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Journal articles on the topic 'Welding underwater'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Alajmi, Esam F., and Ahmad A. Alqenaei. "Underwater Welding Techniques." International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications 7, no. 2 (February 2017): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/9622-0702031417.

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2

Abbasi, Mahmoud, Amin Abdollahzadeh, Behrouz Bagheri, Ahmad Ostovari Moghaddam, Farzaneh Sharifi, and Mostafa Dadaei. "Study on the effect of the welding environment on the dynamic recrystallization phenomenon and residual stresses during the friction stir welding process of aluminum alloy." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 235, no. 8 (June 21, 2021): 1809–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14644207211025113.

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Various methods have been proposed to modify the friction stir welding. Friction stir vibration welding and underwater friction stir welding are two variants of this technique. In friction stir vibration welding, the adjoining workpieces are vibrated normal to the joint line while friction stir welding is carried out, while in underwater friction stir welding the friction stir welding process is performed underwater. The effects of these modified versions of friction stir welding on the microstructure and mechanical characteristics of AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy welded joints are analyzed and compared with the joints fabricated by conventional friction stir welding. The results indicate that grain size decreases from about 57 μm for friction stir welding to around 34 μm for friction stir vibration welding and about 23 μm for underwater friction stir welding. The results also confirm the evolution of Mg2Si precipitates during all processes. Friction stir vibration welding and underwater friction stir welding processes can effectively decrease the size and interparticle distance of precipitates. The strength and ductility of underwater friction stir welding and friction stir vibration welding processed samples are higher than those of the friction stir welding processed sample, and the highest strength and ductility are obtained for underwater friction stir welding processed samples. The underwater friction stir welding and friction stir vibration welding processed samples exhibit about 25% and 10% higher tensile strength compared to the friction stir welding processed sample, respectively. The results also indicate that higher compressive residual stresses are developed as underwater friction stir welding and friction stir vibration welding are applied.

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3

Fu, Yun Long, Ning Guo, and Ji Cai Feng. "Parametric Study of Underwater Laser Welding on 304 Austenite Stainless Steel." Materials Science Forum 972 (October 2019): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.972.222.

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The underwater laser welding assisted by a single-layer gas torch was carried out on the austenite stainless steel based on the underwater laser welding experimental platform. Butt welding experiments under shallow water were performed to investigate the effects of laser power, welding speed and defocusing distance on the underwater laser welding quality and optimized the process parameters. It was found that the ideal underwater laser weld can be obtained with the laser power of 2.0 kW, the welding speed of 2.0 m/min and the defocusing distance of 1 mm, demonstrating the self-developed single-layer gas-assisted drainage device could create working environment similar to onshore laser welding, by analyzing the metallographic structure and mechanical properties of underwater laser weld and in-air laser weld.

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4

Ibarra, S., and D. L. Olson. "Underwater Welding of Steel." Key Engineering Materials 69-70 (January 1992): 329–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.69-70.329.

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5

Surojo, E., N. I. Wicaksana, Y. C. N. Saputro, E. P. Budiana, N. Muhayat, Triyono, and A. R. Prabowo. "Effect of Welding Parameter on the Corrosion Rate of Underwater Wet Welded SS400 Low Carbon Steel." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (August 24, 2020): 5843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10175843.

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This study aims to determine the effect of welding parameters on the corrosion rate of underwater wet welded SS400 low carbon steel. The underwater wet welding process was conducted using shielded metal arc welding (SMAW). Three welding electrodes, i.e., E7016, RB26 and RD26, were used in underwater wet welding performed with water depth variations 2.5 m, 5 m and 10 m. Welding current in the experiment was set to be 100 A and 110 A. After the welding stage, corrosion test was carried out on each joint in a 3.5%-NaCl solution using three-electrode polarization resistance methods. Corrosion testing results indicated that the lowest corrosion rate was found in underwater welding with current parameters of 100 A, 2.5-m depth and RB26 electrodes. The highest corrosion rate is obtained with the setting of underwater welding of 110-A current, 10-m depth and E7016 electrodes.

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6

Sutrisno, Avando Bastari, and Okol Sri Suharyo. "Analysis of underwater welding in Indonesian warship using low hydrogen electrodes." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 7, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 083–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2021.7.3.0081.

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As a security unit for the territorial waters of the Republic of Indonesia, the Indonesian Navy is required for combat readiness to carry out security operations quickly and precisely. It is very important to the readiness of the Indonesian Navy's ABK Soldiers and the Republic of Indonesia's defense equipment for warships in carrying out security activities in the territorial waters of the Republic of Indonesia. This study discusses underwater wet welding in anticipating an emergency if the ship's hull is hit by a collision so that the hull has cracks or holes. This research method uses AH36 steel plate metal. Then, underwater wet welding was carried out on the AH36 plate using a low hydrogen type electrode. Before welding, the electrodes were subjected to a drying process to a temperature of 900C. Wet welding underwater is carried out at a depth of 5 meters in seawater. The results of underwater wet welding are NDT testing; penetrant test, radiography test, then also DT test; hardness test, tensile test, and test according to ASTM standard. Analysis of underwater wet welding results compared to atmospheric welding results as quality control, so that the percentage difference in mechanical properties can be known. The interesting thing from welding AH36 steel plate with underwater wet welding and applying low hydrogen electrodes is the minimal level of weld porosity defects in the welding results. So that the low hydrogen electrode can be used in welding AH36 steel plate in underwater welding applications.

