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Journal articles on the topic 'Welds assessment'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Edwards, Lyndon, Mike C. Smith, Mark Turski, Michael E. Fitzpatrick, and P. John Bouchard. "Advances in Residual Stress Modeling and Measurement for the Structural Integrity Assessment of Welded Thermal Power Plant." Advanced Materials Research 41-42 (April 2008): 391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.41-42.391.

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The safe operation of both thermal and nuclear power plant is increasingly dependent upon structural integrity assessment of pressure vessels and piping. Furthermore, structural failures most commonly occur at welds so the accurate design and remnant life assessment of welded plant is critical. The residual stress distribution assumed in defect assessments often has a deciding influence on the analysis outcome, and in the absence of accurate and reliable knowledge of the weld residual stresses, the design codes and procedures use assumptions that yield very conservative assessments that can severely limit the economic life of some plant. However, recent advances in both the modeling and measurement of residual stresses in welded structures and components open up the possibility of characterising weld residual stresses in operating plant using state-of–the–art fully validated Finite Element simulations. This paper describes research undertaken to predict residual stresses in stainless steel welds in order to provide validated reliable, accurate Structural Integrity assessment of nuclear power plant components

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2

De Waele, Wim, R. M. Denys, and A. Lefevre. "Fitness-for-Purpose Assessment of Misaligned Welds." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 2663–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.2663.

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Despite many years of research, an understanding of the effect of misalignment is far from complete. This study is focused on an experimental assessment of the interaction between high-low misalignment (hi-lo) and defect tolerance of girth welds subjected to remotely applied plastic strains. The paper highlights the beneficial effect of weld strength overmatch on straining capacity and inherent conservative assumptions made in a standard ECA analysis.

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3

James, M. Neil, Hannalie Lombard, D. G. Hattingh, and Axel Steuwer. "Optimising Weld Process Conditions for Enhanced Fatigue Performance." Key Engineering Materials 348-349 (September 2007): 561–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.348-349.561.

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This paper presents some ideas on incorporating output from advanced synchrotron and neutron scanning strain methods in improved assessment of the influence of weld process parameters on residual strains at welds and on their fatigue performance. It very briefly outlines two different cases involving synchrotron diffraction strain scanning of friction stir welds in a strain hardened aluminium alloy and neutron diffraction strain scanning of MIG welds in high strength steel.

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4

Broniewicz, Miroslaw, and Filip Broniewicz. "Welds Assessment in K-Type Joints of Hollow Section Trusses with I or H Section Chords." Buildings 10, no. 3 (March 3, 2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10030043.

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The use of hollow section structures has received considerable attention in recent years. Since the first publication of CIDECT (International Committee for the Development and Study of Tubular Structures), additional research results became available, especially concerning the design of welds between members of trusses joints. To assess the capacity of welded joints of trusses between braces made of hollow sections and I-beam chords, the effective lengths of the welds should be estimated and their location around the braces and the forces acting on individual weld’s sections. The objective of this paper is to present the most up-to-date information to designers, teachers, and researchers according to the design of welds for certain K and N overlapped joints between rectangular hollow section (RHS) braces and I- or H-section chord.

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5

Bocko, Jozef, Ingrid Delyová, Peter Frankovský, and Vojtech Neumann. "Lifetime Assessment of the Technological Equipment for a Robotic Workplace." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 12, no. 09 (November 2020): 2050097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825120500970.

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In technical practice, problems associated with material fatigue often arise. These problems can be caused by errors in the stages of design, production or use of the structure, e.g., by incorrect determination of service life, incorrect dimensioning of construction details, incorrect welds, etc. In the case of welds, such issues may be caused due to the fact that the base material is not welded through or due to the presence of a fistula inside the weld, the presence of slags or cracks inside the weld, etc. The task of the designer is to design a technological unit that meets all the requirements of future users. Components have to be designed for fatigue so that there is an acceptable level of probability that their operation will be satisfactory during their operation life. One of the most common causes of failure of welded joints is fatigue. Fatigue design life is understood to be the reference period of time during which the structure is required to serve safely and not to fail with an acceptable probability. This article deals with the assessment of service life of a welded supporting structure of technological equipment. The structure was subjected to strength analysis. The obtained FEA results were needed to plot the extreme amplitudes of the stresses. Based on the obtained stress vibrations and the welds used, the service life of the structure was assessed by means of the standard.

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6

Jia, Kun Rong, and Zhu Feng Yue. "Creep Continuum Damage Analysis for a Pressurized Thick Wall Circumferentially Welded CrMoV Steel Pipe at 640°C." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 922–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.922.

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The failure assessment for thick wall CrMoV steel pipes circumferentially welded at 640°C was studied using the Finite Element (FE) method under close-ended, open-ended and axial compression conditions, respectively. The life and position of failure, redistribution of stress on the welds and damage variations were obtained using damage modeling. Since there is a distinct mismatch of mechanical properties in parent material, weld material and heat affect zone, variations of damage with time, stress redistribution and failure life in each zone are different. The FEM results show that the weakness of the welds is the heat-affected zone (HAZ) where the hoop stresses increase sharply in the tertiary stage of creep. The maximum of damage of the welds lies on the inner surface of in the weld zone when failure occurs. The information is useful for assessing the performance of practical service welds in power plants pipe work.

