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1
Aurslanian, Dina B. "Asymmetric lifting using a weight belt." Virtual Press, 1993. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/865931.
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The purpose of this study was to use EMG data of the erector spinae muscles synchronized with three-dimensional video techniques to determine the body's responses to asymmetric lifting under weight belt conditions. The subjects performed static maximum voluntary exertions and dynamic lifts from 0° and 45° from the midline of the body. Three weight belt conditions were used. EMG data revealed significant differences in EMG variables with belt conditions. Weight belt use decreased burst area, peak voltage, and maximum frequency. Kinematic data indicated a significant difference in the left knee and left and right elbow range of motion when the type of lift, symmetric or asymmetric, was considered. Lifting technique also produced a significant effect on the maximum and minimum velocity of the center of mass. The results of the study indicate that weight belt use is an effective means of reducing spinal compression and thus may be helpful in preventing low back injury.School of Physical Education
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Lady, Michael Andrew. "Towards an automated weight lifting coach: introducing LIFT." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2014. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1242.
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The fitness device market is young and rapidly growing. More people than ever before take count of how many steps they walk, how many calories they burn, their heart rate over time, and even their quality of sleep. New, and as of yet, unreleased fitness devices have promised the next evolution of functionality with exercise technique analysis. These next generation of fitness devices have wrist and armband style form factors, which may not be optimal for barbell exercises such as back squat, bench press, and overhead press where a sensor on one arm may not provide the most relevant data about a lift. Barbell path analysis is a well-known visual tool to help diagnose weightlifting technique deficiencies, but requires a camera pointed at the athlete that is integrated with motion-tracking software. This camera set up is not available at most gyms, so this motivates the use of a small, unobtrusive sensor to obtain data about an athlete's weightlifting technique. Researchers have shown that an accelerometer attached to a barbell while the athlete is lifting yields just as accurate acceleration information as a camera. The LIFT (Leveraging Information For Training) automated weight lifting coach attempts to implement a simple, unobtrusive system for analyzing and providing feedback on barbell weight lifting technique.
3
Newell, Philip B. "Methods for determining power output and factors affecting the optimal load during free-standing jump squats." Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1315174.
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The purpose of this thesis was to determine the validity of an linear position transducer / force platform method as compared to a 2D video analysis / force platform method for determining power output during free-standing jump squats, and to examine the effects of strength level and sport background on the optimal load for power output. The results showed that the LPT method was not suitable for measuring power output during free-standing jump squats. In addition, the optimal load range was determined for the VA method to occur between 10% and 20% of a predicted 1RM squat. Strength level did not have a significant affect on the optimal load, however, there were differences in strength and power output by sport. It is recommended that future research examine the specific limitations of an LPT for measuring un-constrained movements, as well as the effects of athletic and training background on the optimal load.School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
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Robergs, Robert A. "Muscle glycogenolysis during weight-resistance exercise." Virtual Press, 1990. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/720314.
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Skeletal muscle glycogenolysis was investigated in eight subjects during both high (HI) (70% 1 RM) and low (LO) intensity (35% 1 RM) leg extension weight-resistance exercise. Total force application to the machine lever arm was determined and equated between trials via a strain gauge and computer interfaced system. After the sixth set, muscle glycogen degradation was similar in the HI and LO trials (46.9 ± 6.6 and 46.6 ± 6.0 mmol•kg-1 wet wt, respectively), with the LO trial characterized by almost double the repetitions (6.0 and 12.7 ± 1.1) and half the peak concentric torque per repetition (24.2 ± 1.0 and 12.4 ± 0.5). After the sixth set, muscle lactate accumulation was also similar (13.8 ± 0.7 and 16.7 ± 4.2 mmol•kg-1 wet wt for HI and LO trials, respectively). After two hours of passive recovery with no feedings, muscle glycogen storage during the HI and LO trials was 22.2 (±6.8) and 14.2 (±2.5) mmol•kg-1 wet wt, respectively These values represented glycogen synthesis rates of 11.1 (±3.4) and 7.1 (±1.3) mmol•kg-1 •hr-1 , and occurred without significant increases in blood glucose relative to resting concentrations. Optical absorbance measurement of PAS stained muscle sections revealed no differences in the glycogen content of fast (FT) and slow twitch (ST) fibers between trials. When data from each trial were combined, declines in absorbance were larger in FT than ST fibers after the sixth set (0.356 ± 0.048) than in slow twitch fibers (0.222 ± 0.039, p < 0.05). The increase in absorbanceduring the two hour recovery was also larger in FT than ST fibers (0.119 ± 0.024 and 0.055 ± 0.024, p < 0.05). When total force application was constant, muscle glycogenolysis was the same regardless of the intensity of resistance exercise. Glycogenolysis was greater in fast twitch fibers, as was glycogen storage during the immediate post-exercise recovery. The relatively high rate of glycogen synthesis after exercise may be evidence of glycogenesis from intramuscular metabolites.Human Performance Laboratory
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Fild, Deborah S. "The effects of oral arginine supplementation on growth hormone, arginine, and somatomedin levels during energy restriction in male weight lifters." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11242009-020056/.
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Nakachi, Evan H. "Unilateral Traditional Weight Lifting Generates Greatest Acute Upper Body Power Output." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5745.
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Bilateral deficit (BLD) is a phenomenon where the force generated from simultaneous bilateral limb contractions is less than the sum force generated by separate right and left limb contractions. There have been many BLD studies, but the measures of force generation have predominantly been with isometric and isokinetic contractions. There are, however, no dynamic upper body isotonic unilateral weight lifting studies on acute power output. The purpose of this study was to determine acute power output between bilateral and unilateral weight lifting under the conditions of traditional and circuit weight lifting. Seventeen male BYU rugby players (age = 21.8 ± 2.1 years; mass = 93.5 ± 12.5 kg; height = 181.9 ± 5.0 cm) participated in the study. Each subject participated in 4 randomized weight lifting testing sessions separated by at least 48 h. Each weight lifting protocol included 6 dumbbell lifts (bench press, bent over row, overhead press, bicep curls, front raise, and bent over raise) performed as explosively as possible for 5 sets of 5 repetitions at 40–50% of 1RM. GymAware [GYM] units measured power output for the right and left arms. Peak and mean power (of all lifts combined) was greatest in the unilateral traditional weight lifting (UTWL) group compared to all other groups (p < .0001 for each comparison). No significant differences in overall peak and mean power (all lifts combined) existed between the other 3 groups. UTWL peak and mean power outputs were significantly highest for all lifts. UTWL and bilateral traditional weight lifting (BTWL) generated the second or third highest peak power outputs for all lifts, but they were not statistically different from each other except for the bent over raise. Bilateral circuit weight lifting (BCWL) generated the lowest peak power output in all lifts, but was not statistically different from the third lowest peak power output except for the bent over raise. Our study determined that dynamic upper body isotonic unilateral movements generate significantly greater power output than dynamic upper body isotonic bilateral movements using free weights. It was also concluded that traditional weight lifting protocols generated greater power output than circuit weight lifting protocols.
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Kruger, Sarah E. "A dynamical systems investigation of loaded jump squat kinematics." Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1314334.