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7

Chen, Bo, and Jicai Feng. "Modeling of underwater wet welding process based on visual and arc sensor." Industrial Robot: An International Journal 41, no. 3 (May 13, 2014): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-03-2014-0315.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to use visual and arc sensors to simultaneously obtain the underwater wet welding information, and a weld seam-forming model was made to predict the weld seam's geometric parameters. It is difficult to obtain a fine welding quality in underwater welding because of the intense disturbances of the water environment. To automatically control the welding quality, the weld seam-forming model should first be established. Thus, the foundation was laid for automatically controlling the underwater welding seam-forming quality. Design/methodology/approach – Visual and arc sensors were used simultaneously to obtain the weld seam image, current and voltage information; then signal algorithms were used to process the information, and the back propagation (BP) neural network was used to model the process. Findings – Experiment results showed that the BP neural network model could precisely predict the weld seam-forming parameters of underwater wet welding. Originality/value – A weld seam-forming model of underwater wet welding process was made; this laid the foundation for establishing a controller for controlling the underwater wet welding process automatically.

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8

Kononenko, V. Ya. "Underwater welding and cutting in CIS countries." Paton Welding Journal 2014, no. 6 (June 28, 2014): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tpwj2014.06.08.

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9

Yohanes, Peringeten, Muhayat Nurul, and Triyono. "Effect of Water Depth on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of SS400 Steel in Underwater Welding." Key Engineering Materials 772 (July 2018): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.772.128.

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The application of underwater welding is for repairing the damage underwater structures and oil pipelines to extend the lifetime of the facilities. Generally, underwater welding studies were performed in shallow depth water. It is important to investigate the properties of the underwater welding joint based on the depth of water in meter scale. In this work, the shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) was used to conduct the welding process of SS400 low carbon steel. The water depth of 2.5 m, 5.0 m, and 10.0 m were evaluated, while the welding electric current were varied in the range from 80 A to 110 A. Underwater welding processes were carried out using the E7016 electrode. Non-destructive and destructive tests were conducted including the X-ray analysis, microstructure investigation, tensile, and hardness tests. The X-ray analysis showed that there were many defects for all underwater welding specimens. The water depth of 2.5 m joint specimens provided the highest tensile strength. It decreased as increasing of water depth level. Stability of welding arc due to the water pressure was the main reason. Tensile strength increased slightly as the welding current increasing due to deeper penetration. For all specimens, the highest hardness was found in the HAZ which was adjacent to the fusion zone.

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10

Łabanowski, Jerzy, Dariusz Fydrych, Grzegorz Rogalski, and Krzysztof Samson. "Underwater Welding of Duplex Stainless Steel." Solid State Phenomena 183 (December 2011): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.183.101.

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The present work was conducted to assess the weldability of duplex stainless steel at underwater conditions. Interest of underwater welding of this steel grade is connected with necessity of preparing welding repair technologies for subsea pipelines widely used in offshore oil and gas industry. The GMA local cavity welding method was used in the investigations. Welded beads were performed underwater at 0.5 m depth and in the air. Metallographic examinations of welds, ferrite content assessment in microstructure and hardness test were performed. The good weldability at underwater conditions of duplex stainless with the use of GMA local cavity method was confirmed.

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11

Hynes, N. Rajesh Jesudoss, P. Nagaraj, and M. Prakash. "Mathematical Model to Predict Heat Flow in Underwater Friction Stud Welding." Advanced Materials Research 984-985 (July 2014): 596–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.984-985.596.

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Friction Stud Welding is primarily used to bond different material. Joining of aluminum alloys, stainless steels and composites with any other materials is required in many underwater welding applications. In the present work, a mathematical model has been developed for underwater friction stud welding. A thick AA6061 plate is welded with steel stud in a modified drilling machine. Transient analysis of heat conduction in the plate has been calculated numerically including heat generation due to friction between the materials. The conduction, convective and surface boundary conditions have been considered as per the developed model. Comparison has been made between welding performed in normal atmospheric condition and underwater condition. The temperature distribution in the work piece has been predicted using the developed mathematical model. It is found that there is steep fall in a heat flow during underwater welding condition. High weld strength can be achieved due to less heat affected zone in underwater welding.

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12

Chen, Bo, and Ji Cai Feng. "A Survey of Underwater Wet Weld Seam Tracking Based on Ultrasonic Sensor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 433-435 (October 2013): 2227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.433-435.2227.

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With the exploration of marine sources becoming more and more important, underwater welding is widely needed. Because of the special working condition, underwater weld seam tracking technology is urgently needed, for the automation control of the underwater welding process is the inevitable development trend because of the rigorous environment. This paper used ultrasonic sensor to monitor the weld seam position in underwater wet welding process, and signal process algorithm was developed to obtain the weld seam information, experiment results showed that this method could detect the weld seam shape correctly, this load the foundation for further automatically controlling the welding process.

