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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Weld defect

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Academic literature on the topic 'Weld defect'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Weld defect"

1

Chen, Y., F. V. Lawrence, C. P. L. Barkan, and J. A. Dantzig. "Weld defect formation in rail thermite welds." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 220, no. 4 (July 2006): 373–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954409jrrt44.

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Ishii, Akira, Vakhtang Lachkhia, Yasuo Ochi, and Masayuki Akutsu. "Recognition of Internal Weld Defects by Defect Model." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series A 60, no. 578 (1994): 2440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaia.60.2440.

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Muhtadan, Risanuri Hidayat, Widyawan, and Fahmi Amhar. "Weld Defect Classification in Radiographic Film Using Statistical Texture and Support Vector Machine." Advanced Materials Research 896 (February 2014): 695–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.896.695.

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Weld defect identification requires radiographic operator experience, so the interpretation of weld defect type could potentially bring subjectivity and human error factor. This paper proposes Statistical Texture and Support Vector Machine method for weld defect type classification in radiographic film. Digital image processing technique applied in this paper implements noise reduction using median filter, contrast stretching, and image sharpening using Laplacian filter. Statistical method feature extraction based on image histogram was proposed for describing weld defects texture characteristic of a radiographic film digital image. Multiclass Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm was used to perform classification of weld defects type. The result of classification testing shows that the proposed method can classify 83.3% correctly from 60 testing data of weld defects radiographic films.

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Cui, Wei, Hai-yan Xing, Min-zheng Jiang, and Jian-cheng Leng. "Using a New Magnetic Flux Leakage Method to Detect Tank Bottom Weld Defects." Open Petroleum Engineering Journal 10, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874834101710010073.

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Background: The weld is an important connection part of the tank bottom but during the process of manufacturing and through its use, it frequently produces defects and brings serious hidden danger in the process of safety production. Objective: This paper develops a new magnetic flux leakage testing system for tank bottom weld defects and proposes an extraction method for the weld defect. It can be used in the detection and visual evaluation of the weld defects. Method: A continuous non-contact scanning method is used in the rectangular slot defect in the different regions of the weld by using a new magnetization system that is vertical to the travelling direction. The characteristics of the weld and the defect are transformed into accurate two-dimensional grayscale graphics through grayscale linear transformation. This is done through the combination of histogram equalization, Otsu’s method of binaryzation, morphologically removing small objects, edge detection, and then structuring a morphologically optimized edge extraction algorithm for edge detection on the grayscale. The displayed grayscale outline locates and quantifies the defects. Conclusion: The results indicated that this method can directly indicate the defect shape, location and other information, the visual display of the magnetic flux leakage testing of the weld defects was also realized. It solved difficulties associated with the magnetic flux leakage method being used in the weld testing and showed how weld detection equipment can be used in the detection and visual evaluation of the weld defects.

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Ben Gharsallah, Mohamed, and Ezzeddine Ben Braiek. "Weld Inspection Based on Radiography Image Segmentation with Level Set Active Contour Guided Off-Center Saliency Map." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/871602.

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Radiography is one of the most used techniques in weld defect inspection. Weld defect detection becomes a complex task when uneven illumination and low contrast characterize radiographic images. In this paper we propose a new active contour based level set method for weld defect detection in radiography images. An off-center saliency map exploited as a feature to represent image pixels is embedded into a region energy minimization function to guide the level set active contour to defects boundaries. The aim behind using salient feature is that a small defect can frequently attract attention of human eyes which permits enhancing defects in low contrasted image. Experiment results on different weld radiographic images with various kinds of defects show robustness and good performance of the proposed approach comparing with other segmentation methods.

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Sudheera, K., N. M. Nandhitha, Lakshmi Mohanachandran, Parithosh Nanekar, B. Venkatraman, and B. Sheela Rani. "DWT Based Automated Weld Pool Detection and Defect Characterisation from Weld Radiographs." Advanced Materials Research 984-985 (July 2014): 573–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.984-985.573.

