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1
Vega, Arturo, and Michael J. Gilbert. "Longer Days, Shorter Weeks: Compressed Work Weeks in Policing." Public Personnel Management 26, no. 3 (1997): 391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102609702600308.
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Three-day, 40 hour, compressed work weeks are atypical in American labor circles. They are especially rare among law enforcement agencies. Positive and negative attributes of compressed work weeks have remained largely untested and particular to specific industries. This case study is an evaluation of the attitudinal and productivity effects of a three-day work week schedule as implemented by the Bexar County Sheriff's Department, Patrol Division, responsible for policing unincorporated areas surrounding San Antonio, Texas. The findings of this research are consistent with previous evaluations of compressed work weeks in private industry. Positive impacts on both productivity measures and the self-reported attitudes of patrol officers are found. Furthermore, the quality of policing provided to citizens did not decline. These data lead to the conclusion that a three day compressed work week with 13 hour and 20 minute work days is a work hour allocation strategy that may be successfully applied to policing agencies with benefits to both the organization and line patrol officers.
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Knight, Tiffany Lyndall. "19 weeks: Performing theatre about abortion." Women's Studies International Forum 78 (January 2020): 102325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2019.102325.
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Ogden, David. "Employment Law Information Sources." Legal Information Management 1, no. 4 (2001): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1472669600000815.
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An indexed and annotated copy of the Employment Rights Act 1996 as amended at 1st January 2000, including amendments made by the Employment Relations Act 1999, is included on the professional area of this Web site. DiscLaw Publishing Ltd provides e-LOAD (employment Law on a Disc). The subscription service includes CD-ROMs updated every six months plus a password to their Internet site, updated every three weeks with the latest employment law developments. The site also contains lots of free information based on an earlier issue of the CD.Costs: Prices start from £5 plus VAT a day for the professional service (£190 plus VAT p.a.)Contact DiscLaw Publishing Ltd 0870 751 8905 www.emplaw.co.uk
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Tuckwell, Caroline. "Law Firm Legal Research – What Trainees Need to Know." Legal Information Management 10, no. 2 (2010): 108–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1472669610000423.
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AbstractAt large City firm Herbert Smith, the legal research training programme for trainee solicitors is taken very seriously and includes a compulsory training course in their first two weeks, followed by research exercises and further courses which have been carefully designed in association with the partners to ensure that trainees qualify with excellent legal research skills.
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Adygamov, R. K. "Islamic law in modern times." Minbar. Islamic Studies 13, no. 2 (2020): 349–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31162/2618-9569-2020-13-1-349-362.
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This article is devoted to the problem of Islamic law development in modern times. Economic and political backwardness of Muslim countries and especially the fall of the Ottoman Empire exacerbated the crisis of Muslim social thought. It led to searching the ways out of the current situation. Moreover, the revival movement encouraged theologian lawyers to search the ways of formalizing and popularizing Islamic law among Muslims. Within the framework of the problem, we consider the reasons that infl uenced the process of Islamic Law revival, as well as the results of this process. Economic, social and political events in the Islamic world triggered the processes of the education system modernization, led to the revaluation of Islamic Legal Heritage. All these transformations caused the creation of research centres and number of conferences and weeks devoted to the problems of Islamic law came in response to all the changes.
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Kettl, Donald F. "Administrative Accountability and the Rule of Law." PS: Political Science & Politics 42, no. 01 (2009): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096509090210.
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In June 2008, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration rocked the food industry—and food lovers—with its warning about tainted tomatoes. Consumers in New Mexico and Texas were contracting a rare, sometimes fatal strain of salmonella and the FDA feared that salmonella contamination from tomatoes was the cause. In the weeks that followed, a major outbreak spread across the country and worried consumers abandoned tomatoes. Fourth of July cookouts were not the same, and BLT lovers complained that their favorite sandwich was impossibly dry. By the end of July, the outbreak had infected more than 1,200 persons in 42 states.
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Rubin, David I. "The Charter School Law in Massachusetts: Analysis, Commentary, Wish." Radical Teacher 100 (October 9, 2014): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/rt.2014.164.
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Nowhere is the link between the right's national political agenda and the privatization of public education clearer than in Massachusetts. In November 1995, just weeks before announcing that he would run for the U.S. Senate against the liberal Democratic incumbent John Kerry, Governor William Weld unveiled a truly radical plan for reshaping K-12 education that could make Massachusetts the testing ground for every weapon in the privatization arsenal.
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Blais, Giorgio. "The International Institute of Humanitarian Law (San Remo) and its international military courses on the law of armed conflict." International Review of the Red Cross 37, no. 319 (1997): 451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002086040007666x.
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There are few institutions in the world which are able to assemble officers from all the countries of the globe, who wear their own uniforms and live and work together for two weeks. One of these is the International Institute of Humanitarian Law in San Remo, Italy.This non-governmental organization was set up in 1970 for the purpose of promoting the dissemination and development of international humanitarian law. The choice of the Italian seaside resort of San Remo was not accidental. It was there that Alfred Nobel spent the last years of his life, and he left all his property to the humanitarian cause. The villa he occupied until his death became the headquarters of the International Institute of Humanitarian Law.
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Sohn, Myongsei. "Public Health Law: The Values of Global Collaboration." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31, S4 (2003): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2003.tb00742.x.
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I would like to extend my appreciation to the planning committee of this outstanding conference, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics (ASLME) for allowing me to have this great opportunity to share my experience in teaching and studying medical and public health law and ethics with my U.S. colleagues. This morning, USA Today is reporting that Brundtland, the Director General of the World Health Organization (WHO), finally declared that the aggressive control measures have stopped SARS. I think it is a special achievement on her part as she departs the WHO in less than two weeks. The new Director General of the WHO, JW Lee, is a close friend of mine.