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13

Wang, Jianfeng, Qingjie Sun, Jiangkun Ma, Peng Jin, Tianzhu Sun, and Jicai Feng. "Correlation between wire feed speed and external mechanical constraint for enhanced process stability in underwater wet flux-cored arc welding." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 233, no. 10 (November 18, 2018): 2061–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405418811783.

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It is a great challenge to improve the process stability in conventional underwater wet welding due to the formation of unstable bubble. In this study, mechanical constraint method was employed to interfere the bubble generated by underwater wet welding, and the new method was named as mechanical constraint assisted underwater wet welding. The aim of the study was to quantify the combined effect of wire feed speed and condition of mechanical constraint on the process stability in mechanical constraint assisted underwater wet welding. Experimental results demonstrated that the introduction of mechanical constraint not only suppressed the bubble without floating but also stabilized the arc burning process. The degree of influence of mechanical constraint, which changed with wire feed speed, played an important role during the mechanical constraint assisted underwater wet welding process. For all wire feed speeds, the fluctuations of welding electrical signal were decreased through introduction of mechanical constraint. The difference in the proportion of arc extinction process between underwater wet welding and mechanical constraint assisted underwater wet welding became less with increasing wire feed speed. At wire feed speed lower than 7.5 m/min, the improvement of process stability was very significant by mechanical constraint. However, the further improvement produced limited effect when the wire feed speed was greater than 7.5 m/min. The observation results showed that a better weld appearance was afforded at a large wire feed speed, corresponding to a lower variation coefficient.

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14

Manikandan, Palavesamuthu, Joo Noh Lee, Kotaro Mizumachi, Seyed Hadi Ghaderi, Akihisa Mori, and Kazuyuki Hokamoto. "Transition Joints of Aluminum and Magnesium Alloy Made by Underwater Explosive Welding Technique." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 757–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.757.

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In this study, aluminum alloy A5052 and magnesium alloy AZ31 were joined by conventional parallel setup of explosive welding and underwater explosive welding. Microstructural characterization of conventional welded joints revealed a characteristic wave formation with vortices and contact surface melting layer containing intermetallics. In order to reduce the vortices and melting layer, underwater explosive welding was used. The welding parameters are regulated to reduce the kinetic energy loss during collision. The low kinetic energy loss in underwater explosive welding resulted in the formation of small waves with less vortices and no melting layer.

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15

Klett, Jan, Thomas Wolf, Hans Jürgen Maier, and Thomas Hassel. "The Applicability of the Standard DIN EN ISO 3690 for the Analysis of Diffusible Hydrogen Content in Underwater Wet Welding." Materials 13, no. 17 (August 25, 2020): 3750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13173750.

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The European standard ISO 3690 regulates the measurement of diffusible hydrogen in arc-welded metal. It was designed for different welding methods performed in dry atmosphere (20% humidity). Some details of the standard are not applicable for wet underwater welding. The objective of this study was to extend the applicability of DIN EN ISO 3690:2018-12 to underwater wet-shielded metal arc welding (SMAW). Four different aspects regulated within the standard were accounted for: (1) sample dimensions and number of samples taken simultaneously; (2) time limitations defined by the standard regarding the welding and the cleaning process; (3) time, temperature, and method defined for analysis of the diffusible hydrogen content; (4) normalization of the hydrogen concentration measured. Underwater wet welding was performed using an automated, arc voltage-controlled welding machine. The results are discussed in light of standard DIN EN ISO 3690, and recommendations are provided for the analysis of diffusible hydrogen content upon underwater wet welding.

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16

Suga, Y., and A. Hasui. "Underwater gravity pulsed arc welding." Welding International 2, no. 9 (January 1988): 802–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507118809446556.

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17

TAMURA, Masataka, Wataru KOUNO, Takehisa HINO, Satoshi OKADA, and Masaki YODA. "B111 Underwater Laser Beam Welding." Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2009.14 (2009): 77–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmepes.2009.14.77.

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18

Ibarra, S., E. C. Grubbs, and D. L. Olson. "Metallurgical Aspect of Underwater Welding." JOM 40, no. 12 (December 1988): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03258786.

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19

Wahid, Mohd Atif, Zahid A. Khan, Arshad Noor Siddiquee, Rohit Shandley, and Nidhi Sharma. "Analysis of process parameters effects on underwater friction stir welding of aluminum alloy 6082-T6." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 233, no. 6 (July 25, 2018): 1700–1710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405418789982.