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7

Nagy, Gyula, János Lukács, and Imre Török. "Assessment of Methods in Girth Welds of Steel Pipelines." Materials Science Forum 473-474 (January 2005): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.473-474.243.

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This paper presents two basic methods for the assessment of failed girth welds of steel hydrocarbon transporting pipelines. One of them is based on the principles of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) and stress intensity factor conception for planar material discontinuities, and the other can be used for the complex assessment of all kinds of occurring defects. The results of the presented methods are compared to the results of burst test of pipeline sections containing a failed girth weld and cut from a Hungarian gas pipeline.

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8

Saravanan, T., S. Mahadevan, and C. K. Mukhopadhyay. "An improved quality assessment of fuel pin end plug welds using digital X-ray radiography." Insight - Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring 62, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 579–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1784/insi.2020.62.10.579.

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In fast breeder reactors, the quality of fuel pin end plug welds is very important because the presence of any weld defect can cause fission products to be released into the coolant circuit. Among the various defects that can form during welding, a root defect at the end plug weld joint is the most prominent type observed in fuel pins. A conventional X-ray film radiographic procedure for end plug welds of fuel pins inserted in a stainless steel (SS) shape correction block with a thickness of 7 mm will limit the minimum detectable wall thickness difference to 1.1% of the specimen thickness due to film gradient and film granularity factors. In the present work, with a standard X-ray digital radiographic data acquisition procedure and optimised radiographic exposure conditions (kV, mAs, etc), the normalised signal-to-noise ratio (SNRn) achieved is 140, which limits the detectable wall thickness difference to 2.8% of the specimen thickness. Hence, a modified digital X-ray radiographic inspection procedure is proposed to assess the quality of end plug welded fuel pins using a suitable X-ray detector calibration technique. The structural noise and pixel intensity variations between the flat-panel pixel elements are minimised using this modified procedure, which results in an order of magnitude increase in the SNRn of the radiographic images. Following implementation of this procedure with end plug welds, the X-ray images show that the achievable wall thickness difference is enhanced to 0.9% of the specimen thickness and microdefects are clearly observed in the welds.

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9

Adamiec, Janusz. "The Assessment of Impact of Construction Factors on Weldability of MSRB Alloy." Materials Science Forum 690 (June 2011): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.690.37.

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The purpose of the work was to assess the impact of construction factors on weldability of MSRB alloy. One conducted transvarestraint test, which allowed to assess welds' susceptibility to cracking under the conditions of forced strain of the casting, Fisco test which simulates welding under the conditions of strong stiffening of the weld, as well as Houldcroft test simulating variable strain of the weld. One concluded that the strain of castings is characteristic of the process of pad welding and welding. Assessment of susceptibility of MSRB alloy to cracking under the conditions of forced strain allows to determine the width of the high-temperature brittleness range (HTBR), critical strain speed of the weld CSS and critical temperature strain intensity CST. These parameters are the criteria of hot cracking of welds from MSRB alloy, therefore, they are indicators of the assessment of the alloy's weldability. Castings from MSRB alloys with constant rigidity should be classified as easily weldable. On the other hand, variable rigidity of the casting, resulting from e.g. diverse thickness of the walls, causes significant increase in the alloy's susceptibility to hot cracking.

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10

Yao, Deng Zun, Zhi Wen Li, Jian Wu Liu, and Lin Chen. "Application of State of the Art Assessment for Pipeline Girth Weld." Materials Science Forum 898 (June 2017): 1063–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.1063.

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In the pipeline construction, the girth welds tend to be the weakness because of defects and microstructural heterogeneities. The importance of suitable assessment of various defects in the weld is not only to prevent the cracks from unstable growth to cause catastrophic accident but also can effectively reduce the weld repair to reduce construction cost. Although many welding defects assessment methods and codes have been applied in this field, there are many differences among them. In this paper, the application of weld defect assessment methods was extensively studied. The key points of ECA applications, such as the pipeline axial stress and toughness, have been introduced. Furthermore, some suggestions were given on the application of girth weld ECA assessment.

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11

Dong, P. "On the Mechanics of Residual Stresses in Girth Welds." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 129, no. 3 (November 23, 2006): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2748817.

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In this paper, some of the important controlling parameters governing weld residual stress distributions are presented for girth welds in pipe and vessel components, based on a large number of residual stress solutions available to date. The focus is placed upon the understanding of some of the overall characteristics in through-wall residual stress distributions and their generalization for vessel and pipe girth welds. In doing so, a unified framework for prescribing residual stress distributions is outlined for fitness-for-service assessment of vessel and pipe girth welds. The effects of various joint geometry and welding procedure parameters on through thickness residual stress distributions are also demonstrated in the order of their relative importance.

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12

Kim, Myung Hyun, Sung Won Kang, Jeong Hwan Kim, Jae Myung Lee, and Hyoung Rae Kim. "A Study for the Fatigue Failure Mode Assessment of Fillet Weldments." Materials Science Forum 580-582 (June 2008): 601–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.580-582.601.

