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Kim, Jin Wook. "Welfare mix in Korea 1987-2002 : dynamics of environments, institutions and welfare politics." Thesis, University of Bath, 2004. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.405670.
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Puntaier, Elmar. "Firm size inequality : industry dynamics, entrepreneurship and welfare." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/32902.
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This thesis analyses the dynamics and determinants of the size distribution of firms and examines its implications on welfare. It draws on Schumacher‘s proposition of a 'balanced‘ size distribution of firms as a precondition for sustainable economic development, which conflicts with models predicting an increase in firm size inequality in the long run. For the said dynamism to be understood, the historical development from the First Industrial Revolution is reproduced and emerging patterns set in relation to the evolutionary approach to economic development. This leads to the central argument of this thesis, which is the need for a fair share of medium-sized firms in order to maximise innovative capacity, economic resilience, net job creation and sustainability. To identify the forces driving firm size inequality and the extent to which rebalancing is possible, this thesis consolidates the streams Gibrat‘s Law initiated. The industry-level analysis of the UK, Italy and Germany from 2001 to 2010 demonstrates that the size distribution of firms converges to a lognormal distribution. For technology-rich firms, firm size inequality is inversely U-shaped and the systemic erosion of diversity reduces the options to rebalance. In service industries, industry dynamics are more intense and cause a faster increase in firm size inequality. The resulting co-existence of small and large firms reduces spill-over effects and the ability to recover from macro-economic shocks, but these, paradoxically, increase firm size inequality. To delay the process of increasing firm size inequality, small and medium-sized firms need to engage with export activities and accumulate intangible assets. As the owner-managed firm commercialises on uncertainty and the large firm escapes from it, preserving the 'middle‘ is rewarded with a higher degree of innovative capacity and contributes to sustainable growth. There are also windows of opportunity where rebalancing is possible and from these openings new industries emerge.
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Naumann, Elias Verfasser], and Bernhard [Akademischer Betreuer] [Ebbinghaus. "The Dynamics of Welfare Attitudes in Times of Welfare State Retrenchment / Elias Naumann. Betreuer: Bernhard Ebbinghaus." Mannheim : Universitätsbibliothek Mannheim, 2014. http://d-nb.info/105969560X/34.
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Naumann, Elias [Verfasser], and Bernhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Ebbinghaus. "The Dynamics of Welfare Attitudes in Times of Welfare State Retrenchment / Elias Naumann. Betreuer: Bernhard Ebbinghaus." Mannheim : Universitätsbibliothek Mannheim, 2014. http://d-nb.info/105969560X/34.
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Xiao, Meng. "An analysis of social assistance dynamics in Beijing, China." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43925777.
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Dzanku, Fred Mawunyo. "The dynamics of rural livelihoods and household welfare in Ghana." Thesis, University of Reading, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.577984.
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Household welfare effects of changes in rural livelihoods and their diversity is the central theme of this argument. Inter- and intra-livelihood diversification dynamics and effects on choice and intensity of participation in farm and nonfarm activities have been analysed using a three-period panel dataset on 464 households located in 8 villages of two distinct geoeconomic and agroecological zones of Ghana. This research is situated within the debate of whether or not the agriculture-led rural poverty reductionrenaissance is pragmatic in terms of both analytical and policy thinking of rural economic development. Almost every conclusion reached depends on isolation or proximity to "national capital, anti agro-productive potential of study area under rain- fed conditions. First of all, the notion of a shift from farm to nonfarm oriented rural livelihoods is rather a hyperbole. Quality of human capital, access to other productive assets, price and income risk sensitivity are the most important determinants of choice of, and returns to rural livelihood activities. Second, in high agro-potential zones, both farm and nonfarm oriented livelihood strategies produce similar welfare outcomes. Third, concerning diversification within agriculture, resource allocation to high-value crops enhances household food security in high agro- productive potential zones. Fourth, farm productivity is decreasing in pluriactivity, suggesting that returns to nonfarm labour supply must more than offset the value of productivity loss from agriculture if a household is to maintain a given level of welfare. Finally, neither farm nor nonfarm productivity was responsible for rural poverty exit in the 2000s; spatial location of household, living in a female headed household, human capital quality and rural - urban linkages through urban social network capital were the drivers of poverty exit. So, 'livelihood-led poverty reduction policy thinking' appears more pragmatic than a sectoral view of rural development policy and practice.
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Pizzo, Alessandra. "Frictional labor markets and policy interventions : dynamics and welfare implications." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01E014/document.
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L'objectif sous-jacent aux trois chapitres qui composent cette thèse est la compréhension du fonctionnement du marché du travail, afin d'établir un diagnostic quant au rôle de régulation potentiel d'une autorité publique dans ce marché. Dans le premier chapitre, j'analyse, d'un point de vue purement "positif", la capacité du modèle avec frictions d'appariement à répliquer les fluctuations de court terme de variables du marché du travail aux États-Unis. Je propose une nouvelle stratégie de calibration, dans le cadre d'analyse est celui d'un modèle de fluctuations avec rigidité de prix. Dans le deuxième chapitre (co-écrit avec F. Langot), nous étudions les déterminants des évolutions de l'offre de travail sur les cinquante dernières années. L'évolution du coin fiscal, ainsi que de deux variables reflétant le cadre institutionnel (la générosité du revenu en cas de "non-emploi" et le pouvoir de négociation des travailleurs), permettent d'expliquer les différentes trajectoires du taux d'emploi et des heures travaillées observées aux États-Unis et dans trois économies européennes (France, Allemagne et Royaume-Uni). Dans le troisième chapitre, j'analyse la performance de deux systèmes alternatifs de sécurité sociale, dans le cadre d'un modèle avec agents hétérogènes en termes de richesse. Les agents sont soumis à un risque de chômage, et le planificateur peut fournir de l'assurance à travers un système fiscal redistributif, basé sur une taxe progressive et/ou l'assurance chômage. Le système fiscal progressif est supérieur, en termes de bien-être agrégé, à l'assurance fournie à travers des allocations chômage, à travers son effet sur le fonctionnement du marché du travail<br>The objective underlying the three chapters of this thesis is the understanding of the functioning of the labor market to make a diagnosis about the potential regulatory role of a public authority in this market. ln the first chapter, I analyze, from a purely "positive" point of view, the ability of the model with search and matching frictions to reproduce short-term fluctuations of labor market variables in the United States. I propose a new calibration strategy, within a general equilibrium framework with sticky prices. In the second chapter (co-written with F. Langot), we study the determinants of changes in the labor supply over the last fifty years. Changes in the tax wedge, and two variables reflecting the institutional framework (the generosity of income in case of "non-employment" and workers' bargaining power), can explain the different trajectories of the rate employment and hours worked observed in the United States and three European economies (France, Germany and the United Kingdom). ln the third chapter, I analyze the performance of two alternative systems of social security, within the framework of a model with heterogeneous agents in terms of wealth. The agents are subject to a risk of unemployment, and the planner can provide insurance through a redistibutive tax system, based on a progressive tax and / or unemployment insurance. The progressive tax system is superior in terms of aggregate welfare to the insurance provided through unemployment benefits, through its effect on the functioning of the labor market
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Xiao, Meng, and 肖萌. "An analysis of social assistance dynamics in Beijing, China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43925777.
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Poulette, Joshua J. "INTERGENERATIONAL DYNAMICS AND POLITICAL OUTCOMES." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/msppa_etds/10.
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This dissertation explores the relationship between intergenerational dynamics and politics outcomes in several distinct contexts. It is motivated by the remarkable demographic shifts exhibited by people in advanced countries over the past several decades. Individuals on average have longer lives and fewer children than ever before. Combining these shifts with the large intergenerational public policies that exist in many such states (education, old-age social welfare, healthcare) provokes several distinct yet related research questions addressed in the chapters below. First, do political traits matter for fertility behavior? If so, could the presence of differential fertility behavior across political groups lead to a shift in the position of the future median voter? Second, what are other significant determinants of fertility in contemporary Europe and the United States? Does more recent data support the findings of established “determinants of fertility” models? Finally, does the relationship between age and Social Security benefit preferences (and confidence in the Social Security system) seem to suggest the potential for intergenerational conflict over Social Security? The chapters below tie together disparate bodies of literature from multiple academic disciplines and use empirical evidence to answer these research questions. The results suggest political traits are significant determinants of fertility in some cases. The results also demonstrate that the relationship between wealth/education and fertility in many European states is positive – in contrast to much of the literature on this relationship and the common wisdom. Finally, the last empirical chapter illustrates the existence of potential age-based political conflict over Social Security in the United States.
