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1
DAI, MEIFENG, DANDAN YE, JIE HOU, and XINGYI LI. "SCALING OF AVERAGE WEIGHTED RECEIVING TIME ON DOUBLE-WEIGHTED KOCH NETWORKS." Fractals 23, no. 02 (May 28, 2015): 1550011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x15500115.
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In this paper, we introduce a model of the double-weighted Koch networks based on actual road networks depending on the two weight factors w,r ∈ (0, 1]. The double weights represent the capacity-flowing weight and the cost-traveling weight, respectively. Denote by [Formula: see text] the capacity-flowing weight connecting the nodes i and j, and denote by [Formula: see text] the cost-traveling weight connecting the nodes i and j. Let [Formula: see text] be related to the weight factor w, and let [Formula: see text] be related to the weight factor r. This paper assumes that the walker, at each step, starting from its current node, moves to any of its neighbors with probability proportional to the capacity-flowing weight of edge linking them. The weighted time for two adjacency nodes is the cost-traveling weight connecting the two nodes. We define the average weighted receiving time (AWRT) on the double-weighted Koch networks. The obtained result displays that in the large network, the AWRT grows as power-law function of the network order with the exponent, represented by θ(w,r) = ½ log2(1 + 3wr). We show that the AWRT exhibits a sublinear or linear dependence on network order. Thus, the double-weighted Koch networks are more efficient than classic Koch networks in receiving information.
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Huo, Jia-Zhen, Yan-Ting Hou, Feng Chu, and Jun-Kai He. "A Combined Average-Case and Worst-Case Analysis for an Integrated Hub Location and Revenue Management Problem." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2019 (March 12, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8651728.
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This paper investigates joint decisions on airline network design and capacity allocation by integrating an uncapacitated single allocation p-hub median location problem into a revenue management problem. For the situation in which uncertain demand can be captured by a finite set of scenarios, we extend this integrated problem with average profit maximization to a combined average-case and worst-case analysis of this integration. We formulate this problem as a two-stage stochastic programming framework to maximize the profit, including the cost of installing the hubs and a weighted sum of average and worst case transportation cost and the revenue from tickets over all scenarios. This model can give flexible decisions by putting the emphasis on the importance of average and worst case profits. To solve this problem, a genetic algorithm is applied. Computational results demonstrate the outperformance of the proposed formulation.
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Chen, Ming-xia, Han Zhang, and Xu-yong Li. "Application of Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm for timing of Road Entrance Signal." MATEC Web of Conferences 232 (2018): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823203004.
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Aiming at the problem of signal timing at road intersections, this paper uses the artificial bee colony algorithm to optimize the road model of single point multi phase intersection. In this paper, the cost function is the weighted sum of the average delay time, the average number and the capacity. Using the artificial bee colony algorithm to optimize the signal timing of a typical crossroad, and using MATLAB experimental platform to simulate, it shows that the artificial bee algorithm can enhance the road traffic efficiency.
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Elmorsy, Louay, Tatiana Morosuk, and George Tsatsaronis. "Exergy-Based Analysis and Optimization of an Integrated Solar Combined-Cycle Power Plant." Entropy 22, no. 6 (June 13, 2020): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22060655.
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The transition towards higher shares of electricity generation from renewable energy sources is shown to be significantly slower in developing countries with low-cost fossil fuel resources. Integrating conventional power plants with concentrated solar power may facilitate the transition towards a more sustainable power production. In this paper, a novel natural gas-fired integrated solar combined-cycle power plant was proposed, evaluated, and optimized with exergy-based methods. The proposed system utilizes the advantages of combined-cycle power plants, direct steam generation, and linear Fresnel collectors to provide 475 MW baseload power in Aswan, Egypt. The proposed system is found to reach exergetic efficiencies of 50.7% and 58.1% for day and night operations, respectively. In economic analysis, a weighted average levelized cost of electricity of 40.0 $/MWh based on the number of day and night operation hours is identified. In exergoeconomic analysis, the costs of thermodynamic inefficiencies were identified and compared to the component cost rates. Different measures for component cost reduction and performance enhancement were identified and applied. Using iterative exergoeconomic optimization, the levelized cost of electricity is reduced to a weighted average of 39.2 $/MWh and a specific investment cost of 1088 $/kW. Finally, the proposed system is found to be competitive with existing integrated solar combined-cycle plants, while allowing a significantly higher solar share of 17% of the installed capacity.
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Ivanenko, N. P., and P. V. Tarasenko. "Cost of hydrogen production with using the share of electricity from a wind power plant in Ukraine." Problems of General Energy 2021, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/pge2021.01.045.
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To ensure the balance reliability of regimes of UES functioning, it was necessary to apply restrictions on generation from renewable energy sources (RES). In this regard, a number of amendments was made in 2020 to the Law of Ukraine "On the Electricity Market" dated April 13, 2017 No. 2019-VIII, which provide for reduction of the rates of the "green" tariff for renewable energy projects. CJSC NEC "Ukrenergo" predicts limitation of electricity production from renewable sources against the background of their growing capacity and falling consumption – up to 1 billion kW∙h. The total volume of electricity production from renewable energy sources in 2019 was about 4.5 billion kW∙h. One of the most efficient ways to use excessive electricity is producing hydrogen. Hydrogen has been successfully used as a raw material for many years. The total estimated value of the hydrogen feedstock market is $ 115 billion, and it is expected only to grow, reaching $ 155 billion by 2022. Hydrogen is widely used at present in various industries and sectors. It should be noted separately that the use of hydrogen instead of natural gas does not lead to increasing greenhouse gas emissions and favors the decarbonization of economy. In addition, the by-product of electrolysis is purified oxygen, which is currently relevant. The cost of hydrogen generated with the use of renewable electricity is typically $ 2.5–6.6 / kg of hydrogen. The most well-known technological options for producing hydrogen from RES are water electrolysis and steam reforming of biomethane / biogas with or without carbon capture and use / storage. The purpose of this paper was to estimate the weighted average cost of hydrogen in Ukraine at the expense of RES electricity, in particular, produced by a wind power plant with using water electrolysis. We developed an algorithm for calculating the weighted average cost of hydrogen production using wind power plants for the conditions of Ukraine, taking into account the determination of installed capacities of the battery, electrolyzer, and distiller. According to the calculation results, the weighted average cost of hydrogen production was about US $ 5.1 / kg of hydrogen. Keywords: hydrogen production, renewable energy sources, wind farm, weighted average cost. mathematical model, storage, electrolyzer
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Hou, Yan-Ting, Jia-Zhen Huo, and Feng Chu. "An Integrated Problem of p-Hub Location and Revenue Management with Multiple Capacity Levels under Disruptions." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2019 (April 1, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1812543.
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This paper considers an integrated hub location and revenue management problem in which a set of capacities is available from which one can be chosen for each hub and the disruption is considered in a star-star shaped airline network. We propose a two-stage stochastic programming model to maximize the profit of the network in which the cost of installing the hubs at different levels of capacities, the transportation cost, and the revenue obtained by selling airline tickets are considered. To provide flexible solutions, a hybrid two-stage stochastic programming-robust optimization model is developed by putting relative emphasis on a weighted sum of profit maximization. Furthermore, a sample average approximation approach is used for solving the stochastic programming formulation and a genetic algorithm approach is applied for both formulations. Numerical experiments are conducted to verify the mathematical formulations and compare the performance of the used approaches.
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Serri, Laura, Lisa Colle, Bruno Vitali, and Tullia Bonomi. "Floating Offshore Wind Farms in Italy beyond 2030 and beyond 2060: Preliminary Results of a Techno-Economic Assessment." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24 (December 13, 2020): 8899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10248899.
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At the end of 2019, 10.5 GW of wind capacity was installed in Italy, all onshore. The National Integrated Climate and Energy Plan sets a target of 18.4 GW of onshore wind capacity and 0.9 GW of offshore wind capacity by 2030. Significant exploitation of offshore wind resources in Italy is expected after 2030, using floating wind turbines, suitable for water depths greater than 50 m. This technology is at the demonstration phase at present. Results of a preliminary techno-economic assessment of floating wind plants in Italian marine areas in a medium (2030) and long-term (2060) scenario are presented. In 2030, a reference park with 10 MW wind turbines will be defined, and parametric costs, depending on distance from shore, were assessed. In 2060, possible wind resource variations due to climate change, and cost reductions due to large diffusion of the technology were considered in three case studies. The economic model used was the simple Levelized Cost of Energy (sLCoE). Different values of Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) were considered too. The results show LCoEs comparable to the ones expected for the sector in 2030. In 2060, even in the more pessimistic scenario, wind resource decreases will be abundantly compensated by expected cost reductions.