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In friction stir welding of heat treatable aluminum alloys, the thermal cycles developed during the joining process result in softening of the joints which adversely affect their mechanical properties. Underwater friction stir welding can be a process of choice to overcome this problem due to low peak temperature and short dwell time involved during the process. Consequently, this article presents a study pertaining to the underwater friction stir welding of aluminum alloy 6082-T6 with an aim to develop a mathematical model to optimize the underwater friction stir welding process parameters for obtaining maximum tensile strength. The results of the study reveal that the tool shoulder diameter (d), tool rotational speed (ω), welding speed (v), and second-order term of rotational speed, that is, ω2, significantly affect the tensile strength of the joint. The maximum tensile strength of 241 MPa which is indeed 79% of the base metal strength and 10.7% higher than that of conventional (air) friction stir welding joint was achieved at an optimal setting of the underwater friction stir welding parameters, that is, tool rotational speed of 900 r/min, the welding speed of 80 mm/min, and a tool shoulder of 17 mm. The article also presents the results of temperature variation, the macrostructural and microstructural investigations, microhardness, and fractography of the joint obtained at the optimal setting for underwater friction stir welded (UFSWed) joint.

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20

Surojo, E., J. Anindito, F. Paundra, A. R. Prabowo, E. P. Budiana, N. Muhayat, M. Badaruddin, and Triyono. "Effect of water flow and depth on fatigue crack growth rate of underwater wet welded low carbon steel SS400." Open Engineering 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2021-0036.

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Abstract Underwater wet welding (UWW) is widely used in repair of offshore constructions and underwater pipelines by the shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) method. They are subjected the dynamic load due to sea water flow. In this condition, they can experience the fatigue failure. This study was aimed to determine the effect of water flow speed (0 m/s, 1 m/s, and 2 m/s) and water depth (2.5 m and 5 m) on the crack growth rate of underwater wet welded low carbon steel SS400. Underwater wet welding processes were conducted using E6013 electrode (RB26) with a diameter of 4 mm, type of negative electrode polarity and constant electric current and welding speed of 90 A and 1.5 mm/s respectively. In air welding process was also conducted for comparison. Compared to in air welded joint, underwater wet welded joints have more weld defects including porosity, incomplete penetration and irregular surface. Fatigue crack growth rate of underwater wet welded joints will decrease as water depth increases and water flow rate decreases. It is represented by Paris's constant, where specimens in air welding, 2.5 m and 5 m water depth have average Paris's constant of 8.16, 7.54 and 5.56 respectively. The increasing water depth will cause the formation of Acicular Ferrite structure which has high fatigue crack resistance. The higher the water flow rate, the higher the welding defects, thereby reducing the fatigue crack resistance.

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21

Mori, Akihisa, Ayumu Fukushima, Kazumasa Shiramoto, and Masahiro Fujita. "Underwater Explosive Welding Using Detonating Code." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 763–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.763.

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Detonating code, which is a flexible code with an explosive core, is normally used to transmit the ignition of explosives with high detonation velocity 6 km/s. Therefore it is difficult to use detonating code for the explosive welding of common metals toward the detonating direction since the welding velocity exceeds the sound velocity of metals. Hence, an explosive welding method using underwater shock wave generated by the detonation of detonating code was tried. In the present investigation, the details of the experimental setup and results are reported. And the welding conditions are discussed through numerical simulation. From these results it is observed that the above technique is suitable to weld thin metal plates with relatively less explosives.

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22

Luo, Manlelan, Pengyu Wei, Quanhong Li, Renzhi Hu, Anguo Huang, and Shengyong Pang. "Underwater Laser Welding of Pure Ti: Oxidation and Hardening Behaviors." Metals 11, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11040610.

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The local dry underwater laser welding of cp-Ti, with air as an assisting gas, and in a simulated underwater facility was researched, aiming to find a viable and economical method for repairing titanium alloy underwater vehicles in situ in the future. Macro-morphology, microstructure, and microhardness of the cp-Ti laser welds, as a function of welding parameters, were experimentally characterized. The oxidation and hardening behaviors of the welds were also studied in detail. It was found that local dry underwater laser welding with air assisted blowing is feasible for obtaining a complete and glossy weld. Compared with a weld in atmosphere, the cross-section morphology of the weld was almost unaffected by the special underwater welding environment. The weld presented a three-layer structure. High temperature and high pressure water vapor and local blowing are the direct causes of weld oxidation, and porosity defects further aggravate the oxidation behavior. The oxygen-enriched areas were mostly concentrated in the top area of the weld center and near the fusion zone, because of the higher number of grain boundaries and phase boundaries. In addition, the partial oxidation caused by local blowing and water vapor atmosphere, and also the higher strength acicular martensite caused by the rapid cooling effect of water, will lead to weld hardening. However, adjusting the welding process parameters, such as increasing the welding speed, can effectively reduce the microhardness of the weld. Our findings can provide an understanding of the influence of water environment on underwater laser welding, and verify the feasibility of a more economical method for the in situ repair of large underwater facilities.

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23

Sun, Wei, Xiao Jie Li, and Kazuyuki Hokamoto. "Numerical Simulation of Underwater Explosive Welding Process." Materials Science Forum 767 (July 2013): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.767.120.

