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Journal articles on the topic "Weighted average scoring"

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Yu, Kai Ming, and Tony Chun Tung Lau. "Practical problem solving by TRIZ enriched with weighted average scoring." International Journal of Product Development 4, no. 1/2 (2007): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijpd.2007.011535.

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Kovach, Alexandra E., Dedrick E. Moulton, Walton D. Plummer, William D. Dupont, and M. Cristina Pacheco. "Correlation of Endoscopic and Histologic Severity Scores in Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis at First Presentation." Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 22, no. 2 (2018): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1093526618803736.

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Detailed histologic scoring systems have been developed for the assessment of disease activity in ulcerative colitis. Literature from adult patients has shown some correlation between endoscopy and histology, and reproducibility of histologic scoring systems has also been supported. The effectiveness of endoscopic appearance at predicting histologic scores in pediatric patients has not been well studied, and none of the histologic scoring systems used in adults have had interobserver reproducibility assessed in pediatric patients. We reviewed endoscopic images and concurrent biopsies using Mayo and Geboes scores from the distal colon and rectum in untreated pediatric patients at the presentation of presumed ulcerative colitis based on clinical and endoscopic findings. Interobserver concordance was calculated by weighted-kappa statistic. The averaged histologic scores were compared to endoscopy scores using Spearman’s coefficient. Correlation between endoscopic score and each histologic score was weakly to moderately positive, whereas interobserver agreement for histologic scores was fair to moderate, suggesting that the Geboes scoring system has value in pediatric patients. For each histologic parameter, the average score was lower than the average endoscopic score. Examination of larger pediatric cohorts, treated patients, correlations of clinical outcomes with individual histologic parameters, and alternate scoring systems may contextualize these findings.
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Wang, Wei. "Machine Learning-Based Intelligent Scoring of College English Teaching in the Field of Natural Language Processing." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (August 4, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2754626.

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The current education evaluation is limited not only to the mode of simplification, indexing, and datafication, but also to the scientific nature of college teaching evaluation. This work firstly conducts a theoretical analysis of natural language processing technology, analyzes the related technologies of intelligent scoring, designs a systematic process for intelligent scoring of college English teaching, and finally conducts theoretical research on the Naive Bayesian algorithm in machine learning. In addition, the error of intelligent scoring of English teaching in colleges and universities and the accuracy of scoring and classification are analyzed and researched. The results show that the error between manual scoring and machine scoring is basically about 2 points and the minimum error of intelligent scoring in college English teaching under machine scoring can reach 0 points. There is a certain bias in manual scoring, and scoring on the machine can reduce the generation of this error. The Naive Bayes algorithm has the highest classification accuracy on the college intelligent scoring dataset, which is 76.43%. The weighted Naive Bayes algorithm has been improved in the classification accuracy of college English teaching intelligent scoring, with an average accuracy rate of 74.87%. To sum up, the weighted Naive Bayes algorithm has better performance in the classification accuracy of college English intelligent scoring. This work has a significant effect on the scoring of the college intelligent teaching scoring system under natural language processing and the classification of college teaching intelligence scoring under the Naive Bayes algorithm, which can improve the efficiency of college teaching scoring.
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Gill, Jaspreet Kaur, Rubens Copia Sperandio, Tuan Hoang Nguyen, and Urban Emmenegger. "Toxicity-benefit analysis of advanced prostate cancer trials using weighted toxicity scoring." Journal of Clinical Oncology 42, no. 4_suppl (2024): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2024.42.4_suppl.110.