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The purpose of this project was to assess the coordination and performance of the jump squat movement for multiple loading conditions. Seventeen male subjects between 18 and 30 years of age, performed two jump squats for each loading condition, 0-60% of their one repetition maximum (1 RM) incremented by 10% for each trial. Video capture was used to assess kinematics and a force platform in combination with a linear position transducer was used to determine power. All of the peak power values occurred between 0% and 30% of 1 RM and there was an overall linear decrease in power output from 0-60% (p = 0.000). The shank-thigh and thigh-trunk mean absolute relative phase (MARP) values were shown to have linear increases from 0-60%, with p-values of 0.003 and 0.014 respectively. The MARP values calculated from 0-30% were significantly different than those at 60% for both segmental relationships. These results indicate that optimal jump squat performance occurs from 0-30% of 1 RM.School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
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Canales, Daniel. "A Kinematic Comparison Between Greater-and Lesser-Skilled Powerlifters Doing the Traditional Style Deadlift." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1987. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500915/.
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Comparison kinematic models of the traditional style deadlift are presented. Data was obtained through film and analyzed via computer and computer graphics. The comparison between the models revealed that the greater-skilled: 1. used less trunk flexion from the instant of initial trunk lean to the instant of maximum trunk lean, 2. used less knee extension (in same time interval as 1), and 3. demonstrated a smaller horizontal distance between the body center of mass (CM) and the CM of the bar at the instant the bar left the platform. A trend was also observed in which the greater-skilled subjects demonstrated less thoracic lean than the lesser-skilled group at the time the bar reached knee level.
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Haydock, Eleanor. "The response of older women to strength training and its relationship to physical self-efficacy." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26759.
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The effects of weight training on the strength, power and size of arm flexor muscles in older women and the relationship between physical self-efficacy and changes in strength and power were investigated. Being reasonably strong is clearly desirable for older women to be able to live independently and safely; both strength and power are important. Although most older people living alone are women, very little research has been concerned with strength or power, or with training for strength, in older women.
A 2 (experimental and control groups) x 2 (before and after training) experimental design was used. Subjects (N = 68) were randomly assigned to the 2 groups. Right arm strength (6RM), peak power, fat-free cross-sectional area (FCA), and Physical Self-efficacy (PSE) were measured before and after 12 weeks training, which was carried out at home. The experimental group trained elbow flexors 3 times a week, using dumbells; the control group trained for increased flexibility, for a similar amount of time weekly. For various reasons (no-shows, drop-outs, medical, incomplete cases) only 50 cases were available for analysis, 30 in the experimental group and 20 in the control group. Eighteen of these 50 subjects had initially reported minor disorders such as controlled hypertension or joint problems. Adherence was approximately 92%. In the experimental group, 6RM increased 20% more than in the control group, but peak power was slightly lower in both groups. There was no change in FCA. PSE was not correlated with the increase in 6RM, but was significantly linearly correlated with peak power.
These results, and particularly the different response to training for strength and power in this group, are discussed. The mean reduction in peak power over the training period was not expected; possible reasons are discussed. The expectation of a relationship between PSE and changes in physical performance was not realized, although there was a statistically significant correlation between PSE and peak power. Possible reasons for this are discussed.
In general, it was concluded that, after twelve weeks of training, the increase in weight-lifting performance using arm flexors: -shows that older women can, through a simple programme of progressive weight training done at home, improve the amount of weight they can lift -was not accompanied by hypertrophy of arm flexors -was not accompanied by an increase in peak power of the
arm flexors -was not related to physical self-efficacy as measured In this study.Education, Faculty of
Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of
Graduate
10
Paulus, David. "Interactive variable resistance exercise approach to maximizing force output based on lifting velocity." Access citation, abstract and download form; downloadable file 6.28 Mb, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3131693.
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Gerber, Colin William. ""Pumping you Up" The Cardiovascular Effects of Over-the-Counter Weight Lifting Supplements." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/297568.
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Subsequent to the analysis of a pre-workout supplement, during-workout supplement, and post-workout supplement, it was concluded that only the post strength training recovery supplement (Optimum Nutrition’s™ Gold Standard 100% Whey Protein) was able to successfully fulfill all of the company’s claims as well as proved the most beneficial. It was noted that the other two types of supplements had some potentially negative effects on a human’s cardiovascular system, were not necessarily beneficial for strength training exercisers, and contained various ingredients with both valid and invalid company claims. This review of the cardiovascular (CV) system in congruence with strength training supplements concludes the vital connections between the two are important and should be heavily considered upon use of supplementation resembling any of the three reviewed.
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Pascoe, David D. "Glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscle following resistive exercise." Virtual Press, 1990. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/720309.
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The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of post exercise carbohydrate (CHO) intake on the rate of muscle glycogen restorage after high intensity weight resistance exercise in untrained subjects. In a cross over design, eight male subjects performed sets (mean= 8.8) of 6 single leg knee extensions at 70% of one repletion max until 50% of full knee extension was no longer possible. Total force application was equated between trials using a strain gauge interfaced to a computer. Post exercise supplementation was administered at 0 and 1 hrs consisting of either a 23% CHO solution (1.5g•kg-1•hr-1) or an equal volume of water (H20). Total force production, pre-exercise muscle glycogen content, and degree of depletion (-40.6 and -44.3 mmol•kg-1) were not significantly different between H2O and CHO trials, respectively. During the initial 2 hrs recovery, the CHO trial had a significantly greater rate of muscle glycogen resynthesis as compared to the H2O trial. In the final 4 hrs of recovery no difference in repletion rates were observed. The glycogen content (mmol•kg-1 w.w.) and rates of restorage (mmol•kg-1 w.w.) during the recovery period were (mean + SE):TrialPost2 Hr6 HrRate (0-2 hrs)H2O101.3+ 13.1105.1+ 13.1105.5+ 13.01.3+ 2.2CHO91.7+ 11.8117.6+ 16.5123.4+ 15.1 *12.9+ 4.0*significance between trials, p <0.01Only the CHO supplementation trial restored pre-exercise muscle glycogen content after 6 hrs. The spectrophotometric analysis of glycogen stained muscle sections (PAS) indicated no difference between trials in the pre and post glycogen content for Type I and II fibers. The change in absorbance, when these samples were combined demonstrate greater glycogenolysis in the Type II (0.284 + 0.58) as compared to Type I (0.014 ± 0.076). During the recovery period, the change in absorbance supports greater glycogenesis in the Type II ( 0.096 + 0.060) when compared to no observed change in absorbance in the Type I fibers.Supported by a grant from Ross Laboratories.Human Performance Laboratory
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Bommarito, Pete. "A three dimensional kinematic comparison of the conventional versus sumo style deadlifts." Virtual Press, 2000. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1164833.
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The primary purpose of this study is to use three-dimensional motion analysis to determine and compare certain kinematic joint and segmental variables at defined events (bar off and knee passing) between the conventional and sumo styles of deadlifts. The secondary purpose of this study is to investigate bar path profiles and vertical bar velocity patterns (including attempting to determine a "sticking region") and compare these variables between the two styles and two sub-maximal loads (50% and 75%). Five subjects performed each style at each load. Each trial was filmed, digitized, and imported for 3-D reconstruction. This data was utilized to determine hip, knee, inter-thigh, trunk, thigh, and shank angles at bar off and knee passing; bar path profiles; and bar velocity values (including determining the "sticking region"). A two way ANOVA showed statistically significant differences between the two styles for most joint and segmental variables at both events and the range between the two events. There was a significant difference between the two styles for total time and horizontal and vertical bar displacement. Only one trial showed a sticking region. Based on the results of this study, it can be stated that kinematic differences do occur between the two styles of deadlifts at submaximal loads. A sticking region does not appear to occur at loads of 75% of a 1 rep maximum or less.School of Physical Education
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Rattan, Randall Hampton. "The Effect of Ambiguity on Peak Weightlifting Performance : A Study of Experienced Weightlifters." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278281/.