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Platt, Lucinda. "The experience of poverty : welfare dynamics among children of different ethnic groups." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365527.
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Diesel, Gillian. "Rehoming dynamics and health of dogs at a UK dog welfare charity." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.504800.
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Each year in the UK, in addition to the stray dogs passed onto animal welfare organisations and dog kennels from the dog warden service, many others are handed over by members of the public for rehoming. Dogs Trust rehomed over 12,000 dogs during 2006. The stresses of staying in kennels and the change in environment can have a negative impact on the health of these dogs and this compromises their welfare and affects the success of rehoming. There have been very few studies examining the processes influencing success of rehoming in the UK. The current studies were conducted to describe indirect effects such as the previous owners, the dogs and their home environments, the health of the dogs in kennels and the effect factors directly affecting the success of rehoming these dogs. A descriptive study showed the most common reasons for dogs to be relinquished were behavioural problems and the owner feeling that the dog needs more attention than they can give it. Additionally, it was shown that behavioural issues were more common amongst those dogs relinquished for the second time whilst owner-related factors were more common for those dogs relinquished for the first time. Another descriptive study focussing on the, health of the dogs whilst in kennels showed that many dogs were ill when they arrived at the kennels making it difficult to prevent the introduction of diseases. It was also found that if the dogs were ill soon after adoption they were more likely to be rehomed unsuccessfully and returned to kennels. Risk factors that increased the likelihood of a dog being rehomed unsuccessfully were identified using a prospective cohort study. The results suggest that behavioural problems are an important factor especially if the dog had shown aggressipn towards people. However, there were also indications that by the owners obtaining advice, this risk couid be significantly reduced. Attending training classes significantly decreased the chance that the adoption would be unsuccessful. The data a1so suggested that families with younger adults and young children, and owners who found that the effort and work involved in looking after their dog to be more than they expected were more likely to return the dog. This study highlighted the importance of behavioural problems and therefore the agreement between members of staff at the rehoming kennels during the behavioural assessment of dogs was assessed using an additional study. These studies were able to highlight particular factors which could be changed or where new policies could be implemented in order to prevent some relinquishments or improve the reterition of dogs post-adoption.
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[Verfasser], Mulubrhan Amare Reda. "Shocks, migration and welfare dynamics in South-East Asia / Mulubrhan Amare Reda." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2015. http://d-nb.info/1069937509/34.
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Reda, Mulubrhan Amare [Verfasser]. "Shocks, migration and welfare dynamics in South-East Asia / Mulubrhan Amare Reda." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2015. http://d-nb.info/1069937509/34.
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Wiegand, Johannes. "Four essays on applied welfare measurement and income distribution dynamics, Germany 1985-1995." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404904.
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Wilson, Kenneth Brockington. "Ecological dynamics and human welfare : a case study of population, health and nutrition in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1990. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317940/.
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This thesis examines the impact of seasonal and inter-annual variations in rainfall on food supply and disease environment, and hence the biological welfare of savannah populations in southern Zimbabwe. Ecological dynamics are thought to determine the impact of rainfall, and this hypothesis is tested through the comparison of populations either side of a major ecological boundary between heavy clay rich and sandy soils. Due to differences in soil-moisture productivity relations, and the level and form of ecological heterogeneity, the sandveld environment shows much less seasonal and inter-annual variation in agro-ecological productivity than does clayveld, and this is reflected in food supply and consumption. Child anthropometric and birth weight data from several years shows opposite seasonality, and weight-loss in a serious drought was most marked on clay-rich soils as predicted. Differences in soil-moisture relations also influence disease environment dynamics; child morbidity shows the same seasonal and inter-annual contrasts between the zones as found with nutritional status. Furthermore, infant mortality is increased following dry years on clay-rich soils whilst high rainfall leads to increased infant mortality on the sandy soils. These differences in welfare dynamics between sandveld and clayveld appear to typify conditions in other moist and dry savannah areas respectively. Variability in grain production results from unequal access to livestock for ploughing and manure, but urban wage labour derived remittances also affect wealth. The extent and nature of socio-economic differentiation varies between ecological zones for historical reasons, and its impact on welfare (together with that of religion and maternal education) is variable and complex, operating at several levels in household and lineage. Maternal education has a marked impact on child well-being, particularly upon infant mortality. Dramatic improvements in Infant mortality and declines in fertility since Independence (1980) reflect upgrading of medical services and education provision for women, Indicating the limits of ecological welfare determinants.
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Kim, Yun-Young. "The dynamics of pensions and social care services for older people in the welfare state." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.702161.
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This study explores the dynamics of changes in pensions and social care services for older people (hereafter, SCSFO), and their variation in OECD countries in the last three decades of the twentieth century. There are two main research questions: 1. how have both pension and SCSFO changed amongst OECD countries since the 1980s? 2. How have OECD countries' pensions and SCSFO been reconstructed in terms of socio-economic, political and institutional theory? This thesis uses macro-comparative analysis on SCSFO and pension policies, as SCSFO is gaining significance within the changes in old-age policies in postindustrial society. To understand welfare state policies, on which social expenditure continues to grow, it is necessary to understand the evolution of SCSFO. On the grounds of conceptual classification of pensions and SCSFO, a variety of indicators were included in the analyses to reflect the concept of a pension properly. Also, this research built a database including indictors of SCSFO and data on longterm care. These were extracted from SOCX (2012) and SHA (2011) respectively. By utilising such data, this thesis addresses the trends in pension and SCSFO polices of 18 OECD states from 1980 to 2006, and the factors that affect changes in spending levels and structure. The factors and independent variables affecting spending on pensions and SCSFO are studied using panel analysis. The relationship between those factors was confirmed by path analysis. Also, in order to compare the rate of increase in pension and SCSFO spending, panel logit analysis has been conducted using binary dependent variables. This thesis finds that the determinants of pensions are different from those of SCSFO among OECD countries. Pension and SCSFO spending drivers are categorised into socio-economic effects, politics, and institutions, and 15 hypotheses are set out for panel analysis. As a result, new factors in SCSFO (including social demand following de-industrialization, gender politics and local taxes), appear to be highly significant. This has implications for three existing theories behind SCSFO: a new social risk factor, feminization, and localization. In panellogit analysis, the structural changes in pension and SCSFO I spending are empirically analyzed. The new structure of socio-economic effects, politics, and institutions is found to have contributed to the reorganization of the structure of social spending. Lastly, this thesis offers an empirical analysis using path analysis to ascertain the dependent and independent variables that are configured in each structure. In other words, the structure of the variables has been investigated to see whether they are statistically significant. The analyses show that the variables have a certain degree of connection with one another.
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Greitens, Eric R. "Children first : ideas and the dynamics of aid in Western voluntary assistance programs for war-affected children abroad." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365669.
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Collins, Katherine Rachel Hermsen Joan M. "Examining the provision of child care subsidies across Missouri counties the relationship between local dynamics and CCDF subsidy supply /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6077.
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The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on October 7, 2009) Thesis advisor: Dr. Joan Hermsen. Includes bibliographical references.
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Laveille, Yasmine. "Contestation in marginalised spaces : dynamics of popular mobilisation and demobilisation in upper Egypt since 25 January 2011." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2016. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3427/.
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Why and how do ordinary citizens lacking previous activist experience, come, at certain times, to stage protests, block roads, close public administrations, or occupy public spaces, in order to reclaim what they consider is their right? In Egypt, ordinary people have increasingly, albeit occasionally, endorsed protest as a means to press demands, as shown by a continuous frequency of popular mobilisations despite a very repressive context since July 2013. However, despite the persistence of serious grievances and limited results, most of these collective actions have not exceeded the local scale, remaining dispersed, discontinuous and ephemeral. This thesis argues that beyond repression and other authoritarian constraints, which only provide a partial explanation, most popular mobilisations are also prevented from expanding by the vicissitudes of leadership on the one hand, and a set of local sociocultural features on the other. Beyond traditional social movement studies, which mainly focused on urban and organised movements, this thesis analyses ordinary people’s isolated protests characterised by a basic organisation and a strong local anchorage. Based on fieldwork in southern Upper Egypt between January 2014 and April 2015, it provides an account of recent local dynamics of (de)mobilisation. Focusing on these discontinuous, dispersed and ephemeral forms of activism, it sheds light on the factors that interact in preventing a widening of local collective action. These factors include leaders’ limited ambitions, experience, and difficulties in coordinating in a highly authoritarian environment; activists’ co-optation; local logics of patronage and loyalties; gender, generational and other social divisions; and perceptions of cultural identity. The thesis also establishes that current national campaigns, mainly revolutionary change, labour protests and the proMuslim Brotherhood protest movement, do not appeal to the majority due to their lack of alternative political projects and perceived exclusionary character. This ultimately suggests why the beginning of a revolution was suspended.