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Wang, Xin, Feng Chen, Tao Zhang, Ning Qin, and Zhong-Yuan Jiang. "A new routing strategy limited by heterogeneous link bandwidth." Modern Physics Letters B 32, no. 24 (August 27, 2018): 1850292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984918502925.
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Traffic capacity of a network is very vital to a variety of complex networks, such as communication networks and road networks, in which the bandwidth of every link is limited or finite. In this work, inspired by the deployment process of nodes and links in real networks, we assume the bandwidth of every link is composed of a constant part and a degree-related one that can be updated iteratively with the network hardware update. We propose a link bandwidth-based routing mechanism to enhance the network traffic capacity. Extensive simulations in both scale-free networks and random networks are done to confirm the effectiveness of our proposed method. Comparing results with the shortest path routing and a weighted routing, our method achieves better network traffic capacity among all used routing strategies without obvious extra cost including the network diameter, average path length and average packet traveling time. Our work studies network routing from a very new perspective and might have potential applications in real network systems such as the communication networks.
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Ghigo, Alberto, Lorenzo Cottura, Riccardo Caradonna, Giovanni Bracco, and Giuliana Mattiazzo. "Platform Optimization and Cost Analysis in a Floating Offshore Wind Farm." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 11 (October 23, 2020): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8110835.
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Floating offshore wind represents a new frontier of renewable energies. The absence of a fixed structure allows exploiting wind potential in deep seas, like the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea, characterized by high availability and wind potential. However, a floating offshore wind system, which includes an offshore turbine, floating platform, moorings, anchors, and electrical system, requires very high capital investments: one of the most relevant cost items is the floating substructure. This work focuses on the choice of a floating platform that minimizes the global weight, in order to reduce the material cost, but ensuring buoyancy and static stability. Subsequently, the optimized platform is used to define a wind farm located near the island of Pantelleria, Italy in order to meet the island’s electricity needs. A sensitivity analysis to estimate the Levelized Cost Of Energy is presented, analyzing the parameters that influence it most, like Capacity Factor, Weighted Average Capital Cost (WACC) and number of wind turbines.
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Ai, Hua, Jianwei Chai, Jilei Zhang, Shaweta Khanna, and Kayhan Zrar Ghafoor. "Research on the application of search algorithm in computer communication network." Journal of Intelligent Systems 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2021-0263.
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Abstract This article mitigates the challenges of previously reported literature by reducing the operating cost and improving the performance of network. A genetic algorithm-based tabu search methodology is proposed to solve the link capacity and traffic allocation (CFA) problem in a computer communication network. An efficient modern super-heuristic search method is used to influence the fixed cost, delay cost, and variable cost of a link on the total operating cost in the computer communication network are discussed. The article analyses a large number of computer simulation results to verify the effectiveness of the tabu search algorithm for CFA problems and also improves the quality of solutions significantly compared with traditional Lagrange relaxation and subgradient optimization algorithms. The experimental results show that with the increase of the weighted coefficient of variable cost, the proportion of variable cost in the total cost increases from 10 to 35%. The growth is relatively slow, and the fixed cost is still the main component. In addition, due to the increase in the variable cost, the tabu search algorithm will also choose the link with large luxury to reduce the variable cost, which makes the fixed cost slightly increase, while the network delay cost and average delay slightly decrease. The proposed method, when compared with the genetic algorithm, has more advantages for large-scale or heavy-load networks.
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Popov, A. T., and A. S. Khmelev. "Improving the Methodology for Calculating the Average Turnover of Gondola Cars of an Iron and Steel Plant." World of Transport and Transportation 18, no. 1 (December 7, 2020): 184–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2020-18-184-195.
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The average daily mileage of a wagon, its productivity and turnover determine the level of efficiency of rolling stock use. The car turnover is calculated and normalized not only for the fleet as a whole, but also for each type of rolling stock, for a particular region and road, depending on the nature of the transportation work. Accelerating car turnover increases its productivity and increases profit of an operator company. At the same time, its decrease negativ ely affects the capacity of the infrastructure, entails an increase in the cost of shunting and train work, which means that it will increase the cost of transportation. In modern conditions, turnover is determined for each participant in transportation in accordance with his area of responsibility. For an iron and steel plant, the use of an optimal methodology for recording the time spent by a wagon on its tracks allows us to adequately assess this important quality indicator, as well as to monitor its change as a result of introduction of new technologies for transport maintenance of workshops, reconstruction of station layout and optimization of the transportation process. The objective of the study is to improve the methodology for determining car turnover on access roads of a metallurgical enterprise for universal rolling stock in the context of dual operations. The authors use general scientific methods, mathematical methods, comparative analysis. This article presents the main provisions of the methodology, which will allow determining turnover of gondola cars subject to a single or dual operations in the form of a single indicator which is average weighted car turnover.
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Kelele, Hailay Kiros, Torbjørn Kirstian Nielsen, Lars Froyd, and Mulu Bayray Kahsay. "Catchment Based Aerodynamic Performance Analysis of Small Wind Turbine Using a Single Blade Concept for a Low Cost of Energy." Energies 13, no. 21 (November 9, 2020): 5838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215838.
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For low and medium wind conditions, there is a possibility to harness maximum wind potential reducing the cost of energy by employing catchment-based wind turbine designs. This paper aims to study catchment-based small wind turbine aerodynamic performance for improved efficiency and reduced cost of energy. Hence, design parameters are considered based on specific conditions within a catchment area. The bins and statistical methods implemented with Weibull distribution of wind data for selected sites to characterize the wind conditions and a weighted average method proposed to create representative wind conditions implementing a single blade concept. The blade element method was applied using Matlab code (version R2017a, MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA, US) for aerodynamic design and analysis, and computational fluid dynamics employed using ANSYS—Fluent (version 18.1, ANSYS Inc., Canonsburg, PA, USA) for validation. The performance of the designed blade is evaluated based on annual energy production, capacity factor and power coefficient. Then, for site-specific wind conditions, yearly energy production, and relative cost of energy are examined against rated power. Appropriate rated power for a low cost of energy identified and performance measures evaluated for each site. As a result, a maximum power coefficient of around 51.8% achieved at a design wind speed of 10 m/s, and higher capacity factors of 28% and 50.9% respectively attained for the low and high wind conditions at the proposed rated powers. Therefore, for different wind condition sites, enhanced performance at a low cost of energy could be achieved using a single blade concept at properly selected rated powers employing suitable design conditions and procedures.
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Horak, Jakub, Petr Suler, Jaroslav Kollmann, and Jan Marecek. "Credit Absorption Capacity of Businesses in the Construction Sector of the Czech Republic—Analysis Based on the Difference in Values of EVA Entity and EVA Equity." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (October 31, 2020): 9078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219078.
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The contribution deals with the economic value added and its influence on credit absorption capacity. The aim was to determine the significance of the difference between the economic value added (EVA) entity and EVA equity indicators on credit absorption by the construction sector in the Czech Republic. The data came from the Albertina database of Bisnode Czech Republic for the period 2012–2018; small and medium-sized enterprises, in particular, were selected. The most important factor for calculating the amount of credit absorption depends on the EVA entity indicator and the weighted average cost of capital. The calculations produced negative values for credit absorption, which reflects an unattractive investment climate for business owners and their creditors. In other words, loans sought by enterprises in the Czech construction sector do not lead to a greater degree of realization of their goals, i.e., an increase in value for shareholders.
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Liu, Jichun, Jianhua Li, Yue Xiang, Xin Zhang, and Wanxiao Jiang. "Optimal Sizing of Cascade Hydropower and Distributed Photovoltaic Included Virtual Power Plant Considering Investments and Complementary Benefits in Electricity Markets." Energies 12, no. 5 (March 12, 2019): 952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12050952.