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Industrial Radiography is the most widely accepted NDT technique for weld quality in industries. As it is an indirect method, defect type and nature must be obtained by analyzing the radiographs. Manual interpretation of radiographs is subjective in nature. So the paradigm shifted to automated weld defect detection system. Though considerable research is done in automated weld defect detection, an accurate domain specific technique has not yet been evolved due to noise, artifacts in radiographs, low contrast between the defect region and the background and difficulty in isolating the defect. The proposed work aims at developing an automated weld defect detection system that enhances the contrast between the object and the background and isolates the weld defect. In this work, real time weld radiographs are acquired and contrast enhancement is performed with DWT. Slag and Porosity are isolated and dimensionally characterized.

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Chen, Jian, Zheng Qiang Lei, Fu Xiang Wang, Ting Wang, and Ming Fei Li. "Fitness for Purpose Assessment of Girth Weld Defect Based on In-Line Inspection." Applied Mechanics and Materials 853 (September 2016): 524–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.853.524.

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The girth weld defect is one of the most common types of defects on oil and gas pipelines, which can have a strong impact on the operation safety. Several girth weld failure accidents have occurred on PetroChina’s pipelines in recent years. In this paper, PetroChina’s current work on inspection and fitness for purpose assessment of girth weld defects is summarized. The in-line inspection has been proved to be the best practice for oil and gas pipeline defect inspection, but there are still some technical issues such as defect characterization and parameter selection. Fitness for purpose assessment methods for girth weld defects include strength assessment method based on plastic collapse, FAD method based on both plastic collapse and fracture, simplified factor method and numerical analysis method based on finite element. It is critical to identify the actual type of defects detected in in-line inspection to select an appropriate assessment method. The identification of various loads and the selection of appropriate material parameters are also important issues in assessment procedure. The key techniques to be developed include defect characterization, load identification, assessment of defects on high grade steel pipes, reliability-based assessment, etc.

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The Welding Institute. "Weld defect specimens for training." NDT International 23, no. 2 (April 1990): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-9126(90)91986-4.

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The Welding Institute. "Weld defect specimens for training." NDT & E International 23, no. 2 (April 1990): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0963-8695(90)91097-8.

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10

Ye, Jing, Guisuo Xia, Fang Liu, Ping Fu, and Qiangqiang Cheng. "Weld defect inspection based on machine vision and weak magnetic technology." Insight - Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring 63, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1784/insi.2021.63.9.547.

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This study proposes a weld defect inspection method based on a combination of machine vision and weak magnetic technology to inspect the quality of weld formation comprehensively. In accordance with the principle of laser triangulation, surface information about the weldment is obtained, the weld area is extracted using mutation characteristics of the weld edge and an algorithm for identifying defects with abnormal average height in the weld surface is proposed. Subsequently, a welding seam inspection process is developed and implemented, which is composed of a camera, a structured light sensor, a magnetic sensor and a motion control system. Inspection results from an austenitic stainless steel weldment show that the method combining machine vision and magnetism can identify defect locations accurately. Comprehensive analysis of the test results can effectively classify surface and internal defects, estimate the equivalent sizes of defects and evaluate the quality of weld formation in multiple dimensions.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Weld defect"

1

Yin, Ying. "Automatic defect localisation and classifiacation for X-ray weld images." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.506501.

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Lu, Yicheng. "Real time defect detection in welds by ultrasonic means." Thesis, Brunel University, 1992. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/4966.

