Journal articles: 'Weft-knitting'

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Đorđević, Miodrag, and Sandra Stojanović. "Analysis of yarn tension forces in the weft knitting phase of circular knitting machines." Tekstilna industrija 70, no. 1 (2022): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tekstind2201042d.

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In the process of loop formation, the weft knitting phase has a dominant place, both from the aspect of forming the loop as well as determination its length and geometric shape. The loop length is the most important technological parameter in the knitted fabrics structure analysis and it is directly a function of sinking depth. The yarn tension in the weft knitting phase is determined by the following parameters: values of yarn tension at the entrance to the knitting system, yarn friction with knitting needles, yarn guiding speed, yarn bending stiffness and yarn angle coverage with knitting needles. Determination the value of yarn tension in the weft knitting phase is extremely important for the reliability of the knitting process. The obtained results show that the maximum values of yarn tension in the loop formation process occur in the weft knitting phase and that they must not be greater than the forces of the elastic limit of the used yarn.

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Cooke, W. D., and M. S. Kamal. "An Alternative Weft Knitting Notation." Textile Research Journal 56, no. 8 (August 1986): 519–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051758605600811.

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MATSUURA, Toru. "Garment Length Technology of Weft Knitting." Sen'i Kikai Gakkaishi (Journal of the Textile Machinery Society of Japan) 52, no. 11 (1999): P455—P458. http://dx.doi.org/10.4188/transjtmsj.52.11_p455.

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Simonis, K., Y.-S. Gloy, and T. Gries. "INDUSTRIE 4.0 - Automation in weft knitting technology." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 141 (July 2016): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/141/1/012014.

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Lawrence, C. A., and S. A. Mohamed. "Yam and Knitting Parameters Affecting Fly During Weft Knitting of Staple Yarns." Textile Research Journal 66, no. 11 (November 1996): 694–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759606601105.

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Peiner, Christoph, Henning Löcken, Leon Reinsch, and Thomas Gries. "3D Knitted Preforms Using Large Circular Weft Knitting Machines." Applied Composite Materials 29, no. 1 (October 26, 2021): 273–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10443-021-09956-1.

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Abstract3D-knits are typically produced on flat knitting or special circular knitting machines in a time-consuming process. The utilisation of a sewing-like pattern opens up the potential of a 10–50 times faster production on common large circular knitting machines as compared to conventional flat knitting machines. Since common large circular knitting machines are not designed for this technology, the limitations and the stability of process conditions have been rarely studied. To further proof the feasibility and increase technological maturity, agile product development is conducted. As a concept product, a sports bra with customised cups is developed and demonstrated, which is knitted in a single step in approx. 5 min using the sewing-like pattern on a large circular knitting machine. The agile process is utilised to build process knowledge, develop a methodology for product design and to defined a descriptive process terminology. In order to further accelerate and digitize the production process, an algorithm is developed and implemented to convert CAD-data into machine readable knitting structures. The paper presents the basics of the 3D-Knit one large circular knitting machines and a defined terminology. Furthermore, process knowledge is built up and from this a sequence of development steps is derived. The development of a 3D-knitted sports bra is presented as a proof of concept of the technology. Further, the first steps for digitalising the product development process are given. The results open up application possibilities in sportswear, upholstery and aerospace with increased productivity and hence cost reduction.

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Kapllani, Levi, Chelsea Amanatides, Genevieve Dion, and David E. Breen. "Loop Order Analysis of Weft-Knitted Textiles." Textiles 2, no. 2 (May 18, 2022): 275–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/textiles2020015.

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In this paper, we describe algorithms that perform loop order analysis of weft-knitted textiles, which build upon the foundational TopoKnit topological data structure and associated query functions. During knitting, loops of yarn may be overlayed on top of each other and then stitched together with another piece of yarn. Loop order analysis aims to determine the front-to-back ordering of these overlapping loops, given a stitch pattern that defines the knitted fabric. Loop order information is crucial for the simulation of electrical current, water, force, and heat flow within functional fabrics. The new algorithms are based on the assumption that stitch instructions are executed row-by-row and for each row the instructions can be executed in any temporal order. To make our algorithms knitting-machine-independent, loop order analysis utilizes precedence rules that capture the order that stitch commands are executed when a row of yarn loops are being knitted by a two-bed flat weft knitting machine. Basing the algorithms on precedence rules allows them to be modified to adapt to the analysis of fabrics manufactured on a variety of knitting machines that may execute stitch commands in different temporal orders. Additionally, we have developed visualization methods for displaying the loop order information within the context of a TopoKnit yarn topology graph.

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Ince, M. E., and H. Yıldırım. "Strength loss of glass yarn during weft knitting." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 459 (December 7, 2018): 012047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/459/1/012047.

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Oldham, K., N. D. Burns, and G. J. Simms. "4—NON-LINEAR CAMS FOR WEFT-KNITTING MACHINES." Journal of The Textile Institute 76, no. 1 (January 1985): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405008508631776.

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Ghosh, S., and P. K. Banerjee. "Mechanics of the Single Jersey Weft Knitting Process." Textile Research Journal 60, no. 4 (April 1990): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759006000403.

