the leaf margins, and on some stems. In most cases, the leaf spots coalesced, causing the leaves and later plants to wilt and die. Diseased leaves and stems were taken to the Phytopathology Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey. Diseased tissue was surface disinfested and placed on moist filter paper in petri dishes. Numerous acervuli with setae and conidia typical of a Colletotrichum sp. were observed after 2 to 5 days. A fungus, designated 06-01, was isolated from the diseased leaves. Stems and leaves of seven 12-week-old plants were spray inoculated in the laboratory with an aqueous suspension of conidia (106 spores per ml; 10 ml per plant) harvested from 6- to 8-day-old cultures grown on malt extract agar. The plants and two noninoculated checks were placed in a dew chamber at 22°C in darkness and continuous dew. After 48 h, plants from the dew chamber were moved to a greenhouse bench. All plants were watered twice daily. Symptoms were observed 5 days after inoculation. No symptoms were observed on noninoculated plants. Isolate 06-01 was reisolated from all inoculated plants. In the field, 20 inoculated plants became diseased after 20 days with approximately 36% diseased leaf tissue from which 06-01 was consistently reisolated. Diseased tissue and cultures of the fungus were sent to the Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, USDA/ARS, Fort Detrick, MD. The fungus conformed to the description of Colletotrichum linicola Pethybr. & Laff., which was noted as distinct from C. lini (3). The original description is also different than the description of C. lini (Westerdijk) Tochinai by Sutton (4). Acervuli were sparse, subepidermal, and erumpent. Conidia were hyaline, oblong or cylindrical or somewhat spindle-shaped with dull-pointed ends, guttulate, and 14 to 19 × 4 to 5 μm (mean 17 × 4 μm). Conidiophores were short, simple, hyaline, and emerged from subepidermal stroma. Setae were simple, erect, 3-septate, and dark with hyaline tips. DNA sequences were obtained for the internal transcribed spacer regions (GenBank Accession No. EU000060) and compared with other sequences in GenBank. Sequences from 06-01 matched 100% with one isolate of C. linicola and 99% with two other isolates of C. linicola. These isolates formed a unique clade. However, 06-01 was also 99% identical to other species of Colletotrichum. Thus, species identification is inconclusive. Isolate 06-01 is a destructive pathogen on field bindweed, and severe disease can be produced by inoculation of foliage with an aqueous suspension of conidia. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Colletotrichum on field bindweed. A voucher specimen has been deposited with the U.S. National Fungus Collections (BPI 878174). References: (1) L. Holm et al. The World's Worst Weeds. University Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1977. (2) G. Defago et al. BioControl 46:157, 2001. (3) G. H. Pethybridge and H. A. Lafferty. Sci. Proc. R. Dublin Soc. 15:359, 1918. (4) B. C. Sutton. The Coelomycetes. Commonw. Mycol. Inst., Kew, England, 1980.
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Goldstein, W., A. A. Jaradat, C. Hurburgh, L. M. Pollak, and M. Goodman. "Breeding maize under biodynamic-organic conditions for nutritional value and N efficiency/N2 fixation." Open Agriculture 4, no. 1 (July 4, 2019): 322–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2019-0030.
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AbstractAn overview is given for an ongoing maize breeding program that improves populations, inbreds, and hybrids in the Midwestern USA. Breeding and selection occurred under biodynamic conditions in Wisconsin, on an organic winter nursery in Puerto Rico, a biodynamic winter nursery in Hawaii, and a conventional winter nursery in Chile. Emphasis is on improving protein quality, carotenoid content, competitiveness with weeds, nitrogen (N) efficiency/N2 fixation, and cross incompatibility to pollen from genetically engineered (GE) maize. Philosophy is that the plant species is a responding partner in the breeding process. Adaptation and selection emphasizes vigor and yield under N limited conditions. The Ga1 and Tcb1 alleles were utilized to induce cross incompatibility. The program resulted in inbreds and hybrids with increased N efficiency and protein quality coupled with softer grain texture, more chlorophyll in foliage, and densely branched root growth in the topsoil relative to conventionally bred cultivars under N limited conditions. Grain protein quality was improved by utilizing opaque kernels that emerged in populations during the course of the program in surprisingly high frequencies. N efficiency was accentuated by breeding with landraces that may fix N2 with microbes coupled with selection for response traits under N-limited conditions. When grown next to conventional hybrids, the best hybrids from this program have exhibited 30% more methionine and 16% more protein in grain and more protein/ha.
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Wood, A. R., A. den Breeÿen, and F. Beed. "First Report of Smut on Imperata cylindrica Caused by Sporisorium schweinfurthianum in South Africa." Plant Disease 93, no. 3 (March 2009): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-3-0322a.
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Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. (Poaceae) is indigenous to the old world but is a problem weed in tropical areas throughout the world (1). A smut fungus was observed frequently on this grass at a single site near Pretoria (25°44′19″S, 28°15′39″E), South Africa during April of 2006. On the basis of the following characteristics, it was identified as Sporisorium schweinfurthianum (Thüm.) K. Vánky (2). Panicles were systemically infected and all ovaries in infected inflorescences were replaced by spores. Spores were globose or subglobose, brown, 10 to 14 × 9 to 12 μm (average 11.2 × 9.8 μm; n = 25), wall 1 μm thick, and finely verruculose. Hyaline, thin-walled sterile cells were present. This identification was confirmed by K. Vánky (personal communication to A. R. Wood). To our knowledge, this is the first report of this smut species from southern Africa. A voucher specimen has been deposited in the South African National Collection of Fungi, ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute (PREM 59895). To test pathogenicity, soil in 15 pots with individual 1-month-old seedlings was drenched with an aqueous suspension of 1 × 108 spores ml–1 amended with 0.1% Tween 80. Before treatment, the pots were placed on pot trays and remained immersed in the spore suspension in the trays at 28°C (relative humidity <80%) for 24 h. To maintain the spore concentration in the soil, the pots were not watered until 7 days after inoculation. Distilled water amended with 0.1% Tween 80 was applied as control treatments to a further 15 pots with plants. Five of the treated plants produced panicles within 4 months of inoculation. Of these, all the ovaries of four emerging inflorescences were completely replaced with a brown, powdery mass of teliospores. No smutted panicles developed on the control plants. This smut fungus may have potential as a classical biological control agent for use against I. cylindrica by reducing dispersal by seed. References: (1) L. G. Holm et al. The World's Worst Weeds: Distribution and Biology. University Press of Hawaii. Honolulu, 1977. (2) K. Vánky. Australas. Plant Pathol. 29:155, 2000.
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Sands, D. C., E. J. Ford, R. V. Miller, B. K. Sally, M. K. McCarthy, T. W. Anderson, M. B. Weaver, C. T. Morgan, A. L. Pilgeram, and L. C. Darlington. "Characterization of a Vascular Wilt of Erythroxylum coca Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli Forma Specialis Nova." Plant Disease 81, no. 5 (May 1997): 501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.5.501.