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Lee, Simon. "LORD DENNING AND MARGARET THATCHER, LAW AND SOCIETY." Denning Law Journal 25, no. 1 (2013): 159–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/dlj.v25i1.777.
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“Lord Denning is the best-known and best-loved judge in the whole of our history.” That was the opening of Lord Bingham’s address at the service of thanksgiving for the life of Lord Denning, the former Master of the Rolls, in Westminster Abbey in 1999. Lord Bingham was well-placed to judge. He himself held the offices of Master of the Rolls, Lord Chief Justice and Senior Law Lord. He is an accomplished historian. He ascribed Lord Denning’s renown and reputation to his unique warmth, his popular touch and his longevity. Tom Denning was born in the Victorian era, in 1899, and lived a few weeks beyond his 100th birthday in 1999. He only retired at the age of 82 and then reluctantly.
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Goyal, Vinita, Robin Wallace, Amna I. Dermish, et al. "Factors associated with abortion at 12 or more weeks gestation after implementation of a restrictive Texas law." Contraception 102, no. 5 (2020): 314–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2020.06.007.
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Zapata, Francisco, Olga Kosheleva, and Vladik Kreinovich. "Several years of practice may not be as good as comprehensive training: Zipf’s law explains why." Mathematical Structures and Modeling, no. 2 (54) (October 5, 2020): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2222-8772.2020.2.145-149.
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Many professions practice certifications as a way to establish that
 a person practicing this profession has reached a certain skills level. At first glance, it may sound like several years of practice should help a person pass the corresponding certification test, but in reality, even after several years of practice, most people are not able to pass the test, while after a few weeks of intensive training, most people pass it successfully. This sounds counterintuitive, since the overall number of problems that a person solves during several years of practice is much larger than the number of problems solved during a few weeks of intensive training. In this paper, we show that Zipf’s law explains this seemingly counterintuitive phenomenon.
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Burley, Anne-Marie Slaughter. "International Law and International Relations Theory: A Dual Agenda." American Journal of International Law 87, no. 2 (1993): 205–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203817.
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Writing in 1968 on the “relevance of international law,” Richard Falk described his efforts as part of the larger endeavor of “liberating the discipline of international law from a sense of its own futility.” In 1992 that task appears to have been accomplished. International legal rules, procedures and organizations are more visible and arguably more effective than at any time since 1945. If the United Nations cannot accomplish everything, it once again represents a significant repository of hopes for a better world. And even as its current failures are tabulated, from Yugoslavia to the early weeks and then months of the Somali famine, the almost-universal response is to find ways to strengthen it. The resurgence of rules and procedures in the service of an organized international order is the legacy of all wars, hot or cold.
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Uelmen, Amelia J. "Traveling Light: Pilgrim Law and the Nexus between Law, Politics and Catholic Social Teaching." Journal of Law and Religion 22, no. 2 (2007): 445–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0748081400003994.
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Coming out of a church whose marks of identity include unity, holiness, and universality, it is ironic—and painful—that the “Catholic vote” has become a “metaphor” for polarization in United States culture and politics. As one reporter described the scene in the weeks before the 2004 presidential election: Some rail against their own bishops, while others cheer what they see as a long-awaited stand of conscience. The tension seemed to reach a peak yesterday, when the Vatican felt compelled to publicly dismiss the claims of a Catholic lawyer who said he had Vatican support to seek [Senator] Kerry's excommunication.Tensions have also manifested themselves in the variety of Catholic “voter's guides.” Some list a limited number of “non-negotiable” issues—particular actions that are identified in Catholic moral theology as “intrinsic evil” and suggest that candidates be evaluated according to their stand on these particular issues. For example, the Catholic Answers Voter's Guide for Serious Catholics, first distributed prior to the 2004 election, named “five non-negotiables”: abortion, euthanasia, embryonic stem-cell research, human cloning and homosexual marriage. As these moral principles “do not admit of exception or compromise,” the Guide reasoned that political consequences should be clear: “You should avoid to the greatest extent possible voting for candidates who endorse or promote intrinsically evil policies.”In the interim between the 2004 and 2006 elections, a few organizations congealed to formulate competing guides. Others rallied around Faithful Citizenship, the United States Bishop's long-standing official commentary on the nexus between the principles of Catholic social teaching and political participation. Others directly challenged the Catholic Answers guide as a distortion of Catholic social teaching and argued that its partisan activities were a potential threat to the Roman Catholic Church's tax-exempt status.
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Criddle, Richard S., L. D. Hansen, B. N. Smith, et al. "Thermodynamic law for adaptation of plants to environmental temperatures." Pure and Applied Chemistry 77, no. 8 (2005): 1425–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200577081425.
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A thermodynamic law of adaptation of plants to temperature is developed. Plant growth rate is proportional to the product of the metabolic rate and the metabolic efficiency for production of anabolic products. Over much of the growth temperature range, metabolic rate is proportional to mean temperature and efficiency is proportional to the reciprocal of temperature variability. The mean temperature and short-term (hours to weeks) variability of temperature during the growth season at a particular location thus determine the optimum energy and growth strategy for plants. Because they can grow and reproduce most vigorously, plants with a growth rate vs. temperature curve that matches the time-at-temperature vs. temperature curve during the growth season are favored by natural selection. The law of temperature adaptation explains many recent and long-standing observations of plant growth and survival, including latitudinal gradients of plant diversity and species range.
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Shalakany, Amr. "Scenes from a Ramallah Law School." International Journal of Legal Information 31, no. 2 (2003): 330–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500010660.