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In this study, a methodology for the assessment of fatigue failure modes of weldments due to partial penetration weld has been carried out by using structural stress method. Structural stress calculation procedure, using shell element based on equilibrium consideration using nodal forces and moments, is employed. It is important to note that the structural stress calculation procedures for partial penetration welds can be used to determine a minimum weld leg length, beyond which, weld root failure modes can be effectively suppressed. An example study, with respect to a fillet weld leg length design, is compared with a design criterion, and they are found to be in agreement.

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13

Reitz, Wayne. "Assessment of Weld Embrittlement in A516 Steel Due to Multiple Repair Welds." Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 11, no. 6 (September 1, 2011): 618–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11668-011-9505-5.

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14

Kannengiesser, Thomas, Michael Rethmeier, Pedro Dolabella Portella, Uwe Ewert, and Bernhard Redmer. "Assessment of hot cracking behaviour in welds." International Journal of Materials Research 102, no. 8 (August 2011): 1001–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/146.110545.

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15

Szkodo, Marek, J. Adamowski, and Artur Sitko. "Assessment of FSW Welds Made of Aluminum Alloy AW7075-T651." Solid State Phenomena 165 (June 2010): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.165.201.

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This paper summarizes the results of experimental studies in which the aluminum alloy AW7075-T651 was friction stir welded (FSW) using various combinations of process parameters (rotational - R and travel speed - T). Mechanical properties of the test welds were assessed by using static tensile test and Vickers hardness measurement. The temperature of the welded plates was monitored during welding by means of thermocouples placed on both sides of the joint line, 15 mm from the weld axis as well as by using thermo camera. The microstructure, chemical composition and phase identification of the welding joints were examined using optical and scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Investigations revealed that the temperatures at the weld center can reach values close to 550 °C and raised with R/T ratio increasing. It was found that tensile strength of welded joints is not correlated with R/T ratio and averages about 60% to 80% of tensile strength of a base material AW7075-T651. XRD analysis demonstrated that there is also deformation texture in the nugget (WN) and the thermo-mechanical affected zone (TMAZ) with strong dependence on process parameters.

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16

Rösch, Peter, Halvar Schmidt, and Thomas Bruder. "A novel approach to simulate the stiffness behaviour of spot welded vehicle structures under multi axial variable amplitude loading." MATEC Web of Conferences 165 (2018): 17005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816517005.

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Under cyclic loading in combination with high local stress levels a change in stiffness of connection points, e.g. spot welds, self-piercing rivets or flow drill screws can be observed. This paper introduces a numerical approach for the simulation of stiffness changes in vehicle structures under multiaxial cyclic loading as a result of the stiffness degradation of individual spot welds. The basic approach is based on a conventional damage accumulation combined with a power law representing the change in the spot weld’s stiffness. Instead of an accumulated damage value D a residual stiffness is set as failure criterion. Extensions to the approach are presented for its application to multiaxial loading with variable amplitudes. A conventional multiaxial fatigue test of a complete vehicle, focusing on its rear end including global stiffness and local strain measurements at the beginning, median and at the end of the test are presented and compared to the simulated results. This computation approach allows a more reliable fatigue assessment in comparison to a fatigue analysis which does not consider stiffness changes. The damage propagation after the crack initiation at an individual spot weld is represented more accurately as subsequent changes in the load paths are considered.

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17

Andud, Dahia, Salina Saidin, and Yupiter H. P. Manurung. "Fatigue Life Behaviour of Transverse Fillet Weld and Transverse Fillet on Weld of the HSLA S460G2+M Followed by HFMI/PIT." Applied Mechanics and Materials 899 (June 2020): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.899.126.

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This study deals with the fatigue life assessment of the transverse fillet weld and transverse fillet weld on weld fatigue specimen of the offshore steel S460G2+M with a thickness of 10 mm. These specimens were joined using gas metal arc welding (GMAW) with ER80S-N1 filler metal of 1.0 mm in diameter and mixed gases of 80% Ar + 20% CO2 as the consumables. Upon the welding completion, some of the fatigue specimens are treated using high-frequency mechanical impact device called pneumatic impact treatment (HFMI/PIT). The treatment procedure uses 90Hz of frequency, 6 bars of pneumatic pressure and 2 mm pin radius with aims to enhance the lifespan of the specimen. These fatigue specimens are classified in as-welded and HFMI/PIT. The fatigue test was conducted to all fatigue specimens until failure using a 250KN Instron fatigue machine with a constant amplitude loading, a stress ratio of 0.1 and stress loading from 55% to 75% of the yield strength of the base material. The fatigue data were evaluated based on the International Institute of Welding (IIW) evaluation procedures. Further, the fatigue life comparison between the as-welded and HFMI/PIT of both fatigue specimens also with the FAT class recommendation of the IIW for transverse fillet weld is plotted in the S-N curve diagram. Based on the assessment, it is found that the HFMI/PIT fatigue specimens attained higher fatigue life than the as-welded of both fatigue specimens. The most significant of fatigue life improvement after the HFMI/PIT is the HFMI/PIT transverse fillet weld. These treated welds obtained 256 MPa of FAT class which is 79 % higher than FAT class recommended by the IIW for the transverse fillet weld. Besides, the multi-pass welds on the groove weld of the transverse fillet weld on welds are found to contribute to a lower fatigue life of this specimen due to the existing weld defects on the fractured surface of the groove weld.