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Konigs, Sebastian. "The dynamics of social assistance benefit receipt." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c8b4b576-eece-46f8-a3ea-d6b368b2f59f.
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This dissertation consists of three articles on social assistance benefit receipt dynamics in European countries. The first article presents an analysis of state dependence in benefit receipt in Germany based on annual survey data from the German Socio-Economic Panel. The observation period extends from 1995 to 2011, thus covering the 2005 'Hartz reforms'. I estimate a series of dynamic random-effects probit models to control for observed and unobserved heterogeneity and the endogeneity of initial conditions. The high observed state dependence has a substantial structural component, with benefit receipt one year ago being associated with an increase in the likelihood of receipt today by 13 percentage points. There is only little evidence for time-variation in state dependence. The second article presents evidence on spell durations and the frequency of repeat spells using monthly administrative data from Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. In the two Nordic countries, short-term benefit receipt is the norm, with only around 6% and 11% of spells in Norway and Sweden lasting longer than 12 months. Most recipients however have multiple spells. In Luxembourg and the Netherlands, long-term benefit receipt is frequent, with median spell durations of 14 and 9 months, respectively, and one-third and one-quarter of all spells lasting 24 months or longer. The total duration of benefit receipt across spells is much higher in the Netherlands and Luxembourg than in Norway and Sweden. The third article tests the validity of one of the central assumptions of dynamic discrete-choice models of benefit dynamics, the conditional Markov property. Using monthly administrative data from Norway, the article shows that the Markov property is violated as estimated state dependence is affected by the chosen time unit of analysis. The standard model can be improved by permitting for different entry and persistence equations and duration and occurrence dependence in benefit receipt.
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Ahmetagic, Nermin. "The Dynamics of Health and Welfare : A Methodological Study Analysing the Two Phenomena in Five Populations During the Early 2000s." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Hälsa och samhälle, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-70064.
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This paper aims to describe the dynamics of objective health and welfare in five populations, from the year 2000 to 2009, qua a methodological study. It proposes a three step approach to ensure the validity criteria in the conducted research process: firstly, to identify the relevant variables as predictors of the two phenomena, empiric studies and sociological theories by Esping-Andersen (1999) Nussbaum (1999, 2000, 2011), were consulted. This (with the data availability) frames the study to include five related categories of objective health and welfare indicators, including (1) demographic (e. g. life expectancy (LE), total fertility rate (TFR)), (2) child-welfare (i. e. under-five mortality rate (U5MR), (3) welfare services (immunization coverage and prevalence of tuberculosis (TB)), (4) education, and (5) indicators on health expenditure (HE). The applied theoretical frame–in a combination with the four posed research questions–indicates a need of an overall methodological approach that is primary quantitative. The data analysis follows an observational epidemiological type that is descriptive study, to analyse the indicators in five populations and two control groups. The study obtains descriptive data from three data bases, which are selected upon a qualitative analysis, to account for their validity and reliability. Further data analysis is strengthened qua the inclusion of the two control groups of populations, when appropriate. Since it wasn’t possible to compare data on populations across time, due to different data production methodologies. Main findings indicate that HE, immunization, TFR, male and female LE, U5MR and school enrolment, tend to diverge between and within the five populations, expressed in absolute and relative terms. The comparison of the estimated data for the five populations with the two control groups of populations, shows that most objective health and welfare indicators tend to converge, (within categories 1, 2 and 3, except TFR) when expressed in absolute and relative terms. When estimated data is analysed in the light of two sociological theories, it is evident that the existing gap between male and female LE, U5MR, and HE indicators can improve further.<br>B
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Pullin, Allison Nicole. "The Effect of Environment and Social Dynamics on Lamb Behavior." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492511346580333.
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Pettersson, Örjan. "Socio-economic dynamics in sparse regional structures." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Centrum för regionalvetenskap (CERUM), 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-94119.
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The aim of the thesis is to describe and analyse socio-economic changes in northern Sweden. Focus is on the period 1985-2000. Population development, restructuring of economic activities, political and cultural changes are related to a theoretical discussion on the transformation of sparsely populated areas as an outcome of multi-dimensional and interrelated processes. Besides an introductory and concluding section, the thesis contains four papers. The first paper deals with forestry's changed role in the local economy of four municipalities located in the inland areas of upper Norrland. The changes within forestry have been driven by adaptation to global competition and rapid technical development. Even though timber production has increased in some of the municipalities, job losses have greatly reduced the importance of forestry in the local economies. Many employees have left forestry for work in other branches, unemployment or retirement However, relatively few have moved from the area. A multiplier model was employed in order to analyse the impact on the local economy. The second paper deals with population changes in the six northernmost counties. During the 1990s, most municipalities and rural areas in northern Sweden have experienced renewed depopulation. At the same time, some rural areas have shown significant population growth. Three types of rural areas with population growth have been identified. Firstly, there are rural areas within daily commuting distance from regional centres. Secondly, there is a group of rural areas, mainly a number of mountain villages close to the border with Norway, which has benefited from the tourist industry. Finally, there are a few rural areas characterised by attractive residential environments and leisure housing. The third paper is based on a classification of 500 residential areas and villages in the county of Västerbotten into seven types of housing environments. In this way, the county is broken down into a mosaic of housing environments characterised by very different prerequisites for consumption and economic development A complex and dispersed pattern of disadvantaged residential areas all over the county indicates the difficulty in treating counties and municipalities as homogeneous regions. In the fourth paper, focus is on young peoples' attitudes towards staying in or moving to small communities within a local labour market region in northern Sweden. The study is based on telephone interviews with 400 young men and women in the Umeå region. Half the interviewees lived in the university city of Umeå while the others were residents in five rural municipalities surrounding Umeå. In general, the males and females aged 19-25 had a much more positive attitude towards living in rural communities than did those aged 15-18. Nevertheless, only half of the young people already living in the rural municipalities wanted to stay there. Among the young people living in the city, slightly less than 50% showed an interest in moving to the surrounding rural areas, mainly the countryside within commuting distance from the city. The connection between higher education and out-migration of young people from rural areas is also highlighted.<br><p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Univ., 2002</p><br>digitalisering@umu
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Baillie, Donna. "The good soldier : dynamics of moral judgment among Israeli reserve soldiers and conscientious objectors within the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3321/.
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There is extensive empirical evidence which suggests that moral judgment involves not only rational assessment, but also cognitive processes involving emotion, biases, and intuitions which can at times conflict with rationality. Nowhere is the understanding of such dynamics of more importance than in situations of seemingly intractable conflict, such as that between Israel and the Palestinians. My original contribution to such understanding is twofold. First, in applying Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) to analysis of the real-world, situated experiences of Israeli reserve soldiers and conscientious objectors within the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, I (a) identify differences along the liberal-conservative continuum in the selective application of the moral foundations relating to harm and fairness, and (b) critique the structural relationship between the fairness and loyalty moral foundations as currently presented within MFT. Second, using both qualitative and experimental research, I present evidence in support of a proposed cognitive bias not currently in the literature which can affect moral judgment: the influence of competent performance on assessment of actor morality. As individuals and as members of collectives we are responsible for making moral judgments. But cognitive biases, intuitions, and emotional responses can colour our perceptions in ways that can, in the case of intergroup conflicts, sometimes prove catastrophic. In highlighting (a) the relationship between political ideology and intuitive responses to violations of harm- and fairness-based moral foundations, and (b) how competent performance can influence assessment of actor morality, this research makes a small contribution to our understanding of what are necessarily incredibly complex dynamics around moral judgment.
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Pethia, Stacey R. "Reconstructing communities : the impact of regeneration on community dynamics and processes." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3118/.
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The New Labour government placed communities at the heart of urban regeneration policy. Area deprivation and social exclusion were to be addressed through rebuilding community in deprived areas, a process involving tenure diversification and the building of bridging social capital to support community empowerment, increased aspirations and wide-spread mutually supportive relationships. There is, however, little empirical evidence that tenure mix is an effective means for achieving the social goals of neighbourhood renewal. This thesis contributes to the mixed tenure debate by exploring the impact of regeneration on community. The research was guided by theories of social structure and cultural systems and argues that the regeneration process may give rise to social divisions and conflict between community groups, inhibiting culture change. The research was conducted on a social housing estate located within the West Midlands region. The findings represent the views of local residents and community workers and suggest that greater recognition needs to be given to the role intimate social ties play in community sustainability, that the provision of supportive services must be balanced with individual self-efficacy, and that regeneration policy should focus less on what new homeowners can bring to a community and more on what community can already offer.