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Recently, underwater explosive welding shows its advantage in some difficult-to-weld combinations such as material with thin thickness, high hardness, and fragile quality. The pattern of the typical wave morphology in the interface of the welding specimen indicates the suitability of the selected experimental parameters and sound strength of the laminates. For the existence of the water, traditional Gurney formula and Aziz formula can not directly be used to evaluate the velocity and acceleration process of the flyer plate. Numerical simulation is necessary and irreplaceable for existing knowledge. Underwater explosive welding process was numerically simulated by ANSYS/LS-DYNA to explore the underwater shock wave and deformation process of the flyer plate. Velocity and pressure distribution of welding plates were obtained. The velocity of the flyer plate could satisfy the minimum velocity in explosive welding. It was found that water prevented the gross distortion and ensured the integrity of the composite laminate. Welding rate was increased by expanding the size of the explosive.

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24

Yang, Fu, Wen Ming Zhang, and Wan Cai Jiao. "Design of DSP-Based Automatic Seam Tracking Underwater System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 845–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.845.

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It is high difficult to control the underwater welding because of the effect of water and the leak proofness of the weld devices which is a troubling problem. In this paper, a DSP-based automatic seam tracking system for underwater welding is designed. This system has the advantages of simple hardware structure, low-cost, rich function software, friendly human-machine interface, and easily realizing. And the work of this paper can be used for further research in underwater welding seam automatic tracking.

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25

Muktepavel, Voldemar, Victor Murzin, Vyacheslav Karpov, and Arthur Kurakin. "Research on Welding and Processing Behavior of Electrodes and Features of their Application in "Wet" Underwater Arc Welding." Materials Science Forum 946 (February 2019): 913–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.946.913.

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Three brands of special electrodes for underwater welding were analyzed: LKI-1P, EPS-AN, UW-EZ-2. Experimental data on welding and processing behavior of these types of electrodes in the conditions of underwater arc welding were obtained: melting factor, metal deposit factor and losses. Experiments have been performed to determine the value of the arc breaking length of electrodes when welding under water. A comparative analysis was made with UONII-13/55 electrodes when welding in air conditions.

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26

Zhou, Can Feng, Xiang Dong Jiao, Jia Lei Zhu, Hui Gao, Qiu Ping Shen, Yan Yu, and Jun Bao Zhang. "Study on Local Dry Welding of 304 Stainless Steel in Nuclear Power Stations Repair." Advanced Materials Research 460 (February 2012): 415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.460.415.

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Local dry welding is an important water welding method with special advantages for good flexibility in nuclear power stations repair where operation spaces are usually very limited, and it can be applied perfectly by simple integration of a lot of welding processes with shielding cup. An underwater welding system chamber was built, which is mainly comprised of an underwater welding test chamber, and a hydraulic driven underwater welding device. Shielding gas is inflated to the small compacted cup to drive water and protect arc and weld pool. At shallow water of 100mm,Pulsed MIG tests were carried out to investigate parameters which are related to welding process of 304 stainless steel cladding layers. Welding tests at different depth indicates that although profiles of welds produced both at pressures of 5 meters water depth and at pressures of 15 meters water depth are perfect, but cladding layer at 15 meters is more narrow and more high

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27

Tomków, J., D. Fydrych, G. Rogalski, and J. Łabanowski. "Temper Bead Welding of S460N Steel in Wet Welding Conditions." Advances in Materials Science 18, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/adms-2017-0036.

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AbstractWet welding is the most common method of welding in water environment. It is most often used for repairing of underwater parts of offshore structures. However, the water as a welding environment causes an increase of susceptibility of steels to cold cracking. For underwater constructions high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel are widely used. In wet welding condition a HSLA steel is characterized by high susceptibility to cold cracking. Temper Bead Welding (TBW) was chosen as a method to improve the weldability of S460N steel. The studies showed that TBW technique causes significant decrease of maximum hardness of heat affected zone (HAZ). The largest decrease in hardness occurred in specimens with the pitches in range 66-100%.

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28

Hilkes, Jan, and Jürgen Tuchtfeld. "Underwater “Wet Welding & Cutting” with NAUTICA Stick Electrodes for Marine and Offshore Applications." Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa, no. 3 (June 2020): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17729/ebis.2020.3/5.

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The basics of diving and working under water have been highlighted and explained as such, while these circumstances have also great influence on the welding behavior of the consumables applied. The challenge is in the execution of the welds and repairs. The paper covers the diving, welding and metallurgical aspects of underwater „wet” welding & cutting using covered electrodes based on industrial examples and applications for joining and repair welding. Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) and covered stick electrodes are a very versatile, flexible, simple and practical welding process, for this reason often used for underwater maintenance and repairs.

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29

Pessoa, Ezequiel Caires Pereira, Alexandre Queiroz Bracarense, Valter Rocha Dos Santos, Ricardo Reppold Marinho, Henrique Leite Assunção, and Fernando Cosme Rizzo. "Post Underwater Wet Welding Heat Treatment by Underwater Wet Induction Heating." Welding Journal 100, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29391/2021.100.020.