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Recent studies in the area of sport and exercise science have suggested that weightlifting performance may be significantly improved under ambiguous conditions—namely, when the amount to be lifted is unknown. In the present study, procedural concerns from previous studies examining the effect of ambiguity were noted and a methodological variation was introduced.
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Peeni, Manu H. "The effects of the front squat and back squat on vertical jump and lower body power index of Division 1 male volleyball players /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1892.pdf.
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SONBOL, AMR M. "A general lifting equation based on total mechanical work." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1085759536.
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Lawrence, Michael A. "Effects of elastic resistance on concentric force, concentric power, and eccentric velocity during the bench press." CardinalScholar 1.0, 2010. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1567419.
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Elastic bands are becoming more popular in strength and power training. Although increases in strength and power have been anecdotally reported with high loads of elastic resistance, there is no research on large band tensions and their effects on force and power variables. The purpose of this study was to quantify peak concentric force, peak concentric power and peak eccentric velocity produced by the subject when using differing levels of elastic resistance (0%, 20%, 50% and 75% of the total load being elastic resistance) in the bench press. Seven experienced male powerlifters and body builders participated in this study. Prior to subject testing all elastic bands were calibrated for force output throughout the bench press range of motion. Each subject performed a single repetition maximum press to determine the total correct testing load (85% of maximum press). The subjects then performed four presses with various elastic band resistances, each having the total equivalent weight of 85% of the subject’s maximal press weight at lockout. Dependent variables were peak concentric force, peak concentric power, and peak eccentric velocity as produced by the subject. A one-way ANOVA was used to determine the differences among the four levels of elastic resistance (ER) used in the study (α =
0.05). Compared to the baseline condition (2123.6 ± 499.9N), significantly lower average peak concentric force was observed with ER of 75% (1451.2 ± 151.0N, 31.9% decrease) (p = .010) and with an ER of 50% (1781.1 ± 174.3N, 16.4% decrease) (p = .052). When compared with baseline peak concentric power (702.6 ± 274.6W), higher peak power was observed in all band trials: 20% (895.2 ± 187.7W, 27.4% increase), 50% (972.5 ± 189.8W, 38.4% increase) and 75% (979.6 ± 171.0W, 39.4% increase) (p = .009; p = .007; p = .033, respectively). There was no significant difference in peak concentric power in any ER trials. No significant differences (p = .080) were seen in peak eccentric velocity. Therefore ER loads of 20, 50 and 75% provide greater stimuli for producing peak concentric power than no ER, with only a 20% load of ER maintaining the same peak concentric force production as baseline. ER loads of 50 and 75% may not be as effective a stimuli as free weights when the training objective is to increase force production.School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
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Wenning, Matthew R. "Kinematic and kinetic differences in the barbell squat wearing two different types of shoes." Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1328122.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in the squat kinematics and kinetics while wearing two different types of footwear. Ten men that compete at a collegiate level of powerlifting participated in the study. The participants performed the squat in both Chuck Taylor (flat soled) and Adidas (raised heel) shoes 3 times per shoe at 80% of 1 RM. During the testing sessions, sagittal plane kinematics of the shank were measured using 2-D video analysis. A force plate was used to measure the ground reaction forces of the right foot. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the medial lateral ground reaction forces (raised heel 63.58 N, flat soled 65.79 N), or the shank angles (raised heel 67.4 degrees, flat soled 65.7 degrees) of the participants. In conclusion, the participants were able to accommodate for a 1 inch raised heel in their shoe without altering shank position of medial-lateral ground reaction forces.School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
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Delgado, Jose. "Comparison in muscle activity between the back squat, Romanian deadlift and barbell hip thrust during hip extension." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2017. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2023.
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Common resistance-training exercises such as back squat, Romanian deadlift (RDL), and hip thrust have been used by strength and conditioning specialists to target the musculature used during hip extension. Little is known about the differences in muscular activity of the hip extensors between these exercises, so it is not known which is the most effective as a hip extensor exercise. The primary purpose of this study was to compare muscle activity of several muscles during the high-bar back squat, RDL and barbell hip thrust, using men with a minimum of 1 year of lower-body resistance-training experience. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to record muscle activity from the vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VMO), biceps femoris (BF), semitendinosus (ST) and gluteus maximus (GM) during a submaximal repetition of each exercise at 60 kg and a 1-repetition maximum (1RM). EMG during the exercises was compared to the EMG of each muscle during a maximum voluntary contraction (MVIC), performed on an isokinetic dynamometer. The results showed that hip thrust displayed higher GM activity than the back squat (mean Δ ± 95% confidence interval; 62.7 ± 58.0 mV, effect size = 1.39. P = 0.038), but no significant differences were seen when comparing the hip thrust and RDL (-37.0 ± 75.7 mV; -0.49. P = 0.285). While the hip thrust displayed higher GM activity when compared to the back squat, no significant differences in EMG activity between a 1RM to an MVIC were seen for the GM (-33.4 ± 58.0 mV; -0.35. P = 0.215), BF (16.1 ± 137.9 mV; 0.16. P = 0.791) and ST (- 49.3 ± 71.1 mV; -0.51. P = 0.145), demonstrating high activation of hip extensors. Highest knee extensor activity at 1RM was seen in back squat. VL activity was largely different between RDL and back squat (-247.5 ± 126.8 mV; -1.36. P = 0.002) and hip thrust and back squat (183.6 ± 120.1 mV; 2.27. P = 0.009), with higher VL activity during the back squat than others. Further, VMO displayed large differences in EMG activity when comparing RDL (268.6 ± 224.8 mV; 3.31. P = 0.026) and barbell hip thrust (151.2 ± 128.8 mV; 0.90. P = 0.027) to back squat, with back squat displaying higher VMO activity at 1RM. These findings highlight the benefits of the back squat when training for athletic movements involving hip and knee extension, as the squat showed the highest knee extensor activation and high hip extensor activity relative to an MVIC. Therefore, while hip thrust may be a valuable movement for those wishing to isolate the hip extensors for rehabilitation or bodybuilding purposes, the back squat still likely has greater application as a functional movement pattern that translates better to the sport setting.
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Lehmann, Frederick Denis, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and School of Environment and Agriculture. "Weight load carry : a review of the efficiency and effectiveness of the army backpack." THESIS_CSTE_EAG_Lehmann_F.xml, 2000. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/663.