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The following is not by way of apology, I just want to set the record straight. Diaries offer a view from somewhere - a perspective that is usually skewed, partial and incomplete. They are subjective reflections on a particularly situated experience. So let me begin from the beginning:I moved to Palestine early in September 2000. Two weeks later, the Intifada broke out. I had come to Palestine after finishing my PhD in the U.S. and working as a corporate lawyer in London. I had gone there with some vague urge “to be useful” - and if I thought being useful in Palestine meant saying farewell to middle-class life, I was soon proven wrong. For over a year I was teaching at Birzeit University and working as a legal adviser with the PLO Negotiations Support Unit. My interactions were mostly with middle-class Palestinians, sometimes the post-Oslo elite, often foreigners, seldom with the poor living in refugee camps. I lived in Al-Tireh, an upper-middle-class neighborhood in Ramallah. I had access to a car with yellow license-plates. Yellow was a very important color there. It meant I could drive my car anywhere I wanted, to Jerusalem and beyond - unlike most Palestinians, who had green license plates and, hence, could not drive outside the cantons created by the Oslo Accords. I had a foreign passport, which meant I could leave the Occupied Territories whenever I wanted to through Tel Aviv airport – again, unlike most Palestinians, who could not use the airport without first applying for a security permit.
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Reimer, Nikki. "From “eyes awe ewe (6 weeks of missed connections)”." Capitalism Nature Socialism 22, no. 3 (2011): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2011.593888.
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KUIJPER, PIETER JAN. "John Jackson and the standard of review." World Trade Review 15, no. 3 (2016): 398–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745616000136.
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Among my dearest memories of John Jackson and his wife Joan are the four weeks spent in Ann Arbor as a guest lecturer at the Michigan Law School in the mid-nineties, briefly after the entry into force of the WTO package of agreements. It was great to be away for some weeks from the relentless pressure of work in the WTO group in the Legal Service of the European Commission, which I was heading at the time. I taught a seminar on EC external relations, but also sat in on John's lectures on international trade law and naturally our discussions centered on the WTO and how the new dispute settlement system was going to work.
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Shahrullah, Rina Shahriyani, Elza Syarief, Lu Sudirman, and Tedy Surya. "ANALISIS YURIDIS PENGATURAN ABORTUS PROVOKATUS TERHADAP KORBAN PEMERKOSAAN DI INDONESIA." Jurnal Hukum Samudra Keadilan 15, no. 2 (2020): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33059/jhsk.v15i2.2613.
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Abortion or abortus provokatus constitutes a termination of pregnancy before the time of delivery. The objective of the study is to ascertain if the Abortion-related Health Law is a realistic rule based on the health aspects, as well as to analyze how long it should be allowed by the Health Law to perform an abortion according to medical criteria. The study uses a method of normative legal research. It concludes that the Health Law pertaining abortion is a realistic rule based on health aspects. Yet, it is necessary to revise the abortion rules due to rape incidents. The rules permits the abortion if the gestational age is 6 (six) weeks or 40 (forty) days. It is calculated from the first day of the last period. It suggests that the gestational age should be 12 (twelve) weeks or 3 (three) months from the first day of the last period.
 
 Keywords: Abortus Provocatus, Legal Protection, Rape Victims
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Linton, Suzannah, and Caitlin Reiger. "The Evolving Jurisprudence and Practice of East Timor's Special Panels for Serious Crimes on Admissions of Guilt, Duress and Superior Orders." Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 4 (December 2001): 167–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1389135900000854.
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After 24 years of occupation by Indonesia and nearly 500 years of Portuguese colonisation, East Timor gained its independence on 20 May 2002 when the United Nations formally handed over the reins of power to a popularly elected President. Justice for the immense suffering of the people of East Timor while under Indonesian rule is a major issue for the local and international communities. Of particular importance is the question of individual criminal responsibility for atrocities committed during the last year of the occupation, when the weeks following the referendum on independence held on 30 August 1999 saw unparalleled devastation wreaked upon the civilian population and infrastructure.
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Schmidt, James D. "“Restless Movements Characteristic of Childhood”: The Legal Construction of Child Labor in Nineteenth-Century Massachusetts." Law and History Review 23, no. 2 (2005): 315–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248000000316.
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Elias Berdos had not yet reached the age of fourteen when he arrived in the United States in the first decade of the twentieth century. Three weeks after debarking, he applied to Tremont and Suffolk Mills in Lowell, Massachusetts and was put to work in the textile factory's spinning room, tending the mules as many boys his age did. Inexperienced at factory labor and unable to speak English, he ventured forth into the helter-skelter world of a cotton mill. About four weeks later, Elias stood in the spinning room, waiting for the workday to begin. With his back turned to the machinery, he rested his hand on a guard that covered the spinning frame's gears. When his hand slipped into the rotating metal, Elias joined the tens of thousands of workers injured in the process of American industrialization. Like many of those workers, Elias and his family sued the company for damages, but unlike many of his fellow laborers, Elias relied on Massachusetts's statutory prohibitions against child labor to maintain a cause of action. Losing in the lower courts, Elias appealed to the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts. His case led the court to examine the development of child labor law in Massachusetts, looking into both its statutory genesis and legislative intent.
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Gradea, Adriana Cordali. "A psychoanalytical approach to Cristian Mungiu’s 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days." Journal of European Studies 48, no. 3-4 (2018): 295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047244118801684.
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Cristian Mungiu’s 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days ( 4, 3, 2 for short) is a classic of the new wave in Romanian cinema. Centred on the paternalistic and patriarchal relationship between political power and women, this analysis reveals the psychological effects of traumatic situations and how unconscious (hidden, often irrational) drives determine human behaviour in subjects living under totalitarianism. This article provides a reading of the film through such concepts as the (male) gaze, the law in relation to the figure of the father and the Lacanian orders of the symbolic and the real, the split personality of the abused woman as both subject and object, and life/death instincts in the face of totalitarian intrusion into the reproductive rights of women. This kind of analysis sheds new light on the nuances of the film and the significance of the silence in it by exposing the symbolic reality of communist totalitarianism as opposed to a seemingly authentic Lacanian real that is hidden in the silence and in the materiality of the female body.