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A computer controlled weld quality assurance system has been developed to detect weld defects ultrasonically whilst welding is in progress. This system, including a flash analogue to digital converter and built-in memories to store sampled data, a peak characters extractor and a welding process controller, enabled welding processes to be controlled automatically and welding defects to be detected concurrently with welding. In this way, the weld quality could be satisfactorily assured if no defect was detected and the welding cost was minimised either through avoiding similar defects to occur or by stopping the welding process if repair was necessary. This work demonstrated that the high temperature field around the weld pool was the major source of difficulties and unreliabilities in defect detection during welding and, had to be taken into account in welding control by ultrasonic means. The high temperatures not only influence ultrasonic characteristic parameters which are the defect judgement and assessment criterion, but also introduce noise into signals. The signal averaging technique and statistical analysis based on B-scan data have proved their feasibility to increase 'signal to noise ratio' effectively and to judge or assess weld defects. The hardware and the software for the system is explained in this work. By using this system, real-time 'A-scan' signals on screen display, and, A-scan, B-scan or three dimensional results can be printed on paper, or stored on disks, and, as a result, weld quality could be fully computerized.

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Xie, Lei [Verfasser]. "Study on relevant factors influencing the strength of weld line defect in micro injection molding process / Lei Xie." Clausthal-Zellerfeld : Universitätsbibliothek Clausthal, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1007800674/34.

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Zia, Tabari M. "Design, development and assessment of an automated ultrasonic inspection system in production and experimental analysis if tubular butt welds for identification and characterisation of weld defect." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376231.

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Kocak, Okan Okay. "Defect Assessment Of Spot Welds By Ndi." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/4/1027382/index.pdf.

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Resistance spot welding is used frequently as a successful joining method for a variety of work commonly in automotive and other manufacturing processes. Spot weld nugget is generally hidden between two sheets, causing its inspection difficult and expensive. Undersized nuggets, brittle or cracked nuggets, and excessive indentation of electrodes reveals the lack of fusion between the parts that can make the weld sub-standard. Visual inspection, pry testing and physical teardown with chisel and hammer method or a combination of them are being used traditionally. However, this study presents a more effective nondestructive inspection method based upon an ultrasonic pulse-echo technique. The theory of the technique together with the experimental verification are presented and its advantages over the other destructive and nondestructive techniques are considered.

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Kountouris, Ioannis Savvas. "The assessment of weld defects in offshore structures." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47520.

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Lawson, Shaun W. "Automatic defect detection in industrial radioscopic and ultrasonic images." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1996. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843944/.

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This thesis describes a number of approaches to the problems of automatic defect detection in ultrasonic Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) and X-ray radioscopic images of butt welds in steel plate. A number of novel image segmentation techniques are developed, two of which feature the use of backpropagation artificial neural networks. Two new methods for defect detection in ultrasonic TOFD images are described - the first uses thresholding of individual one-dimensional A-scans, and the second uses a neural network to classify pixels using two dimensional local area statistics. In addition, three new methods for defect detection in radioscopic images are described - the first is based on the use of two conventional spatial filters, the second uses grey level morphology to replace the 'blurring' stage of conventional "blur and subtract' procedures, and the third uses a neural network to classify pixels using raw grey level data at the input layer. It is considered that all five methods which have been developed show novelty in their methodology, design and implementation, most specifically in that (1) no previous methods for automatic defect detection in TOFD images, (2) very few successful implementations of grey level data processing by neural networks, and (3) few examples of local area segmentation of 'real' textured images for automatic inspection have been reported in the literature. The methods developed were tested against data interpreted by skilled NDT inspectors. In the case of the ultrasonic TOFD image processing, both automatic methods performed exceptionally well, producing results comparable to that of a human inspector. In the case of the radioscopic image processing, the ANN method also produced results comparable to that achieved by a human inspector and also gave comparable or consistently better results than those obtained using a number of existing techniques.

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Hollander, Jonathan Lee. "Defect-reduced growth and characterisation of off-basal III-nitride quantum well structures." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609372.

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Al-Ataby, Ali. "Automatic detection, sizing and characterisation of weld defects using ultrasonic time-of-flight diffraction." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2012. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/6413/.