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Military load carrying has occupied the attention of military developers, researchers and commanders over centuries. The Army backpack remains the means of carriage for ammunition and rations for the soldier in the field. The traditional rationale for its use has been that the infantry soldier must be able to sustain himself in combat and live independently for days at a time without resupply. At the Royal Military College, Duntroon (RMC), the mission is to produce men and women who are capable and effective officers and soldiers. The weight of the pack with the items required at RMC is often in excess of 40 kg. In evaluating the effectiveness of current practice, this thesis takes an anthropometric perspective in exploring the historical, physiological and social context of current loads carried by Australian soldiers, It does not, however, evaluate the content of the load itself. Research methods include: a/. Systematic examination of past research findings on the social and physiological aspects of military load carrying since the Roman Centurions. b/. Biophysical tesing of nine soldiers, using a battery of physiological tests to determine heart rates and energy expenditure at various loads. c/. A survey of 100 soldiers from the Royal Military College, Duntroon and in-depth interviews with a sample of four experienced soldiers to obtain the views of the load carriers. The research concludes that the optimum approach to load carrying, and so to the design of the Army backpack, is that it be task-and soldier-specific. This runs directly counter to the longstanding Army traditions of preparing all soldiers for every possible contingency in battle and regarding all soldiers as equivalent units. The study findings offer some specific directions in which the design of the army backpack can be improved.Master of Science (Hons)
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Engberg, Amanda. "The weight lifting belt’s impact on power output, velocity and range of motion in a squat." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-33957.
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Abstract Background: Using a weight lifting belt when performing a variety of resistance exercises is becoming more and more common. The purpose of using a weight lifting belt is its supposed ability to reduce compressive forces on the lumbar spine and enhancement of athletic performance. Although the weight lifting belt has been proven to increase the intra abdominal pressure that helps reduces the shear forces during a squat, little is known about the weight lifting belts effect on the performance. Studies have suggested that wearing a weight lifting belt during a squat can increase the vertical velocity and range of motion. Few studies have focused on the power output, but improvements have been seen while wearing a weight lifting belt when performing a deadlift. Variables such as power, velocity and range of motion are of importance for an athlete when making individual training plans as well as measuring the progress. Therefore more research is needed to identify the actual influence of the weight lifting belt on the performance. Aim: The purpose of this study was to examine if weight lifting belts have an impact on an athletes ability to develop power, velocity or improve range of motion in a squat. Methods: Fifteen healthy men and women familiar with the squat exercise participated in the study. During the study they performed six repetitions of the squat divided into two sets, one set without a weight lifting belt and one with a weight lifting belt. Power and velocity were measured during every squat with a linear encoder and videotapes were made to later calculate the angles in the hip- and knee joints at the lowest position of the exercise. Results: No significant differences were found in power (p = 0.25) or concentric and eccentric velocity (p = 0.61, p = 0.16) with or without a weight lifting belt. Range of motion in the knee joint was greater when not wearing a weight lifting belt (p = 0.03), but no differences in the hip angles were found (p = 0.70). Conclusion: The result from the current study shows that when performing a squat the weight lifting belt has little to no effect on power, velocity or range of motion. Although a noticeable change in range of motion of the knee joint were observed, further studies on larger populations are needed to determine if it is of clinical value.
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Volpe, Stella L. "The effect of endurance running on training adaptations in women participating in a weight lifting program." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43828.
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Twenty-five sedentary female volunteers, 18-30 years of age, were studied to determine the effects of an endurance running program on leg strength gains from a weight training program. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a weight training group (W), a weight training plus running group (RW), or a control group (C). The subjects trained three days per week, approximately one hour per day, for nine weeks. The RW group ran for 25 min then weight trained for 30 min, whereas the W group weight trained for one hour. Subjects were tested for one-repetition maximum (l-RM) pre-training, at two week intervals during training, and post-training. Thigh girth (midpoint [MG] and 1.18 cm above the patella [AP]) and percent body fat were measured pre- and post-training, only weekly on a calibrated scale. Body weight was measured. Significant improvements in isotonic leg strength of 56% for W and 66% for RW were observed, with no difference between the groups. W and RW also achieved a significantly greater isotonic leg strength than the C group. The experimental groups had a significantly greater posttest AP as compared to the C group. No significant differences were observed over the experimental period in MG, percent body fat and body weight of any of the groups. In conclusion, the running program used in the present study did not interfere with leg strength or girth gains achieved through weight training. These results are in contrast to those reported in other studies which found that aerobic training impaired strength gains.Master of Science
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Taber, Christopher B. "Effect of a Recovery Supplement on Weight Lifting Performance, Muscle Fiber Morphology and Muscle Protein Accretion." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3079.
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The purposes of this dissertation were to examine the effect of a protein and carbohydrate recovery beverage versus a placebo on weightlifting performance, its effect on muscle morphological changes and specific muscle protein accretion. The following are major finding from the dissertation: 1) Protein and carbohydrate recovery supplementation does not appear to have influence on performance measure in trained weightlifters. This finding may be associated with the short-term nature of this study and the trained population used. 2) Compared with placebo, a protein and carbohydrate beverage provided greater benefits on cross sectional area of type I and type II muscle fibers. Additionally, the block periodization protocol incorporating phase potentiation improved cross sectional area of both groups compared to baseline. 3) Finally, protein and carbohydrate supplementation provided greater benefits on total mTOR and myosin heavy chains 6 & 7. These findings indicate that a protein and carbohydrate beverage provide greater benefits compared with a placebo on cellular signaling, myosin heavy gene expression and muscle fiber increases in trained weightlifters. Improved cross sectional area and increased myosin heavy chains indicate positive adaptations to resistance training combined with supplementation and may indicate improved skeletal muscle qualities necessary for increased power output. The mTOR pathway is the master regulator of cellular growth and increases in total mTOR indicate a greater proclivity for cellular growth and greater activity resulting from resistance training may increase synthesis and accretion of muscle contractile proteins. This dissertation highlighted several benefits of recovery supplementation, however further longitudinal studies utilizing block periodization and well-trained athletes are necessary to fully elucidate benefits for strength and power athletes.
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Lehmann, Frederick Denis. "Weight load carry : a review of the efficiency and effectiveness of the army backpack /." View thesis, 1998. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20050810.122056/index.html.
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Hawkins, Colleen E. "The effects of oral supplementation of the amino acid arginine on body composition and muscle function during energy restriction in male weight lifters." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41598.
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Manufacturers of amino acid supplements claim that they can act as natural stercoids. Eighteen experienced male weight lifters were studied to test this hypothesis for the amino acid arginine.Master of Science
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Galioto, Rachel M. "The Effects of Exposure to Slender and Muscular Images on Male Body Dissatisfaction." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1357582675.
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Cangin, Causenge. "Muscle Strengthening Physical Activities and Depressive Symptoms: NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) from 1999 to 2005." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429724259.
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Lloyd, Rhodri S., Avery D. Faigenbaum, Michael H. Stone, Jon L. Oliver, Ian Jeffreys, Jeremy A. Moody, Clive Brewer, et al. "Position Statement on Youth Resistance Training: The 2014 International Consensus." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4624.
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The current manuscript has been adapted from the official position statement of the UK Strength and Conditioning Association on youth resistance training. It has subsequently been reviewed and endorsed by leading professional organisations within the fields of sports medicine, exercise science and paediatrics. The authorship team for this article was selected from the fields of paediatric exercise science, paediatric medicine, physical education, strength and conditioning and sports medicine.
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Beard, Adam J. "The load that maximises the mechanical power output in the power clean: A comparison between different relative strength levels." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2008. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/219.