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18

Kabo, Elena, Anders Ekberg, and Michele Maglio. "Rolling contact fatigue assessment of repair rail welds." Wear 436-437 (October 2019): 203030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2019.203030.

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19

Wu, Jiang Qiao, Deng Zun Yao, Xin Ran Yuan, Tian Qi Wang, and Long Zhang. "Engineering Critical Assessment for the Flaws in the Pipeline Steel Girth Weld." Materials Science Forum 850 (March 2016): 881–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.850.881.

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In the pipeline construction, the girth welds tend to be the weakness because of defects and microstructure. The importance of suitable assessment of various defects in the weld is not only to prevent the cracks from unstable growth to cause catastrophic accident but also can effectively reduce the weld repair to reduce construction cost. Although many welding defects assessment methods and codes are used in this field, there are many differences among them. In this paper, the welding defect assessment methods, such as API 1104 and BS7910, were studied. The results show the key factors that affect the result of these assessment methods. The application of these methods was also discussed. The results indicate that API 1104 level1 has the highest conservatism, while API 1104 level 2 is next.

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20

Gong, Liang, Cheng Liang Liu, Yan Ming Li, and Bing Chu Li. "Online Weld Quality Benchmarking and Assurance during the Mass-Production Resistance Spot Welding Process." Advanced Materials Research 443-444 (January 2012): 872–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.443-444.872.

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Nowadays online quality estimation for the resistance spot welding (RSW) has benefited a lot from monitoring the electrode displacement caused by nugget thermal expansion. Based on these emerging monitoring techniques a new approach is proposed to classify the weld quality and assure the quality for mass-produced weld group, which enables the continuous quality improvement concept during the welding process. A causal models are built with the offline trained Bayesian Belief Networks (BBN). It is a weld quality assessment net reveals the dependency of the weld quality on the features displayed by the displacement curve, which can be used for overdesigning the safety welds or as the probabilistic forecasting model for online weld quality assessment. The experimental results show that the proposed approach is valid and feasible to predict the weld quality and assure the overall quality for weld group in real applications.

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21

Van Gerven, Filip, Wim De Waele, Diego Belato Rosado, and Stijn Hertelé. "Characterization of slip lines in single edge notched tension specimens." International Journal Sustainable Construction & Design 6, no. 3 (October 7, 2015): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/scad.v6i3.1128.

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The application of slip line analysis in weld failure assessment has not gained much attention to date. The presented research aims to predict slip line patterns taking into account the complex heterogeneous structure of the weld. A preliminary study based on Single Edge Notched Tension (SENT) test results sampling pure base material, i.e. not containing any welds is conducted to assess the impact of side grooves on slip line behaviour and to validate slip line theory and finite element analysis.

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22

Roberts, D. I., R. H. Ryder, and R. Viswanathan. "Performance of Dissimilar Welds in Service." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 107, no. 3 (August 1, 1985): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3264443.

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Dissimilar metal welds (DMWs) between austenitic and ferritic steel tubing and piping are commonly employed in high-temperature applications in energy conversion systems. Differences in coefficient of thermal expansion between the two types of steel induce thermal stresses at the welds and local metallurgical changes near the low alloy steel/weld metal interface due to prolonged service at an elevated temperature. These phenomena, together with the differences in creep behavior of the materials joined, render the DMWs more prone to failure than welds between similar steels. This has been reflected in relatively high failure rates in DMWs in certain service applications (e.g., in utility power plant boiler tubing). Typically these welds fail by low ductility cracking in the low alloy steel at, or very close to, the fusion line. A project, sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and managed by the Metal Properties Council (MPC), has made significant headway over the last three years in understanding the failure modes and causes involved and in developing methods to assess residual life of DMWs. Welds from service in superheaters and reheater tubes and from laboratory simulation tests were examined to establish metallurgical characteristics and failure modes. Three failure modes were identified: (i) Prior austenite grain boundary cracking in the ferritic steel, one or two grains away from the fusion line; this mode was mainly observed in DMWs made with stainless steel filler metal. (ii) Cracking along the weld interface, which occurred in DMWs made with nickel-base filler metal. (iii) Propagation of cracks initiating from oxide notches formed at the weld outside surface; this mode occurred mainly in thin-walled tubes. Creep damage induced by steady and cyclic loading was found to be the predominant mechanism for damage and failure; therefore a dependence of damage on loading levels and service temperature was established. It was also determined that failure susceptibility in DMWs made with nickel-base filler was strongly influenced by the type of microstructure that formed at the low alloy steel/weld metal interface. The technique developed for estimating the condition and remaining life of DMWs in service involves detailed assessment of loading histories to which the welds are subjected, along with the use of empirical quantitative relationships established from both laboratory and service data. The methodology assumes that damage results from the combined effects of self damage (caused by thermal cycling of materials of different expansion coefficients) and service loadings, including both primary loads (e.g., pressure and deadweight) and secondary, or cyclic, loads due to the constrained thermal expansion of the system as a whole. The technique, Prediction Of Damage In Service (designated PODIS), has been found to adequately predict levels of damage in stainless-based DMWs in service. It is currently being developed further to embrace nickel-based DMWs.