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110 Background: The weighted toxicity score (WTS) is a metric suitable for comparing the toxicity burden in experimental versus control arms of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). When compared against clinical endpoints, the WTS can be used to evaluate the cost versus benefit of anti-cancer agents. This study sought to apply the WTS to prostate cancer (PC) clinical trials. Methods: Select phase 3 PC RCTs with reported adverse event (AE) data were compiled. The WTS was computed for each trial arm and compared to reported hazard ratios (HRs) of primary and/or secondary endpoints (i.e., overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS)). Average WTSs for the experimental versus control arms were used to calculate the toxicity differential between treatment arms. Average HRs for OS and PFS were used to compare efficacy. Results: Sixteen RCTs were analyzed (investigational agents: androgen-receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSi) [n = 4], poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) monotherapy [n = 3], ARSi + PARPi as well as ARSi + ARSi combination therapies [n = 3 each], and triple therapy [n=3]). The median number of distinct reported AEs across all studies was 18 (range, 9-61). Overall, toxicity and efficacy were greater among experimental than control arms (6.62 versus 4.00 median WTS; median HR for OS 0.71, median HR for PFS 0.61). The triple therapy studies observed the lowest increase in toxicity by adding an ARSi to control therapy (10.4%), associated with 52% lower risk of progression, and 29% lower risk of death. Comparably, the ARSi + PARPi trials noted the highest increase in toxicity (79.7%), with 32% lower risk of progression and 12% lower risk of death. The PARPi monotherapy, ARSi monotherapy, and ARSi + ARSi combination therapy studies reported increased toxicity due to experimental therapy in descending order (Table). Conclusions: The WTS enables toxicity versus benefit assessment for anti-cancer regimens. Clinical application of this metric may facilitate individualized treatment planning in advanced PC management. [Table: see text]
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Sidik, Galih Kurniawan, and Taufik Djatna. "A FAIRNESS MODEL BASED ON INTERVAL TYPE-2 FUZZY SET FOR ISLAMIC FINANCING SCORING IN INDONESIA." Airlangga International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance 1, no. 1 (2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/aijief.v1i1.10431.

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Conventional credit scoring model could lead to serious and unfair problems because in certain case it would incriminate one party in financing. Islamic financing scoring model complies with Sharia rules and ensures fairness among parties. Currently, there are no certain rules on Islamic financing scoring model which lead to subjective judgments. In the subjective judgments, words could mean different things to different people. Thus, this paper proposed and deployed models for scoring of default risk level by using Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Set model to support the subjective judgments in maintaining Sharia rules. Installment amount and the sum of delay period has used as variables for that scoring. Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Set model was proposed to support the subjective judgments in maintaining Sharia rules. Beginning delay period also used as a weight to the risk scoring results. Besides that, this paper also proposed the method for computing real loss value. It has used as a basis for fines computation according to default risk level, bad debt expense, and installment weighted average.
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Li, Li, and Sui Tian. "Empirical Analysis of Multi-factor Stock Selection Model Based on Weight Assignment of Momentum and Discrete Degree." BCP Business & Management 19 (May 31, 2022): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v19i.737.

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Through the stock selection of a large number of literature, we found that factors contribute differently at different market styles or stages, and the factor weight is different. Therefore, in this paper, the factors were preliminarily screened by IC mean and IR equal weight scoring method and T test, and then the screened factors were tested by correlation test and sorting method to obtain the final factors. After five methods, such as factor equal weight, momentum and dispersion comprehensive average weight, were tested and compared, we found that the method of momentum and dispersion comprehensive average weight on the effect of the stock selection is more excellent than other methods, so we chose the momentum and discrete degree of comprehensive weighted average approach to dynamic weighting of each stock, the last stock through empowerment scoring method selection. In this way, the speed of market change and the impact of industry on factors are better considered, and the te-test effect is better.
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Fowler, Peter V., Azza H. Al-Ani, and John M. D. Thompson. "Comparison of Reliability of Categorical and Continuous Scales for Radiographic Assessments of Bone Infill Following Secondary Alveolar Bone Grafting." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 55, no. 2 (2017): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665617723922.

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Objectives: To investigate examiner reliability of scoring intraoral radiographs of bone infill following secondary bone grafting using a categorical scale (modified Kindelan Index) and a 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS). To investigate the level of clinical experience on the reliability of these assessments. Design: Retrospective study involving 10 clinicians of varying clinical experience who were blind to the patient’s identity. Setting: All grafting was carried out within the New Zealand public hospital service. Patients: Fifty-eight grafts (48 UCLP and 5 BCLP) were assessed with 14 duplicated radiographs randomly added to the sample, making a total of 72 radiographs for assessment. Main Outcome Measures: Weighted kappa was used for intra- and interrater examiner reliability for the categorical scale and correlations for the VAS. Results: Relatively poor intrarater examiner agreement for categorical scoring (median 0.46) was found. Clinicians with greater experience generally recording higher intrarater weighted kappa. The intrarater correlations for the continuous scale (median 0.89) suggest better consistency regardless of the level of experience. The interrater relationships were generally low, with an average of weighted kappa of 0.25 while the overall average VAS correlation was 0.49. For the majority of scorers, there was a relationship between the VAS and the Kindelan Index, with lower VAS scores related to worse Kindelan scores. Conclusions: The use of a VAS produced better intra- and interexaminer reliability than the categorical Kindelan Index and was more consistent despite the level of clinical experience. Further evaluation of the validity of the VAS for the assessment of bone infill is warranted.
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Swandewi, Ni Kadek, ⁠I Gede Sumadi, and Nina Indra Kristiana. "Persepsi Masyarakat Lokal Terhadap Festival Jatiluwih Cultural Week (JCW)." Journal of Tourism and Interdiciplinary Studies 4, no. 1 (2024): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.51713/jotis.2024.4114.