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Tomlinson, Joe. "Legitimate Expectations in the Common Law World by Matthew Groves and Greg Weeks (eds). Oxford: Bloomsbury Hart Publishing, 2017, 368 pp (£79.99 hardback). ISBN: 978-1-50-990950-6." Legal Studies 38, no. 1 (2018): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lst.2017.9.
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Carcassonne, Guy. "France Conseil Constitutionnel on the European Constitutional Treaty. Decision of 19 November 2004, 2004-505 DC." European Constitutional Law Review 1, no. 2 (2005): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019605002932.
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The only real surprise of the recent decision of the French Conseil constitutionnel [constitutional Council] concerning the compatibility between the European and the French Constitutions was the timing of it. According to Article 54 of the French Constitution, a treaty may be submitted for constitutional review at any time before ratification. In this instance, Jacques Chirac acted with unusual promptness, submitting his request on the very day the Treaty was signed, 29 October 2004. The Conseil itself reacted with equal speed, issuing its decision exactly three weeks later on 19 November 2004. Behind both courses of action lies the shadow of political concern related to the Socialist Party referendum on the European Constitution.
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Wallace, Don. "UNCITRAL's hard non-law: the legal guide on drawing up international contracts for construction of industrial works." Leiden Journal of International Law 1, no. 1 (1988): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500000704.
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In a matter of weeks or months, the United Nations will publish the Legal Guide on Drawing Up International Contracts for Construction of Industrial Works (‘Legal Guide’ or ‘Guide’). The preparation of the Guide had been formally decided upon by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (‘UNCITRAL’ or ‘Commission’) in 1981, and the completed Guide approved for publication by the Commission in August 1987 in Vienna.
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Sturgeon, Roy L. "Teaching Foreign and International Legal Research at Wuhan University (Wuda) Law School*." International Journal of Legal Information 37, no. 3 (2009): 305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500005357.
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Since 2000, the Overseas Young Chinese Forum (OYCF) has awarded fellowships to American scholars, professionals, and doctoral students to teach short courses (three to eight weeks) in various fields, including law, at mainland Chinese universities. The award amounts range from $2,000 to $2,250 each and are meant to help pay travel, housing, and food costs. Fourteen awards were announced in mid-September 2008 for the 2008–09 academic year. I was lucky enough to win one: specifically, an OYCF-Gregory C. and Paula K. Chow Fellowship. I was to teach a seven-week, one-credit, upper-level elective course I proposed at Touro in spring 2007 and taught there in spring 2008 and 2009. From mid-May to early June 2009 I would be teaching foreign and international legal research at Wuhan University (Wuda) in central China.
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Saunders, G., S. Harris, and CT Eason. "Iophenoxic Acid as a Quantitative Bait Marker for Foxes." Wildlife Research 20, no. 3 (1993): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9930297.
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The potential of iophenoxic acid as a quantitative bait marker for red foxes was investigated. Groups of adult foxes were administered doses of either 20, 40 or 60mg, representing one, two or three baits. Baseline concentrations of plasma iodine were compared with samples collected one, three, six and ten weeks after exposure. Plasma iodine levels were elevated by 7-18 times base-line estimates after six weeks and had returned to pre-treatment levels in approximately half the foxes by ten weeks. Application of regression analyses provided a relationship that could be used to estimate the number of baits eaten from post-exposure plasma iodine levels and the number of weeks after bait was offered.
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Huxley, Angie Kay. "Comparability of Gestational Age Values Derived from Diaphyseal Length and Foot Length from Known Forensic Foetal Remains." Medicine, Science and the Law 38, no. 1 (1998): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580249803800107.
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A partially macerated human male foetus was submitted to the Human Identification Laboratory at The University of Arizona for the purpose of gestational age determination. This paper compares radiographic diaphyseal length of most long bones to foot length as measured from the forensic case submitted for analysis. The methods included radiography of complete antebrachial and crural segments and foot length measurements. As calculated from ulnar, radial, tibial and fibular diaphyseal length, gestational age was estimated to be between 25 and 28 lunar weeks (between 22 and 25 gestational weeks), while age determined from foot length was between late 23 and early 26 gestational weeks. These results highlight a general correspondence in age estimation between these two techniques. Case history obtained after this analysis confirmed an age of 23 weeks and 6 days based on ultrasonographic criteria. The correspondence between these techniques is significant, since either technique yields approximately the same gestational age. Accuracy of gestational age determination is essential to assess foetal viability. While national laws vary regarding foetal remains, courses of appropriate medicolegal action are contingent upon the determination of foetal viability.
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Banner, Stuart. "Written Law and Unwritten Norms in Colonial St. Louis." Law and History Review 14, no. 1 (1996): 33–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/827613.
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The American officials who assumed control of the Louisiana Purchase territory were quite certain about the Spanish legal system they were displacing. “[T]he laws, rules of justice, and the forms of proceeding,” Amos Stoddard reported from St. Louis two weeks after receiving possession of Upper Louisiana on behalf of the United States, “were almost wholly arbitrary—for each successive Lieut. Governor has totally changed or abrogated those established by his predecessor.” Under “the despotism of the Dons,” as Frederick Bates described the preceding four decades of Spanish government in St. Louis and the surrounding area, the residents “knew that they had no rights and that they were absolutely dependent, in all things, on the will and pleasure of the Governor.” In New Orleans Governor William Claiborne described a legal “system in most points incongenial with the principles of our own Government,” one in which “the executives of the collony have often exercised a dispensing power over th[e] Laws, and the people consequently have been habituated to the uncertain operation of rules occasionally modified by the wisdom or caprice of those in power.” In short, this was a government of men, not laws; the task at hand was to get rid of it as soon as possible. As Bates explained to future governor (and ex-explorer) Meriwether Lewis, “we are endeavouring to establish the empire of the laws; and to substitute those laws in the place of the arbitrary Rescripts of proconsular Agents.”