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A new forma specialis of Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli) pathogenic to Erythroxylum coca and E. novogranatense is described. The pathogen was isolated from the vascular tissue of diseased plants from an Erythroxylum plantation in Hawaii. This pathogen causes vascular wilt symptoms and death in both E. coca and E. novogranatense plants as soon as 7 weeks after soil infestation. The pathogenicity of seven isolates from the affected field was determined in field and growth-chamber studies. Genetic variation was not detected among the seven Hawaiian isolates, using arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction. The seven isolates could be differentiated from a strain isolated from a diseased E. coca plant from South America. All Hawaiian isolates and the South American isolate belonged to a single vegetative compatibility group.
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Walker, S. E., N. E. El-Gholl, P. D. Pratt, and T. S. Schubert. "First U.S. Report of Pseudocercospora paederiae Leaf Spot on the Invasive Exotic Paederia foetida." Plant Disease 85, no. 2 (February 2001): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.2.232b.
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Paederia foetida L., commonly referred to as skunk vine, is a native of eastern and southern Asia and was introduced into the United States prior to 1897. By 1916 it was already a troublesome weed in central Florida. It is a fast growing perennial twining vine (up to 7 m) with a woody rootstock adapted to a wide range of light, soil, water, and salt conditions (4). Naturalized in Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Texas, it occurs most often in disturbed areas. In Florida, where it is listed by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services as a noxious weed, it invades various native plant communities including sandhills, flood plains, and upland mixed forests, where it creates dense canopies leading to injury or death of native vegetation and structural alteration of the native plant community (2,4). Current work underway to find biological control agents for invasive weeds led to the discovery in central Florida of a skunk vine plant with irregular to angular, sunken leaf spots ranging in color from shiny black to dark brown, some with tan centers and dark brown borders. Leaf spots had coalesced in some areas, blighting portions of leaves. Pseudocercospora paederiae (Sawada ex) Goh & Hsieh (1,3) was recovered from these leaf spots. Fruiting was amphigenous (chiefly epiphyllous) with globular or subglobular stromata, formed singly or coalesced, 37.2 μm wide (range = 19.9 to 62.3 μm). Conidia were hyaline to faintly olivaceous, with up to 6 septa, straight to mildly curved, measuring 49.6 μm (range = 18.8 to 72.3 μm) × 4 μm (range = 3 to 5 μm). To confirm Koch's postulates, a healthy, vigorous P. foetida plant in a 12 liter pot was spray-inoculated with 47 ml of a conidial suspension (13,000/ml) of P. paederiae. The plant was covered with a clear plastic bag to create a moist atmosphere and kept at room temperature (25°C) for 3 days after which it was uncovered and moved into a greenhouse. The greenhouse temperature fluctuated between 15°C (nighttime) and 29°C (daytime). Symptoms started appearing after 2 weeks, becoming more prominent by the third and fourth week. The inoculated plant showed irregular to angular dark brown to black leaf spots with dark brown borders. Necrosis along veins was observed and severely infected leaves abscised. The fungus was consistently recovered from inoculated symptomatic leaf tissue. Continued incubation of the plant under greenhouse and outdoor raised bench conditions eventually resulted in the secondary infection and leaf spotting of new foliage. P. paederiae was recovered from these secondary lesions. P. paederiae has been previously reported from Taiwan, China, and Japan. This represents the first report of the pathogen in the Western Hemisphere. Pathogenicity tests suggest possible application as a mycoherbicide. References: (1) C. Chupp. 1953. A Monograph of the Fungus Genus Cercospora. Cornell University Press. Ithaca, New York. (2) G. Gann and D. Gordon. Natural Areas J. 18:169, 1998. (3) W. H. Hsieh and T. K. Goh. 1990. Cercospora and Similar Fungi from Taiwan. Maw Chang Book, Taiwan, Republic of China. (4) K. A. Langeland and K. C. Burks, eds. 1998. Identification & Biology of Non-Native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, FL.
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Cordell, Susan, Moana McClellan, Yvonne Yarber Carter, and Lisa J. Hadway. "Towards restoration of Hawaiian tropical dry forests: the Kaupulehu outplanting programme." Pacific Conservation Biology 14, no. 4 (2008): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc080279.
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Hawaiian tropical dry forests contain diverse assemblages of woody canopy species, including many endemic and endangered species that warrant conservation attention before completely disappearing. Today, tropical dry forests in Hawaii are not viable ecosystems. Poor land use practices, fragmentation, non-native plant invasions, and inadequate native vegetation regeneration are all factors that have contributed to their endangerment. Only an ambitious restoration programme that includes non-native ungulate exclusion, weed control, fire management, and the outplanting of seeds and seedlings will be sufficient to enhance Hawaiian tropical dry forests. We selected a 25 ha preserve within the Kaupulehu Dry Forest Preserve, located in North Kona on the Island of Hawaii, to test dry forest restoration strategies. In 1997, the preserve was fenced and all non-native ungulates were removed. Altogether, 4892 outplants were planted from 1999?2006. In 2007, we surveyed all of the outplants. The survey found 1487 live plants, 3357 dead, and 48 plants missing. This equates to an overall survival rate of 30%. Survival by vegetation type indicated that vines had the highest rate of survival (63%) followed by trees (34%). Herbs had the lowest rate of survival (12%). Twelve of a total of 35 species that were outplanted in the Kaupulehu Dry Forest Preserve accounted for more than 90% of the total surviving plants species, while five federally listed species represent almost 60% of the total. The outplanting of dry forest species into the Kaupulehu Dry Forest Preserve considerably increased the population of many federally listed endangered species. However, the high mortality of many common and important plant species of tropical dry systems highlights the importance of an outplanting programme that emphasizes ecosystem sustainability rather that species success. In equal measure, the successes and failures of the Kaupulehu outplanting project have enhanced our ability to begin to restore this unique and endangered ecosystem.
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DeFrank, Joseph, and Charles R. Clement. "Weed Control in Pejibaye Heart of Palm Plantations in Hawaii." HortScience 30, no. 6 (October 1995): 1215–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.6.1215.
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Pejibaye (Bactris gasipaes Kunth, Palmae) is being evaluated for production of fresh heart of palm in Hawaii. Precocity, yields, and weed control were evaluated in response to woven black polypropylene mat (control), oryzalin, oxyfluorfen, and paraquat. Control plots attained 100% of plants harvested by 26 months, followed by oxyfluorfen (97.5%), oryzalin (77.5%), and paraquat (60%). Estimated heart of palm yields (3731 plants/ha) were similar with oxyfluorfen 1.2 kg a.i./ha (707 kg·ha–1), polypropylene mat (612 kg·ha–1), oxyfluorfen 0.6 kg a.i./ha (600 kg·ha–1), and oryzalin 4.5 kg a.i./ha (478 kg·ha–1). Based on precocity, yields, and weed control efficiency, the performance rating of these weed control treatments was mat ≈ oxyfluorfen > oryzalin > paraquat. Chemical names used: 4-(dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide (oryzalin); 2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (oxyfluorfen); 1,1′-dimethyl-4-4′-bibyridinium ion (paraquat).
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Kuleci, E., B. Tunali, D. K. Berner, C. A. Cavin, and L. A. Castlebury. "First Report of Leaf Anthracnose Caused by Phomopsis convolvuli on Field Bindweed in Turkey." Plant Disease 93, no. 8 (August 2009): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-8-0847b.