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Due to an imminent fossil energy crisis and environmental pollution, renewable energy, such as photovoltaics, has been vigorously developing. However, the output of photovoltaic energy has strong volatility and intermittency. Thus, the photovoltaic generation system cannot constantly meet the load demand. To address this problem, a virtual power plant with hydro-photovoltaic-thermal generation is proposed in this paper. This virtual power plant utilizes the complementary characteristics of the output of the power sources to ensure a smooth and stable total output curve, and the power supply quality of the virtual power plant is improved. Further, the nonlinear operating cost model of the virtual power plant, with output changing over time, is established on the weighted output of hydro, photovoltaic, and thermal power; then, the corresponding marginal cost model of the virtual power plant is obtained. In the electricity market, three typical mid- to long-term electricity decomposition methods based on average, tracking load and spot price are constructed, and the spot price is predicted by the auto regressive moving average model (ARIMA) model, while the relationship between the spot price and the marginal cost of the virtual power plant is obtained; the marginal cost could also be adjusted based on the ARIMA model. Based on above factors, the sizing model of the virtual power plant is established, considering investment and complementary benefits. Finally, a case study is undertaken, where the sizing scheme for the increasing local load in the typical scenarios of the planning year and the corresponding annual rate of return are obtained. Sensitivity analysis of the influence for the above factors on the sizing of the virtual power plant is carried out. The optimal ratio of mid- to long-term electricity and its decomposition methods, as well as the capacity of the virtual power plant and the sizing ratio of hydropower, photovoltaic, and thermal power are obtained.
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Fu, Weipei, Qiannuo Li, Mengxue Li, Zhongyu Wang, and Zhihao Fan. "Ordering and transportation of raw materials for manufacturing enterprises." BCP Business & Management 23 (August 4, 2022): 488–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v23i.1390.
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As the necessities of production and life, construction and plate have always played an important role in China's national economy. It is also an important industry affecting China's economic development. The unit price of raw materials and the cost of transportation and storage have always been the main expenses of enterprises. Therefore, it is particularly important to study how to reduce the ordering cost and transshipment cost of raw materials. This paper makes a quantitative analysis on the supply characteristics of 402 suppliers. According to the supply quantity of suppliers, the orders with an order quantity of 0 are excluded, so as to extract the variance, range and real average value of each supplier's orders in five years. The difference between the enterprise's order quantity and the supplier's supply quantity is extracted, so that they represent four indicators: supplier reliability, sustainability and stability, And the supply intensity of the supplier. After the data is normalized through AHP, the weight of the index is assigned, the index is weighted in combination with TOPSIS, and finally the score is calculated. Then, the 0-1 programming model is established. The coefficient of the objective function is the maximum supply of each supplier every week. After analysis, it is concluded that the maximum supply is two-thirds of the average value plus one-third of the maximum value. The constraint conditions are established so that the sum of the supply of the selected suppliers is greater than the weekly capacity required by the enterprise. The 240 weeks are divided into five years. Considering the influence of practical factors, when predicting the supply of suppliers in the next 24 weeks, only the first half of each year is selected, and the grey prediction method is used to predict the average weekly supply of each supplier in the next 24 weeks. After the prediction, the grey prediction of the existing data is not ideal, and the BP neural network is used to re predict this kind of data. After the prediction, a multi-objective programming model is established to ensure the minimum sum of ordering cost and transshipment cost. Under this scheme, the minimum supply corresponding to a, B and C is calculated.
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Bauwens, Jorgen, Jorge Alfonso, Josefine Von Knorring, Nicholas Holthuis, Jan-Olof Hildén, Bengt Ekermo, Gösta Berlin, Per-Olof Forsberg, Jan Demey, and Thomas D. Szucs. "Societal Acquisition and Preparation Cost of Erythrocyte Concentrate in Sweden." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 4534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.4534.4534.
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Abstract Abstract 4534 Introduction The cost and value of blood products is regularly underestimated since the purchase cost does not represent the total cost for obtaining and producing blood components. Historical accounting attempts to assess the cost of erythrocyte concentrate have varied in scope, perspective and methodology. Aim To calculate the societal acquisition and preparation cost of erythrocyte concentrate on a national level in Sweden for 2007. Methodology We derived a time-driven activity-based costing model taking into consideration blood centre costs and donor costs for producing one bag of erythrocyte concentrate. Data for this study is collected in 3 Swedish blood centres of different types and related microbiology laboratories. The following simplified formula illustrates the calculation steps: Societal cost of erythrocyte concentrate = Σ (direct labour time x activity rate x labour capacity cost rate) + Σ (direct equipment time x activity rate x equipment capacity cost rate) + Σ donor time x national value of production + Σ cost donor transport. A weighted average, based on each blood centres' representativeness, results in the cost per unit erythrocyte concentrate for the entire country. Results The societal cost for acquiring and preparing 1 unit of erythrocyte concentrate ready for transfusion in Sweden is € 103,80 (Table 1). In the hospitals, 90% of the societal cost occurs. Of this cost, 94% is situated in the blood centre. Laboratory testing accounts for 5% of the societal cost. Donor costs represent 10% of the societal cost. Of this cost, 68% is due to loss of production, cost for transport represents 28% (Figure 1). More than half of the costs (55%) are generated by quality related processes, 32% is related to direct production and 13% to supportive activities (Figure 2). Discussion The results are most dependent on the time estimates evaluated by transfusion specialists. The blood centre's size and production level have low impact on the unit cost. More than 25% of the cost is occurred when preparing transfusions due to the time consuming process. The low costs of laboratory testing are explained by automated laboratories, minimising potential high labour costs. Several factors could result in a higher cost of erythrocyte concentrate. Not all acquired units are used for transfusion, therefore the cost per unit transfused would be higher than the reported numbers. This study will be expanded to capture the complete transfusion chain from donor to the patient in surgery and oncology. The study should contribute to future cost-effectiveness studies. The applied cost model can be used as an economic decision tool. Conclusion In this study, the calculated societal cost for acquiring and preparing 1 unit erythrocyte concentrate ready for transfusion in Sweden is € 103,80. Disclosures: Bauwens: Vifor Pharma Ltd.: Educational grant. Alfonso:Vifor Pharma Ltd.: Educational grant. Von Knorring:Vifor Pharma Ltd.: Educational grant. Demey:Vifor Pharma Ltd.: Educational grant.
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A.M., Bello, and Dauda J. "Assessment of Profitability and Impact of Risked Variables on the Viability of Ajaokuta-Kaduna-Kano Gas Pipeline." British Journal of Management and Marketing Studies 5, no. 3 (October 3, 2022): 15–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/bjmms-whrothow.
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The Nigeria Gas Master Plan (NGMP) was developed in 2008 as a result of the Country’s resolve to become a major player in the international gas market as well as to lay a solid framework for gas infrastructure development within the domestic market. The full liberalization of the gas industry translates to a clear definition of the roles of the different stakeholders in the industry, viz. government, institutional financiers, investors, and others. In line with the core mandate of infrastructure development and market expansion of the master plan, the pipeline is identified as a major and significant infrastructure for natural gas transportation and distribution. The South-North pipeline, i.e., Ajaokuta-Kaduna-Kano (AKK) pipeline option, requiresa significant upfront investment running into billions of dollars and is also characterised by a long lead time as many years may elapse before revenues begin to accrue. Because of the large upfront expenditure required for this project, it is imperative that investors are well informed of the risk to which their capital is exposed. This research seeks to evaluate using appropriate techniques for the economic justification of AKK. In assessing the economics of the AKK pipeline option, the discounted cash flow analysis (DCF) was employed using the following project profit indices viz; NPV, IRR, and payback. Initial investment cost (IIC) comprises the cost of constructing pipelines and compressor stations. Based on industry practice, operations and maintenance costs were assumed to be 2% of IIC, the debt ratio was 60:40, and pipeline capacity was estimated using the Weymouth formula as provided in the pipeline’s rule of thumb. The cost of equity and debt was accounted for using an average weighted cost of capital. Finally, a probabilistic analysis using “@risk” was run on key inputs to test their sensitivities. AKK was estimated to have an annual gas delivery of 2.3bcm, an investment cost of $2.009 billion, and a discount rate of 15% was used. The pipeline was found to be viable, with an NPV of $484 Million, an IRR of 17.7%, and a payback period of 7 years for forty years of operation. The pipeline cash flow model was sensitive to discount rate, CAPEX, and Pipeline capacity. The Ajaokuta- Kaduna-Kano pipeline has a positive NPV of approximately $484.40 million for forty years of operation. This results in an average of about $12.11 million present value of operating net cash flow per annum, which means that the business cash flow can meet all the operating costs and still return a positive net profit.