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Melzer, Nils. "TARGETED KILLING OR LESS HARMFUL MEANS? – ISRAEL'S HIGH COURT JUDGMENT ON TARGETED KILLING AND THE RESTRICTIVE FUNCTION OF MILITARY NECESSITY." Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 9 (December 2006): 87–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1389135906000870.
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In November 2000, a few weeks after the outbreak of a major uprising in the occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip, the Israeli government officially acknowledged it was operating a policy of targeted killing against selected Palestinian militants. On 14 January 2002, an Israeli (PCATI) and a Palestinian (LAW) human rights group jointly submitted a petition to the Israeli High Court to halt the policy and to issue an interim order suspending its implementation. The Court subsequently refused to issue the requested interim order and, when it finally delivered its judgment in the case on 14 December 2006, at least 213 targeted persons and 137 bystanders had been killed and hundreds of others injured in operations of targeted killing. In its judgment, the Court neither banned nor justified the state policy as a whole, but ruled that the lawfulness of targeted killings must be examined separately for each operation.
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Beerthuizen, Marinus GCJ, Gijs Weijters, and André M. van der Laan. "The release of Grand Theft Auto V and registered juvenile crime in the Netherlands." European Journal of Criminology 14, no. 6 (2017): 751–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370817717070.
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Prior research suggests that playing videogames can have a voluntary incapacitating effect on criminal behaviour. The current study investigates whether this negative association between videogames in general and crime rates can also be found for the release of a single videogame – Grand Theft Auto V (GTAV) – and for registered juvenile crime in the Netherlands. A diminishing effect was modelled to estimate the active player base of GTAV (that is, the most players are active on and directly following release, with a decline in the weeks thereafter) and correlated with the number of registered offences in 2012–15 committed by males aged 12–18 and 18–25 years in a time series analysis. The effect of the release of GTAV was negatively associated with the number of registered offences in both age categories, while controlling for covariates (for example, day of the week). Implications are discussed.
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Gonnella, Giuseppe, Antonio Lamura, and Antonio Suma. "Phase segregation in a system of active dumbbells." International Journal of Modern Physics C 25, no. 12 (2014): 1441004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183114410046.
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A systems of self-propelled dumbbells interacting by a Weeks–Chandler–Anderson potential is considered. At sufficiently low temperatures the system phase separates into a dense phase and a gas-like phase. The kinetics of the cluster formation and the growth law for the average cluster size are analyzed.
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Requejo, María Teresa. "The New Regulation of Abortion in Spain." European Journal of Health Law 18, no. 4 (2011): 397–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180911x585289.
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AbstractThe enactment of Law 2/2010 on Sexual and Reproductive Health and on Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy represents a radical change in the regulation of abortion in Spain. The law moves from the medical indication model that has been in place since 1985 (which established certain cases in which abortion was legal) towards a time-limit model that, with some exceptions, allows free abortion during the first 14 weeks of pregnancy. Along with the hot debate that this fundamental change has caused, other features of the law have also arisen as a source of conflict, including the regulation of the informed consent of underage women for having an abortion and the rules regarding the conscientious objection by healthcare professionals.
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Hedley, Steve. "SALE OF GOODS-REMEDY OF REJECTION-HOW QUICKLY IS THE RIGHT LOST?" Cambridge Law Journal 60, no. 1 (2001): 1–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197301720612.
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WHILE the precise time allowed for a buyer to reject faulty goods is by no means clear, it has been understood to be short. A buyer who thought in terms of weeks, rather than days, for effecting a return might easily find himself out of time. And while the Sale of Goods Act 1979 (as amended) now guarantees a reasonable opportunity for the inspection of the goods, there are some situations where buyers who have acted with complete circumspection might still find themselves unable to reject. It is therefore quite surprising (if, indeed, stronger expressions are not called for) to find rejection of goods permitted after more than a year had passed since delivery-and this in a case where the defect could readily have been discovered on the day of delivery: Truk (UK) Ltd. v. Tokmakidis GmbH [2000] 2 All E.R. (Comm) 594. While the case does not directly conflict with any prior precedent, it does indicate an important new departure, considerably more generous to buyers.
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Booth, Natalie. "Disconnected: Exploring provisions for mother–child telephone contact in female prisons serving England and Wales." Criminology & Criminal Justice 20, no. 2 (2018): 150–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895818801806.
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Despite a growing body of international work describing the negative consequences of imprisonment for children and families, few studies have explored the accessibility and functionality of prison telephones. Mother–child contact has recurrently been identified as an important mechanism to alleviate and manage some of the emotional and practical adversities which accompany maternal imprisonment, and telephone contact has the potential to provide regular, perhaps even daily, contact for these separated family members. Responding to the knowledge gap, this article qualitatively explores the narratives of 15 mothers in prison with first-hand experience of using prison telephones to communicate with their children. Thematic data analysis revealed four critical obstacles and challenges with prison telephone facilities for Reconnecting in the first weeks, in the Cost of calling, in Telephoning privileges and Inconsistencies across prisons. Contrary to legal and policy guidelines, the findings illuminate how institutional barriers seriously affect mother–child communications, and recommendations are made.
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Berkmann, Burkhard J. "The covid-19 Crisis and Religious Freedom." Journal of Law, Religion and State 8, no. 2-3 (2020): 179–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22124810-2020013.