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23

Hultgren, Gustav, and Zuheir Barsoum. "Fatigue assessment in welded joints based on geometrical variations measured by laser scanning." Welding in the World 64, no. 11 (July 31, 2020): 1825–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40194-020-00962-8.

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Abstract In the current study a method to determine the location of fracture initiation for non-load carrying fillet welds based on continuous geometry measurements is proposed. Measurements and weld quality evaluation were carried out on welded specimens using the Winteria® software qWeld. One hundred nineteen specimens were produced, scanned, and fatigue tested until failure. The fracture surfaces have been investigated in order to find the location(s) for most probable point(s) of initiation. These data were then used to fit the proposed model parameters used to predict the point of initiation. Local weld geometry measurements were extracted from the predicted fracture initiation location(s) to analyse the correlation between local weld geometry and fatigue life. It was observed that fatigue life and leg length were positively correlated and that strong correlations exist between the individual geometrical parameters with regard to location of the fatigue crack initiation.

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24

Budden, P. J., and I. Curbishley. "Assessment of creep crack growth in dissimilar metal welds." Nuclear Engineering and Design 197, no. 1-2 (April 2000): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-5493(99)00255-1.

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25

Zhang, S., and H. Riesch-Oppermann. "Probabilistic assessment of non-destructively determined flaws in welds." Fusion Engineering and Design 31, no. 1 (April 1996): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-3796(95)00422-x.

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26

Giménez Avalos, Marc, Florence Keppens, Sameera Naib, Wim De Waele, and Stijn Hertelé. "Experimental and numerical analysis of deformation patterns in notched heterogeneous welds." International Journal Sustainable Construction & Design 8, no. 1 (October 30, 2017): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/scad.v8i1.6807.

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Standardized weld flaw assessment techniques assume the weld region to be homogeneous which is a strong idealisation of reality. Characterising the effects of heterogeneous properties of welds through the analysis of deformation patterns and slip lines is the major concern of this research. It is the goal to investigate which effects these variations in properties within the weld material have on the propagation of cracks within the weld material. Performed experiments are SENT tests on strongly heterogeneous welded connections. The same material is also simulated with a weld heterogenisation model in ABAQUS®. Results from both experiments and simulations are discussed and compared. It is shown that slip lines tend to avoid zones of high hardness in a way that a path of least resistance is found. Related to this, it is seen that the slip line angles deviate from the theoretical 45° for homogeneous material. Obtained results validate the numerical model used.

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27

Petrovski, B., and M. Kocak. "Fracture of Surface-Cracked Undermatched Weld Joint in High-Strength Steel." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 115, no. 4 (November 1, 1993): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2920117.

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The objective of this paper is to study the combined effects of weld metal undermatching and crack location on the fracture behavior of transversely loaded butt-welded joints in high-strength steel. Surface-cracked tensile panels were instrumented with stain gages and tested with notch locations at the heat-affected zone (HAZ), base and 30 percent undermatched weld metals. It can be expected that for a given applied strain, the level of the strain concentration developed in undermatched weld region will be significantly lower in the high strain-hardening welds compared to the low work-hardening weld joint in high-strength steels. Therefore, in higher strength steel undermatched welds, substantial increase of the strain accumulation should be expected. Detailed strain measurements and tensile panel tests of this study reveal that if there is a defect in the undermatched weld, a combination of the low weld metal toughness and resulting strain accumulation in the weld metal lead to poor fracture performance. The HAZ notched tensile panel results indicate that weld metal undermatching causes an unsymmetrical strain distribution at the crack vicinity. Despite the occurrence of the high applied strain concentration at the weld metal side of HAZ notched panel, the gross section yielding (GSY) occurred similar to the base metal notched one. On the other hand, weld metal notched panels showed net section yielding (NSY) with a considerably reduced ductility. An important difference in 30 percent undermatched weld joint fracture performance, however, emerges when results are analyzed in terms of crack growth resistance curves. The J R-curves of the HAZ and weld metal notched panels have shown lower resistance behavior compared to the base metal panel. Therefore, it is concluded that the fracture performance of the undermatched welds cannot be fully understood if only strength or total strain capacity (applied side) of the entire panel is considered. The fracture toughness (material resistance side) of the undermatched weld joint should also be an integral part of the fracture performance assessment procedure.

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28

Yang, Zheng Mao, Shashi Bhushan Kumar, and Jens P. Tronskar. "Fitness-For-Service Assessment of the Pipelines with Localized Geometric Imperfections such as Buckles and Wrinkles." Key Engineering Materials 385-387 (July 2008): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.385-387.173.