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Bojar, Abel. "Public budgeting and electoral dynamics after the golden age : essays on political budget cycles, electoral behaviour and welfare retrenchment in hard times." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/981/.
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Political fragmentation has been widely recognized by political economists as an important cause for fiscal profligacy in democratic market economies because of the common pool nature of fiscal resources. These redictions, however, sit uneasily with the notion of governmental veto players’ ability to block each other’s spending plans for electoral purposes. Applying the logic of a bargaining-game between veto players in a political budget cycle framework, I first model that multiple players in the budget game are in fact likely to moderate pre-electoral budget outcomes. Empirical results from a cross-section time-series analysis in EU member states provide corroborative evidence that fiscal electioneering is indeed more prevalent among cohesive, single party settings. The findings are robust to alternative identification of elections, fiscal changes and sample selection.
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Mishor, Yishai. "Law, poverty and time : the dynamics of poverty in constitutional human rights adjudication." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:62ccd8ed-4634-493c-900d-15d5446746e4.
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Poverty is an event in time. Only dynamic thinking can fully capture its reality. This thesis contends that human rights case law is based on a static perception of poverty inconsistent with the dynamic perception of poverty in economics. Failing to notice its temporal aspects, the examined courts consequently produce judgments that overlook essential aspects of this socio-economic phenomenon. This is puzzling, since in other contexts of constitutional human rights adjudication the passage of time bears a significant role. This means that for courts to switch from a static perspective to a dynamic perspective of poverty does not require new legal tools. The duration of poverty and change in poverty can be incorporated into judicial thinking using familiar norms and doctrines. The extent of poverty, whether it is transitory or a long-term situation, the chances of escaping it in the near future, the fluctuations in depth of poverty over the years, the probability that upon emerging from poverty one will be caught up in it again, the inheritance of poverty from parents to children: these are all time-related concerns that bear profound significance on the lives of poor people. A static examination not only overlooks these issues, but also neglects the essence of long-term poverty. Viewing poverty through the lens of time would reveal a broader and more complex human rights picture, producing a richer legal analysis, and, finally, leading to a more suitable remedy. This study examines cases that consider claims relating to the economic situation of poor people, concentrating on examples from France, Canada and Israel. The analysis reveals the temporal approach of each judgment and suggests an alternative, dynamic reading of poverty.
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Khoo, Evelyn Grace. "Protecting Our Children : A comparative study of the dynamics of structure, intervention and their interplay in Swedish child welfare and Canadian child protection." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Univ, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-193.
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Vaillant, Julia. "Imbricated dynamics in times of fragile growth : individuals, families and household businesses in Madagascar, 1995-2005." Thesis, Paris 9, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA090068.
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Dans les pays en développement, l'imbrication des activités économiques au sein du ménage rend la mesure de la dynamique des revenus complexe, en particulier lorsque les périodes étudiées sont longues. Le contexte choisi est celui de la décennie 1995-2005 à Madagascar, une période particulièrement intéressante puisqu'il s'agit du premier épisode de croissance soutenue et quasi-ininterrompue depuis l'indépendance du pays en 1960. En utilisant des données collectées auprès de ménages ruraux et urbains et d'entreprises du secteur informel, en coupe et en panel, les trois chapitres étudient chacun un aspect particulier du problème de mesure la dynamique de la pauvreté sur longue période dans un contexte d'imbrication forte des unités productives et des ménages. Le premier chapitre examine la dynamique du secteur informel à Antananarivo en tenant compte de sa nature très hétérogène. Le deuxième mesure l'écart de performance entre les unités de production dirigées par des femmes et celles dirigées par des hommes. Il teste l’existence d’effets différenciés selon le genre des normes de partage et d’allocation des tâches au sein du ménage sur l’efficience technique des entreprises. Le troisième chapitre discute l’opportunité de suivre des migrants dans les enquêtes longitudinales. L’étude des micro-entreprises doit tenir compte de leur environnement familial et social, pour prendre la pleine mesure des contraintes qui pèsent sur elles. Des recherches sur le comportement et la rationalité économique des ménages urbains apparaissent nécessaire. En l'absence de données longitudinales, la principale limite du travail réside dans l'impossibilité de décrire la démographie des entreprises informelles dans le temps. Il semble indispensable d’imaginer des dispositifs de collectes de données innovants permettant de suivre ces unités de production dans le temps<br>In developing countries, the complex interdependence of households, individuals and businesses makes the measurement of welfare dynamics challenging, especially over a long period, because economic activities are predominantly embedded in households. The context we have chosen, Madagascar between 1995 and 2005, is particularly interesting because it corresponds to an unprecedented period of growth interrupted only by a recession in 2002 due to a political crisis. Using urban, rural, cross-sectional and panel data, the three essays presented attempt to shed light on various aspects of welfare dynamics over a long period in Madagascar, with a special focus on the imbrication of productive activities, households and individuals. The first essay studies informal sector dynamics in Antananarivo with a special attention on its heterogeneous nature. The second measures the extent of the gender performance gap among informal entrepreneurs and explores the existence of gender-differentiated effects of sharing norms and the allocation of tasks within the household on the technical efficiency of enterprises. Finally, the third essay is a methodological contribution on the relevance of tracking movers in panel data collection in rural areas. Studying microenterprises within their family and social environment is necessary to fully grasp the constraints on productive activities. More research is necessary on the behavior and economic rationality of urban households. The lack of panel data on informal businesses limits what can be said on their demography, especially over a long period. There is a pressing need for innovative data collection devices which follow these production units over time
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Park, Seung-Min. "An ageing population in a family and welfare state : the dynamics of family support and public pension systems, and their impact on late-life happiness in contemporary South Korea." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:041dae1e-8b4b-4ca6-9743-2a42b655e5bc.
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The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the dynamics of family support and public pension systems, and their impact on late-life happiness in contemporary South Korea. For this, three specific research questions, namely (1) the dynamics of intergenerational solidarity, public pension systems, and happiness; (2) the association between intergenerational solidarity and happiness; and (3) the association between public pension systems and happiness, are analysed by exploiting the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing. The analyses show that (1) the structural solidarity of older people is relatively stronger than of middle-aged people; (2) contacting is the key player in associational solidarity in later life; (3) middle-aged people supply more financial aid to their adult children than they receive from them, but the reverse applies to older people. Both middle-aged and older people actively exchange food, household items, and health-care supplies; (4) more older men receive the National Pension Scheme benefit than older women but the reverse is true for the Basic Old-Age Pension benefit; (5) the level of happiness in later life is very high but decreases as people age; (6) the number of adult children, frequency of contact, and amount of financial support are positively associated with the happiness of older people; and (7) the National Pension Scheme is positively associated with the happiness of older men while the Basic Old-Age Pension is negatively associated with the happiness of older people. The results suggest some policy implications for late-life happiness in contemporary South Korea. At the individual level, increased frequency of contact, availability of the children, and the amount of financial support can enhance late-life happiness. At the governmental level, the research suggests that the gendered structure of the National Pension Scheme and means-tested structure of the Basic Old-Age Pension should be reformed.
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Roll, Stephen. "Credit Counseling, Financial Coaching, and Client Outcomes: An Examination of Program Impacts and Implementation Dynamics." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1460908989.
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Korzhenevych, Artem, and Johannes Bröcker. "Investment Subsidies and Regional Welfare: A Dynamic Framework." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-235416.
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Subsidising investment in lagging regions is an important regional policy instrument in many countries. Some argue that this instrument is not specific enough to concentrate the aid towards the regions that are lagging behind most, because investment subsidies benefit capital owners who might reside elsewhere, possibly in very rich places. Checking under which conditions this is true is thus highly policy relevant. The present paper studies regional investment subsidies in a multiregional neoclassical dynamic framework. We set up a model with trade in heterogeneous goods, with a perfectly integrated financial capital market and sluggish adjustment of regional capital stocks. Consumers and investors act under perfect foresight. We derive the equilibrium system, show how to solve it, and simulate actual European regional subsidies in computational applications. We find that the size of the welfare gains depends on the portfolio distribution held by the households. If households own diversified asset portfolios, we find that the supported regions gain roughly the amounts that are allocated to them in the form of investment subsidies. If they only own local capital stocks, a part of the money is lost through the drop in share prices. From the point of view of total welfare, the subsidy is not efficient. It can lead to a welfare loss for the EU as a whole and definitely leads to welfare losses in the rest of the world, from where investment ows to the supported EU regions.
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Backlund, Kenneth. "Welfare measurement, externalities and Pigouvian taxation in dynamic economies." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-73540.