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Abstract The article provides an overview of anti-covid-19 measures in Germany, especially in Bavaria. Public worship services were banned for seven weeks, but have been permitted again since the 4th of May, 2020, under safeguards. By comparing state law and Catholic canon law, the article investigates whether church norms merely “react” to state norms or are independent of them. Do they correspond to them or even go beyond them in their content? The article also examines whether state orders violate religious freedom. To this end, the relevant case law in Germany is analyzed. Since church and state have coordinated their actions, believers find it more difficult to exercise religious freedom.
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Kozłowski, Tomasz. "Inspekcja pracy na ziemiach polskich pod zaborami w latach 1915–1918. Rys historyczny." Przegląd Prawa i Administracji 118 (December 10, 2019): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1134.118.1.
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POLISH LABOUR INSPECTORATE UNDER THE PARTITIONS IN THE YEARS 1915–1918. A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEIn the first weeks of Polish independence, the Interim Order, which was published in the Journal of Law on 13 January 1919, entered into force and introduced the labour inspectorate and its area of activity. Documents found by the author at the Warsaw Archives show that the inspectors had already begun control activities in the invaded Warsaw at the turn of 1915. They operated as part of the Labour Inspectorate of the Warsaw Citizens’ Committee. Their activity and the developed procedures allowed for the Interim Order to come into force within weeks of Poland regaining independence.
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Cameron, Jamie, and Bailey Fox. "Toronto's 2018 Municipal Election, Rights of Democratic Participation, and Section 2(b) of the Charter." Constitutional Forum / Forum constitutionnel 30, no. 1 (2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21991/cf29411.
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In 2018, the City of Toronto’s municipal election overlapped with a provincial election that brought a new government to office. While the municipal election ran for a protracted period from May 1 to October 22, the provincial election began on May 9 and ended about four weeks later, on June 7.1 On July 27, after only a few weeks in office, the provincial government tabled the Better Local Government Act (BLGA) and proclaimed the Bill into law on August 14.2 The BLGA reduced Toronto City Council from 47 to 25 wards and reset the electoral process, mandating that the election proceed under a different concept of representation for City Council.3
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Gooshki, Hossein Shamsi, Seyyed Hassan Abedian Kalkhoran, Seyyed Mohammad Mahdi Ahmadi, Abolfazl Khoshi, and Hassan Goodarzi. "Vegetative State from the Perspective of Islamic Law." Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health 19, no. 3&4 (2019): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jeoh/2019/23817.
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<p>The death of the cerebral cortex is a particular type of brain death that occurs after the destruction of the cerebral cortex (the hemispheres of the brain). It is said that the individual has gone through a vegetative state. This cortex is responsible for controlling voluntary activities of the body. This condition is caused by a coma (anesthesia), and sometimes the individual remains in this state for several years. Although the person looks awake, his/her eyes are open and has some involuntary movements, there is no signs of mental and cognitive function. Moreover, the individual is physically in a state of dementia. Coma is a state in which a person cannot be awakened and does not respond to any stimulation including pain. Generally it lasts few days to a few weeks, after which some patients gradually recover, but some permanently lose all brain function (brain death), while others evolve to a vegetative state (VS). Patients in VS are unconscious and unaware of their surroundings, but they continue to have a sleep-wake cycle and can have periods of consciousness. They are able to breathe spontaneously, retain their gag, cough, sucking, and swallowing reflexes. They often look fairly “normal” to families and friends who hope and pray for their full recovery. Laws and regulations in Islamic countries originate from popular jurisprudence. Therefore, by arguing that the well-known principles of Islam are necessarily legitimate, the phenomenon of vegetative state has been recognized. Jurisprudents have conflicting opinions on brain deaths and these perspectives cannot be considered as a widespread legal basis at the level of macro policy for administrative, medical and judicial affairs. In criminal law, maniac has no criminal responsibility because the punishment is not in line with the purpose of punishment. Consequently, restrictions will be imposed on the patients. Therefore, it can be concluded that a person with vegetative state is compatible with the insanity.</p>
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Goffredo, Stefano, Corrado Piccinetti, and Francesco Zaccanti. "Tsunami Survey Expedition: Preliminary Investigation of Maldivian Coral Reefs Two Weeks After the Event." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 131, no. 1-3 (2006): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9459-3.
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Hoppe, Laura, and Manne Gerell. "Near-repeat burglary patterns in Malmö: Stability and change over time." European Journal of Criminology 16, no. 1 (2018): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370817751382.
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It is well established that previous crime events are valuable indicators for the prediction of future crime. Near-repeat burglaries are incidents that occur in close proximity in space and time to an initial burglary. The current study analyses near-repeat victimization patterns in Malmö, Sweden’s third-largest city. The data, provided by the local police, cover a six-year time frame from 2009 to 2014. The complete dataset, as well as each year’s individual dataset, was analysed using Ratcliffe’s Near Repeat Calculator version 1.3. Results reveal significant near-repeat victimization patterns. For the full dataset, an observed/expected ratio of 2.83 was identified for the first week after an initial incident and an area of 100 metres surrounding the original burglary. Separate analyses of each individual year reveal both similarities and differences between years. Some years manifest near-repeat patterns at longer spatial and temporal distances, indicating a need for further studies on the variability of near repeats. Preventive strategies that include both private and public actors need to be intensified and focused on the first two weeks after a burglary.
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Cvejić-Jančić, Olga. "Crimes against personal dignity and morals serving as a permissible ground for an induced abortion." Glasnik Advokatske komore Vojvodine 69, no. 9 (1997): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gakv9704107c.