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Sha, Sha, Anqi Geng, Yuqin Gao, Bin Li, Xuewei Jiang, Hui Tao, Lei Luo, et al. "Review on the 3-D simulation for weft knitted fabric." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 16 (January 2021): 155892502110125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15589250211012527.

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There are different kinds of geometrical models and physical models used to simulate weft knitted fabrics nowadays, such as loop models based on Pierce, piecewise function, spline curve, mass-spring model, and finite element analyses (FEA). Weft knitting simulation technology, including modeling and yarn reality, has been widely adopted in fabric structure designing for the manufacturer. The technology has great potentials in both industries and dynamic virtual display. The present article is aimed to review the current development of 3-D simulation technique for weft knitted fabrics.

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Cong, Honglian, Hui Lei, Yongchao Zhang, Aijun Zhang, and Pibo Ma. "Weft-knitted lace fabric simulation based on the spring-mass model." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 29, no. 1 (March 6, 2017): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-10-2015-0118.

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Purpose The obtained simulation structures could reflect the appearances and the features of the fabrics. The purpose of this paper is to promote a lot for design and manufacturing of weft-knitted lace fabrics (WKLF). Design/methodology/approach The advantages of WKLF compared with warp-knitted ones were displayed. The formation mechanism of the WKLF was analyzed with employing the mechanics principles. Spring-mass model was proposed in this paper to achieve the simulation of the fabrics. End mass points and intermediate mass points were involved in the model. The displacement of end mass points was considered the dominance and the foundation to settle the positions of all the mass points. Findings A novel jacquard lace style fabric with pattern-background effect knitted on circular knitting machine were put forward, which were different from the traditional lace fabrics manufactured on the warp knitting machines. Originality/value First, as the manufacturing equipment, circular knitting machine costs much less than warp knitting machine; second, the elastic performance along weft direction of WKLF is more excellent than that of warp-knitted ones. Third, the excellent extensibility gives nice comfort; furthermore, long floating threads do not exist on the WKLF surface, so that the snag will be avoided.

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Li, Xiaoying, Gaoming Jiang, Xiaolin Nie, Pibo Ma, and Zhe Gao. "Knitting Technologies And Tensile Properties Of A Novel Curved Flat-Knitted Three-Dimensional Spacer Fabrics." Autex Research Journal 15, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aut-2015-0006.

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AbstractThis paper introduces a knitting technique for making innovative curved three-dimensional (3D) spacer fabrics by the computer flat-knitting machine. During manufacturing, a number of reinforcement yarns made of aramid fibres are inserted into 3D spacer fabrics along the weft direction to enhance the fabric tensile properties. Curved, flat-knitted 3D spacer fabrics with different angles (in the warp direction) were also developed. Tensile tests were carried out in the weft and warp directions for the two spacer fabrics (with and without reinforcement yarns), and their stress–strain curves were compared. The results showed that the reinforcement yarns can reduce the fabric deformation and improve tensile stress and dimensional stability of 3D spacer fabrics. This research can help the further study of 3D spacer fabric when applied to composites.

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Krauledaitė, Julija, Kristina Ancutienė, Virginijus Urbelis, Sigitas Krauledas, and Virginija Sacevičienė. "Development and evaluation of 3D knitted fabrics to protect against mechanical risk." Journal of Industrial Textiles 49, no. 3 (June 17, 2018): 383–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083718783316.

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In this research, eight different 3D weft-knitted fabrics were developed and evaluated. 3D fabrics have been knitted on circular weft-knitting machines with two different gauges: 20E gauge and 28E gauge. Three different raw materials were used for the fabric’s production: high molecular mass polyethylene (HPPE) yarn and 0.05 mm diameter steel wire in the outer layers (for the front and reverse) and polyamide yarn in the binding layer. The experiments were conducted on the developed 3D knitted fabrics to determine the fabric’s resistance to mechanical risks such as circular blade cut, puncture, abrasion, and also to evaluate the comfort parameter, such as air permeability. It was defined that 3D weft-knitted fabrics best results on tests: circular blade cut, puncture and abrasion resistant were achieved using HPPE yarn twisted with steel wire, higher mass per unit area with more significant amount of steel wire. According to the standard EN 388:2003, three samples of developed 3D weft-knitted fabrics had the highest 5th blade cut and the highest (4th) abrasion resistance level. All of them had the highest (4th) level of puncture resistance. 3D fabrics knitted on a circular weft-knitting machine of gauge 28E ensured 1.3–2.1 times greater blade cut and 4.9–12.1 times greater abrasion resistance result, than fabrics knitted on gauge 20E, due to a higher stitch density, higher mass per unit area, density and fabric’s thickness. But on the other hand, these parameters lowered air permeability by 20.2–43.0%.

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Barella, A., and A. M. Manich. "Comments on "Yarn and Knitting Parameters Affecting Fly During Weft Knitting of Staple Yarns"." Textile Research Journal 68, no. 2 (February 1998): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759806800212.

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Wang, Lijuan, Kejing Yu, Diantang Zhang, and Kun Qian. "Cut resistant property of weft knitting structure: a review." Journal of The Textile Institute 109, no. 8 (November 22, 2017): 1054–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2017.1398858.

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İnce, Mehmet Erdem. "The Effect of Number and Position of Tuck Stitches within the Pattern Repeat on Air Permeability of Weft-knitted Fabrics from Glass Yarn." Academic Perspective Procedia 2, no. 3 (November 22, 2019): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33793/acperpro.02.03.2.