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This thesis consists of five papers. Paper [1] analyzes one possible way of replacing dynamic Pigouvian taxes by a static approximation of such taxes from the point of view of social accounting. The idea is to approximate a Pigouvian emission tax by using the instantaneous marginal willingness to pay to reduce the stock of pollution. If this approximation is close enough to the correct Pigouvian tax it will be useful for at least two reasons: (i) it brings the economy close to the socially optimal solution; and (ii) it provides information relevant for social accounting by closely approximating the value of additions to the stock of pollution. Paper [2] analyzes the welfare effects of an agreement between countries to slightly increase their emission taxes. The results indicate that such an agreement need not necessarily increase the global welfare level, even if each individual country has set its prereform emission tax to be lower than the marginal social cost of pollution. Paper [3] provides an economic framework for analyzing the global warming problem, emphasizing the use of forests as a means of carbon sequestration. We explore the difference between the decentralized economy and the socially optimal resource allocation, and discuss the appropriate tax system required to implement the first best optimum. Paper [4] incorporates the uncertainty involved in the production of nuclear energy into a dynamic general equilibrium growth model. We compare the resource allocation in the decentralized economy with the socially optimal resource allocation and design the dynamic Pigouvian taxes that make the decentralized economy reproduce the socially optimal resource allocation. Paper [5] treats externalities from nuclear power in a dynamic differential game framework involving two countries, which differ with regard to their nuclear technology. The model is solved numerically, where one country is considered relatively safe and the other relatively less safe.<br><p>Härtill 5 delarbeten.</p><br>digitalisering@umu
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Kamel, Maggie Samir. "Redrawing state-society boundaries : Egypt's dynamic social contract." Thesis, Durham University, 2001. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3955/.
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Most LDC regimes, especially those with a colonial past, suffer from a deficit in legitimacy. Basing their rule on the personality and achievements of one person, these regimes have failed to pass on their legitimacy to their successors, or sometimes even secure legitimacy for the state. They have drawn up a social contract with their populations that entailed obligations to achieve objectives such as industrialisation, national and economic independence, and welfare of their societies. In return, their populations were expected to support their regimes, and surrender their political rights and liberties. In this research, we focus on the social contract in Egypt, as an example of an LDC state where the regime has suffered from a lack of legitimacy since the country gained its independence in 1952. Over the last five decades, Egyptian regimes have forged a social contract with their populations in order to legitimise their rule. The social contract encompassed achieving objectives adopted by the regime on the domestic and international level according to their visions. The formula of the social contract has been modified by the regime in response to changes in domestic and international factors. One of the main obligations that the regime has committed itself to since 1952 has been welfare provision by the state. The commitment of the regime to provide welfare for the population has been an effective tool to generate legitimacy. Thus, the maintenance of a 'welfare state' has constituted a central component of the social contract since 1952. However, a social contract based on welfare provision has not been durable; this type of contract has secured the regime legitimacy only as long as it has been able to deliver welfare products. As industrialisation failed to take off, Egyptian regimes found it difficult to sustain the welfare state. Their attempts to withdraw from welfare provision, without compromising their legitimacy, have been unsuccessful. This is because the regime has marketed welfare provision by the state as a right of the public based on citizenship; the populace has proved resilient in defending this right. Hence, the regime had to rely upon aid and or external borrowing to postpone the crisis; and modify the social contract by introducing some measures of political liberalisation.
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Mota, Rui Pedro Matias Gama. "Welfare and sustainability measures in dynamic economies: green accounting for Portugal, 1992-2004." Master's thesis, ISEG, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21975.
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Mestrado em Economia<br>The focus of this dissertation is on the theory and practice of what can be called the economic
theory of sustainability. Our argument is that traditional discussions and analysis of
savings and investment at the macroeconomic levei can be greatly enriched by integrating
the environment into the macroeconomic picture. Here we take sustainability to mean,
generically, non-decreasing welfare for the economy as a whole. The criticai concepts
are the green net national product (NNP), and the genuine savings. Green net national
product is a welfare measure that proposes corrections to the usual national account's
aggregates in order to account for environmental and well-being concerns. The genuine
savings indicator is a notion of net savings that nets out the depreciation of ali forms of
capital including natural capital. Regarding a measure of sustainability, decreasing green
NNP is equivalent to negative genuine savings and indicates unsustainability. We devise
a model to estimate these aggregates incorporating the costs of a vector of air pollutants
to households, and the depreciation of commercial forests in Portugal for the years, 1992
- 2004. The pollution disamenity term is around 6 - 8% of NNP, and the depreciation of
commercial forests ranges from -0.7% in 1991 to 0.4% in 1996. So, the total environmental
adjustments are of the magnitude of 6 - 9% of NNP. This may seem small compared to
Portuguese NNP; however we did not include some relevant stocks of natural capital such
as fish, mineral, water and soil. Regarding genuine savings, we find consistent evidence of
unsustainable development for Portugal after 2003. There is also a clear tendency towards
unsustainability throughout the period.<br>Esta dissertação aborda a teoria e a prática, do que se pode chamar, teoria económica
da sustentabilidade. O nosso argumento é que as discussões e análises tradicionais da
poupança ou investimento ao nível macroeconómico podem ser grandemente enriquecidas
tomando o ambiente como parte integrante da macroeconomia. Define-se desenvolvimento
sustentável em termos de bem-estar não decrescente para a economia como um todo. Os
conceitos centrais utilizados, são o Produto Interno Líquido (PIL) verde e a poupança
genuína. O PIL verde é uma medida de bem-estar que propõe correcções aos agregados
usais da contabilidade nacional, para ter em conta preocupações ambientais. O indicador
de poupança genuina é uma noção de poupança que incorpora a depreciação do capital
natural. Em termos de indicadores de sustentabilidade, a mensagem é: PIL verde decrescente
equivale a obter poupança genuína negativa, o que indica desenvolvimento não
sustentável. Para estimar estes indicadores, apresentamos um modelo de uma economia
dinâmica que tem em conta o custo das emissões de um vector de poluentes atmosféricos
para as famílias, e o valor da depreciação das florestas comercias Portuguesas em 1992 -
2004. O custo, em desutilidade, da poluição atmosférica é aproximadamente 6 - 8% do
PIL, e o termo da depreciação das florestas comerciais varia entre -0.7% do PIL em 1991
a 0.4% do PIL em 1996. Assim, os ajustes ambientais são da ordem dos 6 - 9% do PIL.
Embora se argumente que o valor é baixo, é de notar que os temas e stocks ambientais considerados
deixaram de fora outros relevantes: pescas, minérios, recursos hídricos, e solos.
Em relação à poupança genuína, os resultados evidenciam desenvolvimento insustentável
para Portugal depois de 2003. E também clara ao longo de todo o período uma tendência
para a insustentabilidade (poupança genuína decrescente).<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Heinrich, Georges Aloyse. "Static and dynamic analysis of poverty and welfare in Europe, North America and Central Asia." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2107.
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McLennan, Krista Marie. "Social bonds in dairy cattle : the effect of dynamic group systems on welfare and productivity." Thesis, University of Northampton, 2013. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/6466/.
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The recent increase in intensification of the UK dairy industry has led to the majority of cattle in the UK being housed in large, dynamic groups. Proposals for two large-scale dairies intending to house between 3,000 and 8,000 head of cattle have been met with considerable opposition by both producers and the public alike. Recent reports by both the Farm Animal Welfare Council and European Food Safety Authority have highlighted the continued welfare issues relating to dairy cattle, especially those housed in such large, dynamic groups. Conversely, with the current economic challenges being imposed on the UK dairy industry, there are many who see these systems as the future of dairying and discount the welfare concerns being highlighted. This project aimed to address one of the main welfare issues that receives scarce consideration when designing such systems; the social bonds of dairy cattle. A herd of 400 Holstein-Friesian cattle, plus followers, were observed in cubicle housing under commercial conditions. Through the identification of preferential relationships using an association index, important social bonds between individuals were identified. The majority of relationships between dyads were however weak, short term associations appearing together no more than once throughout the observation period. These bonds were significantly stronger in younger cattle demonstrated through the closer proximity maintained and the higher association index scores between dyads. Between the ages of 7 & 11 months animals performed the most positive social behaviour and had the strongest dyad relationships. In order to assess the strength of these positive relationships between dyads and to investigate the importance of these relationships to cattle, a short term (30 minutes) separation test from the remainder of the herd was carried out. Cattle’s responses to the challenge were assessed both physiologically and behaviourally. A significantly lower heart rate (p<0.01) during the separation period was observed when cattle were separated with their preferred partner compared to the non-preferred partner, and significantly lower levels of behaviour suggestive of agitation (p<0.05) were observed when they were with their preferred partner compared to when they were with the non-preferred partner. These results suggest that cattle were receiving social support from their preferred partners allowing them to have a reduced stress response to the social isolation test. As cattle aged and experienced regrouping, positive social bonds tended to disappear and cattle were more likely to have only weak associations. During long term separation (two weeks) from preferred partners, cattle showed significant behavioural, physiological and milk production changes. Upon subsequent reunion of preferred partners and consequential regrouping of individuals no further changes in behaviour, biology and milk production were observed, suggesting that separation rather than regrouping elicited a stress response. The bonds that had previously been evident between dyads were no longer present after the two weeks of separation. Subsequent relationships were also significantly weaker in focal cattle after separation of preferred partners and regrouping of animals. These results highlight the importance of relationships to the welfare of cattle and in particular the psychological well-being of cattle in commercial dairies. There is a significant need to reduce regrouping where possible and promote a more stable grouping system that enhances social bonds and positive social behaviour such as allogrooming; a behaviour which is currently rare in commercial systems. This will improve the quality of life for dairy cattle and increase their ability to cope with environmental challenge such as at times of regrouping and separation. In conclusion, social bonds do occur in domesticated dairy cattle and can be found when living in large dynamic group systems, but they are significantly affected by separation at the time of regrouping. These social bonds are important to the welfare and well-being of cattle; practices that promote stability and positive associations will be beneficial to the welfare of animals.