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The Jatiluwih Cultural Week is a festival held by the village of Jatiluwih, located in the Tabanan Regency of Bali. Jatiluwih is a destination designated as a cultural heritage site by UNESCO and serves as the venue for the annual Jatiluwih Festival. This study aims to understand the perceptions of local residents who participate as visitors in JCW regarding the various dimensions of the event during the Jatiluwih Cultural Week festival. The research utilized a quantitative descriptive method with a questionnaire as the instrument, and 103 respondents were sampled using the Slovin formula. The measurement scale of the instrument used a Likert scale, which was then processed into average values or weighted mean scores. It was found that the perception of the community regarding the six event dimensions showed that in terms of transportation, access, and guest reception, the average score was 3.33, indicating it was less satisfactory. Similarly, the entertainment and facilities variables also received less satisfactory scores of 3.34 and 3.32, respectively. However, three other dimensions of the event were perceived positively, with marketing materials scoring 4.04, Culinary Offerings scoring 4.01, and Atmosphere and Decoration scoring 3.98.
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Wang, Yehao. "A Brief Analysis of Students' Chinese-style Competitive Behavior." Modern Economics & Management Forum 5, no. 1 (2024): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.32629/memf.v5i1.1735.

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This academic paper delves into the intriguing competitive behaviors and phenomena exhibited by Chinese students. It provides a preliminary analysis of the root causes of competitive psychology, considering both the advantages and disadvantages of resulting social phenomena — specifically, over-competition and under-competition — from cultural and sociological perspectives. Utilizing Daxing District in Beijing as a case study, the paper identifies six influential factors and constructs a competitiveness model through expert scoring and a moving weighted average method.
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Yang, Yi, Mengqi Jie, and Jiajie Pan. "Multi-Source Data-Driven Personalized Recommendation and Decision-Making for Automobile Products Based on Basic Uncertain Information Order Weighted Average Operator." Sustainability 17, no. 9 (2025): 4078. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17094078.

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The extensive electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) data generated by consumers encapsulates authentic product experience information. By leveraging advanced data analysis technologies, enterprises can extract sustainable consumer behavior preference knowledge, thereby supporting the optimization of their marketing and management strategies. However, existing data-driven product ranking processes predominantly focus on single-source eWOM data and rarely mine product insights from a multi-source perspective. Moreover, the quality of eWOM data cannot be overlooked. Consequently, this study uses automobile products as a case example and integrates rating eWOM data, complaint eWOM data, and safety test data to construct a multi-source data-driven personalized product ranking recommendation algorithm. Specifically, an evaluation index system is established for each of the three data types. To model information quality, these data are transformed into basic uncertain information (BUI), which incorporates scoring information and credibility metrics. The XLNet model is employed to convert complaint text data into scoring data, and three targeted credibility evaluation models are developed to assess the reliability of the three data types. Subsequently, BUI is aggregated using the BUI ordered weighted average (BUIOWA) aggregation operator. Based on this, a personalized product ranking method aligned with user preferences is proposed, offering consumers recommendation results that match their preferences. Finally, using automobile products as an illustrative example, this study elucidates the multi-source data-driven personalized product recommendation process and provides managerial implications for enterprises.
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Book chapters on the topic "Weighted average scoring"

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Hill D.L., Mahood J.K., Moreau M.J., Raso V.J., and Durdle N.G. "The Scoring of Trunk Distortion in Scoliosis." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 1997. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-881-6-289.