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The fact that weft knitted fabrics has a stretchable, 3D, porous and interlocking structure makes them unique when manufactured from high performance fibers. Knitted fabrics with different architectures exhibit different properties. Different loop forms like tuck and skip stitches with various loop lengths reveal different physical and mechanical properties. Literature review indicated that wisely arrangement of tuck stitches within the pattern repeat alter the weft-knitted fabric structure from natural and synthetic fibers. Therefore, we studied the effect of number and location of tuck stiches on air permeability of weft-knitted fabrics from glass yarn. Single-bed, flat weft knitting machine was used to knit fabrics with different architectures from three-ply glass yarn. The nominal single-end count of used E-glass yarn was 136 tex. It is anticipated that the number and location of tuck stitches within knit pattern effect physical and air permeability properties of weft-knitted fabrics from glass yarn.

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Zhang, Xiaohui, and Pibo Ma. "Application of Knitting Structure Textiles in Medical Areas." Autex Research Journal 18, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aut-2017-0019.

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Abstract There are many kinds of medical textiles, such as woven textiles, non-woven textiles, braided textiles and knitted textiles. Non-woven medical textiles constitute more than 60% of the total medical textiles used, but are almost disposable ordinary medical textiles. While knitted fabrics forms a small part of the medical textiles, but are greatly applied in high-tech medical textiles, containing artificial blood vessels, hernia patches, cardiac support devices, knitted medical expandable metallic stents and tendon scaffolds. Knitting structures, including weft knitting structure and warp knitting structure. The knitted textiles are popular for their loose structure, greater flexibility, higher porosity, more flexible structure and better forming technology. The present article will introduce some knitting structures and materials applied in the medical textiles in accordance with non-implantable, implantable, extra-corporeal textiles and healthcare and hygiene products.

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Lin, Jia Horng, Shih Yu Huang, Hui Yu Yang, Ching Wen Lin, Jin Mao Chen, and Ching Wen Lou. "Manufacturing Technique and Property Evaluation of Cotton/Polyester/ Rubber Composite Warp Knit." Advanced Materials Research 627 (December 2012): 302–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.627.302.

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Cotton fiber is a type of natural fibers. Using natural fibers to fabricate textile can not only decrease the consumption of synthetic fibers, but also reduce the environmental pollution. This study aims to fabricate elastic knitted fabrics and evaluate their properties. Polyester (PET) filaments and rubber threads serve as the warp while cotton yarn serves as the weft for warp knitting. A crochet machine makes the warp and weft into warp knits with desirable stretchability, during which the amount (single/double) and the ply number (1-, 2-, and 3-ply) of the weft are further varied. The resulting warp knits are evaluated for water absorption, air permeability, and mechanical properties. As demonstrated by the experimental results, the warp knits with single 1-ply weft (S1) yield an optimal air permeability of 224.6 cm3/cm2/s and stiffness along the warp direction of 4.74cm. The warp knits with single 2-ply weft (S2) display an optimal tearing strength of 86N while the warp knits with double 3-ply weft (D3/3) has an optimal tensile strength of 708N.

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Bezsmertna, Viktoriia, Oleksandra Mazna, Valerii Kohanyiy, Yurii Vasilenkov, Iryna Bilan, Maryna Shevtsova, and Vadym Stavychenko. "Multifunctional polymer-based composite materials with weft-knitted carbon fibrous fillers." MATEC Web of Conferences 304 (2019): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201930401012.

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The production technology of reinforcement filler for new multifunctional polymer based composites with weft-knitted structure had been proposed. In such reinforcement filler high-strength carbon fibers (CFs) from PAN precursors (wefts) were laid in a knitted fabric as straight continuous yarns, so in such case these CFs were not twisted by knitting machine to form the loops. Various kinds of chemical and inorganic fibers can be used as base yarn in this case, in particular glass, aramid, carbon fibers from hydrate cellulose and etc. Properties of multifunctional polymer-based composite materials with weft-knitted fillers depend upon fiber composition, relative content of weft and base yarns, scheme filler stacking (1D, 2D and 3D composites). The electrical conductivity of weft-knitted fabrics shows the strong anisotropy along high-strength fibers in comparison with looped rows, depending on the direction of high-strength CFs (weft). Investigation of shielding properties of polymer based composites reinforced by carbon weft-knitted fabrics showed the possibility of using them as shielding materials with the ability to absorb electromagnetic radiation.

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Busilienė, Gita, Eugenija Strazdienė, Virginijus Vytautas Urbelis, and Sigitas Krauledas. "The effect of three-layer weft knitted material structure and composition upon performance properties." Textile Research Journal 88, no. 8 (March 16, 2017): 957–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517693978.