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Ultrasonic time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) is known as a reliable non-destructive testing technique for weld inspection in steel structures, providing accurate aw positioning and sizing. Despite all its good features, TOFD data interpretation and reporting are still performed manually by skilled inspectors and interpretation software operators. This is a cumbersome and error-prone process, leading to inevitable delay and inconsistency. The quality of the collected TOFD data is another issue that may introduce a host of error to the overall interpretation process. Manual interpretation focuses only on the compression waves portion of the collected TOFD data and overlooks the mode-converted waves region and considers it redundant. This region may provide useful and accurate aw sizing and classification information when there is uncertainty or ambiguity due to the nature of the collected data or the type of aw, and can reduce the number of supplementary (parallel) B-scans by utilising the (longitudinal) D-scans only. The automation of data processing in TOFD is required to minimise time and error and towards building a comprehensive computer-aided TOFD interpretation tool that can aid human operators. This project aims at proposing interpretation algorithms to size and characterise flaws automatically and accurately using data acquired from D-scans only. In order to achieve this, a number of novel data manipulation and processing techniques have been specifically developed and adapted to expose the information in the mode-converted waves region. In addition, several multi-resolution approaches employing the Wavelet transform and texture analysis have been used in aw detection and for de-noising and enhancing quality of the collected data. Performance of the developed algorithms and the results of their application have been promising in terms of speed, accuracy and consistency when compared to human interpretation by an expert operator, using the compression waves portion of the acquired data. This is expected to revolutionise the TOFD data interpretation and be in favour of a real-time processing of large volumes of data. It is highly anticipated that the research findings of this project will increase significantly the reliance on D-scans to obtain high sizing accuracy without the need to perform further B-scans. The overall inspection and interpretation time and cost will therefore be reduced significantly.

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Larsson, Anton, and Oliver Prytz. "Simulering av defekten “charge weld” analyserad mot verkligheten." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för maskinteknik (MT), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105275.

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Inom strängpressning av aluminium uppstår defekten charge weld vid byte av göt, då det gamla materialet sammanbinds med det nya. Denna defekt medför bland annat försämrad hållfasthet hos materialet. Med en ökad användning av aluminium i världen ökar även kvalitetskraven hos användarna. Defekten medför att en mängd aluminium måste skrotas och företag vill vara på den säkra sidan, därför kan mer än nödvändigt skrotas. Detta medför till en större mängd skrot och en större energianvändning då mer aluminium måste förbrukas och även smältas om. Företag har idag börjat använda sig av simulering för att ta fram den korrekta längden på profilerna som innehåller defekten charge weld. Men då simulering inom detta område är relativt nytt litar företag inte fullt ut på den då de inte vet om det är korrekt eller inte. Denna studie undersöker hur tillförlitlig simuleringen av charge weld är mot verkligheten samt ger en ökad förståelse för defekten som skall bidra till framtida utveckling. För att underlätta undersökningen av defekten på profiler genomfördes olika oförstörande provningsmetoder, för att detektera defektens längd. Det utfördes även kontroller över materialegenskaper med hjälp av dragprover. Studiens resultat säger att simuleringen inte är helt fullständig för att vissa profiler inte stämmer överens med verkligheten. Studien bekräftar även att defekten ger en försämrad hållfasthet. Den undersökning som gjordes med oförstörande provningsmetoder gav resultatet att materialet är massivt. OFP-metoder kan inte detektera defektens sammanbindning mellan gammalt och nytt göt.

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Books on the topic "Weld defect"

1

Lu, Yicheng. Real time defect detection in welds by ultrasonic means. Uxbridge: Brunel University, 1992.

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Nonmedication treatments for adult ADHD: Evaluating impact on daily functioning and well-being. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2010.

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Well built?: A forensic approach to the prevention, diagnosis and cure of building defects. London: RIBA Enterprises, 2005.

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Noblett, J. E. A stress intensity factor solution for root defects in fillet and partial penetration welds. Cambridge: TWI, 1996.