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Liu, Jing, Jiayi Su, Zhenyu Zhao, Weiying Feng, and Shuai Song. "Treatment of Wastewater Effluent with Heavy Metal Pollution Using a Nano Ecological Recycled Concrete." Water 14, no. 15 (July 28, 2022): 2334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14152334.
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Water pollution exacerbates water stress and poses a great threat to the ecosystem and human health. Construction and demolition waste (CDW) due to rapid urbanization also causes heavy environmental burdens. A major proportion of CDW can be effectively converted into recycled aggregates, which can be reused in many fields, including environment remediation. In this study, a nano ecological recycled concrete (nano-ERC) was produced with recycled aggregates and copper oxide nanoparticles (nCuO) to remove heavy metals (HMs) from a simulated wastewater effluent (SWE) for further treatment. Recycled aggregates were obtained from CDW, thereby simultaneously reducing the treatment cost of the SWE and the environmental burden of solid waste. The adsorption capacity of nano-ERC was presumed to be significantly enhanced by the addition of nCuO due to the unique large surface-to-volume ratio and other properties of NPs. The SWE containing five common HMs, arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn) and lead (Pb), was filtered through a control ERC and nano-ERCs, and the concentrations of these HMs were determined with ICP-MS in the SWE and the filtrates. Results showed the nano-ERCs could significantly remove these HMs from the SWE compared to the control ERC, due to the enhanced adsorption capacity by nCuO. The relative weighted average removal percentage (RWAR%) was in the range of 53.05–71.83% for nano-ERCs and 39.27–61.65% for control ERC. Except for Cr, concentrations of these HMs in the treated wastewater effluent met the requirements for crop irrigation or scenic water supplementation; the Cr may be removed by multiple filtrations. In conclusion, nano-ERC can serve as a cost-effective approach for the further treatment of wastewater effluent and may be applied more widely in wastewater treatment to help relieve water stress.
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Androcec, Ivan, and Slavko Krajcar. "Mechanisms for efficient investments and optimal zones in regional power market." Thermal Science 18, no. 3 (2014): 755–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1403755a.
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The paper is result of research different cross-border electricity trading mechanisms impact. Focus is on investments in generation and transmission power system facilities in regional market. Assumptions include efficient market coupling mechanism (with more bidding zones), use of additional investment indicators (like social welfare and congestion cost) and security of supply issues (capacity mechanisms). There is discussion on cost benefits analysis for particular market participants and there is possibility of risk reduction for regional power system expansion. It is shown current state-of-the-art, problems and trends in solving some aspects of market integration and investment issues. In some cases smaller and well defined bidding areas are absolutely essential in order to ensure system security and economic efficiency. There is no single criterion for power system expansion but it is possible to use combination of incentive schemes and possible through one index for cross-border trade. Risk management for cross-border electricity trading through several areas needs to be upgraded with use of financial transmission rights like weighted average area prices, respectively. Regional power system security is closely associated with timely investments in energy supply in line with economic development and environmental needs. Security of supply indicator is deriving an estimation of security of supply improvement from the market based simulation results when a generation or transmission investment project is implemented. All researched makes market integration and investments in Europe more efficient and gives more correct signals to market participants in regional market.
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Burakov, A. M., S. V. Panishev, E. L. Alkova, and D. V. Khosoev. "Experience of using hydraulic excavators in difficult mining, geological and climatic conditions." Mining Industry Journal (Gornay Promishlennost), no. 2/2022 (May 6, 2022): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2022-2-90-96.
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The article summarizes the experience of using hydraulic excavators in coal, diamondiferous and other mining operations. It is noted that the excavation capacity of modern hydraulic excavators is several times higher than that of the mechanical shovels, and the hydraulic equipment is more suitable for non-explosive excavation in hard grounds, including halfrock formations. It is shown that even in difficult mining, geological and climatic conditions in coal, diamondiferous and other mines, the use of hydraulic excavators in Russian mining companies is justified by high efficiency and high availability ratio equal to the international indicators, which are not lower than those achieved in much more favorable conditions. Research performed in industrial settings made it possible to determine the hydraulic drive's service mode and regulations, as well as rational operating conditions. Operating systems were developed with heated working fluids to compensate for the changing viscosity at low atmospheric temperatures. Based on the tests performed in Russia and abroad, blast-free excavation using hydraulic excavators is done with limited capacity (up to 400 m3/h), and the operating weight of the machines must be not less than 300 tons. The main factors, typical for operation of the open-pit hydraulic excavators include the high annual production time, high forces and dynamics (up to 70 kN per 1 m3 of the bucket capacity) in the digging mode of the unit working at the face, high specific capacity and remoteness from the outside infrastructure used for repairs of the hydraulic components. In the course of testing the hydraulic excavators, the boundary values of the face slope angle depending on the ambient temperature were established. It was experimentally proved that at top to bottom layer-by-layer excavation with the H-285S hydraulic shovel the face height can reach up to 25 m at the rated digging height of 16 m. The average lump size (not more than 300 mm) of the rock mass in a 19 m3 bucket was determined with the permissible oversize in the face up to 2,500 mm. With the normal maintenance quality, the weighted average cost of operation for electromechanical excavators and the corresponding figures for hydraulic excavators are at a comparable level.
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Islam, MR, MA Awal, and CK Mistry. "Design and development of a manually operated oil palm crusher." Progressive Agriculture 32, no. 1 (September 20, 2021): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v32i1.55716.
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Palm growers in Bangladesh are currently facing problems to extract crude palm oil from FFB. The traditional method of palm oil processing is time-consuming, laborious, hazardous, and inefficient resulting in the production of low-quality oil. Though mechanical processing is costly but produces good quality Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and the oil recovery rate is high. A low-cost mechanical (manually operated) oil palm crusher was designed and febricated in the workshop of the Department of Farm Power and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The crusher was designed by using Auto-Cad software. It was fabricated according to design parameters. It is fabricated by stainless steel (SS) shaft, stainless steel cylinder, mild steel (MS) hopper, (MS) hollow bars, MS pressure case cap & Bearing. It requires a very small rotating force. The cost of the crusher is only BDT 12000, which is within the buying capacity of the farmers of Bangladesh. Crusher was mounted on the table or bench. At first 500 gm fresh palm fruits were taken for experimentation. About 300 gm mesocarp and 200 gm oil palm kernel (nuts) were found from 500 gm oil palm fruits. Heating 300 gm mesocarp about 15 minutes and was weighted 280 gm mesocarp due to moisture loss. About 62 gm crude palm oil, 124 gm oil cake, 88 gm skum were collected from 280 gm mesocarp. The average m.c (wb) of fresh palm fruit was found 20.73%. The crushing capacity of the mesocarp of the crusher was o.84 kg/hr. The rotating speed of the screw was 26 rpm. Crude oil percentage was found 22.14%. The total time to extract 62 gm crude palm oil from 500 gm of fresh fruit was 1hr and 15 minutes. The weight of the crusher is 11 kg which is easy to operate by one man. The overall performance of the crusher was found quite satisfactory and could be useful for smallholder palm growers in Bangladesh.