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Quantification of power output in strength and conditioning exercises such as the power clean is an important consideration when attempting to optimise training programs in athletes. This study determined the optimal load (%1 RM) in the power clean in addition to determining whether power output values changed according to an athlete's level of relative strength. Twenty-nine highly trained male athletes (mass = 88kg ± 18. ?kg, power clean 1 RM = 99.2 ± 18.9kg) from a variety of sports performed lifts at 10% increments between 50%-100% of 1 RM of their power clean. A linear position transducer (LPT) was used to measure bar displacement and power output was calculated using both system mass (LPT SM) and bar mass (LPT BM) calculation methods. A mixed factorial design was used to determine whether there was a difference in power output values between athletes of low and high relative strength levels and analysis was also undertaken to examine the effect of athlete type (volleyballers and non-volleyballers). From. the load-power relationships obtained in this study, power output in the power clean was optimised at 50% of 1 RM when using the LPT SM method and 90% of 1 RM was the load that maximised power output using the LPT BM method. There was a trend (p=0.084) towards nonvolleyballers producing higher power output values using the LPT BM calculation method whilst the high relative strength group showed significantly larger (p=0.001) power output values across the loading continuum when using the LPT BM method. These findings are of interest to both strength and conditioning professionals and sports scientists for the relevance to both testing and training of athletes.
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Tufano, James J. "Acute effects of cluster sets on mechanical, perceptual, and hormonal responses." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2016. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1941.
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It has been proposed that a muscle’s cross-sectional area plays a large role in a muscle’s maximal shortening velocity and its ability to produce force, making hypertrophy extremely important for all populations. Traditionally, muscle growth has been achieved by performing large volumes of work with short rest periods in between sets, resulting in large amounts of acute neuromuscular fatigue, possibly resulting in short-term decreases in strength or power output. More recently, research has shown that hypertrophy can also be stimulated by training with loads that are well below or above the previously mentioned load recommendations. Regardless of the training method used, an underlying theme within many hypertrophy-based studies is that increasing the amount of mechanical work increases the amount of time under tension and metabolic stress, yielding a hypertrophic response. By utilizing cluster sets, which involve resting between groups of repetitions within a set, partial recovery of adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine stores may allow for greater training loads for a given volume, or a greater volume for a given load. By increasing the load, training volume, or both, a greater amount of external work may be accomplished, effectively increasing metabolic stress, the time that the muscle is under tension, and ultimately muscle growth. Studies that examine cluster sets in this manner are scarce and many use protocols that are not necessarily designed for developing skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Therefore, the purpose of the studies included in this dissertation was to investigate the acute effects of cluster sets using high volume back squats. By doing so, it would be possible to determine how acute program variables can be manipulated to create alternative resistance-training methods that may result in greater hypertrophy than traditional sets without increasing acute neuromuscular fatigue. The acute effects of set-structure (Study 1), training load (Study 2), and rest interval duration and frequency (Study 3) were determined in order to determine how these acute exercise variables can be manipulated in order to simultaneously target a combination of training goals such as increasing strength, power development, and skeletal muscle hypertrophy.
Specifically, Study 1 showed that cluster sets allowed for movement velocity and power output to be maintained compared to traditional sets, during which velocity and power output significantly decreased. Study 2 showed that more frequent intra-set rest intervals allowed for a greater external load to be lifted for a given number of repetitions, resulting in greater total work and time under tension without decreasing relative movement velocity. Lastly, Study 3 showed that when using the same total rest duration, external load, and number of repetitions, changing the frequency and duration of intra-set rest intervals did not affect mechanical, metabolic, or hormonal responses. Therefore, this series of studies concludes that cluster sets can be manipulated in a variety of ways that may induce different training adaptations.
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Liebau, Robert Ernest. "The effects of weightlifting modality and loading on peak and immediate post systolic and diastolic blood pressure." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104305.
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Norrbrand, Lena. "Acute and early chronic responses to resistance exercise using flywheel or weights." Stockholm : Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 2008. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2008/978-91-7409-030-7/.
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Webb, Kelsie R. "The effect of an endurance and weight training program on plasma total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/80095.
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Research has reported that increased levels of plasma TC are directly related, while low levels of plasma HDL-C are inversely related, to coronary heart disease. Regular physical exercise has been suggested as a method for reducing plasma TC and increasing plasma HDL-C. Thirty-one healthy, sedentary women (ages 18-30) were studied to determine the effects of a jogging, weight training, or a combined jogging and weight training program on plasma total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, body composition. Experimental subjects were randomly assigned to the treatment conditions. The subjects trained three days a week for nine weeks. The R group ran for 30 minutes a session at 75% predicted maximum HR. The W group trained with weights utilizing exercises to strengthen all major muscle groups for one hour at 60% one repetition maximum the first 3 weeks and 75% one repetition maximum weeks 4 - 9. The RW group ran for 25 minutes a session at 75% predicted maximum HR, then lifted weights using the leg-strengthening exercises for 30 minutes, similar to the W group. Preceding and following the treatment period, plasma TC, HDL-C, body weight, and percent body fat was assessed for all four groups. Plasma TC was not significantly altered, although a downward trend was observed for all three treatment groups. Plasma HDL-C did not change over the treatment period for any group. The plasma TC/HDL-C ratio changed significantly among groups over the treatment period, with the R group decreasing their ratio from 3.5 to 2.9 (p < .05). No changes were noted In percent body fat, fat-free mass, or body weight for any of the groups. The Pearson product-moment correlations performed between the changes in blood lipids and the changes in body composition found no significant relationships. The results of this study indicate that an exercise program consisting of endurance training for 30 minutes, 3 times per week, or weight training for one hour, 3 times per week, or a combination aerobic/weight training program 3 times per week is not adequate to significantly improve plasma TC or HDL-C in young females over a nine week period. However, significant improvements may be made in the plasma TC/HDL-C ratio which may decrease the risk for CHD.Master of Science
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Sun, Chunyi. "Ergonomic and Time Cost of One-Handed Lifting tasks as a Function of Shelf Height, Item Weight and Walking Distance." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1566123193772717.
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Haines, Brian Paul. "Marietta College's Strength Training Program." Marietta College / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=marietta1176399426.
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Burrup, Rachelle. "Strength Training and Body Composition in Middle-Age Women." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6162.
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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between strength training and body composition before and after controlling for several covariates. A cross-sectional study including 257 female subjects was conducted. METHODS: Subjects' level of involvement in strength training was determined via questionnaire. Body composition was assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Diet was assessed using 7-d weighed food records. RESULTS: Strong linear relationships between subjects' level of involvement in strength training and body composition were identified. For each additional day of strength training reported per week, body fat was 1.32 percentage points lower (F = 14.8, p = 0.0002) and fat-free mass was 656.4 g (1.45 lb) higher (F = 18.9, p < 0.0001), on average. Likewise, the more time subjects spent lifting and the more intensely they trained, the better their body composition tended to be. Adjusting for differences in age, menopause status, objectively measured physical activity, energy intake, and protein intake tended to weaken each association. Controlling for differences in physical activity weakened each relationship the most. CONCLUSION: Women who strength train regularly tend to have significantly lower body fat percentages and significantly higher levels of fat-free mass compared to their counterparts, regardless of differences in several potential confounding variables.
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Björk, Julia. "The effect of a weight lifting belt and the use of valsalva maneuver on power output and velocity in a squat." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-33956.