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Leis, B. N. The influence of defects on the fatigue resistance of butt and girth welds in A106B steel. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1986.

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Shea Vaughn's breakthrough: The 5 living principles to defeat stress, look great, and find total well-being. Deerfield Beach, FL: HCI, 2011.

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Malone, David M. Effective deposition defense rules: What you need to do to defend your expert well. 2nd ed. Boulder, Co: National Institute for Trial Advocacy, 2012.

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Sudderth, David B. Adult ADD: The complete handbook : everything you need to know about how to cope and live well with ADD/ADHD. Rocklin, CA: Prima Pub., 1997.

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California. Legislature. Assembly. Select Committee on Children's Physical and Mental Well-Being in Diverse California Communities. Medicating our kids: The impacts of prescription psychiatric drugs on children : informational hearing of the Assembly Select Committee on Children's Physical and Mental Well-Being in Diverse California Communities. Sacramento, CA: Assembly Select Committee on Children's Physical and Mental Well-Being in Diverse California Communities, 2003.

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Symposium, on the Degradation of Electronic Devices Due to Device Operation as Well as Crystalline and Process-Induced Defects (1993 New Orleans La ). Proceedings of the Symposium on the Degradation of Electronic Devices Due to Device Operation as Well as Crystalline and Process-Induced Defects. Pennington, NJ: Electrochemical Society, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Weld defect"

1

Hodis, Z., and J. Sopoušek. "Carbon and Nitrogen Activities of Materials of Weld Joints." In Defect and Diffusion Forum, 225–30. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-35-3.225.

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Goumeidane, Aicha Baya, Mohammed Khamadja, and Nafaa Naceredine. "Bayesian Pressure Snake for Weld Defect Detection." In Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems, 309–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04697-1_29.

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Sowmyalakshmi, R., M. R. Anantha Padmanaban, S. M. Girirajkumar, S. Benazir, and A. Farzana. "Multi-step Radiographic Segmentation of Weld Defect Images." In Lecture Notes on Multidisciplinary Industrial Engineering, 409–19. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9433-2_36.

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Zlámal, Bronislav, R. Foret, Jiří Buršík, and Milan Svoboda. "Microstructural Stability of Dissimilar Weld Joint of Creep-Resistant Steels with Increased Nitrogen Content at 500 – 900 °C." In Defect and Diffusion Forum, 195–200. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-35-3.195.

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Liu, Bin, Xiaoyun Zhang, Zhiyong Gao, and Li Chen. "Weld Defect Images Classification with VGG16-Based Neural Network." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 215–23. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8108-8_20.

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Kramer, Stuart. "Ultrasonic Weld Defect Sizing Using the Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique." In Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, 1995–2002. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0817-1_253.

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Kravchenko, Alexander S., and Pavel V. Bakhmatov. "Removing Weld Defect Causes in Aviation Stainless Steel Piping Elements." In Current Problems and Ways of Industry Development: Equipment and Technologies, 55–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69421-0_7.

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Carlson, Nancy M., John A. Johnson, and Eric D. Larsen. "Noncontacting Ultrasonic System for Concurrent Defect Detection in Solidified Weld Metal." In Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, 949–56. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2848-7_121.

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Nacereddine, Nafaa, and Djemel Ziou. "Hybrid Shape Descriptors for an Improved Weld Defect Retrieval in Radiographic Testing." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 127–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10662-5_16.

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Goumeidane, Aicha Baya, Nafaa Nacereddine, and Mohammed Khamadja. "Local and Global Statistics-Based Explicit Active Contour for Weld Defect Extraction in Radiographic Inspection." In Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns, 491–98. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40246-3_61.

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Conference papers on the topic "Weld defect"

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Roychowdhury, Sushovan, and Tomas Månsson. "On Predicting Weld Specimen Fatigue Life Based on Defect Data." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-15976.

