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Journal articles on the topic 'Welding of plastic pipes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Acar, M. O., P. John Bouchard, Joao Quinta da Fonseca, Michael E. Fitzpatrick, and S. Gungor. "Intergranular Strains in Pre-Strained and Welded Pipes." Materials Science Forum 652 (May 2010): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.652.13.

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Neutron diffraction has been used to investigate the weld residual stresses and the intergranular residual strains in butt-welded 316H pipes. Measurements have been made on pipes subjected to varying degrees of plastic pre-straining before welding, in order to assess the effects of plastic strain on the weld residual stresses and the intergranular strains in the material. The intergranular strains following plastic deformation will also be affected by the annealing effect of the welding. Pipes were initially prepared with plastic strain of 0, 10, 15, 20 and 25% plastic deformation. Thereafter, the pipes were cut in half and welded with a circumferential butt-weld. Bar specimens were extracted from the remote end of the 0, 10, 15, 20 and 25% pre-strained and welded pipes. Cross-weld bar specimens were also machined from the 0 and 20% pre-strained and welded pipes. Neutron diffraction measurements were made at ENGIN-X, ISIS and FRM-II, Munich. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the intergranular strains developed after pre-straining from measurements made in remote bar specimens from the remote-end of the pipes. The annealing effect of the welding cycle on the intergranular strains is also studied, with measurements done at several points on cross-weld bar specimens, obtaining the strain response of different hkl lattice planes. The results show that the {200} and {220} planes are at the extremes of response during loading. Furthermore, the welding thermal cycling relaxed the intergranular strains from the prior plastic deformation.

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2

Masuzawa, Nobuyoshi, Kiichi Hori, and Masao Ide. "Ultrasonic Welding of Plastic Pipes Using Torsional Vibration." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 37, Part 1, No. 5B (May 30, 1998): 3007–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.37.3007.

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3

Katsuyama, Jinya, Masahito Mochizuki, Hiroaki Mori, W. Asano, Gyu Baek An, and Masao Toyoda. "Geometrical and Welding Conditions on Through-Thickness Residual Stress in Primary Piping of Girth Welded Joints." Materials Science Forum 580-582 (June 2008): 573–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.580-582.573.

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Recently, stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of primary piping of stainless steel has been observed. SCC is considered to initiate and progress at near the welding zone in butt-welded pipes, because of the tensile residual stress introduced by welding. In present work, three-dimensional and axisymmetric thermo-elastic-plastic finite element analyses have been carried out, in order to clarify the effect of geometrical and welding conditions on through-thickness residual stress. In particular, butt-welding joints of SUS316L pipes have been examined. The residual stress was simulated by three-dimensional and axisymmetric models and the results were compared and discussed in detail.

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4

Choi, Kwang. "Analysis of Welding Residual Stress of Steel Pipes." Materials Science Forum 580-582 (June 2008): 637–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.580-582.637.

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This study was aimed at evaluation of residual stress of steel pipe structures. The production process of pipes was complex (at first bending was done by roll forming or press forming and welding was final process of making of steel pipes). So there could be expected high residual stresses in steel pipes. In order to evaluate the changes of residual stress measurements of residual stress were done for the circular pipe (thickness 16 mm). For the evaluation of residual stress, holedrilling method (ASTM E837) was applied. The results showed that along the weld line high tensile stress were measured as expected, and high tensile stresses were measured where large plastic deformation developed. And in order to assist the experimental results, numerical method (finite element method) was applied. In finite element analysis, non-linear analysis of processes was considered. In welding (final case of pipe making), thermal-elastic-plastic analysis was done considering material properties according to temperature. The calculations showed there were good agreements with experimental results. And from results, experimental results could be more effectively assisted through numerical method in welded pipes production.

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5

LEE, CHOON YEOL, JAE KEUN HWANG, and JOON WOO BAE. "ANALYSIS OF RESIDUAL STRESS FOR NARROW GAP WELDING USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD." International Journal of Modern Physics B 24, no. 15n16 (June 30, 2010): 2797–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979210065659.

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Reactor coolant loop (RCL) pipes circulating the heat generated in a nuclear power plant consist of so large diameter pipes that the installation of these pipes is one of the major construction processes. Conventionally, a shield metal arc welding (SMAW) process has been mainly used in RCL piping installations, which sometimes caused severe deformations, dislocation of main equipments and various other complications due to excessive heat input in welding processes. Hence, automation of the work of welding is required and narrow-gap welding (NGW) process is being reviewed for new nuclear power plants as an alternative method of welding. In this study, transient heat transfer and thermo-elastic-plastic analyses have been performed for the residual stress distribution on the narrow gap weldment of RCL by finite element method under various conditions including surface heat flux and temperature dependent thermo-physical properties.

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6

Josefson, B. L., L. O. Wikander, J. F. Hederstierna, and F. K. Johansson. "Welding Residual Distortions in Ring-Stiffened Pipes." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 118, no. 2 (May 1, 1996): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2828820.