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Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.; Convolvulaceae) is a troublesome perennial weed found among many important crops in the world (1). In May of 2007, dying field bindweed plants were found along the edge of a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) field between Bafra and Taflan, Turkey (41°34.395′N, 35°52.215′E). Lesions on leaves were irregular and variable in size and dark black with green margins. Severely diseased leaves were wilted or dead. Fruiting bodies were not evident on field-collected material. Diseased tissue was surface disinfested and placed on moist filter paper in petri plates. Numerous pycnidia with alpha conidia were observed after 2 weeks. A fungus, designated 24-6, was isolated from the diseased leaves. Cultures on potato dextrose agar (PDA) were floccose with white mycelia and small black stromata. Alpha conidia from pycnidia on inoculated plants were biguttulate, one celled, hyaline, oblong to ellipsoid, and 7.0 to 12.8 × 3.0 to 5.5 μm (mean 10.0 × 3.9 μm). Neither beta conidia nor the teleomorph, Diaporthe sp., were observed on diseased tissue or in cultures. Morphology was consistent with that of Phomopsis convolvuli Ormeno-Nunez, Reeleder & A.K. Watson (2). Alpha conidia were harvested from 12-day-old cultures grown on PDA by brushing the surface of the colonies with a small paint brush, suspending the conidia in sterile distilled water, and filtering through cheesecloth. The conidia were then resuspended in sterile distilled water plus 0.1% polysorbate 20 to arrive at a concentration of 107 conidia/ml. Stems and leaves of seven plants at the 3- to 5-leaf stage were spray inoculated with 10 ml per plant of this aqueous suspension. Inoculated plants and two noninoculated plants were placed in a dew chamber at 24°C in darkness and continuous dew. After 48 h, plants from the dew chamber were moved to a greenhouse bench. Disease severity was evaluated 1 week after inoculation with a rating system based on a scale from 0 to 4, in which 0 = no symptoms, 1 = 1 to 25% necrosis, 2 = 26 to 50% necrosis, 3 = 51 to 75% necrosis, and 4 = 76 to 100% necrosis (2). The average disease rating on inoculated plants was 3.75. No disease was observed on noninoculated plants. P. convolvuli was reisolated from all inoculated plants. Comparison of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 and 2 sequences with available sequences of a vouchered P. convolvuli specimen (GenBank Nos. U11363, U11417; BPI 748009, FAU649) showed 192 of 193 and 176 of 179 identities, respectively, for the two regions. Nucleotide sequences for the ribosomal ITS regions (ITS 1 and 2, including 5.8S rDNA) were deposited in GenBank (Accession No. FJ710810), and a voucher specimen has been deposited with the U.S. National Fungus Collections (BPI 878927). To our knowledge, this is the second report in the world of leaf anthracnose on field bindweed caused by P. convolvuli. The first report was from Canada (3) of an isolate that was later patented for biological control of C. arvensis (4). References: (1) L. Holm et al. The World's Worst Weeds. University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, 1977. (2) J. Ormeno-Nunez, et al. Can. J. Bot. 66:2228, 1988. (3) J. Ormeno-Nunez et al. Plant Dis. 72:338, 1988. (4) A. K. Watson et al. U.S. Patent 5,212,086, 1993.
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Killgore, E. M., L. S. Sugiyama, R. W. Barreto, and D. E. Gardner. "Evaluation of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides for Biological Control of Miconia calvescens in Hawaii." Plant Disease 83, no. 10 (October 1999): 964. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.10.964b.
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Miconia calvescens (Melastomataceae), from the Neotropics, is a noxious forest weed in Hawaii. We evaluated an isolate of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides that causes leaf spots on Miconia spp. in Brazil for its potential in biological control. Hawaii has no native Melastomataceae genera but does have members of 12 introduced genera. Following Wapshere's centrifugal phylogenetic method (2), eight species of Melastomataceae genera in Hawaii were inoculated in addition to Miconia spp. Naturalized and native Hawaiian members of the order Myrtales also were inoculated to determine host specificity, including Terminalia catappa (Combretaceae); Cuphea hysopifolia and C. ignea (Lythraceae); Arthrostema ciliatum, Clidemia hirta, Dissotis rotundifolia, Heterocentron subtriplinervium, Medinilla scortechenii, Melastoma candidum, Pterolepsis glomerata, and Tibouchina herbaceae (Melastomataceae); Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus microcorys, Eugenia reinwardtiana, Eugenia uniflora, Leptospermum laevigatum, Melaleuca quinquenervia, Metrosideros polymorpha, Psidium guajava, and Syzgium malaccanse (Myrtaceae); Fuchsia magellanica and Oenothera stricta (Onagraceae); and Wikstroemia oahuensis and W. uva-ursi (Thymelaeaceae). All M. calvescens plants were grown from seed collected in Hawaii. Other test plants were grown from seeds or cuttings in artificial potting medium in a greenhouse. Plants had 6 to 8 mature leaves when inoculated. C. gloeosporioides was cultured on 10% potato dextrose agar supplemented with plain agar (35 g/liter) and incubated under constant fluorescent illumination at 20°C. Conidia were harvested by flooding 10-to 14-day-old cultures with sterile tap water, followed by light scraping with a scalpel. Conidial suspensions were adjusted to 106 conidia per ml and applied to both leaf surfaces with a hand-held sprayer. Inoculated plants were kept at 100% relative humidity and 16 to 25°C for 48 h. Four replicate plants and one plant of M. calvescens per species were inoculated. Plants were observed for symptom development for up to 6 weeks. The entire test was repeated once. Lesions were visible after 7 to 10 days. Young lesions had chlorotic halos and expanded in a roughly circular pattern to diameters of 5 to 10 mm. Mature lesions developed necrotic centers, coalesced, and became dry and brittle with age, resulting in extensive leaf necrosis. Defoliation of moderately to severely infected leaves occurred ≈ 30 days after inoculation. With the exception of M. calvescens, C. gloeosporioides did not produce visible symptoms on test plants. The failure of Clidemia hirta, the taxonomic species most closely related to M. calvescens, to become symptomatic was particularly significant relative to the centrifugal phylogenetic concept. The results demonstrate that our pathogen (VIC 19306) is distinct from C. gloeosporioides f. sp. clidemiae (1), which did not infect M. calvescens. We designate our pathogen C. gloeosporioides f. sp. miconiae. Voucher specimens (VIC 19306, Sana, RJ, 24.II.1998, and R. W. Barreto) and cultures are maintained at the Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa MG, Brazil. References: (1) E. E. Trujillo et al. Plant Dis. 70:974, 1986. (2) A. J. Wapshere. Ann. Appl. Biol. 77:201, 1974.
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Hayes, Donald K., Kristen M. Mitchell, Carolyn Donohoe-Mather, Rebecca L. Zaha, Carol Melcher, and Loretta J. Fuddy. "Predictors of Exclusive Breastfeeding at Least 8 Weeks Among Asian and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander Race Subgroups in Hawaii, 2004–2008." Maternal and Child Health Journal 18, no. 5 (October 5, 2013): 1215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-013-1355-1.
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Trujillo, Eduardo E., Chris Kadooka, Victor Tanimoto, Steve Bergfeld, Glenn Shishido, and Galen Kawakami. "Effective Biomass Reduction of the Invasive Weed Species Banana Poka by Septoria Leaf Spot." Plant Disease 85, no. 4 (April 2001): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.4.357.