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In this paper, FFS assessment procedure for the buckle damaged pipeline with cracks in the girth welds is presented. For FFS assessment the tensile and J R-curve data from a pre-strained pipeline material, API 5L X65 were obtained in the laboratory to study the influences of the large plastic strain on the material properties and the fracture resistance of the pipeline girth welds. Tensile and single edge notch bend specimens in as-received, 10% pre-strained and 20% prestrained conditions were tested. The test results show significant increase in yield and tensile strength in the pre-strained specimens. Generally, the elongation and fracture resistance decreased after pre-straining. In FFS material specific failure assessment diagrams (FADs) generated based on the stress-strain curves obtained from testing were used. The critical flaw sizes of the pipeline girth welds were calculated, and the influence of the large plastic strain on the FFS results was discussed.

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Woźny, Piotr, Józef Błachnio, Artur Kułaszka, and Marek Chalimoniuk. "Assessment of the technical condition of welds from Al alloy grade en an 5754 using the computed tomography method." Aviation Advances & Maintenance 40, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 173–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afit-2017-0012.

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Abstract The article presents selected results of tests conducted using the X-ray method with the application of a computed tomography device with a panel detector. The tests embraced samples of butt welds using aluminium alloy grade EN AN 5754, classified as an alloy for plastic processing with very good welding properties. The welds were executed using the TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) method – arc welding using a non-consumable electrode in shielding gas. As a result of modernising the current welding process, it was possible to obtain better results of the welds’ technical condition assessed according to the number of welding defects.

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DeWald, Adrian T., Jon E. Rankin, Michael R. Hill, Matthew J. Lee, and Hao-Lin Chen. "Assessment of Tensile Residual Stress Mitigation in Alloy 22 Welds Due to Laser Peening." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 126, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 465–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1789957.

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This paper examines the effects of laser peening on Alloy 22 (UNS N06022), which is the proposed material for use as the outer layer on the spent-fuel nuclear waste canisters to be stored at Yucca Mountain. Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is a primary concern in the design of these canisters because tensile residual stresses will be left behind by the closure weld. Alloy 22 is a nickel-based material that is particularly resistant to corrosion; however, there is a chance that stress corrosion cracking could develop given the right environmental conditions. Laser peening is an emerging surface treatment technology that has been identified as an effective tool for mitigating tensile redisual stresses in the storage canisters. The results of laser-peening experiments on Alloy 22 base material and a sample 33 mm thick double-V groove butt-weld made with gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) are presented. Residual stress profiles were measured in Alloy 22 base material using the slitting method (also known as the crack-compliance method), and a full 2D map of longitudinal residual stress was measured in the sample welds using the contour method. Laser peening was found to produce compressive residual stress to a depth of 3.8 mm in 20 mm thick base material coupons. The depth of compressive residual stress was found to have a significant dependence on the number of peening layers and a slight dependence on the level of irradiance. Additionally, laser peening produced compressive residual stresses to a depth of 4.3 mm in the 33 mm thick weld at the center of the weld bead where high levels of tensile stress were initially present.

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Kocurek, Robert, and Janusz Adamiec. "Evaluation of Susceptibility to Hot Cracking of Inconel 617 Nickel Alloy Welds in Transvarestraint Test." Solid State Phenomena 226 (January 2015): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.226.95.

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Defining the susceptibility to hot cracking of Inconel 617 alloy welds is essential for assessment welding and pad welding technology. Because of that technological transvarestraint test was performed in the study. Test simulates strains that form in the material during welding. Transvarestraint test enables the assessment of susceptibility to hot cracking and resistance to hot cracking characterized by cracking threshold (εp) and critical strain speed (CSS). Performed investigations enabled to characterize the phenomena occurring in Inconel 617 during welds crystallization, which are important for engineers selecting the joining technology of Inconel 617.

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Xu, Ge Ning, and Kai Hao. "Research on Weld Defects Simulation and Performance Assessment of Solid-Web Type Telescopic Jib." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 236–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.236.

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To research the failure mode of solid-web type telescopic jib typical weld, extract and quantify failure characteristics, obtain failure regularity of jib performance and solve the problem that welds do not be established by conventional finite element analysis. The weld strength is replaced by the maximum stress of the corresponding section, which may cause the simulation results low and distortion, and cannot simulate weld defects. A new modeling method is used by this article, which establishes and simplifies the weld physical shape, simulate and analyze weld strength. The Life and Death element technology which is based on the ANSYS software is used to simulate weld defects. The weld strength that is obtained by conventional analysis simulation is 110MPa, after processing, stress of weld model without defects is 395MPa, the theoretical value be calculated is 437MPa, stress of weld model with defect 1, 2, 3 respectively is 586MPa, 402MPa and 475MPa. Through comparing the simulation value and the theoretical value and the comparison between the simulation values, the simplified model that is proved is reasonable, the technical route which is used to simulate weld defect by Life and death element technology is feasible. It can be used to predict failure critical value under typical working condition, assess whether the weld failure. The working condition of jib can be simulated, and the main factors can be retrospect.

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Ponter, Alan R. S., and Haofeng Chen. "Modeling of the Behavior of a Welded Joint Subjected to Reverse Bending Moment at High Temperature." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 129, no. 2 (July 14, 2006): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2716429.