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Mattei, Paola. "The modernisation of the welfare state in Italy : dynamic conservatism and health care reform, 1992 to 2003." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2903/.
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An institutional pattern of administrative inertia and resistance has traditionally characterised the reform of the Italian State. It is widely held that the historical development of the state has contributed to this immobilisme. The effect of the Italian system of party government on bureaucratic autonomy is also blamed for the failure (until recently) of attempts to reform the Italian state. However, definite changes affecting welfare administration in Italy reveal a radical departure from the status quo, as a result of particular reform mechanisms and the strategies of elites in handling blockages during the process of legislative implementation of delegating laws designed to introduce ambitious reform programmes. 'Dynamic conservatism' is the novel theoretical approach elaborated here to study policy change in such stalled administrative systems, and it offers an explanation of how it becomes possible to break historically determined immobilisme. The case of healthcare reforms in Italy in the 1990s has marked an impressive departure from traditional administrative practice. The thesis argues that two key innovations have been accomplished: first, the emergence of public managers charged with extensive policy leadership at the top of regional welfare administration, increasingly legitimised by expertise and technical knowledge rather than political entrepreneurialism; secondly, the reconfiguration of traditional centre- periphery relations, triggered by the territorial disturbance caused by regionalisation. The consolidation of policy change, underpinned by the paradigm of the entrepreneurial state, was most noticeable at regional level. Such change was achieved, however, only by handling beforehand two major blockages: first, the opposition of political parties during the parliamentary process to the reconfiguration of the relationship between politics and administration; secondly, the adversarial response of interest groups to policy change.
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Mold, Alex Nicola. "Dynamic dualities : the ‘British system’ of heroin addiction treatment, 1965-1987." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2004. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/75/.
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This thesis is concerned with the treatment of heroin addiction between 1965 and 1987. It examines a series of conflicts between seemingly opposed forces: between the medical and the social, the specialist and the generalist, the public and the private provision of healthcare, and the short-term and the long-term prescription of drugs to addicts. The establishment of specialised Drug Dependence Units (DDUs) in 1968 demonstrated that addiction was seen as both a disease to be treated and a social problem to be controlled. It is argued that the effects of this dynamic duality can be observed in the subsequent response to heroin addiction. Tension existed between specialist consultant psychiatrists who treated addicts at hospital based DDUs and community based private and general practitioners involved in the treatment of addiction. This was the result of contrasting approaches to addiction and its treatment. Conflict between these groups was particularly evident in the General Medical Council’s (GMC) cases for serious professional misconduct in 1983 and again in 1986-1987 against Dr Ann Dally, a leading private practitioner involved in the treatment of addiction. These cases highlighted the continuing differences between medical and social approaches to addiction but also demonstrated how these elements were inseparable and equally crucial to the formulation of drug treatment policy in this period.
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Dorich, Doig José Antonio. "Essays on new Keynesian Macroeconomics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7368.
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El modelo Neo Keynesiano estándar ha sido una de las herramientas más influyentes en debates sobre dinámica macroeconómica, política monetaria y bienestar. Además, este modelo constituye una pieza fundamental en la elaboración de los modelos macroeconómicos que muchos bancos centrales utilizan para la simulación y predicción de variables económicas como la inflación y el crecimiento. <br/><br/>El objetivo de esta tesis es evaluar la veracidad de las siguientes tres implicancias del modelo Neo Keynesiano estándar. Primero, con estabilidad de precios plena, las pérdidas de bienestar que se generan por las rigideces de precios deben ser cero. Segundo, la inflación es un fenómeno determinado por las expectativas. Tercero, el dinero no tiene un rol independiente en el mecanismo de transmisión de la política monetaria.<br>The standard New Keynesian (NK) model has become one of the most influential tools in discussions of macroeconomic dynamics, monetary policy and welfare. Moreover, it has emerged as the backbone of the medium scale macroeconomic models that several central banks use for simulation and forecasting purposes. <br/><br/>This thesis evaluates the accuracy of the following three implications of the standard NK model. First, with full price stability the welfare losses resulting from price stickiness should be zero. Second, inflation is a forward-looking phenomenon. Third, money does not play an independent role in the monetary transmission mechanism.
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DeCillia, C. Brooks. "The politicians, the press and the people : the contested dynamic of framing Canada's military mission in Afghanistan." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3708/.
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This research’s classic content analysis (n = 900) critically investigates the mediated dynamic of framing Canada’s military mission in Afghanistan between 2006-2011. This study found that while journalists overwhelmingly indexed their stories to elite sources, they frequently fact checked the media frames sponsored by government and military leaders. Journalists used elite criteria to evaluate and critique the media frames sponsored by military and government leaders. Most of the coverage of the conflict was hegemonic, episodic and event-oriented rather than thematic and contextual. While Canadian journalists frequently fact checked official claims of improving security, for instance, the news media’s coverage of Canada’s military mission in Afghanistan lacked broader critical appraisal. The abundance of fact checking by news professionals did not challenge hegemonic interpretations about the war, the military and Canadian foreign policy, raising questions about journalism’s normative role in Canadian democracy. This research also presents the findings of a population-based survey experiment (n = 1,131) aimed at testing the potential influence of fact checking and media discourse surrounding the news coverage of Afghanistan. This experiment found no statistically significant influence of fact checking on news consumers, suggesting journalists may wish to re-think how they challenge the media messages of officials. This study argues that the news media’s practice of fact checking – coupled with an abundance of episodic coverage – does not offer audiences sufficient information to make considered decisions about issues and events. This research found that Canadians’ attitudes about their country’s military role in Afghanistan are best understood as a confluence of media discourse, popular wisdom and experiential knowledge.
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Spencer, Michelle Kerry. "Examining the use of dynamic risk factors to predict high risk behaviours in people with schizophrenia." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2009. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3261/.
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The following thesis discusses aspects of risk management within a dynamic framework. It focuses on risk management with people with schizophrenia, as they are considered to be at more risk than the general population both of harming others and harming themselves. The literature review summarises current research into suicide risk factors in the schizophrenia population. People with a diagnosis other than schizophrenia, such as schizoaffective disorder, are not included in the review. Studies that are dealing with factors that are open to change (dynamic), or that indicate or trigger imminent acute risk, are discussed. The literature is evaluated in terms of its methodologies, its findings and its place within a dynamic risk framework. Recommendations are made for future research. The main research paper explores a developing methodology to produce a high risk behaviour signature, utilising the concepts of early warning signs, psychosis relapse signatures, functional analysis and a dynamic risk model conceptualised from the sexual offending field. Support was found for staff’s ability to agree on relevance at a crude level for early warning signs of high risk behaviours compared to dummy signs, the occurrence of early warning signs, and the occurrence of high risk behaviour. Results are discussed further within the context of dynamic assessments of risk. The reflective review discusses philosophical, clinical and research reflections relating to the thesis. Three main themes are considered: the philosophical underpinnings of research; the impact of the process of research; clinical and ethical implications of research.
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Šetele, Adam. "Dynamika švédského sociálního státu ve 20. století." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-198254.