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Abstract Prediction of fatigue life based on internal defect data is an important research topic for components built through both traditional welds and modern additive manufacturing. In this work, a systematic approach is taken to investigate application of fracture mechanics principle for this purpose. To this end, fatigue test samples are prepared from TIG-welded titanium alloy sheets and also representative weld repairs of cast plates. Metro-tomography is employed to obtain information about internal defects in the specimens before fatigue testing. After fatigue testing, fractography is used to identify the defect that led to failure and to gather information on its location and size. The information from metro-tomography and fractography are then directly compared to assess the accuracy of the tomography data. Simple fracture mechanics methods are employed to estimate the fatigue life for each specimen, considering separately tomography and fractography data. Such estimates are then compared with fatigue life from tests. Through such quantitative comparisons, the work highlights the advantages and the challenges of the fracture mechanics approach to assess the fatigue life of test specimens with internal defects. A key observation is that life estimates employing a fracture mechanics approach are reasonable when the defect leading to failure is known, but the challenge may lie in a-priori identification of the defect that would eventually lead to failure.

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Cho, M. H., D. F. Farson, and J. I. Kim. "Laser weld chaos control for defect reduction." In ICALEO® 2002: 21st International Congress on Laser Materials Processing and Laser Microfabrication. Laser Institute of America, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.5065738.

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Sikora, R., P. Baniukiewicz, T. Chady, W. Ruciński, K. Świadek, M. Caryk, P. Lopato, Donald O. Thompson, and Dale E. Chimenti. "COMPARISON OF SELECTED WELD DEFECT EXTRACTION METHODS." In REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION: 34th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2902546.

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Mekhalfa, Faiza, and Nafaa Nacereddine. "Gentle Adaboost algorithm for weld defect classification." In 2017 Signal Processing: Algorithms, Architectures, Arrangements and Applications (SPA). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/spa.2017.8166883.

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Golodov, Valentin A., and Anastasia A. Mittseva. "Weld Segmentation and Defect Detection in Radiographic Images of Pipe Welds." In 2019 International Russian Automation Conference. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rusautocon.2019.8867734.

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Wilkowski, Gery, Do-Jun Shim, Bud Brust, and Suresh Kalyanam. "Reality Check on Girth Weld Defect Acceptance Criteria." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31629.

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This paper examines the inherent conservatisms of alternative girth weld defect acceptance criteria from the 2007 API 1104 Appendix A, CSA Z662 Appendix K, and the proposed EPRG Tier 2 criteria. The API and CSA codes have the same empirical limit-load criteria, where it has previously been shown that the conservatism on the failure stress is ∼30 to 50 percent compared to pipe test data prior to applying any safety factors. In terms of flaw length, it was found that the API/CSA limit-load equation might allow a flaw of 5% of the pipe circumference, where the properly validated limit-load equation would allow a flaw of 75% of the circumference, i.e., a safety factor of 30 percent on load corresponded to a safety factor of 15 on flaw length for that example case. Similarly there are conservatisms in a proposed EPRG Tier 2 girth weld defect acceptance criterion. This proposed criterion was directly based on curved-wide-plate data to assure that toughness was sufficient to meet limit-load conditions for a curved-wide plate. However, the curved-wide plates are really an intermediate-scale test, and still require proper scaling to pipes of different diameters. The proposed Tier 2 EPRG allowable flaw length is 7T from a large database of curved-wide-plate tests with the a/t value of less than 0.5 (or a < 3mm), and the failure stress being equal to the yield strength of the base metal (also requires the weld metal overmatch the base metal strength, and the Charpy energy at the defect location have a minimum > 30 J and average > 40 J). However, the widths of those curved-wide-plate tests are typically a factor 5 to 12 times less than typical large-diameter pipes. The proper limit-load/fracture mechanics scaling solution would have the flaw length proportioned to the plate width, not the specimen thickness. Additionally, the proper limit-load solution for a pipe in bending gives a much larger tolerable flaw size at the yield stress loading than a plate or pipe under pure tension. Example calculations showed that the EPRG Tier 2 approach is conservative on the flaw lengths by approximately 9 for pure axial tension loading, and between 34 to 79 for a pipe under bending. Suggestions are presented for an improved procedure that accounts for proper limit-load solutions for pipe tests, effects of pipe diameter, effects of internal pressure, and also a much simpler approach to incorporate the material toughness than the 2007 API 1104 Appendix A Option 2 FAD-curve approach. The fracture analyses could evoke SENB, SENT testing, or have relatively simple Charpy test data to assess the transition temperatures to ensure ductile initiation will occur.