Progressive Agriculture 32 (1): 60-70, 2021
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Mohammed, Ahmed, Qian Wang, and Xiaodong Li. "A cost-effective decision-making algorithm for an RFID-enabled HMSC network design." Industrial Management & Data Systems 117, no. 9 (October 16, 2017): 1782–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imds-02-2016-0074.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the economic feasibility of a three-echelon Halal Meat Supply Chain (HMSC) network that is monitored by a proposed radio frequency identification (RFID)-based management system for enhancing the integrity traceability of Halal meat products and to maximize the average integrity number of Halal meat products, maximize the return of investment (ROI), maximize the capacity utilization of facilities and minimize the total investment cost of the proposed RFID-monitoring system. The location-allocation problem of facilities needs also to be resolved in conjunction with the quantity flow of Halal meat products from farms to abattoirs and from abattoirs to retailers. Design/methodology/approach First, a deterministic multi-objective mixed integer linear programming model was developed and used for optimizing the proposed RFID-based HMSC network toward a comprised solution based on four conflicting objectives as described above. Second, a stochastic programming model was developed and used for examining the impact on the number of Halal meat products by altering the value of integrity percentage. The ε-constraint approach and the modified weighted sum approach were proposed for acquisition of non-inferior solutions obtained from the developed models. Furthermore, the Max-Min approach was used for selecting the best solution among them. Findings The research outcome shows the applicability of the developed models using a real case study. Based on the computational results, a reasonable ROI can be achievable by implementing RFID into the HMSC network. Research limitations/implications This work addresses interesting avenues for further research on exploring the HMSC network design under different types of uncertainties and transportation means. Also, environmentalism has been becoming increasingly a significant global problem in the present century. Thus, the presented model could be extended to include the environmental aspects as an objective function. Practical implications The model can be utilized for food supply chain designers. Also, it could be applied to realistic problems in the field of supply chain management. Originality/value Although there were a few studies focusing on the configuration of a number of HMSC networks, this area is overlooked by researchers. The study shows the developed methodology can be a useful tool for designers to determine a cost-effective design of food supply chain networks.
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Derii, V. O. "Economic efficiency of district heating systems’ heat generation technologies." Problems of General Energy 2021, no. 2 (June 23, 2021): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/pge2021.02.021.
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A new selection criterion of heat-generating technologies for the district heating systems (DHS) retrofit, Marginal Levelized Price of Energy (MLPOE), is proposed. MLPOE is the minimum weighted marginal price of thermal energy produced by the technological unit. MLPOE accounts for the costs and incomes of considered heat generation technologies and allows more accurate comparison among technologies that produce only one type of energy with multi-product technologies, e.g. cogeneration technologies and technologies that provide ancillary services to power systems in addition to only heat production. The calculations with the use of the proposed criterion of heat-generation technologies implementation into DHS during its retrofit are showed that: - the electric boilers are economically feasible since as they are capable to provide ancillary services in case of electrical supply failures. The implementation of an electric boiler with an installed capacity of about 10 MW requires 2 -3.5 times higher expenditures for its connection to the grid, which leads to a 2.5 - 5 times longer payback period, but electric boilers' MLPOE is more than 2 times less than the average in Ukraine (1265.8 UAH / Gcal); - the heat pumps usage in DHS is feasible if they are used for heat supply purposes only with the capability to provide ancillary services. The marginal price for ancillary services should be not less than 17.1 € / MWh (as of 2020); - the boilers burning natural gas due to the lowest specific investment costs and hence small payback period will be widely used during DHS retrofit under conditions of low-carbon development of Ukraine; - the biomass burning boilers and cogeneration units will not be widely used due to the limited fuel resource (biomass) and on stock areas. The capacities of 1 - 6 MW are estimated to be in operation for DHS; Gas-piston cogeneration units are economically feasible for daily power system regulation. At the same time, they provide the lowest minimum weighted average break-even price of thermal energy for the heat supply company. Keywords: Marginal Levelized Price of Energy, Levelised Cost of Energy, power system, electric loads, heat pumps, boilers, cogeneration, district heating system
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Kryshtal, Vasyl, Vitaliy Snytyuk, and Dmytro Fedorenko. "CRITERIA OF ACTUALITY OF EQUIPMENT IN SOLVING OF THE PROBLEM OF COMPLETING OF EMERGENCY AND RESCUE EQUIPMENT IN THE CONDITIONS OF UNCERTAINTY." Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: New solutions in modern technologies, no. 2(8) (June 15, 2021): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2413-4295.2021.02.10.
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The problem of rescue equipment compilation was analyzed, which showed such features as the existing limited financial resources, a significant increase in the capacity of the element base, decision making processes based solely on the experience and intuition of those responsible person was carried out. It is shown that the previously proposed solutions were based on the cost of equipment, its reliability, functionality and capacity, while the aspect of its applicability or relevance was ignored. Taken into account the significant number of potential elements of equipment that may be included in the kit, limitations that will reduce the number of possible variants based on the method of sequential analysis of variants are proposed. It is proposed to determine the priority of equipment elements of a certain class using the method of analytic hierarchy process on the prioritization of criteria and procedures for determining the competence of experts. Since the task of compilation is multi-criteria, it is proposed to include the criterion of relevance in the criteria for determining the optimal kit. Models of equipment relevance indicators are constructed, as well as the relevance rate of the equipment element is determined and a model to determine the relevance rate of the set of emergency rescue equipment for a certain emergency situation is developed. It is proposed to calculate the total relevance rate of the equipment set for all emergencies as the average value of the relevance rate of the kit for each emergency, provided they are equivalent, or as a weighted value otherwise. Numerical modeling based on the developed algorithm allowed to draw conclusions about the relevance and, as a consequence, the priority of equipment elements, as well as to assess the degree of provision of rescue unit with rescue equipment in various emergencies
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Mari, Carlo, and Marcella Marra. "Valuing firm’s financial flexibility under default risk and bankruptcy costs: a WACC based approach." International Journal of Managerial Finance 15, no. 5 (June 21, 2019): 688–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmf-05-2018-0151.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a model to value leveraged firms in the presence of default risk and bankruptcy costs under a flexible firm’s debt structure.Design/methodology/approachThe authors assume that the total debt of the firm is a combination of two debt components. The first component is an active debt component which is assumed to be proportional to the firm’s value. The second one is a passive predetermined risk-free debt component. The combination of the two debt categories makes the firm’s capital structure more realistic and allows us to include flexibility into the firm’s debt structure management. The firm’s valuation is performed using the discounted cash flow technique based on the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) method.FindingsThe model can be used to define active debt management strategies that can induce the firm to deviate from its capital structure target in order to preserve debt capacity for future funding needs. The firm’s valuation is performed by using the WACC method and a closed form valuation formula is provided. Such a formula can be used to value costs and benefits of financial flexibility.Research limitations/implicationsThe proposed approach provides a good compromise between mathematical complexity and model capability of interpreting the various economic and financial aspects involved in the firm’s debt structure puzzle.Practical implicationsThis model offers a realistic approach to practical applications where real financing decisions are characterized by a simultaneous use of these two debt categories. By comparing costs and benefits deriving from using unused debt capacity for future funding needs, the model provides a quantitative support to investigate if financial flexibility can add value to firms.Originality/valueTo the authors knowledge, the approach the authors propose is the first attempt to build a valuation scheme that accounts for firm’s financial flexibility under default risky debt and bankruptcy costs. Including financial flexibility, this model fills an important gap in the literature on this topic.
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Hesaraki, Alireza F., Nico P. Dellaert, and Ton de Kok. "Integrating nurse assignment in outpatient chemotherapy appointment scheduling." OR Spectrum 42, no. 4 (July 27, 2020): 935–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00291-020-00596-8.
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Abstract In outpatient chemotherapy, nurses administer the drugs in two steps. In the first few minutes of each appointment, a nurse prepares the patient for infusion (drug administration). During the remainder of the appointment, the patient is monitored by nurses and if needed taken care of. One nurse must be assigned to prepare the patient and set up the infusion device. However, a nurse who is not busy setting up may simultaneously monitor up to a certain number of patients who are already receiving infusion. The prescribed infusion durations are significantly different among the patients on a day at a clinic. We formulate this problem as a multi-criterion mixed integer program. The appointments should be scheduled with start times close to patients’ ready times, balanced workload among nurses, few nurse changes during appointments, and few nurse full-time equivalent (FTE) assigned to the schedule of the day. As the number of nurse FTEs is an output of the model rather than a fixed input, the clinic can use the nursing capacity more efficiently, i.e., with less labor cost. We develop a 3-stage heuristic for finding criterion points with the minimum weighted average deferring time of appointments for the minimum feasible number of nurse FTEs or a desired value above that. By not constraining the number of chairs or beds, we can find solutions with better (dominating) criterion points. Drug preparation, oncologist visit, and the laboratory test can be scheduled based on the drug administration appointment start time. Thus, the drug administration resources are efficiently used with desirable performance in taking the interests and requirements of various stakeholders into consideration: patients, nurses, oncologists, pharmacy, and the clinic.