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A fast and simple method for the determination of the residual deformation for a class of welding problems, ring-stiffened pipes, is proposed. The method can predictradial as well as angular distortion of the thin-walled pipe-ring-stiffener/flange assembly. The pipe and stiffener material is elasto-plastic. In particular, the accumulation of deformation in multipass welding is incorporated in the model. Each weld pass is treated separately. This facilitates the assessment of the influence of the sequence in which the weld passes are deposited on the residual deformation state. The method will be included in a conversational knowledge-based “expert” system for the production of a welded ring-stiffened pipe.

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7

Rzasinski, R. "The algorithm of verification of welding process for plastic pipes." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 227 (August 2017): 012113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/227/1/012113.

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8

Okabe, Takatoshi, Shunsuke Toyoda, Sota Goto, Yasushi Kato, Koichi Yasuda, and Kazuhiro Nakata. "Numerical Analysis of Welding Phenomena in High-Frequency Electric Resistance Welding." Key Engineering Materials 622-623 (September 2014): 525–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.622-623.525.

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High-frequency electric resistance welded pipes are used for high-grade line pipes. To address the significant need for weld seam reliability, it is important to clarify the associated welding phenomena. In this study, a numerical analysis model is developed to clarify the behaviours of the molten steel and oxide in HFW pipes. The temperature distribution of the HFW is calculated using electromagnetic and heat conductive finite element analysis methods. The molten metal and oxide flows are analysed by modelling heat conductive and plastic flows. The movement behaviour of the oxides in the molten steel is successfully analysed with this technique. The material properties as a function of the temperature of the steel pipe are calculated using general-purpose simulation software. With pressurisation by the welding rolls, the molten steel moves to the upper part, and the oxide, which exists in the internal parts, rapidly decreases such that almost all of the oxide transitions to the excess metal part. The internal oxide content rate after pressurisation at 0.08 m/s is less than 0.01. To decrease the oxide content, the pressurisation rate must increase such that the molten steel and an oxide pressurised at high temperatures transition to the excess metal part.

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9

Hamade, Ramsey F., Tarek R. Andari, Ali H. Ammouri, and I. S. Jawahir. "Rotary Friction Welding versus Fusion Butt Welding of Plastic Pipes – Feasibility and Energy Perspective." Procedia Manufacturing 33 (2019): 693–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2019.04.087.

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10

Tobias, W. "Welding of Crosslinked Polyethylene Pipes." International Polymer Science and Technology 28, no. 6 (June 2001): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x0102800622.

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The butt-welding of pipes made of crosslinked polyethylene, the most efficient joining method for the material PE-X, which up to now has been regarded an ‘non-weldable’, will enable it to be used for industrial and underground pipes and hence will make a major contribution to state-of-the-art and future-orientated pipeline applications. In the future, it should also be possible to weld PE-X pipes with diameters of less than 90 mm and work is also being performed to develop welded joints with the same temperature resistance as the pipes. This will permit the use of welded PE-X pipes for hot-water systems and heating technology.

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11

Safari, H., R. Pourrajab, and A. Yaghootian. "Transverse and Longitudinal Stress Analysis in Reinforced Welded Oil Branched Pipes." MATEC Web of Conferences 167 (2018): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816702004.

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Welding process results in the non-uniform distribution of heat. Combined with thermal strain, plastic deformation and welding-induced distortion, it causes important problems such as failure. This study models welding process in a 12×16 split tee junction using finite element. This junction is a reinforcing branch used in the hot taping of oil pipe line. The model is studied in 3D state. This zone, i.e. heat affected zone (HAZ) is of high importance due to the existence of a severe temperature gradient and stress in the vicinity of HAZ. This study analyses single pass butt welding with a cooling time of 2700 seconds. In order to apply boundary conditions to the model, the studied structure should be in Free State according to practical procedure. The main aim of this simulation is to analyse Longitudinal and transverse residual stresses originated from co-directional and opposite-directional welding. This joint is formed of two semicircles welded to each other as linear single pass welding. Two welders simultaneously welded both sides of the pipe.

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12

Lach, Ralf, Tobias Krolopp, Pavel Hutař, Eva Nezbedova, and Wolfgang Grellmann. "Short-Term Stable Crack Propagation through Polyolefin Single- and Bilayered Structures - Influence of Welding, Composition and Direction of Crack Propagation." Solid State Phenomena 258 (December 2016): 538–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.258.538.

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The overall stable crack initiation and propagation behaviour of specimens cut from plastic pipes that were composed of different polyolefin materials were investigated using concepts of elastic–plastic fracture mechanics including the crack propagation kinetics. The effect of specimen shape, orientation, welding, lading rate, composition/microstructure and direction of crack propagation on the crack resistance (R) behaviour of these materials has been thereby assessed.