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Background: A squat is a common exercise that is used in many areas of strength training and for different purposes and the literature is inconclusive when it comes to whether the weight lifting belt (WB) affects performance and/or is injury-preventing. The use of breathing techniques is common during heavy lifting and therefore the practice of the breathing teqnice; valsalva maneuver (VM) may be of interest to study and if this along with the WB can provide some advantages in power output and velocity. Aim: The specific aim of the study was to evaluate whether the velocity in the eccentric and the concentric phase of the squat, and the peak velocity in the concentric phases are affected in power output through the use of the VM when the subjects use or did not use a WB. Method: Fifteen subjects (10 men and 5 women) volunteered freely to participate and did a total of 12 squats divided in four different sets with three repetitions each on 75% of their self-reported one repetition maximum (1RM). The first two sets were either with or without WB and the third and fourth sets were either with or without the practice of the VM. The three conditions (with WB, with WB + VM and VA only) were compared to each other and to the control group (without any instructions and no WB) in terms of power output and velocity in the eccentric, concentric and peak velocity in the concentric phase of the squat. Result: There was no significant difference in power output when comparing the four different test conditions. The velocity in the eccentric, concentric and peak velocity in the concentric phase did not have a significant difference between the different test conditions. Conclusions: This study shows a different output compared to previous literature. The WB and the practice of VM did not affect the power output and velocity in a squat, alone or together.Bakgrund: Det finns många olikheter i litteraturen när det gäller huruvida tyngdlyftarbältet påverkar prestationen och/eller om det minskar skaderisken. En knäböj är en vanlig övning som används inom många områden av styrketräning och för olika ändamål. Användning av andningstekniker är vanligt vid tunga lyft och därför kan utförandet av andningstekniken; valsalvamanövern vara av intresse att studera och om det tillsammans med lyftbältet kan ge effekt på effektutveckling och hastighet i lyft. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att utvärdera hastigheten i en knäböjs olika faser (excentriska, koncentriska och topphastigheten i den koncentriska fasen) och hur effektutvecklingen påverkas av lyftarbälte och valsalvamanövern. Metod: Femton personer (10 män och 5 kvinnor) deltog frivilligt och utförde totalt 12 knäböj i fyra olika sets med tre repetitioner på 75 % av testpersonernas självrapporterade 1RM. De första två seten var utförda antingen med eller utan tyngdlyftarbälte och de tredje och fjärde seten var utförda antingen med eller utan utövande av valsalvamanövern. Dessa tre förhållanden ( med lyftarbälte, med lyftarbälte + VA och VA endast) jämfördes med varandra och med kontrollgruppen ( ingen VM och inget lyftarbälte) med avseende på effektutveckling och hastigheten i den excentriska, koncentriska och topphastighet i knäböjens koncentriska fas. Resultat: Effektutvecklingen gav ingen signifikant skillnad i någon av de fyra olika förutsättningarna (med lyftarbälte, utan lyftarbälte, med bälte och valsalvamanövern och utan bälte och valsalvamanövern). Hastigheten i den excentriska, koncentriska och topphastigheten i den koncentriska fasen visade ingen signifikant skillnad mellan de fyra olika seten. Konklusion: Studien visade ingen skillnad vilket kan jämföras med tidigare litteratur där en skillnad fanns. Lyftarbältet och utförandet av valsalva manövern påverkade inte effektutvecklingen och/eller hastigheten när en knäböj utfördes.
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Hotter, Jessica C. "Breaking the Muscular Mold: The Application of Homophily, Credibility, and Physical Attractiveness within Attitude and Perceived Behavioral Control towards Weight Lifting." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83530.
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This study extends the Theory of Planned Behavior by drawing on research investigating the 'halo effect,' which posits that physically attractive people are more likely to be hired, get a raise, perceived positively, and/or live happily within certain professions. Extant work has shown this trend is not generalizable across all fields. For example, scientists who are viewed as relatively unattractive and unsociable are perceived as producing higher quality research compared to their more attractive and sociable counterparts. The fitness industry, and the bodybuilding community in particular, presents an interesting issue where muscularity is an indicator of expertise and credibility, however, for female bodybuilders a muscular physique may diminish her perceived attractiveness and diminish such evaluations. Drawing on the Theory of Planned Behavior, this study examines how muscularity influences assessments of attractiveness, credibility, and homophily and indirectly influences participants' attitudes and perceived control over theory own weight lifting behavior. Though the hypothesized model was not a good fit, an exploratory respecification of the proposed model shows physical attractiveness plays a central role in assessments of homophily, credibility, and attitude.Master of Arts
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Lauffer, Patricia Louise 1961. "THE EFFECT OF GENDER, GENDER ROLE, AND WEIGHT TRAINING ON SELF-CONCEPT AND BODY CATHEXIS." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276469.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the self-concepts and body cathexis of both males and females engaged in an eleven week weight training course and to examine if differences in gender role would influence the relationship of strength to self-concept and body cathexis. Each group (weight trainers versus controls) was administered the Tennessee Self Concept Scale, Bem Sex-Role Inventory, Eysenck Personality Inventory, and the Body Cathexis Scale. Strength measures were obtained. Group by gender ANOVA and ANCOVA examined differences between and among the groups and genders. Gender role by gender ANOVA and ANCOVA examined differences between and among the androgynous and masculine typed males and females. Multiple regression analyses were performed to examine the relationship of strength to body cathexis and self-concept. Results indicated pre- and post differences between and among the groups and genders and the genders and the gender roles.
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Phillips, Emily Marie. "A Study to Examine the Effects of Resistance Training on Motor Function, Cognitive Performance, Physical Strength, Body Composition, and Mood in Adults with Down Syndrome." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1584440781994656.
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Shuman, Barbara Dixon. "The effect of backpack weight on the height of middle school students." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2172.
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The focus of this study investigates the effect backpack weight has on the height of middle school students. It provides data about the effects of backpack weight on height that has not previously been determined. This study aims to contribute information to a growing body of evidence which supports the limitation of backpack weight for children to be no more than 10% of body weight.
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Felkar, Victoria. "The iron bar. Episodes in the modern history of prison physical culture, body typing and the ban on weight lifting in American correctional institutions." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/51789.
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The aim of this study is to explore the modern history of prison physical culture in order to better understand how perceptions of the muscular criminal male body have influenced the construction of prison physical culture and opportunities for physical activity in American correctional institutions. My focus on the recent weight lifting ban in the United States is designed to appraise how criminological knowledge of the muscular criminal male body has influenced penal policy over time. Through a selection of specific historical episodes in prison physical culture from the late 18th century to current correctional practice I evaluate the complicated interplay between penology, criminology, somatotyping, politics, prison physical culture and the enactment of the legal ban on prison weight lifting in 1994.
Working from a critical socio-historical perspective this study intends to add to the limited knowledge of prison physical culture, research on physical activity in correctional facilities and attitudes toward the corporeal experience of those confined to prison. My study has been guided by the following research questions: 1) how have historical perceptions of the muscular criminal body developed, and in turn, influenced penal policy over time? In particular, what have been the influences of body profiling and somatotyping on the role of inmate’s weight lifting in prisons?; 2) in light of this, how can we better understand the reasoning behind the enactment of the 1994 weight lifting ban placed on prison physical culture within the United States?; 3) what have been the effects of the weight lifting ban on contemporary prison physical culture?
This study is an interdisciplinary project which utilizes qualitative methodologies in the collection and analysis of documents and resources from kinesiology, criminology, anthropometry, and penology. Critical discourse analysis framed by Gee (1999, 2006) and Foucauldian perspectives on discipline, punishment and power provide the framework for my analysis of prison physical culture over time and place.Education, Faculty of
Kinesiology, School of
Graduate
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Nagavarapu, Shasank. "Measuring Biomechanical Loads on the spine during Patient Lifting Sling Application and Removal: Assessing the effects of Work Method, Patient Weight and Bed Height." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1440270675.