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Wet welding procedures of Class A structural ship steels frequently fail to comply with the American Welding Society (AWS) D3.6M, Underwater Welding Code, in the maximum hardness criterion for the heat-affected zone (HAZ). The maximum hardness accepted in a welded joint is 325 HV for higher-strength steel (yield strength > 350 MPa). In multi-pass welds, this problem occurs frequently and is restricted to the HAZ of the capping passes. The HAZ of the root and filling passes are softened by the reheating promoted by their respective subsequent passes. This paper presents the results of exploratory research into postweld underwater electromagnetic induction heating. The objective of the research was to evaluate the ability of induction heating to soften the specific high-hardness HAZs in underwater conditions. The results showed that this technique could reduce the maximum HAZ hardness of low-carbon structural ship steel welds to values below 325 HV, which is the maximum accepted by AWS for Class A welds. The induction-heated zone reached a maximum depth of about 10 mm, which is considered adequate to treat the HAZ of cap-ping passes in underwater wet welds.

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30

Chen, Bo, Chuan Bao Jia, and Ji Cai Feng. "Active Visual Sensor Based Weld Seam Tracking for Underwater Wet Welding." Advanced Materials Research 717 (July 2013): 588–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.717.588.

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Weld automation is the development trend of underwater welding, and underwater weld seam tracking is one of the key technologies in weld automation. This paper used active visual sensor to automatically monitor the weld seam in underwater wet weld process, and image processing algorithms were developed to automatically obtain the weld torch deviation, then the weld torch was adjusted automatically according to the deviation obtained by the image, experiment results showed that this method could be used in underwater wet welding.

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31

Ujimoto, Yasuhiro, Kazuyuki Hokamoto, and J. S. Lee. "Explosive Welding of Thin Plates Using Underwater Shock Wave for Surface Modification." Materials Science Forum 449-452 (March 2004): 413–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.449-452.413.

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This paper presents a new method of explosive welding using underwater shock waves. The method renders the possibility of accelerating a thin metal plate uniformly at a velocity above a few hundreds m/s to satisfy the explosive welding requirements. The welding of a thin titanium plate onto a stainless steel base and other welding experiments were performed underwater. The bonding strength at the interface is observed to be high because the materials are welded based on the mechanism of explosive welding. The experimental results are discussed to characterize the state of bonding.

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32

Lebedev, V. A., S. Yu Maksimov, V. G. Pichak, and D. I. Zajnulin. "Automatic machine for wet underwater welding in confined spaces." Paton Welding Journal 2014, no. 9 (September 28, 2014): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tpwj2014.09.06.

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33

Shiihara, Katsunori, Wataru Kouno, Yoshinobu Makino, Mitsuaki Shimamura, and Masaki Yoda. "ICONE15-10780 UNDERWATER LASER WELDING FOR REACTOR COMPONENTS (III)." Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE) 2007.15 (2007): _ICONE1510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicone.2007.15._icone1510_401.

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34

MITTLEMAN, JOHN, and LISA SWAN. "Underwater Inspection for Welding and Overhaul." Naval Engineers Journal 105, no. 5 (September 1993): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1993.tb02755.x.

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Lebedev, Vladimir. "Automatic underwater welding with increased clearanc." Pidvodni tehnologii, no. 8 (November 1, 2018): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26884/uwt1808.1401.

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36

Rowe, M., and S. Liu. "Recent developments in underwater wet welding." Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 6, no. 6 (December 2001): 387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/stw.2001.6.6.387.

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37

Ronda, J., O. Mahrenholtz, and R. Hamann. "Thermomechanical simulation of underwater welding processes." Archive of Applied Mechanics 62, no. 1 (1992): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00786678.

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38

Nixondg, J., and J. Billingham. "A survey of underwater welding techniques." Endeavour 11, no. 3 (January 1987): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(87)90203-1.

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39

Fydrych, D., J. Łabanowski, G. Rogalski, J. Haras, J. Tomków, A. Świerczyńska, P. Jakóbczak, and Ł. Kostro. "Weldability of S500MC Steel in Underwater Conditions." Advances in Materials Science 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/adms-2014-0008.

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Abstract Wet welding with the use of covered electrodes is one of the methods of underwater welding. This method is the oldest, the most economic and the most versatile. The main difficulties during underwater wet welding are: high cooling rates of the joint, the presence of hydrogen in the arc area and formation of hard martensitic structure in the weld. These phenomena are often accompanied by porosity of welds and large number of spatters, which are more advanced with the increase of water depth. In this paper result of non-destructive tests, hardness tests and metallographic observations of S500MC steel joints performed underwater are presented. The weldability of 500MC steel at water environment was determined

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40

Suryanarayanan, R., V. G. Sridhar, L. Natrayan, S. Kaliappan, Anjibabu Merneedi, T. Sathish, and Alazar Yeshitla. "Improvement on Mechanical Properties of Submerged Friction Stir Joining of Dissimilar Tailor Welded Aluminum Blanks." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (July 28, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3355692.

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Friction stir welding is a solid-state welding method that produces joints with superior mechanical and metallurgical properties. However, the negative effects of the thermal cycle during welding dent the mechanical performance of the weld joint. Hence, in this research study, the joining of aluminum tailor welded blanks by friction stir welding is carried out in underwater conditions by varying the welding parameters. The tensile tests revealed that the underwater welded samples showed better results when compared to the air welded samples. Maximum tensile strength of 229.83 MPa was obtained at 1000 rpm, 36 mm/min. The improved tensile strength of the underwater welded samples was credited to the suppression of the precipitation of the secondary precipitates due to the cooling action provided by the water. The lowest hardness of 72 HV was obtained at the edge of the stir zone which indicated the weakest region in the weld zone.