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The effect of three-layer weft knitted spacer material content and structure upon the characteristics of uniaxial tension, biaxial punching before and after fatigue punching, and at multi cycle low-stress (wearing level) punching were investigated. Three different spacer structures were knitted using four types of the same 20 tex linear density spun yarns. For three-layer weft knitted samples, innovative fibers, which are used in the production of functional clothing, were selected: Coolplus® 100% polyester (PES); Trevira CS® 100% PES; 60% PES; 40%PES, 60% PES with 0.02% carbon fiber and 67% cotton, 33% PES with 0.02% carbon fiber. It was defined that the samples, which have a plain jersey knitting pattern in the face and back layers, and a similar position of spacer yarns on the dial and cylinder needles, have the highest values of mass per unit area, but 1 × 1 tuck stitches in the face layer have a greater effect for material thickness. Besides, 1 × 1 tuck stitches in the face layer have a greater effect upon the uniaxial behavior and anisotropy of three-layer weft knitted spacer materials than on spacer yarn position in the connecting layer. The investigations of biaxial fatigue punching up to 50 N, which corresponds to wearing conditions, showed that the most stable and less deformable materials were the three-layer weft knitted spacer materials with a plain jersey knitting pattern in the face and back layers and a similar position of spacer yarns on the dial and cylinder needles. They also were characterized by the highest mass per unit area and medium thickness.

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Gries, Thomas, Isa Bettermann, Carolin Blaurock, Andreas Bündgens, Gözdem Dittel, Caroline Emonts, Valentine Gesché, et al. "Aachen Technology Overview of 3D Textile Materials and Recent Innovation and Applications." Applied Composite Materials 29, no. 1 (February 2022): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10443-022-10011-w.

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AbstractThis paper provides an overview of the recent definition, technologies and current trends regarding 3D fabrics. In this paper a definition of 3D fabrics, including spacer fabrics, is given and the recent technologies regarding weaving, braiding, weft and warp knitting and tailored fiber placement are presented. Furthermore, an overview of the latest developments in 3D fabrics at the Institut für Textiltechnik of RWTH Aachen University is presented including: large circular 3D knitting, braided and woven structures for medical purposes, newest testing methods and equipment for spacer fabrics, multiaxial fabrics for composites, warp knitted spacer fabrics for space and construction applications, ceramic matrix composite 3D braiding and 4D textiles.

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Hasani, Hossein, Sanaz Hassanzadeh, Mohammad Javad Abghary, and Elahe Omrani. "Biaxial weft-knitted fabrics as composite reinforcements: A review." Journal of Industrial Textiles 46, no. 7 (July 28, 2016): 1439–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083715624256.

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Textile products are considered as an acceptable alternative for commonly used composite reinforcement due to their lightweight as well as relatively high specific strength and stiffness. Among the variety of textile structures which could be employed in composite manufacturing, the role of weft-knitted fabrics is almost very limited. This is because employing the weft-knitting technology would provide such structures with inferior mechanical properties due to their highly looped construction as well as low fiber volume fraction. But on other hand, it is important to be noted that some advantages such as high energy absorption, good impact resistance, and formability of knitted structures made the researchers to focus on investigating different methods by which the inferior mechanical properties of ordinary weft-knitted fabrics could be improved. Inserting the reinforcing yarns through the warp and weft direction of the knitted fabrics is considered as one of the effective solution for improving their mechanical behavior which eventually leads to a high potential product called as biaxial weft-knitted fabrics. In this literature, it is aimed to review different aspects of novel designed biaxial weft-knitted fabrics which could be suitable for a broad area of technical application such as composite reinforcements.

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Безсмертна, В. І., Л. Є. Галавська, and С. Ю. Боброва. "ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ВТРАТИ МІЦНОСТІ ПАРААРАМІДНИХ НИТОК У ПРОЦЕСІ В’ЯЗАННЯ КУЛІРНОГО ТРИКОТАЖУ." Bulletin of the Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design. Technical Science Series 132, no. 2 (August 12, 2019): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/1813-6796.2019.2.5.

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Research of the weft knit parameters influence on the loss of strength of para-aramide threads after knitting. Methodology. We used the mathematical modeling and regression analysis methods. An experimental method of research was used for determination of the breaking characteristics of para-aramide threads on KT-7010AZ tensile testing machine in accordance with the State Standard ISO 2062:2004.

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Oinuma, Ryuzo, Shinji Nishimura, and Tony Madeley. "Mechanism of End Breakage due to Knots in Weft Knitting Zone." Journal of the Textile Machinery Society of Japan 44, no. 1 (1998): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4188/jte1955.44.13.

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Oinuma, Ryuzo, Shinji Nishimura, and Tony Madeley. "Mechanism of End Breakage due to Knots in Weft Knitting Zone." Journal of the Textile Machinery Society of Japan 44, no. 1 (1998): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4188/jte1955.44.6.

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Ueng, Kwo-Chang, Ching-Wen Lou, Shih-Peng Wen, Shih-Ya Chou, and Jia-Horng Lin. "Using a weft-knitting technique to make elastic degradable vascular stents." Fibers and Polymers 17, no. 4 (April 2016): 608–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-016-5887-z.

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Li, Hong Xia, Li Liu, Jian Ming Zhang, Ya Nan Liu, and Gu Huang. "Impact Behaviors of Flax/Polypropylene Weft Knitted Composites." Advanced Materials Research 146-147 (October 2010): 400–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.146-147.400.

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For developing the environmentally protective civil textile composites with better impact behaviors, the impact test was made with flax/polypropylene weft knitting composites samples. The mechanisms of fiber reinforcing and fracture were discussed through examining the fracture photographs. This research shows that the samples have better impact behaviors when the volume fraction of flax fiber is about 50%，the amount of layers is 8, and the sinker depth of the flax/pp knitted perform is 9.