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Li, Zhonglin, Ding Wang, Fengcheng Lv, Junxue Chen, Chengzhi Wu, Yuping Li, Jialong Shen, and Yibing Li. "Synthesis and Characterization of High-Purity Mesoporous Alumina with Excellent Adsorption Capacity for Congo Red." Materials 15, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15030970.
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We explore a more concise process for the preparation of high-purity alumina and to address the problem of some conventional micro- and nano-adsorbents having difficulty in exposing their adsorption sites to target pollutants in solution due to the heavy aggregation of the adsorbent, which confers poor adsorption properties. The methods of using gamma-phase high-purity mesoporous alumina (HPMA), with its excellent adsorption properties and high adsorption rates of Congo Red, and of using lower-cost industrial aluminum hydroxide by direct aging and ammonium salt substitution were successfully employed. The results showed that the purity of HPMA was as high as 99.9661% and the total removal rate of impurities was 98.87%, a consequence of achieving a large specific surface area of 312.43 m2 g−1, a pore volume of 0.55 cm3 g−1, and an average pore diameter of 3.8 nm. The adsorption process was carried out at 25 °C, the concentration of Congo Red (CR) dye was fixed at 250 mg L−1 and the amount of adsorbent used was 100 mg. The HPMA sample exhibited an extremely fast adsorption rate in the first 10 min, with adsorption amounts up to 476.34 mg g−1 and adsorption efficiencies of 96.27%. The adsorption equilibrium was reached in about 60 min, at which time the adsorbed amount was 492.19 mg g−1 and the dye removal rate was as high as 98.44%. One-hundred milligrams of adsorbent were weighed and dispersed in 200-mL CR solutions with mass concentrations ranging from 50–1750 mg L−1 to study the adsorption isotherms. This revealed that the saturation adsorption capacity of the produced HPMA was 1984.64 mg g−1. Furthermore, the process of adsorbing Congo Red in the synthesized product was consistent with a pseudo-second order model and the Langmiur model. It is expected that this method of producing HPMA will provide a productive, easy and efficient means of treating toxic dyes in industrial wastewater.
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Al-Shereiqi, Abdullah, Amer Al-Hinai, Mohammed Albadi, and Rashid Al-Abri. "Optimal Sizing of Hybrid Wind-Solar Power Systems to Suppress Output Fluctuation." Energies 14, no. 17 (August 30, 2021): 5377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175377.
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Harnessing wind energy is one of the fastest-growing areas in the energy industry. However, wind power still faces challenges, such as output intermittency due to its nature and output reduction as a result of the wake effect. Moreover, the current practice uses the available renewable energy resources as a fuel-saver simply to reduce fossil-fuel consumption. This is related mainly to the inherently variable and non-dispatchable nature of renewable energy resources, which poses a threat to power system reliability and requires utilities to maintain power-balancing reserves to match the supply from renewable energy resources with the real-time demand levels. Thus, further efforts are needed to mitigate the risk that comes with integrating renewable resources into the electricity grid. Hence, an integrated strategy is being created to determine the optimal size of the hybrid wind-solar photovoltaic power systems (HWSPS) using heuristic optimization with a numerical iterative algorithm such that the output fluctuation is minimized. The research focuses on sizing the HWSPS to reduce the impact of renewable energy resource intermittency and generate the maximum output power to the grid at a constant level periodically based on the availability of the renewable energy resources. The process of determining HWSPS capacity is divided into two major steps. A genetic algorithm is used in the initial stage to identify the optimum wind farm. A numerical iterative algorithm is used in the second stage to determine the optimal combination of photovoltaic plant and battery sizes in the search space, based on the reference wind power generated by the moving average, Savitzky–Golay, Gaussian and locally weighted linear regression techniques. The proposed approach has been tested on an existing wind power project site in the southern part of the Sultanate of Oman using a real weather data. The considered land area dimensions are 2 × 2 km. The integrated tool resulted in 39 MW of wind farm, 5.305 MW of PV system, and 0.5219 MWh of BESS. Accordingly, the estimated cost of energy based on the HWSPS is 0.0165 EUR/kWh.
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Lelkes, Anne-Marie Teresa. "Weighted average consumption of cost drivers." Journal of Applied Accounting Research 21, no. 1 (December 5, 2019): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaar-12-2018-0197.
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Purpose An Activity-Based Costing (ABC) system generates a significant amount of detailed, complex data for management to evaluate and use, potentially reducing decision-making effectiveness. The purpose of this paper is to show how reducing the magnitude of detailed information that an ABC system provides can increase decision-making effectiveness. Design/methodology/approach This study develops a theoretical Weighted Average ABC model by taking ABC information and rearranging it to enhance decision-making effectiveness. Findings Weighted Average ABC provides cost assignments that are approximately the same to those of ABC in most situations. In Weighted Average ABC, the weighted average consumption ratios provide relevant decision-making information to determine which products are costlier. To reduce costs, management can focus on those costlier products or services and can request from the cost accountants additional detailed information concerning those costlier products or services. Research limitations/implications This study adds to the ABC literature by developing Weighted Average ABC. However, the limitation of this study is that no actual data could be obtained from a company that uses ABC, and thus, this study develops an analytical model. Practical implications Weighted Average ABC may increase decision-making effectiveness in situations when managers need to make fast decisions. Originality/value This study develops a theoretical Weighted Average ABC model in which the weighted average activity consumption ratios of the product lines and the total overhead costs are the variables needed, thus skipping Stage 1 of ABC. This, in turn, reduces the amount of information provided to management. Accordingly, weighted Average ABC provides timelier and more manageable information for decision making.
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NAGPAL, N. K., M. W. SONDHEIM, and C. H. WALLIS. "COMPUTER-ASSISTED MAPPING OF IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR VANCOUVER ISLAND BASED ON SOIL AND AGRICULTURAL CAPABILITY SURVEY DATA." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 66, no. 3 (August 1, 1986): 471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss86-048.
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The methodology is presented for computer assisted mapping of volumetric irrigation water requirement, as applied to the east coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Soil and agricultural capability maps at 1:20 000 scale were digitized and the corresponding field and laboratory data were stored in a computer mapping system. An algorithm generates the volume of water required for each polygon by multiplying an area by a depth. The area is the number of arable hectares in the polygon. The depth is calculated as a weighted average of the individual irrigation depths for the arable soils within the polygon, where arability is tied to the attributes of each soil as compared to agricultural capability criteria. Using a water requirement model, the irrigation depth for a given soil is defined as a function of available water storage capacity, estimated to an assumed rooting depth for various crops, or to a root restricting layer; level of risk; and depth to the water table. On the resulting maps, polygons needing water are displayed, with a label depicting the required volume. Tabular summaries are provided on a polygon and mapsheet basis. The relative effects of using different definitions of arability (either agricultural capability classes 1 through 4 or agricultural capability classes 1 through 5), different rooting depths (0.5 or 1.0 m, depending upon proposed crops), and different levels of risk (one of 10, 20, or 50%) can be assessd by developing a set of scenarios. Key words: Irrigation, computer mapping
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Butenko, Olena P., Olena M. Chupyr, and Natalia V. Opikunova. "Optimizing the use of industrial wastes for sustainable spatial development within the framework of the eco-friendly concept." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 31, no. 2 (August 2, 2022): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/112220.