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13

Pashkov, Yuriy Ivanovich, Mikhail Alekhsandrovich Ivanov, Yuriy Viktorovich Bezgans, and Tatyana Vladimirovna Bezgans. "To the Question of Determining the Plasticity Zones of a Welded Joint of Large Diameter Pipes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 763 (May 2015): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.763.92.

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There was performed the analysis of a set of methodical solutions for determining of current and limit plasticity of welded joint zones at large diameter pipes. To determine the current plastic deformation of zones of pipes' welded joints it is offered to test the natural ring of a height of 80 mm, of a pipe with size 530x7,5 mm made of steel 17GS, welded by arc welding using a welding wire SV-08HM under a layer of flux AN-60. The ring samples are tested in the cone, the constructive dimensions of which match the cone used on the expander by the definite value of broadening on the hydraulic press with the force not less than 500 tons. The results of tests of ring samples of welded pipe with size 530х7,5 mm while their broadening by the cone. To determine the limit of plastic deformation of zones of a welded joint of large diameter pipes a method for testing a flat sample is proposed. The construction of the sample and the scheme of loading to determine the limit plasticity of welded pipe joints are proposed.

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14

Suga, Kenichi, Etsuzo Ohdaira, Nobuyoshi Masuzawa, and Masao Ide. "Relationship between Horn Pressure and Welding Time in Ultrasonic Welding of Plastic Pipes Using Torsional Vibration." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 38, Part 1, No. 5B (May 30, 1999): 3302–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.38.3302.

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15

Mirzaee-Sisan, A., and A. Bastola. "Redistribution of welding residual stress following high plastic deformation in seamless pipes." International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 158 (December 2017): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2017.10.004.

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16

Feltham, F. W. "Butt welding of polyethylene pipes." International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 5, no. 2 (April 1985): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-7496(85)90035-1.

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17

Wang, Jiangchao, and Bin Yi. "Effective thermal elastic plastic finite element computation for welding distortion investigation of pozidriv-type welded structure with rectangular pipes and its mitigation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 234, no. 14 (July 2, 2020): 1729–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405420933092.

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Welding distortion of pozidriv-type welded structure with rectangular pipes by 20 welding passes was examined with experimental and computational approaches, and mitigation techniques were also investigated for precision fabrication. Welding experiment to fabricate pozidriv type welded structure was conducted beforehand, and out-of-plane welding distortion was measured with contact type displacement sensor. Effective thermal elastic plastic finite element computation with iterative substructure method and parallel computation was developed, and then employed to examine the thermal-mechanical response during the entire welding process and predict the residual out-of-plane welding distortion. Good agreement between computed results and measurement data was observed with comparison. The influences of welding sequence and clamping constraint with tack welding on welding distortion were considered, which were also practiced for out-of-plane welding distortion mitigation. Both experiment and finite element computation show that out-of-plane welding distortion with welding sequence optimization and clamping constraint can be significantly reduced with about 38% and 56% magnitude of original welding distortion, respectively, while their mechanisms were also clarified by means of stiffness variation of solving welded structure.

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18

Nitoi, Dan, Constantin Petriceanu, Irina Severin, Ana Maria Bogatu, and Octav Teodorescu. "Semiautomatic High Frequency Ultrasonic Testing System for Welded Plastic Pipes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 835 (May 2016): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.835.599.

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The present paper proves the feasibility of a semi-automatic control system of high frequency ultrasound for welded plastic pipes, by ultrasonic methods. The paper presents the main existing types of plastic materials, the technological joining possibilities, the problems that may occur in welding and control and the reasoning of the chosen examination method. The theoretical size of the reference ultrasonic parameters for the propagation of ultrasounds through the flawless juncture. The samples were welded using electro fusion (EF) under different working conditions. The samples were assessed circumferentially, every 10 degrees, on different working frequencies. A semi-automatic control system was designed and developed. For the optimal working frequency, a set of 10 measurements was done, in similar working conditions, on the automatic control stand, in order to test the systems’ capability and the results’ repeatability. The measured values were compared with the limits considered to be admissible using Shewhart statistic control charts.

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19

Lach, R., Pavel Hutař, P. Vesely, E. Nezbedova, Zdeněk Knésl, and W. Grellmann. "Structural Changes, Evolution of Damage Parameters and Crack Propagation Behaviour in Welded Plastic Pipes." Key Engineering Materials 465 (January 2011): 427–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.465.427.

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The microstructure as well as the local mechanical and fracture behaviour of welded joints in plastic pipes made form polyethylene and material zones outside of the welded joints have been analysed using recording microhardness testing, laser extensometry and crack resistance curve tests. In has been found that the mechanical basic properties and damage kinetics are clearly depending on the welding parameters and additional notching.

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20

Ramadan, Ibrahim, and Maria Tanase. "Experimental Study Regarding the Influence of Welding Parameters on the Mechanical Behaviorof High Density Polyethylene Pipes." Materiale Plastice 57, no. 4 (January 6, 2021): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.20.4.5420.