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Inoculations of Septoria passiflorae for biological control of banana poka (Passiflora tripartita var. tripartita) at different forest sites in Hawaii, Kauai, and Maui resulted in successful establishment of the Septoria leaf spot disease at all sites during 1996. Semi-annual monitoring of sites in 1997 revealed low disease incidence and no disease spread to adjacent non-inoculated plants. Site inspections in March 1998 revealed light disease epidemics causing visible defoliation at inoculated sites on Kauai and Maui. Banana poka biomass reduction at sites with light epidemics of the disease in Kauai and Maui were estimated to be less than 10% in 1998, whereas in 1999 biomass reduction ranged from 50 to 95%. Five of 11 inoculation sites in 1996 on the island of Hawaii showed no disease. These five sites on Kaloko had frequent acid rainfall averaging 3.2 pH, which inhibited spore germination and infection. Six sites, free of acid rain, three at Hilo Forest Reserve and three at Puuwaawaa Wildlife Sanctuary, had severe disease epidemics by 1998, and vine defoliation was >90%. Widespread epidemics of the disease occurred in 1999, resulting in estimated 80 to 95% biomass reductions in more than 2,000 hectares of native forest infested with banana poka.
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Pandey, Raju R., and Marshall W. Johnson. "Weeds Adjacent to Hawaiian Pineapple Plantings Harboring Pink Pineapple Mealybugs." Environmental Entomology 35, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0046-225x-35.1.68.
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Suckling, David Maxwell, Andrew Robert Gibb, Tracy Johnson, and David Robert Hall. "Examination of sex attractants for monitoring weed biological control agents in Hawaii." Biocontrol Science and Technology 16, no. 9 (October 2006): 919–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09583150600828007.
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Kim, Karl, and Eric Yamashita. "Click It or Ticket: Boosting Seat Belt Use in Hawaii." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1830, no. 1 (January 2003): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1830-03.
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In compliance with its mandatory seat belt law, Hawaii is a high-use state. Seat belt use from 1998 to 2001 has averaged 81%, compared with 70% nationally. Efforts to increase belt use beyond 90% have not been successful, at least until the most recent effort, which entailed a combined enforcement and public information campaign. Described are patterns of belt use over time and the effects of the "Click It or Ticket" campaign that was launched this year. In January 2002, before the program was started, there was an overall belt use rate of 83.5%. After increased enforcement and publicity, Hawaii experienced an immediate increase in belt use by 6.9%. Belt use increased dramatically in each of the state’s four counties: in Honolulu, a 7.5% increase; Maui, 10.1% increase; and Kauai, 5% increase. The county of Hawaii, however, increased its rate by only 2.7%. Additional surveys in the months following the campaign indicated that in the days and weeks immediately after the Click It or Ticket campaign, there was a significant drop-off in belt use; but 144 days after, belt use in Honolulu County has stabilized at above 90%. This is surprising because the actual observed current rate is higher than the rate projected on the basis of observations conducted during the weeks immediately after the campaign was initiated. While more surveys and analysis are planned, the campaign was successful in Hawaii. Comments are provided about increasing belt use in a high-use state and implications are described for other traffic safety programs and initiatives.
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DUFFY, BRION K. "Locally Established Botrytis Fruit Rot ofMyrica fay a,a Noxious Weed in Hawaii." Plant Disease 78, no. 9 (1994): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-78-0919.
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Wolkis, Dustin, Carol C. Baskin, and Jerry M. Baskin. "Dormancy-breaking and germination requirements of seeds of the Hawaiian endemic Dianella sandwicensis (Xanthorrhoeaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 66, no. 3 (2018): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt17214.
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One problem with including some wild plant species in restoration projects is that seeds are dormant and fail to germinate. Thus, information on the dormancy-breaking and germination requirements facilitates propagation of species, such as the Hawaiian endemic Dianella sandwicensis Hook. & Arn., for conservation. In seeds of this species the embryo is shorter than the endosperm, and seeds sown in early summer in Hawai‘i did not germinate until autumn. Thus, we hypothesised that seeds have morphophysiological dormancy (MPD) and that germination is promoted by low (autumn) temperatures. Studies on embryo growth and the temperature requirements for dormancy-break and germination were conducted on seeds of D. sandwicensis collected on three Hawaiian Islands. Prior to germination the embryo length : seed length ratio increased 16.3 to 17.6%; thus, seeds have MPD. Since both embryo growth and germination occurred at 25/15°C, seeds have a simple level of MPD. Seeds germinated to 90–100% at both 20/10 and 25/15°C, but germination was faster at 20/10°C. However, seeds incubated for 12 weeks at 25/15°C then moved to 20/10°C reached 100% germination as rapidly as seeds kept at 20/10°C. Our results show that exposure of seeds to relatively cool autumn (20/10°C) conditions facilitates propagation of this species from seeds.
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Wall, Marisa M. "Storage Quality and Composition of Sweetpotato Roots after Quarantine Treatment Using Low Doses of X-ray Irradiation." HortScience 40, no. 2 (April 2005): 424–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.2.424.
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Sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] roots of three Hawaii-grown cultivars (`Mokuau', `Okinawan', and `Yoshida') were treated with 0, 200, or 400 Gy x-ray irradiation and stored for 12 weeks at 15 °C. The storage quality of nonirradiated and irradiated roots was compared for weight loss, sprouting, firmness, color, postharvest decay, and carbohydrate concentrations. Nonirradiated roots lost 3 to 4% weight during storage, whereas roots treated with 400 Gy lost 4.7% to 8.6% weight. Sprouting was negligible for all treatments. Storage tended to increase root firmness, while irradiation tended to decrease firmness. When all cultivars were averaged, sweetpotatoes treated with 400 Gy and stored for 12 weeks had the lowest starch concentrations and highest total sugar concentrations. Glucose and fructose concentrations were not affected by irradiation, but these sugars increased during storage. Sucrose concentrations of roots irradiated with 400 Gy were double those of nontreated roots after 12 weeks storage. The purple-fleshed cultivars, `Mokuau' and `Okinawan', retained good quality following irradiation and storage, but firmness decreased somewhat for roots treated with 400 Gy. The `Okinawan' sweetpotato is the primary export cultivar from Hawaii. For the white-fleshed cultivar, `Yoshida', postharvest decay adversely impacted the internal color, firmness, and overall quality of roots treated with 400 Gy and stored for 12 weeks.
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Kersalé, M., A. M. Doglioli, and A. A. Petrenko. "Sensitivity study of the generation of mesoscale eddies in a numerical model of Hawaii islands." Ocean Science 7, no. 3 (May 2, 2011): 277–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-7-277-2011.