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41

Luo, Yang, Jianguo Tao, Hao Sun, Zhuang Hao, Hao Li, Qiang Na, Haibo Gao, Liang Ding, and Zongquan Deng. "A novel localization approach for underwater welding vehicles in spent fuel pools via attitude heading reference system and altimeters." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 16, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 172988141983054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881419830540.

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In this article, a novel localization approach incorporating attitude and heading reference system and underwater altimeters is presented to accurately localize the underwater welding vehicles in spent fuel pools of the nuclear power stations. Different from the conventional underwater localization technologies, the presented localization approach is a more suitable approach in cases of confined structured water areas. Firstly, a multi-regions division localization algorithm is proposed for calculating the coordinate of the underwater welding vehicle through data from sensors. Also, considering the attitude errors of the underwater welding vehicle, the beam angle of the altimeters, and the boundary effects of cross-regions, an optimized multi-regions division localization algorithm is introduced for general applicability of the multi-regions division localization. Then, computer simulations are employed to evaluate the validity and the performance of multi-regions division localization and optimized multi-regions division localization. Finally, the efficiency of the proposed approach is confirmed via system experiments. The experimental results are consistent with simulation results which further indicate that the presented approach holds great potential in effective underwater vehicles localization for confined structured water scenarios.

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Zhang, Maofu, Yanfei Han, Chuanbao Jia, Shengfa Dong, Sergii Maksimov, and Chuansong Wu. "Process Stability, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Underwater Submerged-Arc Welded Steel." Metals 11, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): 1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11081249.

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In underwater wet welding, the unstable welding process caused by the generation and rupture of bubbles and the chilling effect of water on the welding area result in low quality of welded joints, which makes it difficult to meet the practical application of marine engineering. To improve the process stability and joining quality, a mixture of welding flux with a water glass or epoxy resin was placed on the welding zone before underwater welding. In this paper, welds’ appearance, geometry statistics of welds’ formation, welding process stability, slag structure, microstructure, pores and mechanical properties were investigated. It was found that with the addition of water glass in the mixture, the penetration of weld was effectively increased, and the frequency of arc extinction was reduced. Though the porosity rose to a relatively high level, the joints’ comprehensive mechanical properties were not significantly improved. Notably, the applied epoxy resin completely isolated the surrounding water from the welding area, which greatly improved process stability. Furthermore, it benefited from the microstructure filled with massive acicular ferrite, the average elongation and room temperature impact toughness increased by 178.4%, and 69.1% compared with underwater wet welding, respectively, and the bending angle of the joint reaches to 180°.

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43

Chen, Bo, and Ji Cai Feng. "Modeling and Analysis of Underwater Wet Weld Process Based on Regression Method." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 2621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.2621.

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Underwater weld technology is urgently needed for the widely development of marine recourses, and weld automation technology is the inevitable choice because of the underwater environment. Because of the influence of the rigorous environment, the weld seam forming of underwater wet welding is very poor. To control the weld seam forming automatically, the model between the weld parameters and the weld seam shape must be built. This paper used arc sensor to monitor the electrical information of underwater wet welding process, and regression method was used to model the process, and the factors that influence the weld seam forming mostly were analyzed.

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Tomków, Jacek, Dariusz Fydrych, and Grzegorz Rogalski. "Role of Bead Sequence in Underwater Welding." Materials 12, no. 20 (October 16, 2019): 3372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12203372.

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This paper presents examinations of the role of the bead sequence in underwater welding. Two specimens of wet welded layers made by covered electrodes with the use of normalized S355G10+N steel were welded by a reasonable bead sequence. For each specimen, metallographic macro- and micro-scopic tests were done. Then, Vickers HV10 hardness measurements were conducted for each pad weld in the welded layer. The results show that welding in the water environment carries many problems in the stability of the welding arc, which influences the properties of the welds. The effects of refining and tempering the structure in heat-affected zones of earlier laid beads was observed, which provides a reduction of hardness. The possibility of applying two techniques while welding the layer by the wet method is described. It is stated that a reasonable bead sequence can decrease the hardness in heat-affected zones up to 40 HV10. Tempering by heat from next beads can also change the microstructure in this area by tempering martensite and can decrease susceptibility to cold cracking.

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45

Fydrych, D., J. Łabanowski, J. Tomków, and G. Rogalski. "Cold Cracking Of Underwater Wet Welded S355G10+N High Strength Steel." Advances in Materials Science 15, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/adms-2015-0015.

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Abstract Water as the welding environment determines some essential problems influencing steel weldability. Underwater welding of high strength steel joints causes increase susceptibility to cold cracking, which is an effect of much faster heat transfer from the weld area and presence of diffusible hydrogen causing increased metal fragility. The paper evaluates the susceptibility to cold cracking of the high strength S355G10+N steel used, among others, for ocean engineering and hydrotechnical structures, which require underwater welding. It has been found from the CTS test results that the investigated steel is susceptible to cold cracking in the wet welding process.