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The experimental study conducted for this article was made using the butt fusion welding procedure for high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes. PE100 (SDR 17, PN 10) water pipes were used, as for the experimental study parts of around 200 to 300 mm were welded, using different welding parameters. The influence of the welding parameters on the pipes resistance was analyzed, through visual examination and experimental tests such as tensile, bending and pressure tests.

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21

Savu, Sorin Vasile, I. Danut Savu, and Ion Ciupitu. "Thermal Analysis to Evaluate Ageing Process in Heated Tool and Electrofusion Welding of Polymer Pipes." Advanced Materials Research 837 (November 2013): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.837.190.

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Heated tool and electrofusion welding are the most used joining processes of higher than 2 mm thick polymer pipes. The two welding processes have different heating-cooling cycles and they produce different influences on the properties of the polymers. Exploitation of polymer pipes for water and gas distribution revealed ageing behaviour of the material in the welding area. The modification of the behaviour depends on the base material, on the applied welding process and on the used parameters. Thermal analysis can be used as tool to reveal and to evaluate the modification of the physical and mechanical properties. Such knowledge is important when prediction of the in use life is necessary to be predicted. Experimental programme was applied to HDPE 100 and HDPE 80, both welded using heated tool and electrofusion processes and different sets of parameters (factorial experiment principles were used to establish the welding parameters). Plasticity characteristics of the welds material, as elongation and relaxation modulus, were determined by using thermal analysis. Burst stress test, applied to the pipe, was considered. It has been observed important rate of the heating process of the surface in contact with the heater. The DSC analysis revealed a decreasing of the elongation with about 12% and decreasing of the relaxation modulus with amount up to 14%, for the material located at the interface between pipe and the heater. At 0.5 mm from the interface it was revealed an intensity of the modification up to half of the values recorded for the interface. That was explained on the poor thermal conductivity specific to the both materials. By using DSC thermal analysis it has been revealed that the polyethylene has high rate crystallization during welding cycle, after the heating to the viscous state. Such crystallization, together with potential non-uniformity of the heating provides modifications in the geometrical characteristics of the weld. For high energy input, the material experience large quantity of fluid material with important plastic distortion. That means high possibility to reject material during pressing step of the welding cycle. 10% increasing of the temperature, for the same heating pressure, involves 5-8% increasing of the dimensions of the fluid ring in the interface. About 10% difference between the relaxation modulus of the heated and non-heated HDPE and that means local ageing transformation of the HDPE. The material becomes more fragile than before the welding process.

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22

Hu, Sheng De, Jing Zhang, Li Xin Li, and Yong Liu. "FEM Simulation of Main Deformation during Cage Roll-Forming Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 395-396 (September 2013): 1239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.395-396.1239.

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Cage roll-forming is an advanced roll-forming technique widely used in high frequency welding (HFW) pipes production. However, to the authors' knowledge, the real cage roll-forming production is mainly on experience rather than science. Few publications can be found on cage roll-forming for its complexity. In order to improve the understanding of the technique, a large deformation elastic-plastic finite element model for the HFW660 cage roll-forming mill was established and simulated through adopting the dynamic explicit algorithm. The distribution of effective plastic strain and the deformed geometry of the strip at the pre-forming and linear section were obtained. The simulation results were validated with the measurements. The results show that the biggest effective plastic strain (EPS) occurs at the center of strip. The distribution of EPS is far from uniform on the cross-section of the strip. This may owe to the uneven distribution of down-hill amount.

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23

Borzabadi Farahani, E., B. Sobhani Aragh, and WJ Mansur. "Three-dimensional finite element modelling of welding residual stresses of medium carbon steel pipes with consideration of solid-state austenite-martensite transformation and post-weld heat treatment." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 233, no. 11 (May 19, 2019): 2352–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420719850205.

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In the present work, three-dimensional finite element modelling is presented to simulate welding of the medium carbon steel pipes by considering both the solid-state austenite-martensite transformation and the post-weld heat treatment. Thermo-elasto-plastic and metallurgical analyses are carried out by developing two user-defined subroutines: one for applying the heat flux and the another one for considering phase transformation effects on welding residual stresses. The applied heat flux is simulated by a double ellipsoid model. Furthermore, the effects of volumetric change due to the solid-state austenite-martensite transformation are taken into account. The results obtained have revealed that volumetric change owing to the solid-state austenite-martensite transformation has a significant effect on the magnitude and distribution of welding residual stresses. The main contribution of the present work is providing helpful knowledge about welding residual stresses evolution after and before the post-weld heat treatment by considering the solid-state austenite-martensite transformation. In addition to reference to the time–temperature–transformation diagram, this study can result in safe selection of post-weld heat treatment parameters, which not only prevents sensitization to stress corrosion cracking and intergranular corrosion but also provides enough and more importantly controlled relaxation of welding residual stresses.