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The paper is concerned with the modeling of the behaviour of welds when subjected to severe thermal and mechanical loads where the maximum temperature during dwell periods lies in the creep range. The methodology of the life assessment method R5 is applied where the detailed calculations are carried out using the linear matching method (LMM), with the objective of generating an analytic model. The linear matching method has been developed to allow accurate predictions using the methodology of R5, the UK life assessment method. The method is here applied to a set of weld endurance tests, where reverse bending is interrupted by creep dwell periods. The weld and parent material are both Type 316L(N) material, and data were available for fatigue tests and tests with 1 and 5h dwell periods to failure. The elastic, plastic, and creep behavior of the weld geometry is predicted with the LMM using the best available understanding of the properties of the weld and parent material. The numerical results are translated into a semi-analytic model. Using the R5 standard creep/fatigue model, the predicted life of the experimental welds specimens are compared with experimental data. The analysis shows that the most severe conditions occur at the weld/parent material interface, with fatigue damage concentrated predominantly in the parent material, whereas the creep damage occurs predominantly in the weld material. Hence, creep and fatigue damage proceed relatively independently. The predictions of the model are good, except that the reduction in fatigue life due to the presence of the weld is underestimated. This is attributed to the lack of separate fatigue date for the weld and parent material and the lack of information concerning the heat affected zone. With an adjustment of a single factor in the model, the predictions are very good. The analysis in this paper demonstrates that the primary properties of weld structures may be understood through a number of structural parameters, defined by cyclic analysis using the linear matching method and through the choice of appropriate material data. The physical assumptions adopted conform to those of the R5 life assessment procedure. The resulting semi-analytic model provides a more secure method for extrapolation of experimental data than previously available.

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Ghosh, A., D. J. Oehlers, and M. A. Wahab. "Linear fracture envelopes for fatigue assessment of welds in bridges." Structural Engineering and Mechanics 4, no. 4 (July 25, 1996): 347–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/sem.1996.4.4.347.

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35

Niederwanger, A., D. H. Warner, and G. Lener. "The utility of laser scanning welds for improving fatigue assessment." International Journal of Fatigue 140 (November 2020): 105810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2020.105810.

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Pisarski, Henryk. "Assessment of flaws in pipeline girth welds—a critical review." Welding in the World 57, no. 6 (August 20, 2013): 933–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40194-013-0057-z.

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37

Koenig, Kamalu, Angelique N. Lasseigne, Joseph W. Cisler, Brajendra Mishra, Robert H. King, and David L. Olson. "Non-contact, nondestructive hydrogen and microstructural assessment of steel welds." International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 87, no. 11 (November 2010): 605–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2010.08.002.

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Gianetto, J. A., J. T. Bowker, and D. V. Dorling. "Assessment of Properties and Microstructure of X100 Pipeline Girth Welds." Welding in the World 49, no. 11-12 (November 2005): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03266505.

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Feng, Qingshan, Shengyi Sha, and Lianshuang Dai. "Bayesian Survival Analysis Model for Girth Weld Failure Prediction." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (March 18, 2019): 1150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061150.

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The formation and development of a dataset for pipeline systems have affected the management and decision-making of pipeline operators. The dataset, combined with a proposed theoretical analysis method, can provide significant improvement for the safe and economic operation of pipelines. On the basis of the pipeline data and its essential impact on pipeline risk assessment, the authors propose for the first time the Staged Bayesian failure model for girth welds of a pipeline, using the “tree-type” accident theory and Bayesian survival analysis method. This model of girth welds is consistent with the distribution of Kaplan–Meier functions and can predict the influence of different factors on the survival probability of girth welds. These new research results can lay the technical foundation for the failure analysis of pipeline girth welds.

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40

De Waele, Wim. "The Interaction of Weld Defects under Plastic Collapse." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 2735–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.2735.

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Multiple defects in welds, when detected, have to be assessed for interaction. Current code rules are based on linear elastic fracture mechanics whereas the failure mode for welds in thin structures is primarily plastic collapse. Results of large-scale tests illustrate that current interaction rules have a high degree of conservatism for plastic collapse conditions. Guidance for the assessment of defect interaction under plastic collapse is proposed.

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41

Guilherme, L. H., P. Reccagni, A. V. Benedetti, C. S. Fugivara, and D. L. Engelberg. "Corrosion Assessment of ASME Qualified Welding Procedures for Grade 2101 Lean Duplex Stainless Steel." CORROSION 75, no. 10 (August 5, 2019): 1216–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/3257.

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ASME qualified welding procedures do not guarantee suitable corrosion and passivation properties for lean duplex stainless steel welds. An evaluation of two ASME qualified welding procedures to optimize the corrosion performance of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welded grade 2101 duplex stainless steel using ER2209 weld consumable was conducted. The evolution of the microstructure was examined by optical and electron microscopy, ferrite-scope measurements, and scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy. An electrochemical mini-cell was then used to characterize the electrochemical behavior of different weld regions using the techniques such as the double loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation test, standard potentiodynamic polarization tests, and cyclic potentiodynamic polarization. The fusion line was the most critical zone for localized corrosion for both welding procedures, due to the formation of Cr- and Mo-depleted zones, resulting in the highest degree of sensitization. The best performance was attributed to the weld face, due to the presence of higher Cr and Mo contents, highlighting the pitting corrosion resistance. A heat input range of 1.6 kJ/mm to 1.9 kJ/mm and low current density (WPS 1) indicated better corrosion performance of all weld regions. The electrochemical corrosion response was in all cases related to microstructural characteristics of the weld regions. The influence of weld parameters on microstructure development and corrosion performance is discussed.