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Many people with scoliosis seek treatment because they are unhappy with the appearance of their trunk. The objective of this study was to develop a reliable means to describe the trunk deformity due to scoliosis. A weighted average of scapula asymmetry, shoulder angle asymmetry and waist asymmetry was used to provide a trunk distortion score between 0 (perfect symmetry) and 10 (maximum distortion). This measure was applied to 61 subjects ranging in age from 12 to 16 years and with idiopathic scoliosis ranging from 10°-20° (mild), 21°-40° (moderate) and greater than 55° (severe group). For subjects with mild, moderate and severe curves the trunk distortion score averaged 2.0, 2.3 and 4.5 respectively. The distortion score is not affected by growth because the parameters are either angles or a ratio of lengths. This measure of trunk distortion is used for the clinical assessment of scoliosis and to evaluate objectively the effect of spinal instrumentation on trunk deformity.
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Mosca, Erica Isa, Giulia Bianca Crotti, Stefano Capolongo, and Maddalena Buffoli. "Universal Design in University Environments. Are the New Buildings More Inclusive? A Tool for Equal Design Assessment." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti241006.

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This study explores the application of Universal Design (UD) principles to university environments, aiming to improve the experiences of students and staff by fostering inclusivity in educational and social spaces. The research began with a literature review and employed the ’Design for All A.U.D.I.T.’ tool, developed by Politecnico di Milano. This tool was adapted to evaluate six buildings across two universities in Milan:Politecnico di Milano and Statale University. The buildings ranged from the most recent to medium-aged and the oldest on each campus. The assessment focused on three main categories—physical, social, and sensory-cognitive quality—across eight key areas, including outdoor environments, entrances, halls, horizontal and vertical circulation, restrooms, classrooms, and study/leisure spaces. A binary scoring system was used to calculate the satisfaction of requirements, previously weighted by experts. The evaluation revealed that newer buildings generally scored higher on average (77%) compared to those from the 1960s (62%) and historical ones (67%). Despite higher scores, newer constructions often prioritized educational spaces over social and leisure areas, resulting in a lack of student gathering spaces. Significant issues included poor entrance design, inadequate wayfinding strategies, and a lack of inclusive classroom features, although restroom facilities consistently demonstrated good accessibility. The most recent building atPolitecnico di Milano scored highest overall but struggled in leisure and study rooms, as did the new building at Statale University. This research highlights both the current state and potential for improvement in university architecture through the lens of UD. The study underscores that innovative design does not always equate to user satisfaction and provides an objective tool to aid decision-makers in enhancing the accessibility and inclusivity of university spaces, ultimately improving the well-being of all users.
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Conference papers on the topic "Weighted average scoring"

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Gupta, Sushmita, Pallavi Jain, Saket Saurabh, and Nimrod Talmon. "Even More Effort Towards Improved Bounds and Fixed-Parameter Tractability for Multiwinner Rules." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/31.

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Multiwinner elections have proven to be a fruitful research topic with many real world applications. We contribute to this line of research by improving the state of the art regarding the computational complexity of computing good committees. More formally, given a set of candidates C, a set of voters V, each ranking the candidates according to their preferences, and an integer k; a multiwinner voting rule identifies a committee of size k, based on these given voter preferences. In this paper we consider several utilitarian and egailitarian OWA (ordered weighted average) scoring rules, which are an extensively researched family of rules (and a subfamily of the family of committee scoring rules). First, we improve the result of Betzler et al. [JAIR, 2013], which gave a O(n^n) algorithm for computing winner under the Chamberlin Courant rule (CC), where n is the number of voters; to a running time of O(2^n), which is optimal. Furthermore, we study the parameterized complexity of the Pessimist voting rule and describe a few tractable and intractable cases. Apart from such utilitarian voting rules, we extend our study and consider egalitarian median and egalitarian mean (both committee scoring rules), showing some tractable and intractable results, based on nontrivial structural observations.
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Permana, Aziz, Mateos Naiola, Daniel Siregar, et al. "Low Resistivity Reservoir Identification of Gumai Formation Using Weighted Scoring Method in West Benakat, South Sumatra Basin, Indonesia." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210109-ms.