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24

CHANG, KYONG-HO, GAB-CHUL JANG, and SANG-HYONG LEE. "A STUDY ON HYSTERETIC MODEL FOR WELD METAL AND ITS EFFECT ON BEHAVIOR OF STEEL PIPES WITH A WELDED JOINT." International Journal of Modern Physics B 20, no. 25n27 (October 30, 2006): 4069–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979206040878.

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The weld metals used in welding process influences on behavior of steel structures under monotonic and cyclic loading. Because weld metals have different characteristics than structional steels for stress-strain relationship and mechanical properties. Therefore, to predict behavior of steel structure manufactured by welding process, a hysteretic model for weld metal is necessary. In this paper, to formulate the hysteretic model for E71T-1 weld metal, tensile tests and low cycle fatigue tests were carried out. A formulated hysteretic model applied to 3-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element analysis was proposed by the authors. To investigate the effect of weld metal on behavior of steel pipe members, numerical analyses of steel pipe with a welded joint were carried out under monotonic and cyclic loading. The effect of weld metal was clarified by comparing analytical results both steel pipe with consideration of weld metal and without consideration of weld metal.

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25

Avrigean, Eugen. "Studies and Research on the Behavior of Polyethylene when Electrofusion Welding Fittings to High Density Polyethylene Pipes." Materiale Plastice 58, no. 1 (April 5, 2021): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.21.1.5448.

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This aim of this paper is to perform a study on the way the material of the fittings that can be welded through eletrofusion on polyethylene pipes withstands. The process is observed by means of the thermal and fast cameras. Also we intend to analyze the way the assembly consisting of the polyethylene fitting and pipe behaves during welding. The stresses caused by the welding process are observed, as well as the concurrent welding of the tapping tee and the branch saddle tee.

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26

Li, Guoqiang, Dishili Davis, Carlos Stewart, Jerry Peck, and Su-Seng Pang. "Joining composite pipes using hybrid prepreg welding and adhesive bonding." Polymer Composites 24, no. 6 (December 2003): 697–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.10063.

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27

Zinchenko, A. V., B. V. Barichko, V. D. Nikolenko, T. N. Zharkaya, and V. L. Neroznikov. "Metal resistance to deformation of drill pipes steels." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 76, no. 8 (September 3, 2020): 826–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2020-8-826-829.

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To define the energy and force parameters of metal forming processes, it is needful to know the value of the strain resistance. Evaluation of influence of hot deformation technological parameters of steels on the value of metal resistance to plastic deformation was done. For the study samples of 25ХГФМА and 32Г2У steels were used in the form of cylinders of 8.0 mm diameter and 12.0 mm height. The hot upsetting of the samples was accomplished at the Gleeble-3800 simulator of thermo-mechanical processes. Heating of the samples, placed in a vacuum chamber, was done directly by passing electric current through them. The samples were heated to deformation temperature with rate of 5 °C/sec, followed by an isothermal exposure within 3 min to make the temperature even in the sample volume. The deformation was accomplished at the temperatures 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250°C and deformation rate 1.0 and 0.1 sec–1. To prevent welding of the samples to the surface of the working instrument (hardmetal striker), a 0.1 mm thick molybdenum foil was placed between a sample and strikers. In the process of the experiment, the sample temperature, deformation force and current variation of a sample height were recorded. It was determined, that parameters of resistance to deformation, obtained in the process of the experiment by using Gleeble-3800, were higher by 25–30%, than those cited in literature, which were obtained by using a multi-cam plastometer. The specified data on the resistance to deformation were intended for application at PJSC “Tagmet” when designing technological modes of ends upsetting of drill pipes made of steels 32Г2У and 25ХГМФА to define the upsetting force.

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28

Li, Haijing, Bingjun Gao, Junhua Dong, and Yang Fu. "Welding effect on crack growth behavior and lifetime assessment of PE pipes." Polymer Testing 52 (July 2016): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2016.03.024.

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29

Chebbo, Ziad, Michel Vincent, Adil Boujlal, Dominique Gueugnaut, and Yannick Tillier. "Numerical and experimental study of the electrofusion welding process of polyethylene pipes." Polymer Engineering & Science 55, no. 1 (February 19, 2014): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.23878.

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30

Starostin, N. P., M. P. Egorova, and A. I. Gerasimov. "The Temperature Field Dynamics in the Electrofusion Welding of Gas-Line Polyethylene Pipes." International Polymer Science and Technology 41, no. 5 (May 2014): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x1404100512.

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31

Talhi, Fatima Zohra, Mohamed Tahar Benaniba, Naima Belhaneche-Bensemra, and Valérie Massardier. "Comparison of material properties in butt welds of used and unused polyethylene pipes for natural gas distribution." Journal of Polymer Engineering 37, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2016-0015.