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Reynolds, Staci Kayleen. "Effects of Same-day Strength Training on Serve Performance in Female Collegiate Tennis Players." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd746.pdf.
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McGovern, Bryan. "The effects on strength and performance of an amino acid supplement, Rebuild II [TM], following strength training in collegiate softball players." Virtual Press, 1999. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1139531.
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Fourteen Ball State University softball players participated in this study to examine the effects of an amino acid supplement, Rebuild II TM, on strength and performance. Rebuild II TM contains high levels of BCAAs and glutamine. Two groups strength trained for ten weeks with the treatment group consuming Rebuild II TM, and the control group consuming a placebo. Subjects were pre and post-tested on the bench press, squat and machine shoulder press for strength, and performed a 90-foot sprint and a vertical jump for performance measures. LBW was calculated from the subjects body weight and percent fat. Pre and post measures were analyzed using a two way Anova variance with repeated measures test with a significant level set at p< 0.05. Both groups showed significant increases in strength and vertical jump performance, but only the Rebuild II TM group had a significant increase in LBW and decrease in percent fat. It was concluded that with a controlled weight training program, softball players will increase strength and vertical jump performance, and by adding an amino acid supplement to an athletes diet, there may be larger increases in LBW and decreases in percent fat while strength training.School of Physical Education
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McCormick, Ray William. "Guidebook to teaching the parallel squat." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2598.
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The information covered in this project is intended to give the physical educator and coach an easy-to-follow manual with illustrations to guide them through basic instructions on the parallel squat. This project will include biomechanical principles of the squat exercise.
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Ali, Faiza, and Martin Schröder. "W.A.N.T : Weightlifting Ant." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264500.
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The purpose of this project is to create a light weight robotic version of an ant that can withstand great forces, trying to come close to the ant’s lifting technique as much as possible. This idea was chosen with inspiration from nature, especially from the obscure forces of an ant. These insects are proven to be able to lift and carry heavy loads, up to a thousand times their body weight. Various lifting technologies are used by several facilities today and therefore there is a need for improvements in this field. By trying to come close to an ant’s appearance and mimic certain ant movements, a hexapod was designed over a period of four months. The tests made in this project were divided into three categories; stability, lifting and gripping ability. The best balance was achieved by placing the legs’ contact points on the ground as far away from each other as possible. In total the robot ant could lift about 1.02 times its own weight and bear 3.01 times its own weight on the thorax.Målet med projektet är att konstruera en lågvikts robotmyra som kan uthärda stora krafter och härma myrors rörelse vid lyft så mycket som möjligt. Projektidén valdes med inspiration från naturen, speciellt från de otroliga krafter hos en myra. Myror har bevisats kunna lyfta och bära tunga laster eller mer exakt tusen gånger sin egen vikt. Olika lyfttekniker används av flera faciliteter idag och därmed finns det behov av förbättringar i detta område. Genom att efterlikna en myras utseende och härma dess rörelser designades en sexfoting under en period på fyra månader. Testerna delades in i tre olika kategorier; stabilitet, lyft- och greppförmåga. Den bästa balansen uppnåddes då benens kontaktpunkter med marken placerades så långt ifrån varandra som möjligt. Totalt klarade robotmyran att lyfta 1.02 gånger sin egen vikt och bära 3.01 gånger egna vikten på ryggen.
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Souza, Dinoelia Rosa de. "Resposta da pressão arterial durante exercício resistido em hipertensos:influência de anlodipina." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/39/39132/tde-19122012-093538/.
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O exercício resistido dinâmico é recomendado para hipertensos, mas a pressão arterial (PA) se eleva muito durante sua execução. Este estudo investigou o efeito do antagonista do canal de cálcio diidropiridínico, anlodipina, sobre a resposta da PA ao exercício resistido de diferentes intensidades. Onze hipertensos essenciais foram estudados após 4 semanas de uso de placebo e anlodipina, num desenho aleatório e duplo cego. Os voluntários realizaram o exercício de extensão de joelhos até a exaustão, seguindo os seguintes protocolos: a) 1 série em 100% de 1RM, b) 3 séries em 80% de 1RM; e c) 3 séries em 40% de 1RM. Antes e durante os exercícios, a PA foi medida diretamente na artéria radial. A anlodipina reduziu os valores absolutos da PA sistólica (225±6 vs 207±6 mmHg em 100%, 289±8 vs 273±10 mmHg em 80% e 289±10 vs 271±11 mmHg em 40%) e da PA diastólica (141± 3 vs 130±6 mmHg em 100%, 178±5 vs 169±6 mmHg em 80% e 176±8 vs 154±6 mmHg em 40%) em todas as intensidades. Ela também minimizou o aumento da PA diastólica que ocorreu na 2ª e 3ª séries do exercício realizado em 40% de 1 RM. Em conclusão, anlodipina é capaz de diminuir os valores máximos da PA atingidos durante a realização de exercícios resistidos de diferentes intensidades e minimizar o aumento progressivo da PA diastólica em exercícios mais prolongados.Estes efeitos podem reduzir o risco cardiovascular durante a execução de esforços resistidos em hipertensosDynamic resistance exercise is recommended for hypertensives. However, during its execution blood pressure (BP) presents a huge increase. This study investigated the effects of dyhidropyridine calcium channel antagonist, amlodipine, on BP responses during resistance exercises executed at different intensities. Eleven essential hypertensives were studied after 4 weeks of placebo and amlodipine administered at a random double blinded order. Volunteers were evaluated during the execution of the knee extension exercise performed with three different protocols: a) 1 set at 100% of 1RM (repetition maximum), b) 3 sets at 80% of 1RM, and c) 3 sets at 40% of 1RM. Before and during exercise, BP was directly measured at the radial artery. Amlodipine reduced the absolute values of systolic BP (225±6 vs 207±6 mmHg at 100%, 289±8 vs 273±10 mmHg at 80% e 289±10 vs 271±11 mmHg at 40%) and diastolic BP (141± 3 vs 130±6 mmHg at 100%, 178±5 vs 169±6 mmHg at 80% e 176±8 vs 154±6 mmHg at 40%) during all the exercise intensities. In addition, it mitigated diastolic BP increase that happened at the second and third sets of the exercise at 40% of 1 RM. In conclusion, amlodipine was able to decrease BP maximal values achieved during resistance exercise at different intensities, and minimizes diastolic BP increase in prolonged resistance exercises. These effects may confer some cardiovascular protection for hypertensives during the execution of resistance efforts
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Eriksson, Anders. "Strenght training and anabolic steroids : a comparative study of the trapezius, a shoulder muscle and the vastus lateralis, a thigh muscle, of strength trained athletes." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-869.
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Raso, Vagner. "Efeito de doze meses de um programa de exercícios com pesos em parâmetros imunológicos de mulheres idosas clinicamente saudáveis." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5160/tde-01092005-073028/.