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Abstract. The oceanic circulation around the Hawaiian archipelago is characterized by a complex circulation and the presence of mesoscale eddies west of the islands. These eddies typically develop and persist for weeks to several months in the area during persistent trade winds conditions. A series of numerical simulations on the Hawaiian region has been done in order to examine the relative importance of wind, inflow current and topographic forcing on the general circulation and the generation of eddies. Moreover, numerical cyclonic eddies are compared with the one observed during the cruise E-FLUX (Dickey et al., 2008). Our study demonstrates the need for all three forcings (wind, inflow current and topography) to reproduce the known oceanic circulation. In particular, the cumulative effect plays a key role on the generation of mesoscale eddies. The wind-stress-curl, via the Ekman pumping mechanism, has also been identified as an important mechanism upon the strength of the upwelling in the lee of the Big Island of Hawaii. In order to find the best setup of a regional ocean model, we compare more precisely numerical results obtained using two different wind databases: COADS and QuikSCAT. The main features of the ocean circulation in the area are well reproduced by our model forced by both COADS and QuickSCAT climatologies. Nevertheless, significant differences appear in the levels of kinetic energy and vorticity. The wind-forcing spatial resolution clearly affects the way in which the wind momentum feeds the mesoscale phenomena. The higher the resolution, the more realistic the ocean circulation. In particular, the simulation forced by QuikSCAT wind data reproduces well the observed energetic mesoscale structures and their hydrological characteristics and behaviors.
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G. Fancy, Steven, Thomas J. Snetsinger, and James D. Jacob. "Translocation of the Palila, an endangered Hawaiian honeycreeper." Pacific Conservation Biology 3, no. 1 (1997): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc970039.
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The Palila Loxioides bailleui is an endangered Hawaiian honeycreeper that is restricted to high-elevation dry woodlands on Mauna Kea volcano, Hawaii. Palila are absent or occur in small numbers throughout most of their historic range because of habitat loss, predation and avian disease. The Palila's habitat is regenerating as a result of feral ungulate control, but the species is likely to be slow in recolonizing former ranges because of strong site tenacity. In March 1993, we translocated 35 Palila to Kanakaleonui on the eastern slope of Mauna Kea to determine whether we could speed recovery by releasing adult birds in new areas where predators were controlled. At least two pairs of translocated Palila successfully nested at the release site during their first breeding season, and two other pairs constructed nests. The density of Palila at Kanakaleonui in the three years following the translocation was higher than that before translocation. Approximately half of the translocated birds remained at the release site for 2?6 weeks and then homed back to their capture site, >20 km away. Translocations of adult birds and release of captive-reared juvenile Palila, in combination with additional habitat restoration, may be an effective management tool for speeding the recovery of this species.
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Uchida, J., S. Zhong, and E. Killgore. "First Report of a Rust Disease on Ohia Caused by Puccinia psidii in Hawaii." Plant Disease 90, no. 4 (April 2006): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0524c.
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Several species of Metrosideros (Myrtaceae), referred to as ohia in Hawaii, are endemic trees that comprise as much as 80% of the native Hawaiian forests. For centuries, these trees have provided niches for many indigenous and endangered plants and animals and are treasured by Hawaiians for their beauty and role in folklore and legends. During April 2005, a cultivated ohia plant was diagnosed by the Agricultural Diagnostic Service Center at the University of Hawaii at Manoa as infected by a rust fungus. Rust pustules containing abundant urediniospores were observed on leaves, stems, and sepals, causing discolored spots and severe deformity of young leaves and growing tips. By July 2005, a similar rust disease was observed on other plants in the family Myrtaceae; namely Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston, Eugenia koolauensis Degener, E. reinwardtiana (Blume) DC, and Psidium guajava L. Microscopic examination of the uredinia and urediniospores showed that the rust was morphologically similar to Puccinia psidii, which is reported as the guava or eucalyptus rust in Florida and Central and South America (1,2). To confirm the identity of this fungus, DNA was extracted from urediniospores of two isolates collected from ohia plants, and their nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) was amplified with two universal primers, ITS4 and ITS5 (3). Sequences of the ITS region of these isolates from ohia were identical to the P. psidii isolates provided by A. Alfenas in Brazil and M. Rayachhetry in Florida. Koch's postulate of the isolates, obtained from ohia, was performed using 1 × 108 spores/ml of urediniospores suspension in distilled water. The suspension was sprayed onto 6-month-old ohia seedlings. These inoculated seedlings were placed in clear plastic chambers maintained at 100% relative humidity and 22°C with a combination of 10-h fluorescent light period and a 14-h dark period. After 48 h of incubation, the seedlings were removed from the chambers and transferred to a greenhouse where the ambient temperature ranged from 20 to 24°C. Rust pustules appeared after 1 to 2 weeks of incubation. Symptoms first appeared as tiny, bright yellow, powdery eruptions that developed into circular, uredinial pustules on the stem and foliage. These pustules later expanded, coalesced, and became necrotic, spreading over the entire leaf and stem surfaces, and then leaves and stems were deformed and tip dieback ensued. These symptoms were the same as those observed on the naturally infected cultivated ohia plant mentioned above. P. psidii is reported to be native to South and Central America that later spread to some Myrtaceous plants in the Caribbean countries (1). It has a very wide host range within the family Myrtaceae (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. psidii in Hawaii. This rust disease may pose a formidable threat to Myrtaceous species that make up the native Hawaiian forests and are grown as ornamental plants or for the production of wood chips. References: (1) T. A. Coutinho et al. Plant Dis. 82:819. 1998. (2) M. B. Rayachhetry et al. Biol. Control 22:38. 2001. (3) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols. M. A. Innis et al., eds. 1990.
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Manshardt, R., S. Lius, D. Gonsalves, M. Fitch, J. Slightom, and J. Sanford. "Stability of PRV Resistance in Transgenic Papaya." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 904A—904. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.904a.
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Transgenic papaya lines carrying the coat protein gene (CP) of papaya ringspot virus (PRV) strain HA 5-1 display PRV reactions ranging from complete susceptibility (39-3 & 39-4), to slight delay in onset of symptoms (39-1) and attenuation of symptoms (60-3), to high-level resistance (55-1, 63-1). Normal Mendelian segregation of transgene expression was lost in R1 of 39-3 and 39-4, and inbred R1 60-3 gave an aberrant 1:1 ratio. R0 55-1 plants were resistant in the field (Hawaii) for 2 years following manual and/or aphid inoculation, and the high-level resistance remained stable in the R1 after repeated manual inoculations in the greenhouse and graft inoculation for up to 1 year (Cornell). However, inoculation with PRV HA-Oahu strain produced symptoms in some plants at Cornell (9% after 6 weeks) and in Hawaii (50% after 1 year). Two 55-1 and one 60-3 plant subsequently underwent remission of symptoms and became ELISA-negative (Hawaii). Transmission of PRV isolates from symptomatic 55-1 plants to other CP+ 55-1 bioassay plants was unsuccessful.
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Wyss, Max, and Zhengxiang Fu. "Precursory seismic quiescence before the January 1982 Hilea, Hawaii, earthquakes." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 79, no. 3 (June 1, 1989): 756–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0790030756.