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The issue of determining certain crimes against personal dignity and morals seen as permissible grounds for an induced abortion under the 1995 Law of Serbia on the procedures for inducing an abortion, has been treated in this article. The author points out that this Law differentiates between two groups of legally induced abortions. The first is the so-called freely induced abortion (when the fetus is less than ten weeks old). In such cases, it is enough for a pregnant woman to make a request for an abortion. In the second group (when the pregnancy is longer than ten weeks), an authorization of a doctor's or of an ethics committee, depending on the length of pregnancy, is required for a legally induced abortion. The authorization for an induced abortion may be given only on grounds provided by law. One of them is a case when the unwanted pregnancy is a result o f a crime against personal dignity and morals. The author points out to several problems arising in that respect. In particular, if the criminal proceedings last for an extended period of time, the request for abortion may become futile. This is the case, because the doctor's or the ethics committee may authorize an abortion only pursuant to a judgment of the criminal court. Only the court has jurisdiction to decide whether the crime was actually committed. Without the judgment of the criminal court, there is no crime, and thus, there is no permissible ground for a legal abortion. The second problem that arises out of this rule is the omitting of the crime of forceful inducement of a sexual intercourse provided in the Criminal Code, Article 104, from the list of permissible grounds of abortion, in spite o f the fact that this crime may also result in unwanted pregnancy. The author holds the view that the list of the so-called "sexual" crimes given in the Law (article 6 paragraph 2, item 3) should have been only exemplary and not inclusive. She sees the best solution to this problem in the broad interpretation of the cited provision. Moreover, the author proposes that the limits of the so-called freely induced abortion should be extended to twelve weeks of fetal maturity. Such rule exists in the laws of many European countries. The reason for this is that the period of ten weeks is very short, and often insufficient for the pregnancy to be even diagnosed, let alone decided by the woman to be terminated by abortion.
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Backhouse, Constance. "The White Women's Labor Laws: Anti-Chinese Racism in Early Twentieth-Century Canada." Law and History Review 14, no. 2 (1996): 315–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/743786.
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Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, provided the setting, in May 1912, for two widely publicized trials that highlighted the explosive fusion between race, gender, and class in early twentieth-century Canada. The prosecutions were based on a Saskatchewan statute passed several weeks earlier, “An Act to Prevent the Employment of Female Labour in Certain Capacities.” The first of its kind in Canada, this statute made it a criminal offence for “Chinese” men to employ “white” women. Quong Wing and Quong Sing, men who operated two restaurants and a rooming house in Moose Jaw's small but growing Chinatown, were charged with violating the new law. Between them, they employed three white women: Nellie Lane and Mabel Hopham as waitresses and Annie Hartman as a chambermaid.
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Pechous, Steven W., Bruce D. Whitaker*, and Christopher B. Watkins. "Expression of Alpha-farnesene Synthase Gene AFS1 in Relation to Levels of Farnesene and Conjugated Trienols in Peel Tissue of Scald-susceptible `Law Rome' and Scald-resistant `Idared' Apple fruit." HortScience 39, no. 4 (2004): 782B—782. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.782b.
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Fruit of different apple cultivars vary widely in susceptibility to superficial scald. The genetic and biochemical factors involved in this variation are unknown. Conjugated trienol (CTol) oxidation products of alpha-farnesene have been linked with scald induction, and a high rate of farnesene synthesis in peel tissue of scald-prone apples early in storage is often associated with development of the disorder. Pre-storage treatment of apple fruit with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) inhibits the early burst of farnesene production and prevents scald, suggesting that ethylene induces transcription of genes involved in farnesene synthesis. We recently cloned a gene from apple peel tissue, AFS1, which encodes alpha-farnesene synthase, the last enzyme in the farnesene biosynthetic pathway. In this study, expression of AFS1 was compared in scaldsusceptible Law Rome (LR) and scald-resistant Idared (IR) apples at harvest and over 20 weeks of storage at 0.5 C. AFS1 transcript levels were closely correlated with accumulation of farnesene and CTols. In fruit of both cultivars, a sharp increase in AFS1 mRNA during the first 4 to 8 weeks of storage preceded a proportional rise in farnesene and a subsequent increase in CTols. However, maximum levels of AFS1 transcript, farnesene, and CTols were, respectively, 2.5-, 4-, and 33-fold greater in LR than in IR apples. Treatment of fruit with 1-MCP at harvest suppressed the increases in AFS1 transcript and farnesene early in storage, but AFS1 expression and farnesene synthesis recovered in LR fruit after 20 weeks. Scald incidence in LR apples after 20 weeks at 0.5 °C plus 1 week at 20 °C averaged 86%, whereas IR fruit had no scald. 1-MCP treatment reduced scald incidence in LR to <1%.
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Gilbert, N., K. Myers, BD Cooke, et al. "Comparative Dynamics of Australasian Rabbit-Populations." Wildlife Research 14, no. 4 (1987): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9870491.
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Shot samples of rabbits were collected over several years at 11 sites in Australia and one in New Zealand. At any one site, pregnancy rates and litter sizes vary both with age of mother and with time of year. Few rabbits become pregnant before the age of 19 weeks; pregnancy rate increases until the full adult rate is achieved about 27 weeks old. Litter size is also affected by age, adult litter size being reached by females at about 43 weeks old. Rates and timing of reproduction vary greatly from site to site in response to local conditions. The annual production of young per fully adult female is highest at Wairarapa, N.Z. (53 young) and lowest in the semiarid (17) and subalpine (15) environments. At six of the sites cohorts of marked rabbits provided estimates of seasonal survival rates; survival improves with age but becomes relatively constant in rabbits aged more than 24 weeks; survival patterns differ between sites. Life tables were constructed combining the information on reproduction and survival. Their possible usefulness is discussed.