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In my thesis I focus on the concept of the Swedish welfare state, which many economists consider as a conclusive evidence that an extensive welfare state is fully compatible with a growing and competitive economy. The main hypothesis is that institutions of the welfare state leads in time to a continual pressure on change of overall condition of all social structures, expansion of the public sector, its overuse and increasing inefficiency. I examine a period from about 1850, when Sweden began to rapidly develop until the turn of the 20th and 21st century, when the Swedish welfare state fell into crisis. The hypothesis is verified by using the methodological approach of induction and with theoretical framework of new institutional economics. Findings of my work shows that the success of Swedish welfare state is rather a result of specific institutional factors that were favorable to business environment for most of the modern Swedish history. On contrary, excessive social spending, high taxes and market regulation from the second half of the 20th century made the system unsustainable and pointed to the need of reformation.
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Burger, Anton, and Philipp von Geymüller. "Can we measure Welfare? Dynamic Comparisons of Allocative Efficiency before and after the Introduction of Quality Regulation for Norwegian Electricity Distributors." Forschungsinstitut für Regulierungsökonomie, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2008. http://epub.wu.ac.at/624/1/document.pdf.
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We investigate empirically the usefulness of price-cap and quality regulation in terms of allocative efficiency and welfare. An analytical framework allows us to determine sufficient conditions for an increase in welfare. We propose Malmquist productivity indices and their decomposition to check the conditions and to see whether it was a better-solved trade off between quality and costs that caused the welfare increase. The application of this method to a representative sample of Norwegian distribution system operators yields strong evidence for a positive effect of quality regulation on welfare. (author's abstract)<br>Series: Working Papers / Research Institute for Regulatory Economics
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Menezes, Gabrielito Rauter. "Ensaios sobre economia do empreendorismo." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/132965.
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Esta tese é composta por três ensaios sobre Economia do Empreendedorismo. O primeiro deles trata sobre os determinantes do empreendedorismo no Brasil a partir de modelos de escolha ocupacional, usando os microdados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra por Domicílios (PNAD) do ano de 2012. A estratégia empírica adotada empregou os modelos de escolha discreta na estimação da escolha ocupacional. Os resultados demonstraram que existem efeitos significativos para as variáveis: anos de estudos iniciais, sexo, estado civil assim como pensionista e aposentado. Para completar a análise foram estimadas as equações de rendimento, as quais explicam a escolha pela ocupação empreendedora em função dos ganhos relativos ao trabalho assalariado. Já o segundo ensaio tem como objetivo apresentar uma evidência empírica para a relação existente entre empreendedorismo e corrupção nos estados brasileiros, utilizando uma abordagem teórica e empírica. Este artigo utiliza um indicador objetivo de corrupção governamental estadual baseado no Cadastro de Contas Irregulares do Tribunal de Contas da União (CADIRREG) como proxy para a corrupção regional e a abertura de novas empresas per capita como medida para a atividade empreendedora. Foram utilizados o método de dados de painel estático, dinâmico e o método GMMSYS, estes últimos empregados para corrigir possíveis problemas de endogeneidade. Os resultados encontrados mostraram-se coerentes com a hipótese teórica “grease in the wheels”, na qual a corrupção influencia positivamente a atividade empreendedora em países em desenvolvimento com elevada burocracia. Por fim, o terceiro ensaio avalia os impactos do empreendedorismo via inovação a partir do Global Trade Analysis Project – GTAP, um modelo de equilíbrio geral computável (EGC), destacando os impactos no crescimento econômicoe no bem-estar geral da economia. Os resultados mostraram-se coerentes com a literatura da Economia do Empreendedorismo, mostrando que aumento no empreendedorismo conduz a uma elevação no crescimento econômico e bem-estar.<br>This thesis consists of three essays on the Economics Entrepreneurship. The first deals with the determinants of entrepreneurship in Brazil from occupational choice models, using the data from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) of 2012. The empirical strategy adopted has employed discrete choice models in the estimation of occupational choice. The results showed that there are significant effects on the variables: years of initial studies, gender, marital status as well as pensioners and retired. To complete the analysis were estimated earnings equations, which explains the choice by the entrepreneurial occupation in terms of earnings for paid employment. The second test aims to present empirical evidence for the relationship between entrepreneurship and corruption in the Brazilian states, using a theoretical and empirical approach. This article uses an objective indicator of state government corruption based on the Register of Irregular accounts of the Court of Audit (CADIRREG) as a proxy for regional corruption and the opening of new companies per capita as a measure for regional entrepreneurial activity. They used the method of static panel data, dynamic and GMM-SYS method to correct the endogeneity problem. The results proved to be consistent with the theoretical hypothesis "grease in the wheels" in which corruption positively influence the entrepreneurial activity in developing countries with high bureaucracy. Finally, the third test evaluates the impacts of entrepreneurship via innovation from the Global Trade Analysis Project - GTAP, a model of computable general equilibrium (CGE), highlighting the impacts on economic growth and overall well-being economy. The results were consistent with the literatureof Entrepreneurship Economics, showing that increased entrepreneurship leads to a rise in economic growth and well-being.
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Sureda, Gomila Antoni. "Essays on the behavior and regulation of insiders." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7594.
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This thesis consists of three essays on the behavior of corporate insiders and the optimal regulation of insider trading. The first of these three essays examines the welfare effects of insider trading and its attributes as an executive compensation mechanism; in addition, an optimal regulation of insider trading in the light of the model is proposed. The second essay analyzes another facet of insider trading: whether insiders can be a source of liquidity and act as traders of last resort on their companies' stock; moreover, the effects of transactions by insiders and by the company itself on the distribution of stocks returns are compared empirically. Finally, the topic of the third essays is the dynamics of insiders' holdings, and how these dynamics are a function of the number of large shareholders in the firm; the conclusions are empirically tested for Real Estate Investment Trusts.<br/>Aquesta tesi conté tres assajos sobre el comportament dels agents corporatius y la regulació de la compravenda d'accions amb informació privilegiada. El primer examina l'efecte de la negociació amb informació privilegiada y la seva utilitat com a mecanisme de compensació; es proposa una regulació de la negociació amb informació privilegiada. El segon assaig analitza si els agents corporatius són una font de liquiditat y actuen com a comerciants d'últim recurs per a les accions de la seva companyia; també es comparen empíricament els efectes de la negociació per part dels actors corporatius amb els de la negociació per part de les mateixes empreses en la distribució dels rendiments de les accions. L'últim assaig estudia la dinàmica de les carteres d'aquest actors en accions de les seves pròpies empreses, i com aquesta dinàmica es funció del nombre d'actors corporatius a l'empresa; les conclusions es testegen empíricament per a fons d'inversió immobiliària.
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Hili, Amal. "Essais sur les incitations salariales." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1088/document.
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Nous nous proposons de modéliser différents types de mécanismes d'incitation salariale, de déterminer les conditions de leur mise en place et d'analyser leurs effets sur les efforts des salariés, la performance des firmes et le surplus collectif. Ces effets sont étudiés dans des cadres statique et dynamique. Les deux premiers chapitres (2 et 3) s'insèrent dans un cadre d'analyse statique. Dans les trois derniers chapitres (4, 5 et 6), nous intégrons une dimension temporelle dans l'analyse se passant dans un cadre dynamique. Dans le chapitre 2, nous analysons les déterminants de l'actionnariat salarié et évaluons son impact sur le bien être des différents agents économiques. Nous prouvons théoriquement et empiriquement, l'importance de considérer conjointement la désutilité à l'effort des salariés et la taille de l'entreprise pour expliquer l'actionnariat salarié. Nous montrons également que les entreprises assez larges vont distribuer à l'équilibre des parts de capital sous-optimales à leurs salariés. Nous comparons dans le chapitre 3, du point de vue des différents agents économiques, deux scénarios de partage du profit: un premier où la part de profit résulte d'une négociation et un second où cette part est fixée unilatéralement par les capitalistes. Nous montrons que les capitalistes peuvent préférer la négociation alors qu'il est possible pour les salariés de préférer une fixation unilatérale. Nous justifions également la nécessité d'une intervention de l'Etat, les intérêts des deux capitalistes et du planificateur social n'étant jamais convergents<br>We aim at modeling various incentive mechanisms, determining the conditions of their implementation and analyzing their effects on employees’ efforts, the firm’s performance and the social welfare. These effects are studied in static and dynamic frameworks. The first two chapters (2 and 3) are parts of the static analysis. In the last three chapters (4, 5 and 6), we take into account a temporal dimension. In the chapter 2, we analyze the factors which determine the employee ownership implementation and estimate its impact on agents’ welfare. We prove the importance to consider jointly the effort disutility and size in the explanation of employee ownership implementation. We also show that large firms are going to distribute sub-optimal capital shares to their employees. We compare in the chapter 3, from the viewpoint of the various economic agents, two scenarios of profit sharing: the first one where the part of profit results from a negotiation and the second where this part is unilaterally fixed by capitalists. We show that those shareholders may prefer bargaining while it is possible for the employees to prefer a unilateral fixing of profit shares. We also justify the necessity of a regulator’s intervention as the interests of both capitalists and social planner never converge. The chapter 4 examines the optimal strategy of divesting actions by the large shareholder in an infinite horizon game where divesting shares allows an increase in the company’s value through its incentive effect on the managers’ efforts
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Satolo, Luiz Fernando. "Impactos socioeconômicos da expansão do setor sucroenergético: uma análise espacial dinâmica sobre o bem-estar social no Estado de São Paulo (2000-2008)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-14092012-164402/.