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42

Śledziewski, Krzysztof. "Numerical investigation of the cope hole shape impact on fatigue life of welded joints in steel bridges." MATEC Web of Conferences 252 (2019): 07008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925207008.

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Holes in the bridge girders are usually made at the joint of strips. In most cases, they are made when there is a need to make double-sided butt welds and in order to avoid welds crossing. Size of the hole is selected in order to allow full penetration of the strips across their whole width and also to ensure free access to the welds during NDT. Welded joints with holes, due to low fatigue life, are critical elements affecting durability of large-span steel bridge structures. Low fatigue life of joints with holes results mostly from high concentration of stresses near the weld toe caused by local reduction of cross-section. The paper covers parametric studies based on finite elements method in order to determine the impact of geometrical changes of the hole shape on distribution of stresses within probable areas of cracks initiation and durability of such joint. With reference to experimental studies results, four different holes geometries were analysed: semi-circle (conventional), triangle, parabola of second degree and oval. Assessment of the fatigue was performed using the so-called hot spot method, i.e. geometrical stresses. Results of the studies show that geometrical change of the hole shape affects the stresses concentration change, but it does not translate to the increase of fatigue life of such joint.

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43

Bródka, J., and M. Broniewicz. "Design Of Hollow Section Overlap Joints With The Reinforcing Rib Plate. Welded Connection Resistance." Archives of Civil Engineering 61, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 17–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ace-2015-0002.

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AbstractIn calculating the resistance of welds within the connections between hollow sections in EN 1993-1-8, very general information is given without presenting specific calculations. The chief recommendations indicate that the resistance of the welds connecting the wall to the second element should not be less than the resistance of the cross section of the wall. In addition, assessment of the welds’ resistance based on the effective lengths is viable in cases when forces in the braces are smaller than the resistance of the joint, though the detailed method was not specified. The objective of this paper is to present the most up-to-date information about the design of overlap welded joints with a reinforcing rib plate.

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44

Minami, Fumiyoshi. "Development of Fracture Assessment Standards in Japan with Weibull Stress." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.63.

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This paper describes the fracture assessment standards developed in Japan, where the Weibull stress is implemented to correct the CTOD toughness for constraint loss in structural components. ISO 27306 and WES 2808 (Japan Welding Engineering Society Standard) are presented. Discussion is given on the effects of strength mismatch and residual stress in welds.

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45

Susmel, Luca. "Nominal stresses and Modified Wöhler Curve Method to perform the fatigue assessment of uniaxially loaded inclined welds." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 228, no. 16 (February 9, 2014): 2871–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406214522991.

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The present paper summarises an attempt of proposing a simple formula suitable for estimating the fatigue strength of welded connections whose weld beads are inclined with respect to the direction along which the fatigue loading is applied. By explicitly considering the degree of multiaxiality of the nominal stress state damaging the weld toe, such a formula is directly derived from the so-called Modified Wöhler Curve Method (MWCM). The MWCM is a bi-parametrical critical plane approach which postulates that, independently from the complexity of the assessed load history, fatigue strength can accurately be estimated by using the stress components relative to that material plane experiencing the maximum shear stress range. The accuracy and reliability of the proposed design technique were checked against a number of experimental results taken from the literature and generated by testing steel plates with inclined fillet-welded attachments. This validation exercise allowed us to prove that the devised formula can successfully be used in situations of practical interest to design against fatigue welded joints whose welds are inclined with respect to the direction along which the cyclic force is applied.

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46

Rodríguez-Gonzálvez, P., M. Rodríguez-Martín, Luís F. Ramos, and D. González-Aguilera. "3D reconstruction methods and quality assessment for visual inspection of welds." Automation in Construction 79 (July 2017): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.03.002.

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47

Acharya, S., and K. K. Ray. "Assessment of tensile properties of spot welds using shear punch test." Materials Science and Engineering: A 565 (March 2013): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.12.068.

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48

Lambert, S. B., J. T. Martin, and A. G. Glover. "Fracture Assessment of Pipeline Girth Welds Using Revisions to PD 6493." Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 32, no. 3 (July 1993): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/cmq.1993.32.3.239.

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49

McLaughlin, S. R., C. J. Bayley, and N. M. Aucoin. "Assessment of microstructural heterogeneities in multipass pulsed gas metal arc welds." Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 51, no. 3 (July 2012): 294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1879139512y.0000000020.

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50

Usamentiaga, R., J. Molleda, and D. F. Garcia. "Real-Time Assessment of the Reliability of Welds in Steel Strips." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 46, no. 1 (2010): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2009.2036552.

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