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Addressing the issue of using wastes as secondary raw materials allows solving the problems of greening the environment, ensures sustainable development of territories and, at the same time, increases the potential of construction companies, contributes to reducing the area of ash dumps from heat and electricity production plants (HEPPs) and state district electricity production plants (SDEPPs). In view of this, the study proposes an optimized scheme of recycling secondary raw materials, which implies defining the effective radii of these products transportation and creating a demand between the manufacturing and prospective consumption of wastes from HEPPs and SDEPPs. Such a scheme solves the problems associated with the reduction of the area of ash dumps of HEPPs and SDEPPs; tactical level of development of the construction sector due to expanding the range of building materials; improvement of the territorial distribution of construction enterprises; and enhancement of the quality of construction and installation work. At the operating level, it implies using innovative resource-saving design, product and material technologies; creating an efficient structure of material resources of the construction sector; reducing cost of construction and installation work, etc. To address the problem of using wastes from HEPPs and SDEPPs, the paper analyzes a model that accounts for the optimal capacity and specialization of the enterprise using secondary raw materials. The model provides for determining what types of materials and in what quantity should be produced by the enterprises included in the optimal plan, creating a rational scheme of recycling secondary raw materials that includes establishing the optimal radius of transportation. Moreover, with the help of the model, transport coefficients are obtained, and dependences showing the relationship between the transport costs and the optimal transportation distance for eachtype of construction product are composed. As a result of the calculations, optimized perspective schemes of recycling wastes from HEPPs and SDEPPs are created. The schemes involve defining the effective transportation radius, which is calculated as a weighted average volume of the freight transported. Furthermore, due to the usage of secondary raw materials, the balance of manufacturing and prospective consumption of the products considered is obtained.
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Saladini, Francesca, Claudio Fania, Lucio Mos, Olga Vriz, Andrea Mazzer, Paolo Spinella, Guido Garavelli, Andrea Ermolao, Marcello Rattazzi, and Paolo Palatini. "Short-Term but not Long-Term Blood Pressure Variability Is a Predictor of Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in Young Untreated Hypertensives." American Journal of Hypertension 33, no. 11 (July 25, 2020): 1030–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpaa121.
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Abstract Background Whether blood pressure variability (BPV) measured with ambulatory monitoring (short-term BPV) or computed from office visits (long-term BPV) are related to each other and carry similar prognostic information is not well known. We investigated the independent determinants of short-term and long-term BPVs and their predictive capacity for the development of major adverse cardiovascular and renal events (MACEs) in a cohort of young hypertensive participants. Methods Long-term BPV was calculated as visit-to-visit SD and average real variability from office blood pressure (BP) measured during 7 visits, within 1 year. Short-term BPV was calculated as weighted 24-hour SD and coefficient of variation. Hazard ratios (HRs) for risk of MACE were computed from multivariable Cox regressions. Results 1,167 participants were examined; mean age was 33.1 ± 8.5 years. Variables independently associated with 24-hour systolic SD were 24-hour systolic BP, low physical activity, smoking, baseline office pulse pressure, systolic BP dipping, and diastolic white coat effect, while those associated with long-term BPV were mean systolic BP, age, female gender, and baseline office heart rate. During a median follow-up of 17.4 years 75 MACEs occurred. In Cox analysis only short-term BPV resulted a significant predictor of MACE (HR, 1.31 (1.07–1.59); P = 0.0086), while no index of long-term BPV was independently associated with outcome. Conclusions In young hypertensive subjects only short-term BPV resulted a significant predictor of MACE on top of traditional ambulatory BP monitoring parameters. Whether reduction of short-term BPV with therapy may reduce the cardiovascular risk independently from the effects on 24-hour BP is a matter for future research.
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Frank, Murray Z., and Tao Shen. "Investment and the weighted average cost of capital." Journal of Financial Economics 119, no. 2 (February 2016): 300–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2015.09.001.
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Paulo, Stan. "The Weighted Average Cost of Capital: A Caveat." Engineering Economist 37, no. 2 (January 1992): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00137919208903067.
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Phipps, Warren T., James Kafeero, Jackson Orem, Rachel Kansiime, Corey Casper, and Rhoda Ashley Morrow. "Using a Novel Peer Mentoring Program to Foster Conversion from Mentee to Mentor Among Clinician/Researchers-in-Training in Uganda." Journal of Global Oncology 2, no. 3_suppl (June 2016): 33s—34s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.2016.004192.
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Abstract 54 Program Purpose: The Uganda Cancer Institute (“UCI”)/Hutchinson Center Cancer Alliance studies infection-related cancers and builds capacity for research and medical care. Weekly research in progress (RIP) meetings for Alliance scientists and staff were started in 2010 and, in 2013, were converted to a structured, facilitated Peer-driven Mentoring and Career Development program (“PMCD”). PMCD includes weekly RIP, monthly consultant lectures or skills workshops (N=16), monthly peer-run journal clubs (N=16), and, recently, quarterly bioethics workshops (N=2). Long-term goals of PMCD include: 1) developing leadership and 2) generating confident, skilled mentors. Evaluation: Confidential surveys (30 questions; 18 scaled 1-5) were conducted at PMCD launch, after one year, and, reported here, after two years (N=58; including 6 Alliance junior investigators, 28 UCI medical/nursing officers, 21 staff, and 3 students). Surveys probed history of PMCD participation and PMCD usefulness. Scaled questions (1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree) measured confidence, leadership, and research skills. Outcomes: Eleven (26%) respondents indicated they “often” (vs sometimes, rarely or never) mentored others in the previous year for research-related issues (“R-Mentors”); most (82-91%) had attended PMCD activities for >12 months. Weighted averages of R-Mentors were significantly higher (t-test) than non-mentors (N=32) for career confidence, leadership, and sense of support from PMCD: “I have developed ability to lead research team members.” (4.50 vs 2.97; P<0.001). “PMCD has helped develop my leadership skills (4.70 vs 3.61; P<0.001); or confidence.” (4.27 vs 3.48; P<0.05). “I feel a sense of community in PMCD meetings.” (4.60 vs 3.87; P<0.05) “I know where to turn for help.” (4.36 vs 3.72; P<0.05) “I do not feel alone in facing research challenges.” (4.70 vs 3.52; P<0.001) Conclusion: PMCD is a cost-effective, transferable method to foster development of clinician-scientists who have the leadership, confidence and support to mentor others; a major step toward building capacity for independent research science in Uganda. AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: Warren T. Phipps No relationship to disclose James Kafeero No relationship to disclose Jackson Orem No relationship to disclose Rachel Kansiime No relationship to disclose Corey Casper Leadership: Temptime Coporation Consulting or Advisory Role: Janssen Pharmaceuticals Research Funding: Janssen Pharmaceuticals Travel, Accommodations, Expenses: Temptime Corporation, Glaxo Smith Kline Rhoda Ashley Morrow No relationship to disclose
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Morris, James R. "Understanding the Minefield of Weighted Average Cost of Capital." Business Valuation Review 24, no. 3 (October 2005): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5791/0882-2875-24.3.115.
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Yashin, S. N., E. V. Koshelev, and A. A. Ivanov. "Assessing the cost of capital of a company's innovatively progressing business: Some features." Finance and Credit 26, no. 2 (February 28, 2020): 396–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.26.2.396.
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Subject. This article deals with the issues of evaluating innovative projects of the firm, which are integrated into the operating enterprise and at the same time unusual for it. Estimating the weighted average capital cost in this case is the most difficult task to be handled in several steps. Objectives. The article aims to create a methodology for assessing the estimated weighted average capital cost in the case of analysis of innovative projects of the firm, which are integrated into the operating enterprise and at the same time unusual for it. Methods. The article proposes to assess not the estimated weighted average capital cost of the project, but the estimated weighted average capital cost of the firm as a whole, as the cost of capital invested in an innovative project will be exorbitant and inflated, if using just the weighted average capital cost of the project. This approach will take into account various systemic financial effects. Conclusions and Relevance. This approach makes it possible to take into account the integration of a new innovative project into the operating enterprise. The results of the study can be useful to financial analysts and top managers of companies to make proper decisions about the effectiveness of innovative projects.
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Clubb, Colin D. B., and Paul Doran. "On the Weighted Average Cost of Capital with Personal Taxes." Accounting and Business Research 23, no. 89 (December 1992): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00014788.1992.9729859.
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Gordienko, Evgueni, and Onésimo Hernández-Lerma. "Average cost Markov control processes with weighted norms: value iteration." Applicationes Mathematicae 23, no. 2 (1995): 219–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4064/am-23-2-219-237.
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Miller, Richard A. "The weighted average cost of capital is not quite right." Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 49, no. 1 (February 2009): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2006.11.001.