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Zhang, Haodong, Zuzhi Chen, Chaoqun Zhang, Juntong Xi, and Xinyi Le. "Weld Defect Detection Based on Deep Learning Method." In 2019 IEEE 15th International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/coase.2019.8842998.

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Ancona, Antonio, Tommaso Maggipinto, Vincenzo Spagnolo, Michele Ferrara, and Pietro M. Lugara. "Optical sensor for real-time weld defect detection." In Electronic Imaging 2002, edited by Morley M. Blouke, John Canosa, and Nitin Sampat. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.463427.

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Liu, Yue, Xiaohong Li, Dahai Ren, Shenghua Ye, Bengang Wang, and Jie Sun. "Computer vision application for weld defect detection and evaluation." In Photonics China '98, edited by Shenghua Ye. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.318417.

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Ajmi, Chiraz, Sabra El Ferchichi, and Kaouther Laabidi. "New procedure for weld defect detection based-Gabor filter." In 2018 International Conference on Advanced Systems and Electric Technologies (IC_ASET). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aset.2018.8379826.

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Reports on the topic "Weld defect"

1

Chin, B. A. Weld penetration and defect control. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5198665.

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Li, Y. Y., and W. R. Mabe. Defect distributions in weld-deposited cladding. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/663559.

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Chin, B. A. Weld penetration and defect control. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10151974.

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Kercel, S. W. In-Process Detection of Weld Defects Using Laser-Based Ultrasonic Lamb Waves. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/814054.

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Carter, R. H. In-Process Detection of Weld Defects Using Laser-Based Ultrasonic Lamb Waves. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/772901.

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DebRoy, T. Laser welding of automotive aluminum alloys to achieve defect-free, structurally sound and reliable welds. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/806534.

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Foley, W. J., R. S. Dean, and A. Hennick. Closeout of IE Bulletin 79-03A: Longitudinal weld defects in ASME SA-312 Type 304 stainless steel pipe. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6344603.

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Foley, W. J., R. S. Dean, and A. Hennick. Closeout of IE Bulletin 79-03: Longitudinal weld defects in ASME SA-312 Type 304 stainless steel pipe spools manufactured by Youngstown Welding and Engineering Co. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6344615.

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Millar, Katharine, James Shires, and Tatiana Tropina. Gender Approaches to Cybersecurity: Design, Defence and Response. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/gen/21/01.

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Gender approaches to cybersecurity explores how gender norms shape specific activities pertaining to cybersecurity design, defence and response. In each of these three pillars, the research identifies distinct dimensions of cyber-related activities that have gendered implications and, thus, need to be considered from a gender perspective. The report proposes recommendations for the incorporation of gender considerations throughout international cybersecurity policy and practice, so as to ensure that cybersecurity improves the security of people of all gender identities and expressions, as well as international peace and security. The ultimate conclusion is that these two levels of security cannot be separated.

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Financial Stability Report - September 2015. Banco de la República, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2015.