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Abstract The main purpose of this work was to evaluate the long term performance of butt welded polyethylene (PE) pipes in comparison to non-welded counterparts. Therefore, old welded PE pipes with different ages that had been used in Algerian gas distribution systems for up to 30 years were investigated. Samples prepared by butt welding of unaged pipes were used as reference. Crystallinity, melt rheology and thermal stability of pipes materials were examined at the weld zone and at the pipe wall. In order to assess the mechanical strength of welds, tensile test was conducted on both welded and unwelded specimens and the results of the strain to failure were considered for the determination of the weld factor. Compared to the reference, the results revealed that the crystallinity of PE materials at the weld zone was not affected by ageing as at the pipe wall. However, a slight decrease of the melt viscosity was observed for both welded and non-welded samples. The welds were found to be more sensitive to thermal and oxidative degradation than the parent pipes while the remaining amount of antioxidants was sufficient for service continuation. The tensile results indicate that welds strength were almost unaffected by ageing.

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32

Jang, Gab Chul, and Kyong Ho Chang. "Characteristics of the Static and Dynamic Behavior of Steel Piles with a Welded Joint." Materials Science Forum 580-582 (June 2008): 613–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.580-582.613.

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During welding process to make joints, residual stress is inevitably produced and weld metal should be used. These influence the static and dynamic behavior of steel structures with welded joints, such as steel piles. In steel structures, dynamic mechanical behavior is different to static mechanical behavior. Therefore, to accurately predict the behavior of steel piles with a welded joint under static-dynamic loading, the research on influence of a welded joint on the static and dynamic behavior of steel piles is necessary. For that purpose, a rate-dependent plasticity model was used, considering strain rate hardening and temperature rise. In this paper, the distribution of welding residual stress in a welded joint was computed by using three-dimensional heat conduction analysis and three-dimensional thermal elastic-plastic analysis. The behavior of steel piles with a welded joint under axial static and dynamic loading was investigated by using three-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element analysis, which employed a rate-dependent plasticity model and included residual stress and mechanical properties of weld metal in a welded joint. The rate-dependent plasticity model used in this paper is proposed by the authors based on the static-dynamic loading tests. Numerical analysis results of steel piles with a welded joint were compared to those without a welded joint. In comparison, the characteristics of static and dynamic behavior of steel piles with a welded joint were investigated.

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Makarov, T. V., R. I. Vasiliev, A. S. Ivushkina, A. A. Parshin, A. V. Sukhinina, and E. V. Kalugina. "The effect of 3M Dynamar FX5911processing additive on butt welding of pipes based on HDPE and the processability of extrusion." Plasticheskie massy, no. 7-8 (September 11, 2019): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35164/0554-2901-2019-7-8-67-68.

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The use of 3M Dynamar processing additives based on fluoropolymers in the production of pipe grades HDPE allows to signifi cantly reduce the load on the screw and the pressure on the die, providing increase the productivity of the extrusion line. Conducted studies have shown that the addition of Dynamar FX5911, even at high concentrations, does not affect significantly the physicomechanical properties of HDPE and does not impair the strength of the weld when butt welding HDPE pipes.

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Xu, Xiu Qing, Jing Niu, Cheng Zheng Li, Hang Juan Huang, and Cheng Xian Yin. "Comparative Study on Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility in Heat-Affected Zone of TP321 Stainless Steel." Materials Science Forum 993 (May 2020): 568–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.993.568.

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TP321 stainless steel is widely used in hydrogenation refining pipes owing to its excellent performance of creep stress resistance and high-temperature resistance. In this study, thermal simulation tests were carried out on the welding heat-affected zone (HAZ) of TP321 stainless steel at temperatures of 1300 °C, 1100 °C, and 850°C using a Gleeble 3800 testing machine. Slow strain tensile tests were conducted under the condition of electrolytic hydrogen charging (EHC) and the metallographic microstructure of cracks as well as the morphology of fractures were analyzed in detail. The result shows that hydrogen can change the fracture mode of tensile specimen and the cracks initiated from and near the specimen surface after EHC. Hydrogen significantly decreases the plastic deformation capability of HAZ in TP321 stainless steel. The reduction of area after the fracture decreases by 58%, 41%, and 45% for HAZ at 1300 °C, 1100 °C, and 850 °C, respectively. The existence of δ ferrite was considered to be the main reason for the aggravation of hydrogen-induced plasticity loss.

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Zhai, Ruixue, Zhaoxu Jiao, Yashuai Han, Jun Zhao, and Gaochao Yu. "Intelligent Control System of Internal Expansion over Bending and Calibration (IEOBC) Process for Large Pipe Ends." Symmetry 13, no. 9 (September 3, 2021): 1618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13091618.

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The flattening and asymmetry of a pipe end section seriously affects the welding quality between pipes, therefore the calibration process for pipe end to improve roundness is essential. Because the calibration for a pipe end involves local elastic-plastic deformation for the end effect, it is still difficult to establish an accurate theoretical model. The reasonable and intelligent control method is nevertheless an effective means to improve the production efficiency. In this paper, an internal expansion over bending and calibration (IEOBC) process is introduced. According to the characteristics of the process, the structure of the mobile intelligent calibration machine for large pipe ends is designed, and the intelligent control hardware system of the machine is built. Based on the LabVIEW software platform, an intelligent control software system for the IEOBC process is developed. A three-step control strategy is combined with pipe size detection and ovality recognition. The intelligent prediction and execution of the calibration process parameters are realized. The experimental results show that the intelligent control system has good stability and accuracy, and the ovality can be controlled within 0.5%.