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Abstract Two earthquakes of ML = 5.4 occurred within half an hour of each other within the Hilea area of Southern Hawaii on 21 January 1982. The aftershock distribution suggests that together they ruptured an area of approximately 5-km radius, and their joint equivalent magnitude was 5.6. The first motions indicate faulting on a near horizontal plane at 10 km depth, with the crust slipping to the southeast. The seismicity rate in the source area was studied using the earthquake catalog of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. This catalog contains some reporting rate changes that affect the count of smaller earthquakes strongly, with a period of low reporting during 1974 to 1977. Although we have used 2.5 as the minimum magnitude of homogeneous reporting after 1971, some of the artificial rate changes are still present in the data. The catalog was declustered using Reasenberg's algorithm, and a magnitude correction of −0.1 was applied to the data between 1974 and 1984. The seismicity rate for the period of November 1971 through 1985 was examined in four adjacent regions; one of these contained the aftershocks. The aftershock volume and the 3-km annulus around it showed a period of 46 weeks of low seismicity rate immediately before January 1982, during which the rate was decreased by 87 per cent. The seismicity rate in the other three volumes was normal during this time. We conclude that this low reporting rate was not likely due to artificial changes in the catalog. The fact that the quiescence anomaly coincided in space with the 1982 aftershock volume and that its termination coincided with the 1982 main shocks suggests that the quiescence was a precursor. Comparing the seismicity rate within all possible 46-week windows to the background rate, we found that the precursory rate decrease was more significant than any other rate decrease in all volumes studied except artificial low rate periods. Thus this quiescence precursor could be recognized without false alarms. However, the statistical significance estimated by the z- and β-tests was low, ≦75 per cent and ≦49 per cent, respectively. More case histories are needed to determine empirically the thresholds of these tests for accepting precursory anomalies without too many false alarms. The M = 6.6 Kaoiki earthquake that was located about 25-km north of the 1982 source area was preceded by 125 weeks of quiescence, while the M = 7.2 Kalapana earthquake quiescence precursor lasted about 200 weeks. These observations suggest that in Hawaii quiescence precursor times may be a function of magnitude.
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Dalzell, Scott A. "Leucaena cultivars – current releases and future opportunities." Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 7, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(7)56-64.
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Plenary paper presented at the International Leucaena Conference, 1‒3 November 2018, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.The Leucaena genus is made up of 24 different species (19 diploid and 5 tetraploid species). However, early use of the Leucaena genus in commercial agricultural systems was based entirely upon a very narrow germplasm base. A single genotype of Leucaena leucocephala ssp. leucocephala (‘common’ leucaena) was spread pantropically from its center of origin in Mexico over 400 years ago. Genetic improvement of Leucaena leucocephala began in the 1950s, when vigorous ‘giant’ leucaena (L. leucocephala ssp. glabrata) was identified in Australia and Hawaii. Cultivars such as Hawaiian Giant K8, Peru and El Salvador were selected and promoted for grazing in Australia and multipurpose agroforestry uses throughout the tropics. Plant breeding for improved forage production resulted in the release of cv. Cunningham in 1976 in Australia. These cultivars of ‘giant’ Leucaena leucocephala displayed broad environmental adaptability, with the exception of poor tolerance of cold temperatures (and frost) and acid soils. The outbreak of the psyllid insect pest (Heteropsylla cubana) from Cuba during the 1980s devastated both ‘common’ and ‘giant’ leucaena all around the world. This challenge resulted in renewed interest in lesser-known Leucaena spp. that exhibited tolerance to the pest and in interspecific hybridization as a means of developing new cultivars. Some ‘giant’ leucaena lines exhibited excellent agronomic traits and a degree of tolerance to the psyllid pest and this resulted in the release of new cultivars in Australia (cvv. Tarramba and Wondergraze) and Hawaii (cv. LxL). Since the 1990s, plant breeding programs have sought to develop cultivars with greater psyllid tolerance using interspecific hybridization. This has resulted in the release of cv. ‘KX2-Hawaii’ for timber and forage production, and a backcrossed forage cultivar cv. Redlands (Australia). Both cultivars are based upon interspecific hybridization between L. pallida and L. leucocephala ssp. glabrata. Cold-temperature and acid-soil tolerance have been pursued in South American breeding programs based upon L. diversifolia, without commercial success. The development of sterile Leucaena spp. cultivars is currently underway to nullify the environmental weed potential of all current commercial cultivars. Tolerance to cold temperatures (L. diversifolia, L. pallida, L. pulverulenta and L. trichandra), frost (L. greggii and L. retusa) and psyllids (L. collinsii) exists within the Leucaena genus and may be exploited in future hybridization programs. New genetic analyses and molecular plant breeding techniques have the potential to facilitate further gene transfer between Leucaena spp. for the development of the next generation of multipurpose cultivars.
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Paxton, Eben H., Richard J. Camp, P. Marcos Gorresen, Lisa H. Crampton, David L. Leonard, and Eric A. VanderWerf. "Collapsing avian community on a Hawaiian island." Science Advances 2, no. 9 (September 2016): e1600029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600029.
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The viability of many species has been jeopardized by numerous negative factors over the centuries, but climate change is predicted to accelerate and increase the pressure of many of these threats, leading to extinctions. The Hawaiian honeycreepers, famous for their spectacular adaptive radiation, are predicted to experience negative responses to climate change, given their susceptibility to introduced disease, the strong linkage of disease distribution to climatic conditions, and their current distribution. We document the rapid collapse of the native avifauna on the island of Kaua‘i that corresponds to changes in climate and disease prevalence. Although multiple factors may be pressuring the community, we suggest that a tipping point has been crossed in which temperatures in forest habitats at high elevations have reached a threshold that facilitates the development of avian malaria and its vector throughout these species’ ranges. Continued incursion of invasive weeds and non-native avian competitors may be facilitated by climate change and could also contribute to declines. If current rates of decline continue, we predict multiple extinctions in the coming decades. Kaua‘i represents an early warning for the forest bird communities on the Maui and Hawai‘i islands, as well as other species around the world that are trapped within a climatic space that is rapidly disappearing.
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McLeod, Julie, and Fiona Paisley. "The Modernization of Colonialism and the Educability of the “Native”: Transpacific Knowledge Networks and Education in the Interwar Years." History of Education Quarterly 56, no. 3 (August 2016): 473–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hoeq.12199.
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This article focuses on a seminar-conference held in Hawaii in 1936 on the “educability” of native peoples. The seminar-conference was convened by New Zealand anthropologist Felix Keesing and Yale education professor Charles Loram and supported by the Carnegie Corporation, among other organizations. Conference delegates-who came from across the Pacific, including the U.S. mainland, Australia, and New Zealand, and from as far as South Africa-joined to discuss the future of colonial education. The residential conference, which lasted several weeks, resulted in published proceedings and the establishment of extensive transpacific networks. One in a series of international congresses on education that took place during the interwar years, the 1936 Hawaii conference offers unique insight into the transnational dialogue among academics, education practitioners, colonial administrators, and, in some cases, Indigenous spokespeople, concerning the modernization of colonialism and new forms of citizenship in the era of progressive education and cultural internationalism.
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Zalud, Ivica, Marguerite Lisa Bartholomew, Steve Shaha, and Lynnae Millar. "Repeat Detailed Second Trimester Ultrasound: Hawaii Experience." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 4, no. 1 (2010): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1126.