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From this edition, the Financial Stability Report will have fewer pages with some changes in its structure. The purpose of this change is to present the most relevant facts of the financial system and their implications on the financial stability. This allows displaying the analysis more concisely and clearly, as it will focus on describing the evolution of the variables that have the greatest impact on the performance of the financial system, for estimating then the effect of a possible materialization of these risks on the financial health of the institutions. The changing dynamics of the risks faced by the financial system implies that the content of the Report adopts this new structure; therefore, some analyses and series that were regularly included will not necessarily be in each issue. However, the statistical annex that accompanies the publication of the Report will continue to present the series that were traditionally included, regardless of whether or not they are part of the content of the Report. In this way we expect to contribute in a more comprehensive way to the study and analysis of the stability of the Colombian financial system. Executive Summary During the first half of 2015, the main advanced economies showed a slow recovery on their growth, while emerging economies continued with their slowdown trend. Domestic demand in the United States allowed for stabilization on its average growth for the first half of the year, while other developed economies such as the United Kingdom, the euro zone, and Japan showed a more gradual recovery. On the other hand, the Chinese economy exhibited the lowest growth rate in five years, which has resulted in lower global dynamism. This has led to a fall in prices of the main export goods of some Latin American economies, especially oil, whose price has also responded to a larger global supply. The decrease in the terms of trade of the Latin American economies has had an impact on national income, domestic demand, and growth. This scenario has been reflected in increases in sovereign risk spreads, devaluations of stock indices, and depreciation of the exchange rates of most countries in the region. For Colombia, the fall in oil prices has also led to a decline in the terms of trade, resulting in pressure on the dynamics of national income. Additionally, the lower demand for exports helped to widen the current account deficit. This affected the prospects and economic growth of the country during the first half of 2015. This economic context could have an impact on the payment capacity of debtors and on the valuation of investments, affecting the soundness of the financial system. However, the results of the analysis featured in this edition of the Report show that, facing an adverse scenario, the vulnerability of the financial system in terms of solvency and liquidity is low. The analysis of the current situation of credit institutions (CI) shows that growth of the gross loan portfolio remained relatively stable, as well as the loan portfolio quality indicators, except for microcredit, which showed a decrease in these indicators. Regarding liabilities, traditional sources of funding have lost market share versus non-traditional ones (bonds, money market operations and in the interbank market), but still represent more than 70%. Moreover, the solvency indicator remained relatively stable. As for non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the slowdown observed during the first six months of 2015 in the real annual growth of the assets total, both in the proprietary and third party position, stands out. The analysis of the main debtors of the financial system shows that indebtedness of the private corporate sector has increased in the last year, mostly driven by an increase in the debt balance with domestic and foreign financial institutions. However, the increase in this latter source of funding has been influenced by the depreciation of the Colombian peso vis-à-vis the US dollar since mid-2014. The financial indicators reflected a favorable behavior with respect to the historical average, except for the profitability indicators; although they were below the average, they have shown improvement in the last year. By economic sector, it is noted that the firms focused on farming, mining and transportation activities recorded the highest levels of risk perception by credit institutions, and the largest increases in default levels with respect to those observed in December 2014. Meanwhile, households have shown an increase in the financial burden, mainly due to growth in the consumer loan portfolio, in which the modalities of credit card, payroll deductible loan, revolving and vehicle loan are those that have reported greater increases in risk indicators. On the side of investments that could be affected by the devaluation in the portfolio of credit institutions and non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the largest share of public debt securities, variable-yield securities and domestic private debt securities is highlighted. The value of these portfolios fell between February and August 2015, driven by the devaluation in the market of these investments throughout the year. Furthermore, the analysis of the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) shows that all intermediaries showed adequate levels and exhibit a stable behavior. Likewise, the fragility analysis of the financial system associated with the increase in the use of non-traditional funding sources does not evidence a greater exposure to liquidity risk. Stress tests assess the impact of the possible joint materialization of credit and market risks, and reveal that neither the aggregate solvency indicator, nor the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) of the system would be below the established legal limits. The entities that result more individually affected have a low share in the total assets of the credit institutions; therefore, a risk to the financial system as a whole is not observed. José Darío Uribe Governor

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