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Os exercícios com pesos (EP) representam importante estratégia para diminuir a sarcopenia e melhorar a capacidade funcional para realizar as atividades da vida diária de pessoas idosas. Além disso, os EP têm também sido recentemente sugeridos para restaurar os efeitos da imunossenescência. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo determinar o efeito de doze meses de um programa de exercícios com pesos em parâmetros imunológicos funcionais e quantitativos de mulheres idosas clinicamente saudáveis. As voluntárias foram selecionadas de acordo com o protocolo SENIEUR e 38 mulheres clinicamente saudáveis e fisicamente inativas (60 a 77 anos de idade) foram randomicamente divididas em um programa de exercícios com pesos de baixa intensidade (GE: 67,74 + 5,28 anos [n: 28]) ou em um grupo controle (CG: 68,69 + 2,98 anos [n: 14]). O programa de EP foi constituído de 3 séries de 12 repetições a 54,87 + 2,37% do teste de uma repetição máxima (1-RM) para cinco diferentes exercícios (supino reto sentado, puxada alta, remada, extensão de joelhos e leg press) realizados três vezes por semana durante 12 meses. A atividade citotóxica das células natural killer (NKCA), resposta linfoproliferativa à fito-hemaglutinina (PHA) e ao OKT3, quantificação de linfócitos (CD3+, CD3-CD19+, CD3-CD16+CD56+), subpopulações linfocitárias (CD4+, CD8+, CD56dim, CD56bright), assim como de moléculas de expressão celular (CD25+, CD28+, CD45RA+, CD45RO+, CD69+, CD95+, HLA-DR+) foram determinadas por ensaios imunológicos. As variáveis foram mensuradas a cada 6 meses durante período de um ano (pré-programa [PRÉ], 6 meses [6M] e 12 meses [12M]). A análise estatística demonstrou que o GE incrementou a força muscular em 44,2% e 48,1% após 6 e 12 meses, respectivamente (p<0,05); mas que houve aumento no consumo de oxigênio de pico (VO2pico) após 6 meses (14,7%, p<0.05). Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos (exceto para 20:1 em 12M) ou em função do tempo (exceção para 40:1 em GE) na NKCA assim como na resposta proliferativa independente do mitógeno empregado. Foi observado decréscimo significativo (p<0,05) em GE para a contagem total de linfócitos (PRÉ x 12M), CD3+ (PRÉ x 12M), CD3+CD4+ (PRÉ x 12M), CD3-CD19+ (PRÉ x 6M), CD3+CD45RA+ (PRÉ x 6M; PRÉ x 12M), CD3+CD45RO+ (PRÉ x 12M; 6M x 12M), CD4+CD45RA+ (PRÉ x 6M), CD4+CD45RO+ (PRÉ x 12M; 6M x 12M), CD3+CD95+CD28+ (PRÉ x 6M), CD4+CD95+CD28+ (PRÉ x 6M), CD8+CD95+CD28+ (PRÉ x 12M) e para CD56dimCD25+HLA-DR+ (6M x 12M). O GC também demonstrou diminuição significativa (p<0,05) na contagem total de linfócitos (PRÉ x 12M), CD3-CD19+ (PRÉ x 6M; PRE x 12M), CD3-CD16+CD56+ (PRÉ x 12M; 6M x 12M), CD3+CD45RO+ (PRÉ x 12M) e para CD56dim (PRÉ x 12M). É possível que outra variável independente, que não o programa de exercícios com pesos e/ou alguma tendência sazonal tenham influenciado os resultados devido ao fato de ambos os grupos terem apresentado menores níveis de expressão celular durante o período do estudo. Os resultados deste estudo permitem concluir que doze meses de um programa de exercícios com pesos de leve intensidade são suficientes para incrementar a força muscular assim como o consumo de oxigênio de pico, mas não para melhorar parâmetros imunológicos funcionais e quantitativos de mulheres idosas clinicamente saudáveis. Portanto, possivelmente sugerindo que o \'limiar de efeito\' nos parâmetros imunológicos de mulheres idosas clinicamente saudáveis seja dependente do estímulo e/ou maior do que o necessário para incrementar a força muscular e/ou o VO2pico.Resistance training program represents an important strategy to reduce sarcopenia, improving muscle strength and mass, and consequently, functional capacity to perform activities of daily living in elderly people. Additionally, resistance training program has been also recently suggested to restore the deleterious effects of aging process on immune system. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of twelve months of light resistance training program on functional and quantitative immunological paremeters of clinically healthy elderly women. Volunteers were selected by SENIEUR protocol and thirty-eight clinically healthy untrained females (aged 60-77 year-old) were randomly assigned to either a light resistance training program (RTP: 67.74 + 5.28 year-old [n: 28]) or a control group (CG: 68.69 + 2.98 year-old [n: 14]). The RTP consisted of three sets of twelve repetitions at 54.87 ± 2.37% of one repetition maximum test (1-RM) for five different exercises (seated bench press, lattissimus pull down, seated row, leg extension and leg press) performed three times per week during twelve months. Natural killer cell cytotoxic activity (NKCA), lymphoproliferative response to the phytohemaglutinin (PHA) and OKT3, and quantification of the lymphocytes (CD3+, CD19+, CD3-CD16+CD56+) and subpopulations (CD4+, CD8+, CD56dim, CD56bright) as well as cellular expression molecules (CD25+, CD28+, CD45RA+, CD45RO+, CD69+, CD95+, HLA-DR+) were determined by immunological assays. Variables were measured each 6 months during one year (pre-program [PRE], 6 months [6M] and 12 months [12M]). Statistical analysis showed that RTP volunteers increased muscle strength in 44.2% and 48.1% after 6 and 12 months, respectivelly (p<0.05), whilst there was increased in maximal oxygen peak (VO2peak) after only 6 months (14.7%, p<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between both groups (unless 12M for the 20:1) or according to the time (unless 40:1 for RTP) when NKCA was analyzed. RTP group preserved lymphoproliferative response, while CG increased significantly the lymphoproliferative response to the PHA and OKT3. There were statistically significant decrease (p<0.05) for RTP volunteers to the total lymphocytes (PRE x 12M), CD3+ (PRE x 12M), CD3+CD4+ (PRE x 12M), CD3-CD19+ (PRE x 6M), CD3+CD45RA+ (PRE x 6M; PRE x 12M), CD3+CD45RO+ (PRE x 12M; 6M x 12M), CD4+CD45RA+ (PRE x 6M), CD4+CD45RO+ (PRE x 12M; 6M x 12M), CD3+CD95+CD28+ (PRE x 6M), CD4+CD95+CD28+ (PRE x 6M), CD8+CD95+CD28+ (PRE x 12M), and to the CD56dimCD25+HLA-DR+ (6M x 12M). GC volunteers also showed statistically significant decrease (p<0.05) to the total lymphocytes (PRE x 12M), CD3-CD19+ (PRE x 6M; PRE x 12M), CD3-CD16+CD56+ (PRE x 12M; 6M x 12M), CD3+CD45RO+ (PRE x 12M), and to the CD56dim (PRE x 12M). It is possible that the other independent variable, which not the RTP, and/or some seasonal tendency have influenced the results because to the fact of both groups had presented lower cell expression levels during the period of the study. The results of this study permit to conclude that twelve months of light RTP were sufficient to increase muscle strength and maximal oxygen peak, but not to improve functional and quantitative immunological parameters of clinically healthy elderly women. Thus, possibly suggesting that the \'threshold of effects\' on immunological paremeters on clinically healthy elderly women would be dose-response dependent and/or could be rather than that to increase muscle strength and/or maximal oxygen peak.