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Abstract This review is about clinical value of repeat second trimester ultrasound performed in a tertiary center in the detection of fetal anomalies. A retrospective record review was performed on all of the second trimester obstetrical ultrasounds (15 to 22 weeks) performed during a four month period. The ultrasound reports were reviewed to determine if repeat studies resulted in a change of diagnoses with respect to fetal anomalies. Ultrasound diagnoses were compared to newborn records to determine the accuracy of ultrasound diagnoses. 1,470 ultrasound examinations were performed on 1,344 patients. The rate of repeat examination was 8.41% after the exclusion of 13 patients with suboptimal views as the indication for the repeat ultrasound. 943 (70.16%) newborn birth records were available for analysis. Fifty six (6%) of the newborns were coded as having an anomaly at birth. 55% of these anomalies were detected by ultrasound, 36% were not detectable by ultrasound, and 9% were not detected by ultrasound. The overall fetal anomaly rate was 3.8%. The overall detection rate was 86.1%. There were no diagnosis changes nor additional anomalies identified after repeat second trimester ultrasound. Objectives Describe the role of comprehensive ultrasound in detection of fetal anomalies Present one highly specialized fetal diagnostic center experience Discuss the value of repeat ultrasound exams in order to increase anomaly detection rate
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Melzer, M. J., J. S. Sugano, D. Cabanas, K. K. Dey, B. Kandouh, D. Mauro, I. Rushanaedy, et al. "First Report of Pepper mottle virus Infecting Tomato in Hawaii." Plant Disease 96, no. 6 (June 2012): 917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-12-0147-pdn.
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In August 2011, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit from a University of Hawaii field trial displayed mottling symptoms similar to that caused by Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) or other tospoviruses. The foliage from affected plants, however, appeared symptomless. Fruit and leaf tissue from affected plants were negative for TSWV analyzed by double antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA and/or TSWV ImmunoStrips (Agdia, Elkhart, IN) when performed following the manufacturer's instructions. Total RNA from a symptomatic and an asymptomatic plant was isolated using an RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) and reverse transcribed using Invitrogen SuperScript III reverse transcriptase (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY) and primer 900 (5′- CACTCCCTATTATCCAGG(T)16-3′) following the enzyme manufacturer's instructions. The cDNA was then used as template in a universal potyvirus PCR assay using primers 900 and Sprimer, which amplify sequences encoding the partial inclusion body protein (NIb), coat protein, and 3′ untranslated region of potyviruses (1). A ~1,700-bp product was amplified from the cDNA of the symptomatic plant but not the asymptomatic plant. This product was cloned using pGEM-T Easy (Promega, Madison, WI) and three clones were sequenced at the University of Hawaii's Advanced Studies in Genomics, Proteomics, and Bioinformatics laboratory. The 1,747-bp consensus sequence of the three clones was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. JQ429788) and, following primer sequence trimming, found to be 97% identical to positions 7,934 through 9,640 of Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV; family Potyviridae, genus Potyvirus) accessions from Korea (isolate ‘217’ from tomato; EU586126) and California (isolate ‘C’ from pepper; M96425). To determine the incidence of PepMoV in the field trial, all 292 plants representing 14 tomato cultivars were assayed for the virus 17 weeks after planting using a PepMoV-specific DAS-ELISA (Agdia) following the manufacturer's directions. Plants were considered positive if their mean absorbance at 405 nm was greater than the mean absorbance + 3 standard deviations + 10% of the negative control samples. The virus incidence ranged from 4.8 to 47.6% for the different varieties, with an overall incidence of 19.9%. Although plant growth was not noticeably impaired by PepMoV infection, the majority of fruit from infected plants was unsaleable, making PepMoV a considerable threat to tomato production in Hawaii. PepMoV has been reported to naturally infect tomato in Guatemala (3) and South Korea (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of this virus in Hawaii and the first report of this virus naturally infecting tomato in the United States. References: (1) J. Chen et al. Arch. Virol. 146:757, 2001. (2) M.-K. Kim et al. Plant Pathol. J. 24:152, 2008. (3) J. Th. J. Verhoeven et al. Plant Dis. 86:186, 2002.
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de Macedo, Davi Mesquita, Olinto Liparini Pereira, Gregory Sherman Wheeler, and Robert Weingart Barreto. "Corynespora cassiicola f. sp. schinii, a Potential Biocontrol Agent for the Weed Schinus terebinthifolius in the United States." Plant Disease 97, no. 4 (April 2013): 496–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-12-0598-re.
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Schinus terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae), Brazilian peppertree (BP), is a major environmental weed in many tropical and subtropical areas of the globe, including Florida, Hawai'i, and Australia. This plant has been the target of a classical biocontrol project in the United States involving pathogens collected in Brazil for several years. A fungus was found in the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo causing leaf spots and severe foliage blight on BP. Examination of the morphology and internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis confirmed that the fungus is a strain of Corynespora cassiicola. Preliminary host-range tests involving 24 species, including 11 species in the family Anacardiaceae, were conducted with the fungus, and specificity toward BP was confirmed. Plants of Brazilian pepper tree from populations in Florida and Hawai'i included in the tests became severely diseased. Therefore, the recognition of a new forma specialis—Corynespora cassiicola f. sp. schinii—is proposed. The specificity of this forma specialis and the severity of the disease it caused in the field and under controlled conditions indicate that it has the potential for use as a biocontrol agent for BP in areas where it is an exotic invasive species.
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Mostafanezhad, Mary, Krisnawati Suryanata, Saleh Azizi, and Nicole Milne. "“Will Weed for Food”: The political economy of organic farm volunteering in Hawai‘i." Geoforum 65 (October 2015): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.07.025.
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Hagan, David H., Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz, Jonathan P. Franklin, Lisa M. M. Wallace, Benjamin D. Kocar, Colette L. Heald, and Jesse H. Kroll. "Calibration and assessment of electrochemical air quality sensors by co-location with regulatory-grade instruments." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 1 (January 15, 2018): 315–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-315-2018.
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Abstract. The use of low-cost air quality sensors for air pollution research has outpaced our understanding of their capabilities and limitations under real-world conditions, and there is thus a critical need for understanding and optimizing the performance of such sensors in the field. Here we describe the deployment, calibration, and evaluation of electrochemical sensors on the island of Hawai`i, which is an ideal test bed for characterizing such sensors due to its large and variable sulfur dioxide (SO2) levels and lack of other co-pollutants. Nine custom-built SO2 sensors were co-located with two Hawaii Department of Health Air Quality stations over the course of 5 months, enabling comparison of sensor output with regulatory-grade instruments under a range of realistic environmental conditions. Calibration using a nonparametric algorithm (k nearest neighbors) was found to have excellent performance (RMSE < 7 ppb, MAE < 4 ppb, r2 > 0.997) across a wide dynamic range in SO2 (< 1 ppb, > 2 ppm). However, since nonparametric algorithms generally cannot extrapolate to conditions beyond those outside the training set, we introduce a new hybrid linear–nonparametric algorithm, enabling accurate measurements even when pollutant levels are higher than encountered during calibration. We find no significant change in instrument sensitivity toward SO2 after 18 weeks and demonstrate that calibration accuracy remains high when a sensor is calibrated at one location and then moved to another. The performance of electrochemical SO2 sensors is also strong at lower SO2 mixing ratios (< 25 ppb), for which they exhibit an error of less than 2.5 ppb. While some specific results of this study (calibration accuracy, performance of the various algorithms, etc.) may differ for measurements of other pollutant species in other areas (e.g., polluted urban regions), the calibration and validation approaches described here should be widely applicable to a range of pollutants, sensors, and environments.
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Tweed, Erik J., Jeffrey T. Foster, Bethany L. Woodworth, William B. Monahan, Jherime L. Kellerman, and Alan Lieberman. "Breeding Biology and Success of a Reintroduced Population of the Critically Endangered Puaiohi (Myadestes Palmeri)." Auk 123, no. 3 (July 1, 2006): 753–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/123.3.753.