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Qin, Zhi Gang, and Xiao Hong Ma. "Investigation on Tensile Properties of Weft Insertion Warp Knitted Fabric Reinforced Composites." Advanced Materials Research 821-822 (September 2013): 1200–1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.821-822.1200.

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Warp knitted fabrics possess a number of changes in the structures, so they do have great advantages on the property design of composites. The three kinds of weft insertion warp knitted fabrics are knitted on a Raschel latch needle warp knitting machine with glass continuous-filament yarns. The warp knitted fabric/ unsaturated polyester resin composite laminates are produced by manual molding technology. The tensile properties of composites in the course, wale and diagonal directions are tested on the universal material testing machine. The results show that the tensile stress/strain curves of the composites were nonlinear. The tensile properties of the composites possess obvious anisotropic characteristics. The tensile strengths and elastic modulus of the warp knitting composites depend on the needle space number of inlaid yarn, fabric density and structure.

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Shi, Jing Jing, En Long Yang, Wei Xiong Chen, Yuan Xue, and Hong Lei Yi. "Study on Pattern Formation of Segment Color Yarn Plain Weft Knitted Fabric." Advanced Materials Research 791-793 (September 2013): 589–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.791-793.589.

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Mathematical analysis, computer simulation and test knitting are used to investigate pattern formation of segment color yarn weft knitted fabric. Vertical stripe, regular argyle and disorganization cross striation are separately formed when yarn length of a course and one color segment cycle conform to certain ratio. The width, height and numbers of regular argyle pattern are deeply studied. Results of three methods match well.

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Wu, Mengjin, Ruosi Yan, Zhihui Xia, Bao Shi, Sainan Wei, Wei Zhang, and Lixia Jia. "Characterization of mechanical properties of stab-resistant angle-ply flexible composites." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 15 (January 2020): 155892502093555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925020935554.

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In this study, we fabricated para-aramid flexible angle-ply-laminated hybrid composites based on weft-knitted reinforcements. Here, four kinds of weft-knitted reinforcements with rib, interlock, punto di roma, and two-thread fleecy were prepared using para-aramid spun yarn. They were then compounded with silicone rubber and waterborne polyurethane–acrylate using the coating method. The layers were angle-plied to produce stab-resistant, weft-knitting-reinforced, flexible laminated hybrid composites. Tensile and tearing strengths of the para-aramid-knitted reinforcements were investigated. Relevant response analyses were chosen to evaluate the influence of three independent variables, including weft-knitted structures, matrix types, and ply orientations. The results showed that the mechanical properties of the composites were dependent on weft-knitted structures and matrix types. The fabric with high strength and the degree in approximate isotropy of stress in all composites was most suited for the reinforcement of the flexible stab-resistant composite. The optimum design with the best stab-resistant property was punto di roma/waterborne polyurethane–acrylate with a ply orientation angle of [0°/0°/0°/0°]. The interlaminar adhesion of flexible stab-resistant composite based on waterborne polyurethane–acrylate can be improved by increasing the surface roughness of fabric structure or modifying its surface.

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Mokhtari, Fatemeh, Mahnaz Shamshirsaz, Masoud Latifi, and Mohammad Maroufi. "Compressibility Behaviour of Warp Knitted Spacer Fabrics Based on Elastic Curved Bar Theory." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 6, no. 4 (December 2011): 155892501100600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501100600404.

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Nowadays, the mechanical characterization of 3-D spacer fabrics has attracted the interest of many textile researchers. These Spacer fabrics present special mechanical and physical characteristics compared to conventional textiles due to their wonderful porous 3-D structures. These fabrics, produced by warp knitting method, have extensive application in automobile, locomotive, aerospace, building and other industries. In these applications, the compressibility behaviour plays a significant role in the fabric structural stability. This compressibility behaviour could be affected by different knitting parameters such as density of pile yarn, fabric thickness, texture design etc. The aim of this paper is to introduce and develop an appropriate elastic theoretical model to predict the compressibility behaviour of warp knitted spacer fabric (WKSF). Three theoretical models are proposed, based on modelling pile yarns as the curved bars and are improved in three steps: a) with same curvatures in weft and warp directions (model A), b) curved bar for warp direction and cantilever bar for weft direction (model B), and c) curved bars with two different curvatures in weft and warp directions considering the curvature variations under loading (model C: improved model). The results obtained by the proposed models have been compared with previous model based on simply cantilever bars theory in literature. The results show that the simulation data obtained by the model C are closer to the experimental results comparing to the models A and B. Model C based on different weave parameters could better predict the elastic compressibility behaviour of this kind of WKSF in order to compare with previous models.

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Pohlen, Vivienne, Andreas Schnabel, Florian Neumann, and Thomas Gries. "Optimisation of the warp yarn tension on a warp knitting machine." Autex Research Journal 12, no. 2 (October 1, 2012): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10304-012-0006-8.

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Abstract Investigations (calculations) based on a warp yarn tension analysis on a warp knitting machine with multiaxial weft yarn insertion allow prospective reduced yarn tension differences in technical warp knits. From this a future opportunity is provided to substitute the subjective warp let-off adjustment by a model of tension control. The outcome of this is a higher reproducibility with associated increasing process reliability and rising product quality.