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Abstract The mature oil field of West Benakat is located in the South Sumatra Basin, one of the most hydrocarbon prolific Indonesian tertiary back-arc basins in Indonesia. Since its discovery in 1933, West Benakat Field has been operating and producing oil for nearly nine decades from Talang Akar Formation (TAF) as the main sand reservoir target with good porosity and permeability. Recently, Talang Akar reservoirs have been depleted through massive development programs, whereas more than 290 wells have been drilled for exploration, production, and injection wells. Decreasing oil production pushes the company's need for an alternative method that can increase oil production through subsurface evaluation in West Benakat Field to find the upside potential besides Talang Akar. One of the best alternative ways focused on the low resistivity pay zone from Gumai Formation (GUF) and Air Benakat Formation (ABF). The qualitative analysis through several well log data in Gumai Formation confirms the potential of low resistivity shaly sand reservoirs, GUF-1, GUF-2, and GUF-3, with neutron-density crossover. However, Talang Akar sand has an average resistivity value equally above 10 ohms. The low resistivity reservoir in Gumai turbidite deep marine sand could be occurred because of high shale content, fine grain sand, and the presence of laminated conductive clay minerals, such as glauconite. However, a low resistivity reservoir was initially considered unattractive because many major reservoirs which contain hydrocarbon would have a high resistivity value. Generally, the conventional petrophysical approach for low resistivity reservoirs in Gumai or Air Benakat Sand could lead to bias and pessimistic interpretation, yet in some cases, rocks with low resistivity have the potential to become hydrocarbon reservoirs. This study discusses how to identify and evaluate low resistivity pay zones and the success story of proving the Gumai hydrocarbon potential in West Benakat Field, South Sumatra.
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Mishra, Nikita, and Anup Saraf. "Life Cycle Cost Assessment for Digitalization Project Implementation in an E&P Company." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/216495-ms.

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The main objective of this manuscript is to devise an objective, scientific and empirical tool for assessing the ‘life cycle cost’ of any digitalization project in an Exploration and Production (E&P) Company vise-a-vie its ‘projected benefits’. This provides a ready-made empirically proven tool for the CIO or Project Manager of the E&P Company to decide on the ‘financial model’ for an upcoming digital project during the conceptualization stage when there's a long debate amidst the project team or the user indenting group regarding CAPEX or OPEX or Hybrid Model for the digital project implementation. With the advent of cloud platform and SaaS platform, various exciting avenues have opened up for companies to implement digitalization solution in OPEX model where the upfront investment is very less. Moreover, most of the R&D in this domain around the industry is keeping cloud servers in mind resulting in breakthrough digitalization innovation opportunities for E&P companies at a very nominal cost. However, there is a different narrative as well which signifies the advantages of owning the system(s). This manuscript has tried to settle this long-standing debate. This manuscript develops a table with a total scoring out of 100 marks with weighted average given to the different factors or parameters. This is a multi-dimensional scoring system developed keeping various factors and scenarios in mind. This also takes into factorization whether the digitalization project under discussion is of transformational nature or incremental nature. This also has a scenario to pick from exploration / drilling / reservoir/well/production/pipeline or complete Digital oilfield project scenario which leads to a different customized scoring pattern. The user has to select various scenarios and factors in the checklist of two pages according to which the scoring pattern is decided for them leading to a customized scoring, hence decision-making tool for them. Apart from the checklist, user has to enter the estimated project cost over lifecycle and range of gain in the checklist too.
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Cheng, Zesen, Peng Jin, Hao Li, et al. "WiCo: Win-win Cooperation of Bottom-up and Top-down Referring Image Segmentation." In Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-23}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/71.

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The top-down and bottom-up methods are two mainstreams of referring segmentation, while both methods have their own intrinsic weaknesses. Top-down methods are chiefly disturbed by Polar Negative (PN) errors owing to the lack of fine-grained cross-modal alignment. Bottom-up methods are mainly perturbed by Inferior Positive (IP) errors due to the lack of prior object information. Nevertheless, we discover that two types of methods are highly complementary for restraining respective weaknesses but the direct average combination leads to harmful interference. In this context, we build Win-win Cooperation (WiCo) to exploit complementary nature of two types of methods on both interaction and integration aspects for achieving a win-win improvement. For the interaction aspect, Complementary Feature Interaction (CFI) introduces prior object information to bottom-up branch and provides fine-grained information to top-down branch for complementary feature enhancement. For the integration aspect, Gaussian Scoring Integration (GSI) models the gaussian performance distributions of two branches and weighted integrates results by sampling confident scores from the distributions. With our WiCo, several prominent bottom-up and top-down combinations achieve remarkable improvements on three common datasets with reasonable extra costs, which justifies effectiveness and generality of our method.
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Touafchia, Boutheyna, Rached-Kanouni Malika, and Kadi Zahia. "IMPACT OF MONTANE ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b2/v3/14.