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Qi, Fang Juan, Li Xing Huo, You Feng Zhang, and Hong Yang Jing. "Study on Fracture Properties of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Pipe." Key Engineering Materials 261-263 (April 2004): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.261-263.153.

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Butt-fusion welding is the main technology to join high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic pipes, which are widely used in transport the water, gas and corrosive liquid. Investigation shows that one of the failure modes of HDPE pipe is the crack slowly grows across the thick direction and leads to failure at last, so that it is very important to study the resistance to crack initiation of HDPE pipe and its butt-fusion welded joint. In this study, the elastic-plastic fracture mechanics parameter, crack opening displacement (COD) is used to describe the fracture initiation behaviors for the HDPE materials and its butt-fusion welded joints. The resistance to initiation fracture of HDPE pipe materials and butt-fusion welded joints were investigated at different temperature by using multiple specimen resistance curve method and silicon-rubber replica method. The results show that saturation initial crack COD- δis of HDPE pipe materials and butt-fusion welded joints decreases with the decreasing temperature. The δis of butt-fusion welded joints is lower than that of HDPE pipe materials. Investigation also proved that the silicon-rubber replica method is more suitable for HDPE engineering material than the multiple specimen method. At the same time the statistic distribution of the δis of HDPE butt-fusion welded joint was conducted. The results show that the value of the δis has the statistic variance inherently. The optimum fitting distribution of COD is Weibull distribution with three parameters.

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37

Scavuzzo, Rudolph J. "Effect of Loading on Stress Intensification Factors." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 128, no. 1 (October 7, 2005): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2148420.

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The basic objective of this investigation is to determine the effect of loading on the stress intensification factors of Markl’s fatigue evaluation method for metal piping. Markl’s method is based on the fatigue testing of 4 in. schedule 40 carbon steel cantilever piping. Subsequent testing using a four-point loading showed that the S-N data were different from that predicted by the procedure and equation developed by Markl. Markl’s method is based on determining the elastic-plastic forces in a piping system by multiplying the elastic system stiffness by the actual deflection. In this manner a fictitious force is calculated to determine piping stresses assuming the elastic beam bending equation, Mc/I, applies even in partially plastic pipes. Previous analytical work on this topic by Rodabaugh and Scavuzzo (“Fatigue of Butt Welded Pipe and the Effect of Testing Methods–Report 2: Effect of Testing Methods on Stress Intensification Factors,” Welding Research Bulletin 433, July 1998) showed that these measured differences should occur between cantilever and four-point tests using Markl’s method. The basic assumption in this analytical comparison is that strain-cycle correlations lead to the correct prediction of fatigue life. Using the measured alternating strain, both types of test geometries lead to the same prediction of fatigue life using these strain-cycle correlations. In this study, the same analytical assumptions used by Rodabaugh and Scavuzzo (above) are applied to a pipe where the load is varied from a four-point loading through its extremes. Loads were varied from a cantilever to an end moment by changing the dimensions of four-point loading. Also, the shape of a bilinear stress-strain curve was varied from a perfectly plastic material to various degrees of work hardening by increasing the tangent modulus in the plastic regime. The results of the study indicate that Markl’s method is conservative by predicting too short a fatigue life for four-point loading for a given stress. As indicated by this study, the differences can be very large in the low-cycle regime for a perfectly plastic material and for a four-point loading approaching an end moment. Thus, piping could be over designed with unnecessary conservatism using the current ASME Code method based on stress intensification factors.

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38

Li, Fang Po. "Surface Galling Mechanism Analysis of Rotary Shouldered Thread Connection." Materials Science Forum 993 (May 2020): 1286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.993.1286.

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In this paper, surface galling failure process and mechanism of drill pipe’s rotary shouldered thread connection (RSTC) was studied by means of full-scale make-up and break-out (M&B) testing. The results showed that surface galling damage mainly appearred at the positions of leading flank, bearing flank and make-up shoulder of RSTC. The galling damage of three different positions was a process of mutual independence and mutual promotion, and they might appear simultaneously, and also appear at different stage. The surface galling failure was mainly due to metal’s plastic deformation and peeling off under the effect of compressive stress caused by friction and compression effect among the contacting metal surface. During M&B testing, deformed and peeling metal accumulated continually and resulted in "cold welding" at local position. In the subsequent M&B process, "cold welding" metal was torn open and peeled off from metal matrix, and metal surface galling was getting serious gradually. M&B testing results showed that torque load and thread compound had decisive influence on surface galling damage, while the influence of RSTC’s surface wear, rearranging, torque fluctuations and tensile load was not obvious.