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Pratiwi, Elsa Intan. "Law Enforcement Efforts against the Crime of Body Shaming Through Mediation." Pancasila and Law Review 1, no. 2 (2021): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.25041/plr.v1i2.2127.
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This study aims to analyze the forms of action that are categorized as body shaming crimes and criminal law enforcement against body shaming crimes on social media. This study uses a normative juridical approach. The data used is in the form of secondary data consisting of primary and secondary legal materials. The data collection method uses literature study and descriptive qualitative analysis. The results of this study indicate that, the forms of action that are categorized as body shaming crimes, namely: the words uttered contain elements of physical insult and have humiliated and lowered one's self-esteem because they can be seen/witnessed by many people, making them feel sad and depressed. Perpetrators of body shaming can be charged under Article 315 of the Criminal Code, with a maximum imprisonment of four months and two weeks or a maximum fine of four thousand and five hundred rupiahs. And if it is done on social media, the perpetrator can be charged under Article 27 paragraph (3) jo. Article 45 paragraph (3) of the ITE Law with a maximum imprisonment of four years and/or a maximum fine of seven hundred and fifty million rupiah. The police also offer a settlement process in a non-litigation context, namely by maximizing penal mediation to reduce the build up of cases in court.
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Mohler, G., S. Mishra, B. Ray, et al. "A modified two-process Knox test for investigating the relationship between law enforcement opioid seizures and overdoses." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 477, no. 2250 (2021): 20210195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2021.0195.
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Recent research has shown an association between monthly law enforcement drug seizure events and accidental drug overdose deaths using cross-sectional data in a single state, whereby increased seizures correlated with more deaths. In this study, we conduct statistical analysis of street-level data on law enforcement drug seizures, along with street-level data on fatal and non-fatal overdose events, to determine possible micro-level causal associations between opioid-related drug seizures and overdoses. For this purpose, we introduce a novel, modified two-process Knox test that controls for self-excitation to measure clustering of overdoses nearby in space and time following law enforcement seizures. We observe a small, but statistically significant ( p < 0.001), effect of 17.7 excess non-fatal overdoses per 1000 law enforcement seizures within three weeks and 250 m of a seizure. We discuss the potential causal mechanism for this association along with policy implications.
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Scott, Rosamund. "INTERPRETING THE DISABILITY GROUND OF THE ABORTION ACT." Cambridge Law Journal 64, no. 2 (2005): 388–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197305006902.
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“NOT only would it be a bold and brave judge … who would seek to interfere with the discretion of doctors acting under the Abortion Act 1967, but I think he would really be a foolish judge who would try to do any such thing, unless, possibly, where there is clear bad faith and an obvious attempt to perpetrate a criminal offence.” So said Sir George Baker P. in Paton v. B.P.A.S. and his view has been repeated at apposite judicial moments in subsequent cases. Recently, however, a legal attempt was indeed made to question the discretion of doctors in Jepson v. The Chief Constable of West Mercia Police Constabulary. Reverend Joanna Jepson asked the West Mercia Police to investigate doctors who had authorised an abortion for bilateral cleft lip and palate at 28 weeks under the disability ground of the Abortion Act 1967 (as amended by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990). Abortion is legal under that section if two doctors have formed an opinion in good faith that “there is a substantial risk that if the child were born it would suffer from such physical or mental abnormalities as to be seriously handicapped”.
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Hartz, T. K. "Duration of Composting Affects Compost Characteristics of Importance to Agriculture." HortScience 32, no. 3 (1997): 539E—539. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.539e.
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A recently enacted state law requiring California cities to reduce their solid waste flow to landfills has greatly increased the composting of yard and landscape wastes. Currently, much of this material is being composted for less than 16 weeks, some for as little as 4 weeks, before agricultural use. A study was conducted to document the effects of composting method and duration on the physiochemical and biological characteristics of green waste compost. At each of four commercial composting facilities, two windrows of municipal green waste were sampled at 3-week intervals over a 15-week composting period. Each sample was analyzed for pH, NH4-N, NO3-N, and total N and C. Phytotoxicity was measured by a tomato seed bioassay. N mineralization/immobilization behavior was evaluated in a 2-week aerobic incubation of a 10% compost/90% soil blend at 30°C. The growth of vinca plugs (Vinca minor cv. `Pink Cooler') in a 50% compost/50% perlite mix was also evaluated. At all sites, the initial green waste was similar, with 1.1–1.5% N and C/N ratio of 20–28. Rapid mineralization of carbon in the first 6- to 9-weeks reduced C/N ratios to 14–18, with little change thereafter. Phytotoxicity decreased through 9 to 12 weeks, then stabilized. Net N immobilization was observed throughout the compost period, but decreased with increased composting time. Vinca growth increased with increasing compost age, up to 9 to 12 weeks. In summary, at least 12 weeks of composting was required to produce material of sufficient quality for typical agricultural uses.
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De Meyer, Fien. "Abortion law reform in Europe: The 2018 Belgian and Irish Acts on termination of pregnancy." Medical Law International 20, no. 1 (2020): 3–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968533220920335.
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Two European countries, Belgium and Ireland, have recently reformed their abortion laws. Through a comparative approach, this article analyses the 2018 Abortion Acts and pinpoints the common challenges encountered in the drafting process. Under both legal regimes, abortion is lawful up to 12 weeks with no requirement as to reason, and provisions on a mandatory reflection period and conscientious objection only differ in detail. While later abortion is permitted in Ireland and Belgium on similar medical grounds, access to abortion on the foetal abnormality ground remains substantially more limited in Ireland as compared to Belgium. To conclude, this article reflects upon the general direction in which abortion law in Europe is heading, as exemplified by the discussed reforms. As is true for most European countries, ongoing concern regarding the level of criminalisation and barriers to safe and equitable access to abortion may necessitate further reform.