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Environmental burdens are currently a significant determinant ofenvironmental quality. The occurrence of montane environmental burdens affects the environmental quality at the local, regional and supraregional levels, mostly to a negative extent. Environmental pollution, due to montane environmental burdens is accompanied by a reduction in environmental quality in all spheres of anthropogenic existence. It is for this reason that the presented article studies the occurrence of montane environmental burdens and their impact on environmental quality in individual regions of the Slovak Republic. In the analyses Analytic Hierarchy Process a multi-criteria decision-making method based on values of the weights in terms of the principles of the Saaty matrix – a quantification of synergistic interactions of indicators. The study concentrates on selected comparative years 2008, 2012, 2017 and 2021 and includes a matrix of their elimination. The results present a categorization of montane environmental loads in the Slovak Republic into categories of the environmental load (from very low to very high) on the environmental quality. In the summary matrix of a comprehensive assessment of montane environmental loads, negative indicators (55.65%) prevails over positive ones (44.35%) with a total scoring ratio of 0.80, i.e. III. category, the average impact on environmental quality.
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Jan, A., S. Hassig Fonseca, Z. Liu, et al. "New Digital Coiled Tubing Pipe Design Optimizer." In SPE/ICoTA Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.2118/224037-ms.

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Abstract Designing a coiled tubing (CT) pipe to reach the expected depth is becoming increasingly difficult, as wells feature longer and more deviated drains. The traditional design process requires an experienced engineer and is manual, time consuming, and not exhaustive, meaning it is possible to overlook superior designs. A new CT pipe design optimizer eliminates unnecessary work and automates optimization of CT pipe designs to meet reach objectives and maximize compressive and tensile limits at target depth (TD), while minimizing yield stress (YS) and net CT pipe weight. The CT pipe design optimizer ingests wellbore and initial CT information—outer diameter (OD), length, and material strength—to produce an optimal CT pipe design. The wellbore is described in terms of a hole survey, completion, and tubing forces setup. The design tool iteratively modulates the CT pipe's wall thickness (WT) profile until it converges on an optimal geometry that maximizes allowable CT weight-on-bit (WOB) and pull-on-bit (POB) at TD and minimizes the maximum YS experienced by CT. On each iteration, the algorithm tests the CT pipe design using a tubing forces model and calculates a score based on an objective function that considers all the performance indicators (i.e., WOB, POB, YS, and net weight). The algorithm converges on a highest scoring design and produces the optimized CT pipe. The CT pipe design optimizer was tested on seven case studies—Wells A through G—that include vertical, J-type, S-type, and horizontal wells with measured-depth-to-true-vertical-depth (MD:TVD) ratios of 1.0 to 5.9. Evaluating the optimizer's performance against the vertical Well A provided a valuable benchmark because an analytic solution exists for the optimal CT pipe geometry. The optimizer's output was remarkably close to the analytic solution, with an average difference of less than 0.0031 in. in WT. The rest of the wells are from case studies around the world and for which no analytical solutions exist; the output of the optimizer was compared against designs proposed by CT experts. In Wells B through D, the optimizer produced designs that reached TD and improved POB from 6,969 to 8,543 lbf; in Wells B and D the solution also reduced net CT weight by 24.8% and 10.8%, respectively. In Well E, the optimizer improved reach by 471 m while also improving WOB and POB and minimizing maximum YS and net weight. Well F was a case study on prioritizing net weight minimization to produce CT pipe designs that can be lifted offshore by a crane whose capacity is limited. The optimizer reduced the net CT weight by 40.5%. Well G was an ultrareach well and POB was improved by 5,171 lbf and net weight reduced by 43.1%. Besides outperforming the manual CT pipe designs of the experts, the optimizer substantially reduced the time required by the design process from hours to under 2 minutes. The CT pipe design optimizer reduces the time and expertise required to design a CT pipe and replaces it with an automated and robust method that produces pipe designs with superior performance. The tool also reduces the amount of steel required for a CT pipe, decreasing manufacturing-related emissions. With minor adjustments, it could optimize designs to extend pipe life—an essential aspect of CT pipe circularity—and hydraulic performance.
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Reports on the topic "Weighted average scoring"