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46

Fan, Zhou, Xiao Gang Hu, Jing Wen Fu, and Yang Xu Ou. "Effect of Water Velocity on Underwater In-Service Welding." Materials Science Forum 847 (March 2016): 472–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.847.472.

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In-service welding of the pipeline steel is performed under the environment where the delivery of the high pressure pipeline doesn’t stop. When welding under the water, there are high-pressure gas flowing in the pipeline and water flowing outside, causing a difficult and possibly risky of the welding operation. The process of in-service welding with SYSWELD was adopted to establish a geometric model of pipeline repair that the pipeline steel using finite element numerical modeling of the underwater in-service welding was carried out. Furthermore, this study focused on the effect of water velocity on the temperature field and stress field when repairing the in-service pipeline by welding. The results indicated that the water velocity of the pipe has a great influence on the temperature field and the residual stress field.

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47

Surojo, Eko, Aziz Harya Gumilang, Triyono Triyono, Aditya Rio Prabowo, Eko Prasetya Budiana, and Nurul Muhayat. "Effect of Water Flow on Underwater Wet Welded A36 Steel." Metals 11, no. 5 (April 21, 2021): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11050682.

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Underwater wet welding (UWW) combined with the shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) method has proven to be an effective way of permanently joining metals that can be performed in water. This research was conducted to determine the effect of water flow rate on the physical and mechanical properties (tensile, hardness, toughness, and bending effect) of underwater welded bead on A36 steel plate. The control variables used were a welding speed of 4 mm/s, a current of 120 A, electrode E7018 with a diameter of 4 mm, and freshwater. The results show that variations in water flow affected defects, microstructure, and mechanical properties of underwater welds. These defects include spatter, porosity, and undercut, which occur in all underwater welding results. The presence of flow and an increased flow rate causes differences in the microstructure, increased porosity on the weld metal, and undercut on the UWW specimen. An increase in water flow rate causes the acicular ferrite microstructure to appear greater, and the heat-affected zone (HAZ) will form finer grains. The best mechanical properties are achieved by welding with the highest flow rate, with a tensile strength of 534.1 MPa, 3.6% elongation, a Vickers microhardness in the HAZ area of 424 HV, and an impact strength of 1.47 J/mm2.

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48

Pratikno, Herman. "Effect of Underwater Welding in Marine Environment and Surface Welding to Mechanical Properties of Steel Weld Joint." Applied Mechanics and Materials 862 (January 2017): 308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.862.308.

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The offshore structure gradually will get damage. A number of offshore structure maintenance method require underwater working. Because of that, underwater welding become an importance thing. Through this research,will be assessed on changes in mechanical properties of steel weld joint in marine environmental. With same weld parameter, welding process also do in freshwater and on land for comparisonvariable. Welding process do in 0.2m depth with SMAW wet welding method on 1G position using AWS E6013 electrode coated with wax. After doing research, it is found that the tensile strength of welds in the marine environment is a little larger than the tensile strength in freshwater and on land, ie 49.44 kgf/mm2> 49.41 kgf/mm2 > 48.99 kgf/mm2. Hardness index value of welded steel in the marine environment is also higher than the value of the weld hardness results in freshwater and on land, in the amount of 195.37Hv10>181.13Hv10>153.6Hv10. The value of tensile strength and hardness values in the marine environment welds slightly larger than in freshwater due to the amount of grain mertensit phase. Ductility properties of the weld results in the marine environmentis smaller than the weld results in freshwater and land, it is characterized by a decline inelongation and reduction of area in underwater welding. From the observation of metallographic microstructure underwater welding it appears that phase grains coarser than the microstructure of welding on land. This can happen because the weld metal suffered liquefaction then freezes so quickly that opportunity grain experiencing severe grain growth during thawing did not get transformed into finer grains, so that the material is harder but brittle.

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Fydrych, D., A. Świerczyńska, G. Rogalski, and J. Łabanowski. "Temper Bead Welding of S420G2+M Steel in Water Environment." Advances in Materials Science 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/adms-2016-0018.

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Abstract The article presents the idea of the use of Temper Bead Welding (TBW) technique to improve the weldability of high strength steel at underwater wet welding conditions. Wet welding method with the use of covered electrodes is described. This work shows results of metallographic examinations and hardness measurements of samples of S420G2+M steel with weld beads performed under water. It has been shown that Temper Bead Welding technique may provide a way to reduce the hardness of the welds, thus is a useful method for improving weldability of high strength steel welded in underwater conditions. The optimum overlap of weld beads (pitch) was set of 55÷100%.

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50

Mori, Akihisa, Kazuyuki Hokamoto, and Masahiro Fujita. "Underwater Explosive Welding of Thin Magnesium Plate onto some Metal Plates." Materials Science Forum 566 (November 2007): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.566.303.

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Explosive welding of a thin magnesium plate onto some metal plates was performed by using underwater explosive welding technique developed by some of the authors. The experimental results show that the wavy interface which is typically found in the well-bonded clad was observed. The welding condition is discussed using the welding window based on the numerically simulated results using AUTODYN-2D code.

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