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Abstract The ultimate success of reintroduction programs for endangered species depends on the ability of reintroduced animals to breed in the wild. We studied the nesting success and breeding biology of a reintroduced population of Puaiohi (Myadestes palmeri) on the island of Kaua'i, Hawaii. Thirty-four captive-bred Puaiohi were released into the Alaka'i Swamp in 1999-2001 and monitored using radiotelemetry. Ten females and two males paired with wild and other released birds, including one polygynous trio. From March to September, 31 nests were built. Mean clutch size was 2.0 eggs, daily nest survival was 0.97 ± 0.01 (mean ± SE) and overall nest success was 0.40 ± 0.02. We confirmed predation, most probably by rats (Rattus spp.), as the greatest cause of nest failure, occurring at 38% of active nests with known fates, and causing the death of two nesting adult females. Ground-based rodent control proved ineffective at protecting nest attempts. Successful nests fledged an average of 1.4 young each (n = 10), and 85% of fledglings survived at least two weeks. Importantly, breeding behavior and success were comparable to those of wild Puaiohi. This is the first record of breeding in the wild from captive-bred endangered Hawaiian passerines. The ability of captive-bred Puaiohi to survive and breed successfully in the wild bodes well for future releases of this and other endangered passerines, but high predation rates on nests and nesting females highlights the importance of maintaining and restoring safe habitat for recovery. Biología y Éxito Reproductivo de una Población Reintroducida de Myadestes palmeri, una Especie en Peligro Crítico
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Olson, Storrs L. "Muscis Hawaiiensis Mantissae I: Two weedy species of Bryum new to the archipelago." Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution 17, no. 1 (December 31, 1999): 129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/bde.17.1.15.
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Bryum lisae var. cuspidatum and B. radiculosum were collected in xeric, lowland habitats on the islands of Oahu and Kauai, respectively, and constitute the first records for either species for the Hawaiian archipelago.
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Jakobs, Gabi, Christoph Kueffer, and Curtis C. Daehler. "Introduced weed richness across altitudinal gradients in Hawai’i: humps, humans and water-energy dynamics." Biological Invasions 12, no. 12 (July 6, 2010): 4019–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-010-9816-6.
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Simmons, Christina Shoemaker, Pratisha Budhiraja, and Cheryl B. Prince. "Hawai'i WIC's Unique Breastfeeding Initiatives." Californian Journal of Health Promotion 1, SI (December 31, 2003): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32398/cjhp.v1isi.566.
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Hawai‘i has its own unique breastfeeding environment--breastfeeding initiation rates exceed national goals, yet breastfeeding duration decreases sharply after the first few weeks. This manuscript presents a review of three programs Hawai‘i Women, Infant’s and Children’s Special Supplemental Nutrition Program (WIC) of the Hawai‘i Department of Health has instituted to increase the initiation and duration of breastfeeding among its participants. These three projects are: The Breast Pump Program and evaluation, The Nursing Drape Project, and the Pumps in the Schools Program. The WIC Breast Pump Program is an open system and accounts for women in a variety of work/school environments. Success in such a system is more challenging to determine; however, any documented changes in breastfeeding duration may be more significant than in a restricted setting. Consequently, WIC began an evaluation of its Breast Pump Program in 2002. Embarrassment has been shown to be a number one breastfeeding concern for WIC women across the nation so Hawai‘i WIC designed, created, distributed and evaluated their own nursing drape that is both culturally acceptable and inexpensive. Results of this project are presented along with cost saving and implications to other states. The goal of the Pumps in the Schools Program is to increase the teen breastfeeding prevalence and duration for WIC high school students by providing WIC purchased hospital grade electric breast pumps and placing them in a supportive classroom setting. The program serves to decrease at least one barrier to breastfeeding for these high-risk mothers. Hawai‘i WIC is tackling working and schooling issues, duration, and embarrassment about public breastfeeding. In essence, Hawai‘i is changing the image of WIC to be ‘the breastfeeding people’ instead of the ‘formula give-away program’.
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Baskin, Carol C., Jerry M. Baskin, and Alvin Yoshinaga. "Non-deep simple morphophysiological dormancy in seeds of Cheirodendron trigynum (Araliaceae) from the montane zone of Hawaii." Seed Science Research 25, no. 2 (March 19, 2015): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258515000112.
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AbstractThe Araliaceae is known to have seeds with underdeveloped embryos that must grow prior to radicle emergence, and thus they have morphological (MD) or morphophysiological (MPD) dormancy. Araliaceae is one of about 15 families with woody species in the tropical montane zone, and in Hawaii 15 species occur in the montane. Our purpose was to determine if seeds of the Hawaiian Araliaceae species Cheirodendron trigynum subsp. trigynum have MD or MPD and, if MPD, what level. In a move-along experiment, some seeds were incubated continuously at 15/6, 20/10 or 25/15°C, while others were moved sequentially from low to high or from high to low temperature regimes. Germination percentages and embryo growth were monitored. Also, the effects of cold and warm stratification on dormancy break were determined. Seeds had physiological dormancy (PD) in addition to small embryos that grew prior to germination, and thus MPD. PD was broken slowly ( ≥ 12 weeks), after which embryos grew rapidly, followed by root and shoot emergence. Embryos grew at temperatures suitable for warm stratification; thus, seeds have Type 1 non-deep simple MPD; the dormancy formula is C1bBb. Seeds from Oahu germinated to 94–100% at 15/6, 20/10 and 25/15°C, while those from the Big Island germinated to high percentages only at 15/6 and 20/10°C. Temperature shifts improved germination of seeds from the Big Island, and movement from either low to high or from high to low temperature regimes was effective in promoting germination. This is the first report of non-deep simple MPD in the Araliaceae.
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DeFrank, Joseph, Tadashi Higaki, and Joanne Imamura. "ANTHURIUM YIELD AND WEED CONTROL IN RESPONSE TO HERBICIDES AND WOVEN POLYPROPYLENE MULCH UNDER SHADEHOUSE CONDITIONS IN HAWAII." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 629g—630. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.629g.
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Yield components of 4 anthurium cultivars over a 2 year harvest period were determined. The varieties are `Ozaki' (red color-OZ), `Nitta' (orange-NT), `Kozohara' (dark red-KZ) and `Marian Seefurth' (pink-MS). The herbicide treatments are: diuron (1.1 kg ai/ha) every 3 months (DN); granular formulation of oxyfluorfen (2%) and oryzalin (1%) (3.4 kg ai/ha) in an alternating 3 month cycle with diuron (1.1 kg ai/ha) (OO). Black polypropylene mulch (PM) is the non-chemical control treatment. Yield components include: total cut flower yield, mean stem length and mean flower size (spathe width × length). Total flower yield was not significantly affected by weed control treatments. Yield ranking was: MS>KZ=NT>OZ. A significant interaction was recorded for stem length and flower size. OZ stem length was unaffected by weed control treatments while the others showed variations dependent on treatments. KZ and OZ flower size was not affected by weed control treatments, however, herbicide treatments did reduce flower size of MS and NT. Weed control ranking was: PM=00.>DI.