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Mizrach, Amos, Sydney L. Spahr, Ephraim Maltz, et al. Ultrasonic Body Condition Measurements for Computerized Dairy Management Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568109.bard.

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The body condition (BC) score is recognized in the dairy industry as an essential tool for managing the energy reserves of the dairy cow, which is essential for sustaining optimal and efficient production over several lactations. The current use of BC scoring depends on the accuracy of subjective visual estimates, and this limits its kusefulness as a management aid in the dairy industry. A measuring tool that would frequently provide objective data on the cow's body reserves would be a major contribution to efficient dairy herd management. Ultrasonic sensors have the potential to be developed into an efficient BC measuring device, and the experimental use of such sensors for subcutaneous fat thickness (SDFT) estimates, as an indication for BC in beef cattle, supports this assumption. The purposes of this project were: 1. To compare visual BC scoring and ultrasonic fat thickness with on-line automated body weight (BW) measurements as monitors of nutritional adequacy of dairy cows at various stages of lactation. 2. To determine the effects of variation in digestive fill in early and late lactation on the accuracy of body weight measurements in lactating cows. 3. To modify an existing ultrasonic system and develop a specialized, low-cost sensor for repeatable determination of body condition scores by users with minimal training and skill. 4. To develop a standard for the assignment of body condition scores based on ultrasonic measurements of subdermal fat thickness. The procedure to execute these objectives involved: 1. Frequent measurement of BW, milk yield (MY), BC (visually scored) and subdermal fat thickness ultrasonically measured of dairy cows, and data analysis on average and individual basis. 2. Testing and selection of an appropriate special-purpose sensor, finding an optimum body location for working an ultrasonic measurement, prcessing the signals obtained, and correlating the resulting measurements with performance responses in lactating cows. Linking the ultrasonic signals to BC scores, and developing a BC scoring data acquisition system are the first steps towards fulfilling the necessary requirements for incorporating this device into an existing dairy herd management system, in order to provide the industry with a powerful managment tool. From the results obtained we could conclude that: 1. BC does not correlate with BW changes during all stages of lactation, although in general terms it does. These results were confirmed by individual cow BW and BC data obtained during the course of lactation, that were supported by individual objective ultrasonic measurement of SDFT. 2. BW changes reflect energy metabolism reliably ony after peak milk yield; early in lactation, a decrease in BW expresses mobilization of body reserves only qualitatively, and not quantitatively. 3. Gastrointestinal content increases throughout the whole period during which dry matter intake (DMI) increases. The drastic increase very early in lactation prevents the use of BW changes as a basis for quantitative estimatio of energy meatabolism; at this stage of lactation, konly a BC score or any other direct measurements willl provide a quantitative estimate of energy metabolism. 4. Ultrasonic measurements of subdermal fat thickness can be used to quantify changes that correlate with the actual condition of the cow, as assessed by performance and the traditional way of scoring. 5. To find the best site on the cow's body at which to obtain responses to BC and its changes in the course of lactation, additional sites have to be examined. From the present study, it seems that the sites between ribs 12 and 13 have the potential for this purpose. 6. The use of templates made it easier to repeat measurements at a desired site and spot. However, the convenient easy-to-handle way to standardize the measurement, described in this study, koffers scope for improvement. 7. The RF peak values of the A-mode are better indicators of the location of fat layer borders than image analysis, from the point of view of future commercial development. 8. The distances between the RF peaks of the A-mode can be automatically measured by suitable software, for future commercial development. 9. Proper analysis of daily body weight and milk yield data can provide the necessary information on body condition changes during lactation, until a direct BC measurement device is developed. 10. In any case, at least one visual BC assessment has to be done, preferably immediately after calving, for calibration purposes.
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