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39

Rakin, Marko, B. Medjo, Miodrag Arsić, Ž. Šarkoćević, I. Ivanović, and Aleksandar Sedmak. "API J55 Steel Casing Pipe with an Initial Surface Crack under Internal Pressure - Determination of Fracture Parameters." Key Engineering Materials 488-489 (September 2011): 577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.488-489.577.

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Seam casing pipe used in an oil drilling rig, manufactured by high frequency (HF) contact welding of API J55 steel, is tested. The influence of an initial defect (machined surface crack) is analysed, by performing pressure test of a pipe segment closed at both ends. Besides the damages at the internal surface, casing pipes are exposed to damage at the external surface, which is why such configuration is analysed here. Measurement of strains and crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) enabled the application of direct method for J integral evaluation. This procedure is based on the path independence of the J integral and can be applied both in laboratory conditions (on specimens) and on structures. However, it requires a demanding experimental - computational procedure, which is accomplished here using the developed routine. Additionally, the behaviour of the pipe under internal pressure, including fracture mechanics parameters determination, is modelled numerically (by finite element method) in software package Abaqus. The pressure is applied as distributed load acting on the inner surface of the three-dimensional model, and axial tension is applied at the end of the pipe to simulate the closed end. J integral values determined numerically and using direct method are used for estimation of the critical pressure corresponding to the crack growth initiation. Additionally, plastic limit load, i.e. pressure which causes yielding of the ligament, is determined. Based on the results, criteria for pipe integrity assessment are discussed

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40

Jang, Gab Chul, Kyong Ho Chang, and Chin Hyung Lee. "Influence of the Welded Joint on the Mechanical Behavior of Steel Piles during Static and Dynamic Deformation." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 1469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.1469.

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During manufacturing the welded joint of steel structures, residual stress is produced and weld metal is used inevitably. And residual stress and weld metal influence on the static and dynamic mechanical behavior of steel structures. Therefore, to predict the mechanical behavior of steel pile with a welded joint during static and dynamic deformation, the research on the influence of the welded joints on the static and dynamic behavior of steel pile is clarified. In this paper, the residual stress distribution in a welded joint of steel piles was investigated by using three-dimensional welding analysis. The static and dynamic mechanical behavior of steel piles with a welded joint is investigated by three-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element analysis using a proposed dynamic hysteresis model. Numerical analyses of the steel pile with a welded joint were compared to that without a welded joint with respect to load carrying capacity and residual stress distribution. The influence of the welded joint on the mechanical behavior of steel piles during static and dynamic deformation was clarified by comparing analytical results

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41

Beloshapkin, G. V., M. V. Beloshapkin, V. K. Pisarov, V. E. Stolberov, and V. A. Chernov. "Friction welding of pipes." Welding International 21, no. 6 (June 2007): 458–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507110701455673.

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42

Drennov, O., O. Burtseva, and A. Kitin. "Explosive welding of pipes." Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings) 134 (July 26, 2006): 1239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:2006134188.

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43

Baumann, Helmut. "Plastic pipes made of recycled plastic." Technology, Law and Insurance 3, no. 3 (September 1998): 209–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/135993798349415.

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44

Wolters, M., and B. Venema. "Butt Welding of Polyethylene Pipes." Indian Welding Journal 18, no. 2 (April 1, 1986): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22486/iwj.v18i2.148485.

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45

Reed, Bob, and Tom Castle. "Manual welding of water pipes." Waterlines 31, no. 1-2 (January 2012): 136–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.2012.012.

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46

Sattari-Far, I., and Y. Javadi. "Influence of welding sequence on welding distortions in pipes." International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 85, no. 4 (April 2008): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2007.07.003.

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47

White, Peter. "Plastic Pipes in Field Archaeology." Australian Archaeology 33, no. 1 (January 1991): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03122417.1991.11681434.

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48

Hammad, M. "Energy performance of plastic pipes." Polymer Testing 18, no. 2 (April 1999): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0142-9418(98)00015-4.

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Hunaidi, Osama, Wing Chu, Alex Wang, and Wei Guan. "Detecting leaks in plastic pipes." Journal - American Water Works Association 92, no. 2 (February 2000): 82–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2000.tb08819.x.

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50

Gerasimov, A. I., and E. V. Danzanova. "Research of Possibility of Application of Hot Tool Flare Welding for Polyethylene Gas Pipelines Construction." Materials Science Forum 992 (May 2020): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.992.36.

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At present, when connecting polyethylene pipes for gas pipelines, two basic methods of welding are used: hot tool butt welding and welding with couplings and embedded heater. Hot tool flare welding is mainly used in polymer water supply systems. This paper presents results of research on implementation of this welding method when connecting polyethylene pipes in gas supply systems. It is proposed to use pieces of polyethylene pipes of larger diameter as couplings. Preliminary prolonged tensile tests of obtained welded joints showed effectiveness of this technology when joining polyethylene pipes.

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