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Jin, Lanming, and Qiao Xu. "Computer simulation and system realization of jacquard weft-knitted fabric." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 14 (January 2019): 155892501989526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925019895260.

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Jacquard weft-knitted fabric is a type of multilayer knitting fabric which has a stereoscopic surface with complex patterns. A computer simulation system was established, based on a virtual fabric Unity3D platform, to minimize the time required for computer simulation and to enhance the simulation results. The three-dimensional fabric data were unified and coordinate data were obtained to achieve the establishment. Three factors of simulation algorithm for jacquard weft-knitted fabric were used to establish and control the effect of a fabric model. By integrating three-dimensional model data, two-dimensional spatial data, and gray model, virtual simulation based on three-dimensional engine Unity3D platform was realized. Based on the real-fabric data, the final fabric patterns were predicted from macroscopic angle instead of two-dimensional and microscopic simulations. The system is proved to be more effective for the prediction and simulation of jacquard weft-knitted fabric and other fabrics having similar stereoscopic surfaces.

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Zeynivand Mojarrad, Maryam, Hadi Dabiryan, Amir Masoud Rezadoust, and Hooshang Nosraty. "Numerical and experimental study of internal pressure behaviour of integrated and non-integrated weft-knitted reinforced composite elbows." Journal of Composite Materials 55, no. 20 (March 2, 2021): 2765–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998321990727.

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This research aims to study the internal pressure behaviour of integrated and non-integrated composite elbows. For this purpose, weft-knitted integrated preforms were produced on the CMC-330-TC Flat knitting machine. Composite elbows reinforced with integrated weft-knitted preform were fabricated using the bladder molding technique. In addition, the non-integrated composite elbows were provided by wrapping the weft-knitted fabric on a plaster mold and hand lay-up impregnation method. To perform the pressure test, a fixture was designed and manufactured. Produced samples were subjected to the internal pressure test. Experimental results show that integrated composite elbow has higher hydrostatic pressure resistant. The internal pressure behaviour of integrated composite was simulated using the multi-scale model. Results showed that integrated composite elbow has a higher resistance against internal pressure than non-integrated composite elbows, so that the integrated elbows failed at 12.5-bar pressure, while the non-integrated elbow failed at 9.5-bar pressure.

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ELEONORA, GSELL, HEIMLICH FRANK, EHRMANN ANDREA, and WEBER MARCUS O. "Dependence of dry, wet and washing relaxation on knitted structures and fabric parameters." Industria Textila 68, no. 02 (March 1, 2017): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.068.02.1333.

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Understanding the relaxation processes of knitted fabrics is of importance for knitting companies as well as in basic research. This article examines the new approach of relating the relaxation processes to the percentages of stitches, tucks, and floats in weft knitted structures, showing that especially the number of tucks strongly influences the relaxation behavior, and depicts the correlation of the relaxation processes with the cover factor and the stitch density.

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HASSEN, MOHAMED BEN, MOHAMED TAHER HALIM, EMAD ABUALSAUOD, and ASEM OTHMAN. "Quality yarn index using AHP and Fuzzy method." Industria Textila 71, no. 05 (October 28, 2020): 487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.071.05.1699.

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The yarn quality depends on many parameters: characteristics parameters, mechanical and physical properties. Making the hypothesis that the quality of the yarn is a multicriteria problem, in this paper, we propose a new method to determine the Quality Yarn Index QYI based on Analytic Hierarchy Process AHP and Fuzzy theory. A questionnaire was designed for experts of each field (weaving and knitting) to evaluate the relative importance for each property to determine coefficients of the AHP matrix. Results revealed that matrix coefficients changed with yarn application (weft or warp weaving and knitting) The QYI can be used in any application, where a rapid decision is needed, to evaluate the global quality of yarn and to make a comparison between different yarn qualities

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Fong, Ki Wai, Si Qing Li, and Rong Liu. "A New Geometric Model of Laid-in Weft-Knitted Fabrics." Textile Research Journal 91, no. 17-18 (February 24, 2021): 2087–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517521992765.

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Inlay yarn and laid-in structures are important technical knitting elements that have been increasingly applied in the structural design of functional textiles in industrial, medical, and wearable electronics fields. However, there is no currently established geometric model to numerically analyze their spatial morphologies and structural properties. This study presents a new geometric model and numerical analysis approach to characterize spatial configurations of inlay yarn and ground yarn in a three-dimensional scenario for laid-in weft-knitted fabrics. Loop lengths of the inlay and ground yarn materials were calculated and analyzed under different contact and deformation conditions to estimate material consumption in this complex interlooping layout. Series of laid-in weft-knitted fabrics made of different combinations of ground and inlay yarns were fabricated with the 1 × 1 laid-in loop pattern and tested for the model validation. The comparisons between the experimental and calculated results indicated that the newly developed geometric model favorably agreed with the experimental measurements regarding the ground loop lengths and inlay loop lengths applied in the laid-in weft-knitted structures. The results indicated the applicability of the developed geometric model of laid-in weft-knitted fabrics with similar structural patterns in practical use. The output of this study provides a theoretical and practical reference for structural and physical properties analysis, material consumption prediction, even cost estimation of laid-in weft-knitted fabrics.