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Liu, Longcheng, and Enyu Yao. "Capacity inverse minimum cost flow problems under the weighted Hamming distance." Optimization Letters 10, no. 6 (July 7, 2015): 1257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11590-015-0919-y.
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LIU, LONGCHENG, and ENYU YAO. "A WEIGHTED INVERSE MINIMUM CUT PROBLEM UNDER THE BOTTLENECK TYPE HAMMING DISTANCE." Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 24, no. 05 (October 2007): 725–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217595907001474.
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An inverse optimization problem is defined as follows. Let S denote the set of feasible solutions of an optimization problem P, let c be a specified cost (capacity) vector, and x0 ∈ S. We want to perturb the cost (capacity) vector c to d so that x0 is an optimal solution of P with respect to the cost (capacity) vector d, and to minimize some objective function. In this paper, we consider the weighted inverse minimum cut problem under the bottleneck type Hamming distance. For the general case, we present a combinatorial algorithm that runs in strongly polynomial time.
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Obradovich, John D., Amarjit Gill, and Marcia Whittaker. "Efficient management of working capital and weighted average cost of capital." International Journal of Accounting and Finance 10, no. 4 (2020): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijaf.2020.10042342.
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Gill, Amarjit, John D. Obradovich, and Marcia Whittaker. "Efficient management of working capital and weighted average cost of capital." International Journal of Accounting and Finance 10, no. 4 (2020): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijaf.2020.118850.
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Hegney, M. A., I. R. McPharlin, and R. C. Jeffery. "Using soil testing and petiole analysis to determine phosphorus fertiliser requirements of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Delaware) in the Manjimup-Pemberton region of Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 1 (2000): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea97091.
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Field experiments were conducted over 3 years at 21 sites of varying phosphorus (P) fertiliser histories (Colwell P range: 9–170 g/g) in the Manjimup–Pemberton region of Western Australia to examine the effects of freshly applied (current) and previously applied (residual or soil test ) P on the yield of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Delaware). Phosphorus was placed (banded) at planting, 5 cm either side of and below seed planted at 20 cm depth, at levels up to 800 kg P/ha. Exponential [y = a – b exp (–cx)] regressions were fitted to the relationship between tuber yield and level of applied P at all sites. Weighted (according to the variance) exponential regressions were fitted to the relationship between yield responsiveness (b/a, from the yield versus level of applied P relationship) and Colwell P, and two P sorption indices—phosphate adsorption (P-adsorb) and a modified phosphate retention index (PRI(100)). A weighted exponential regression was also fitted to the relationship between the level of applied P required for 95% of maximum yield (Popt; also from yield versus level of applied P) and P-adsorb and PRI(100). A weighted linear regression best described the relationship between Popt and Colwell P. Phosphorus application significantly (P<0.10; from the regression analysis) increased total tuber yield at all but 4 sites. Marketable tuber yield response paralleled total tuber yield response at all sites and averaged 85% of total yields (range 63–94%). Colwell P gave a good prediction of the likely yield response of potatoes across all sites. For example, the yield responsiveness (b/a) of potatoes in relation to Colwell P decreased exponentially from 1.07 at 0 g/g to 0, or no yield response, at 157 g/g Colwell P (R2 = 0.96) i.e. the critical Colwell P for 95% of maximum yield of potatoes on soils in the Manjimup–Pemberton region. Similarly, no yield response (b/a = 0) would be expected at a P-adsorb of 180 g/g (R2 = 0.69) or a PRI(100) of 46 (R2 = 0.61). The level of applied P required for 95% of maximum yield (Popt) decreased linearly from 124 kg/ha on infertile sites (<5 g/g Colwell P) to 0 kg P/ha at 160 g/g Colwell P (R2 = 0.66). However, a more accurate prediction of Popt was possible using either P-adsorb or PRI(100). For example, Popt increased exponentially from 0 kg/ha at <181 g/g P-adsorb (high P soils) to 153 kg/ha at a P-adsorb of 950 g/g (low P soils) (R2 = 0.75) and exponentially from 0 kg/ha at a PRI(100) of <48 (high P soils) to 147 kg/ha at a PRI(100) of 750 (low P soils) (R2 = 0.80). PRI(100) is preferred as a soil test to predict Popt for potatoes in the Manjimup–Pemberton region because of its superior accuracy to the Colwell test. It is also preferred to P-adsorb because of both superior accuracy and lower cost as it is a simpler and less time consuming procedure — features which are important for adoption by commercial soil testing services. A multiple regression including Colwell P, P-adsorb and PRI(100) only improved the prediction of Popt slightly (R2 = 0.89) over PRI(100) alone. When tubers were 10 mm long, the total P in petioles of youngest fully expanded leaves which corresponded with 95% of maximum yield was 0.41% (dry weight basis). These results show that, while the Colwell soil P test is a useful predictor of the responsiveness of potato yield to applied P across a range of soils in the Manjimup–Pemberton region, consideration of both the soil test P value and the P sorption capacity of the soil, as determined here by PRI(100), is required for accurate predictions of the level of P fertiliser required to achieve maximum yields on individual sites.
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Sun, Xiaowei, and Yi Zhu. "DRG-Oriented Mathematical Calculation Model and Method of Integrated Medical Service Cost." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2020 (November 1, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3189676.
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In the context of the new round of medical and health reform, in order to alleviate the problem of “difficult to see a doctor and expensive to see a doctor,” the state focuses on reducing the cost of medical services, so it puts forward the calculation and method research of medical costs. The purpose of this study is to calculate and predict the cost of medical services in a DRG-oriented integrated environment. In this study, activity-based costing and weighted moving average methods are used. First, basic data of medical services are collected, then all medical activities are confirmed and all service costs are collected, then a cost database is established, and a calculation model of medical costs is designed. Finally, calculation suggestions and optimization methods are put forward by analyzing the calculated data. The experimental results show that the actual demand of drugs predicted by the general moving average method is relatively insufficient, with the maximum error of 41%, the minimum of 5%, and the average error of 19.8%; the maximum error of drug demand predicted by the weighted moving average method is 24%, the minimum is 2%, and the average is 15.4%. It can be concluded that the prediction effect of the weighted moving average method is better than that of the ordinary moving average method, which plays a good and effective role in the prediction of medical cost. The activity-based costing method is more detailed and organized for the cost calculation and classification of medical services. It provides a certain value for the effective management and control of medical service cost.
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Shishlyannikov, D. I., V. Yu Zverev, A. K. Muravsky, I. E. Zvonarev, and I. A. Korolyov. "Procedure to determine weighted average capacity of machine chains in potash mines." Mining informational and analytical bulletin, no. 7 (2021): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25018/0236_1493_2021_7_0_125.
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Paulo, S. "The Weighted Average Cost of Capital: Theory and South African Empirical Evidence." Studies in Economics and Econometrics 15, no. 2 (July 31, 1991): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03796205.1991.12129003.
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Ortiz, Horacio. "Political Imaginaries of the Weighted Average Cost of Capital: A Conceptual Analysis." Valuation Studies 8, no. 2 (January 20, 2022): 5–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/vs.2001-5992.2021.8.2.5-36.
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This article analyzes the formulation of the “weighted average cost of capital” in the manuals of two of the most influential associations of financial analysts. It focuses on the use of the formula as the discount rate to determine the “fundamental value” of listed companies using the “discounted cash flows” method, a cornerstone of the definition of “shareholder value” used in the finance industry worldwide. It shows that the choice of variables and their mathematical relations in the formula mobilize multiple, partly independent and contradictory epistemologies and ontologies. This multiplicity is assembled along political imaginaries concerning the relation between particular notions of the maximizing investor, the efficient markets and the sovereign state. The figure of the investor is considered the only legitimate agent to claim the “free” cash flows of the company, the efficient markets are considered the source of truthful representation of value, and the state is supposed to guarantee both the fair play between investors and a minimum revenue for money owners, to be extracted from the rest of society through the tax system. The formula thus legitimizes and renders self-evident power relations that sustain the global inequalities produced by the finance industry.
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Gordienko, Evgueni, and Onésimo Hernández-Lerma. "Average cost Markov control processes with weighted norms: existence of canonical policies." Applicationes Mathematicae 23, no. 2 (1995): 199–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.4064/am-23-2-199-218.
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