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Oinuma, Ryuzo, Ikuo Narisawa, and Kiyohito Koyama. "Mechanism of End Breakage due to Knots in Plain-Weft Knitting Zone." Sen'i Kikai Gakkaishi (Journal of the Textile Machinery Society of Japan) 48, no. 7 (1995): T173—T182. http://dx.doi.org/10.4188/transjtmsj.48.7_t173.

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Jeong, K. Y., and Y.-B. Kim. "Dynamic modelling of the latch needle cam system of weft knitting machines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 217, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440603762826530.

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Knitted textile fabrics are usually produced on weft knitting machines. The basic mechanism of the machines to convert textile yarn into knitted fabric is called a latch needle cam system. A rigid-body model with five bodies is set up to analyse the motion of the needle of the latch needle cam system. The force element is modelled as a spring damper element between the needle butt and each virtual body on the cam curves. The spring constant is obtained from the cam angle, the friction coefficient and the stiffness of the needle. Numerical examples are given to show the path of the needle butt and the forces between the needle and the cams. For various rotational speeds of the cylinder, the maximum vertical and horizontal forces are obtained.

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Azadian, Mohammad, Hossein Hasani, and Mahmoud Mehrdad Shokrieh. "Flexural behavior of composites reinforced with innovative 3D integrated weft-knitted spacer fabrics." Journal of Industrial Textiles 48, no. 1 (July 24, 2017): 58–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083717721923.

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This paper undertakes to study the flexural behavior of 3D integrated weft-knitted spacer composites, under three-point bending. The integrated-knitted spacer fabrics were produced with various cross-sectional shapes on a computerized flat-knitting machine utilizing electrical grade glass (E-glass) fibers. The sandwich composites were manufactured by vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding using unsaturated polyester resin. Continuing the process, hand lay-up method was used to reinforce the face sheets of fabricated sandwich structure with glass woven fabrics. Bending performance of the produced composites was compared with polyurethane foam core sandwich composites. The results revealed that the cross-sectional shape has significant effect on the bending performance of the 3D integrated weft-knitted spacer composites. Also, the spacer reinforced composite with V-shape cross-section has the highest bending stiffness than composites with U-shape cross-section as well as polyurethane foam core sandwich composite. The failure modes of 3D integrated weft-knitted spacer composites include: core shear failure, compression failure of upper face sheet and tensile failure of lower face sheet.

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Chen, Fuxing, Yanping Liu, and Hong Hu. "An experimental study on vibration isolation performance of weft-knitted spacer fabrics." Textile Research Journal 86, no. 20 (July 21, 2016): 2225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517515622149.

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This paper presents an experimental study on the vibration isolation performance of weft-knitted spacer fabrics under forced harmonic excitation. The weft-knitted spacer fabrics with two different thicknesses were first designed by varying the linking distance of the spacer monofilament and fabricated using an electronic flat knitting machine. Then, their vibration isolation performance was tested under forced vibration condition via sinusoidal sweeps from low to high frequencies. The typical acceleration transmissibility curve and effects of fabric thickness, load mass and excitation level were discussed in detail. The results obtained show that the thicker spacer fabric has a lower resonance frequency than the thinner fabric due to lower stiffness, and thus can isolate the vibration at a lower frequency level. The results also show that changing the load mass and excitation level changes the loading conditions of the fabric structure, and thus also changes fabric stiffness and vibration isolation performance due to nonlinear behavior of spacer fabrics. It is expected that this study could provide some useful information to promote the application of weft-knitted spacer fabrics for vibration isolation.

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Zhang, Lingjie, Xuhong Miao, and Ailan Wan. "Calculation and Analysis of Horizontal and Vertical Lapping Angles in Tricot Warp Knitting." Autex Research Journal 19, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aut-2018-0045.

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Abstract The lapping angle, which affects the style and quality of production, has been studied as a parameter of weft knitting. But the importance of the lapping angle has not been considered during the warp-knitting cycle. This paper shows that the lapping angle exists in the process of warp knitting and can be divided into horizontal and vertical lapping angles. Models for the lapping angles of closed and open loops were devised, and the lapping angles (horizontal and vertical lapping angles) of closed and open loops were calculated and analyzed. Furthermore, the paper seeks to investigate the factors that influence the lapping angle of tricot warp-knitted fabrics and summarize the rules. Moreover, the vertical lapping angle can affect the loop coverage. Results reveal that the decrease in number of underlaps and an increase in take-off density enables loops of the front guide bar to show on the face of the fabric. Moreover, it is also advantageous for an apparent front loop visibility when the front guide bar knits in open loop.

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Zhao, Tong, Hairu Long, Tianqi Yang, and Yanping Liu. "Cushioning properties of weft-knitted spacer fabrics." Textile Research Journal 88, no. 14 (April 25, 2017): 1628–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517705630.

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Three-dimensional spacer fabrics which have a sandwich structure are formed in a single knitting process without any additional joining treatment. They consist of two separate multifilament outer layers connected by arrays of spacer monofilaments. This paper presents an experimental study on the relationships between the cushioning properties and structural parameters of weft-knitted spacer fabrics in order to lay a foundation for the development of seamless shaped impact protectors for human body impact protection. Sixteen spacer fabrics of different structural parameters were knitted on a computerized flat knitting machine and tested on a universal mechanical testing machine. The cushioning properties of the spacer fabrics were analyzed in terms of their structural features, compression stress–strain curves, energy absorption, and compression resilience. It was found that multifilament fineness, spacer yarn diameter, and spacer yarn pattern should be matching in order to form effective binding structures between the outer layers and spacer monofilaments. The results also showed that spacer fabrics knitted with a shorter spacer yarn span distance, coarser monofilaments, and higher spacer yarn density have better compression resistance and absorption energy but inferior compression resilience if their binding structures are effective. This study has practical significance in promoting the application of this type of fabric as a cushion material for human body protection.

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Zhang, J. G., X. G. Wu, C. Zhang, and C. J. Zhang. "CPLD Application in the Development of the Pin Selection Controller in Knitting Machine." Key Engineering Materials 392-394 (October 2008): 913–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.392-394.913.

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By the help of professional CPLD software/hardware development tools like PLD carrier and MAXPLUS, this paper successfully put forward the objective device—Electrical Pin Selection Controller in Circular Weft Knitting Machine, which covers the primary aspects of expected inputs, electrical simulation and verification, programming and downloading, etc. Details have been given on how to apply CPLD in the pin selection controller design. Moreover, introductions have been given to the pin selection mechanism and the design schema.

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Ziaei, Mozhgan, Mohammad Ghane, Hossein Hasani, and Ahmad Saboonchi. "Simulation of Temperature Distribution Within Weft-Knitted Fabrics in Extended State." Clothing and Textiles Research Journal 37, no. 4 (June 16, 2019): 297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887302x19856112.

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The aim of this study was simulating the temperature distribution in course-wise extended weft-knitted fabrics by considering different extension levels. Accordingly, three types of weft-knitted fabrics structured in plain single jersey, plain rib, and interlock patterns were prepared using an electronic flat knitting machine. The fabrics were then exposed in a course-wise manner to three different extension levels (0%, 15%, and 30%) from which their heat transfer features at an extended state could be measured, by using the hot plate instrument and an infrared thermal camera. For the theoretical evaluation of temperature distribution, the fabrics’ corresponding geometrical unit cells were established in a finite element software environment. There was an acceptable agreement between the experimental and modeling results. It was also shown that applying different extension levels could significantly affect the knitted fabrics’ temperature distribution.

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Wang, Qiu Mei, Xiao Yang, Jing Gao, and Peng Fei Song. "Knittability of Basalt Fiber Weft-Knitted Fabrics for Composite Reinforcement Based on Properties of Advanced Composite Materials." Advanced Materials Research 583 (October 2012): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.583.207.

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The knittability of basalt fiber yarn for knitted fabrics was estimated from two aspects. Firstly the effect of 3 kinds of head size of needle hook on the loop strength of basalt fiber yarn was analysis by the experimental data. Then the basalt fiber yarn was knitted into plain, 1*1 rib and all needle rib knitted fabrics in 5 different loop lengths in a flat knitting machine. The influence of loop length, fabric stitch and fiber fineness on the fiber damage degree were studied by means of the tensile strength of the yarn taken from the fabrics for all kinds of fabrics. The experimental results show that for these 3 kinds of basalt weft knitted fabrics there is a best loop length in which the fiber damage degree caused by the knitting process is the smallest and the value is different for each stitch.

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Chen, Qing, Lin Shu, Bailu Fu, Rong Zheng, and Jintu Fan. "Electrical Resistance of Stainless Steel/Polyester Blended Knitted Fabrics for Application to Measure Sweat Quantity." Polymers 13, no. 7 (March 25, 2021): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13071015.

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Skin wetness and body water loss are important indexes to reflect the heat strain of the human body. According to ISO 7933 2004, the skin wetness and sweat rate are calculated by the evaporative heat flow and the maximum evaporative heat flow in the skin surface, etc. This work proposes the soft textile-based sensor, which was knitted by stainless steel/polyester blended yarn on the flat knitting machine. It investigated the relationship between electrical resistance in the weft/warp directions and different water absorption ratio (0–70%), different sample size (2 cm × 2 cm, 2 cm × 4 cm, 2 cm × 6 cm and 2 cm × 8 cm). The hydrophilic treatment effectively improved the water absorption ratio increasing from 40% to 70%. The weft and warp direction exhibited different electrical behaviors when under dry and wet conditions. It suggested the weft direction of knitted fabrics was recommended for detecting the electrical resistance due to its stable sensitivity and linearity performance. It could be used as a flexible sensor integrated into a garment for measuring the skin wetness and sweat rate in the future instead of traditional measurements.

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NAKAI, ASAMI. "Textile Fabric for Reinforcements of Composite Materials^|^ensp;(2)^|^ensp;Weft Knitting Technology." Sen'i Gakkaishi 69, no. 3 (2013): P_77—P_80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.69.p_77.

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Aldardery, A., H. A-Aleem, E. EL-okda, and C. Al-zean. "Investigating the Influence of Weft Knitting Parameters on Physical and Mechanical Fabric Characteristics." Journal of Scientific Research in Science 33, part1 (September 1, 2016): 317–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jsrs.2016.15298.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Weft-knitting'

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