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Na primeira década dos anos 2000, houve uma intensa expansão do setor sucroenergético no Estado de São Paulo. O objetivo desse trabalho é avaliar os impactos socioeconômicos dessa expansão, tendo como base a representação de bem-estar social proposta por Deaton & Muellbauer (2009). Os impactos da expansão do setor sucroenergético sobre o nível médio da renda per capita e sobre sua distribuição entre os municípios paulistas foi estimado através de um modelo de painel espacial dinâmico desenvolvido a partir da decomposição da renda per capita em seus principais determinantes proposta por Barros et al. (2004). Além da proporção de adultos na população municipal, da taxa de utilização da força de trabalho e do rendimento médio dos vínculos empregatícios, também foram incluídas como variáveis de controle no modelo a taxa de utilização da força de trabalho na agropecuária e o rendimento médio dos vínculos empregatícios na agropecuária. Adicionalmente, para isolar os impactos socioeconômicos da expansão do setor sucroenergético, a participação da agropecuária na área do município, a participação da agricultura na área da agropecuária, a participação da cana-deaçúcar na área da agricultura e uma dummy para os municípios com usina em operação foram incluídas no modelo. As séries abrangem os 645 municípios paulistas no período de 2000 a 2008. Os resultados do modelo Método Generalizado de Momentos em Sistema GMM-SYS evidenciam a existência de relação de dependência espacial e temporal positiva no PIB real per capita. Os efeitos diretos e indiretos estimados indicam que a expansão do setor sucroenergético apresentou um impacto positivo sobre o nível médio da renda per capita e, como a expansão do setor ocorreu em municípios de PIB real per capita inferior à média paulista, também sobre sua distribuição. Dessa forma, constatou-se que a expansão do setor sucroenergético apresentou um impacto socioeconômico positivo.<br>The Brazilian sugarcane sector experienced an intense expansion in Sao Paulo State during the 2000s. The aim of this study is to evaluate the socioeconomic impacts of such expansion, based on the social welfare representation proposed by Deaton & Muellbauer (2009). The impacts of sugarcane sector expansion over the average per capita income and over its distribution between Sao Paulo States municipalities were estimated through a dynamic spatial panel developed from the decomposition of per capita income into its main determinants proposed by Barros et al. (2004). Besides the municipal rate of adults in the population, rate of workforce employment and average wage, two other variables were included in the model to control regional differences observed in Sao Paulo States economy: rate of workforce employment in agriculture and farming A&F and its respective average wage. Additionally, in order to determine the socioeconomic impacts of the sugarcane sector expansion, the share of A&F in the municipal area, the share of agriculture in A&F area, the share of sugarcane in agriculture area and a dummy for cities with mills in operation were also included in the model. The balanced panel for the 645 cities in Sao Paulo State ranges from 2000 to 2008. The results of the system generalized method of moments GMM-SYS highlight that per capita GDP presents positive lags in both time and space. The estimated direct and indirect effects indicate that sugarcane sector expansion had a positive impact over the average per capita income and, then, also over its distribution throughout Sao Paulo State since sugarcane sector expansion occurred mainly in cities with per capita GDP lower than the States average. Accordingly, the conclusion of this study is that sugarcane sector expansion that occurred between 2000 and 2008 presented a positive socioeconomic impact in Sao Paulo State.
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Condé, Lancine. "Trois essais sur la monnaie unique de la CEDEAO et les défis associés." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF10400/document.
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Dans le contexte de la mondialisation, le projet d’émission d’une monnaie unique en Afrique de l’Ouest, initié par la CEDEAO en 1999, offre aux petites économies de la sous-Région de nouvelles opportunités. Le marché unique accroitrait la taille des marchés domestiques, favoriserait les économies d'échelle, simulerait la profitabilité des investissements et l’accroissement du Produit potentiel des économies. La présente Thèse étudie les implications associées à cette évolution monétaire projetée, dans la perspective des pays de la sous-Région qui conduisent actuellement une politique monétaire et de change autonome. Les résultats montrent que les économies de la CEDEAO ne sont pas synchrones, notamment par rapport à leur cycle de croissance. L’analyse des mésalignements établit que la non-Participation à une union monétaire ne protège pas contre les déséquilibres de change. Une participation de la Gambie, de la Guinée ou de la Sierra-Leone à l’UEMOA aurait été préférable, entre 1994 et 1999. Mais cet avantage se réduit ou disparaît à partir de 2000. Le bien-Être mesuré par la croissance du PIB ou par l’IDH n’est pas affecté par la participation à une zone ou à une union monétaire. Toutefois, une telle participation a un effet vigoureux, positif et significatif sur le bien-Être mesuré par la consommation par habitant. Globalement, malgré la faible synchronisation des économies, la participation à l’union monétaire en Afrique de l’Ouest est associée à un niveau de mésalignement équivalent ou plus faible que celui de la non-Participation, sauf pour le Ghana et le Nigéria. Mais une telle participation pourrait accroître la consommation par habitant. Le projet de monnaie unique de la CEDEAO est donc pertinent pour les économies de la ZMAO<br>The context of the globalization suggests that the project of a West African common currency launched by the ECOWAS commission in 1999 is a potential source of opportunities for the small economies of the sub-Region. The common market will increase the scale of their small domestic markets; facilitate the realization of the scale economies; enhance the profitability of the investments and improve the potential product of the economies. Thus, this thesis aims to analyse the effect of that monetary evolution planned for countries following an autonomous monetary and exchange policy in the West African sub-Region. The results show that the economies of the sub-Region are not symmetric, especially because of their growth cycles. The equilibrium exchange rate analyse proves that the non-Participation in the common currency does not shield the West African economies against the exchange rate misalignment for them. Especially a participation of Gambia, Guinea or Sierra-Leone in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) between 1994 and 1999 would have generated a lower exchange rate misalignment for them. But that effect decreases or disappears as for 2000. On another hand, the participation in a common currency or in a monetary area in Sub-Saharian Africa does not affect the welfare measured by growth or HDI. But, both the participation in the monetary area or in the common currency improves the welfare, measured by consumption by head, strongly and significantly. Ultimately the ECOWAS economies are not robustly symmetric. Relative to the misalignment of the exchange rate the non-Participation in the WAEMU is not better, except for Ghana and Nigeria. For all ECOWAS economies, the participation in a common currency or in a monetary area is better for their welfare, measured by the consumption by head. The ECOWAS common currency project is subsequently relevant for monetary union non-Participants economies of the sub-Region
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Legrand, Romain. "Régimes monétaires et politiques conjoncturelles de stabilisation dans l'espace économique européen : une analyse théorique et empirique." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CERG0677/document.
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La mise en place de l'Euro en 1999 a constitué un événement économique majeur pour les Etats européens. La crise financière de 2007, puis la crise de la dette souveraine en 2010, ont amené à remettre en question la pérennité de la zone Euro, et la capacité de certains de ses membres à respecter leurs engagements vis-à-vis de la monnaie unique. Les mesures d'austérité mises en oeuvre au sein de l'Union Economique et Monétaire dans le contexte actuel de crise peuvent constituer pour certains Etats une tentation supplémentaire pour quitter la monnaie unique et recouvrer leur indépendance monétaire et fiscale. Une sortie de la zone Euro de la Grèce, voire d'autres Etats membres en difficulté (Portugal, Irlande, Italie, et Espagne) n'est aujourd'hui plus un scénario à exclure. Cette thèse se propose de considérer la question du régime monétaire optimal, régime de change flexible ou union monétaire, pour les 17 pays de la zone Euro, dans le cadre des crises financières et de dettes souveraines qui les affectent actuellement. Le premier chapitre est général et vise à démontrer formellement la survenue d'une rupture structurelle due au passage à la monnaie unique en 1999. Il montre qu'une telle rupture s'est bien produite pour les pays de la zone Euro autour de l'année 1992, qui a marqué l'adoption du traité de Maastricht et la mise en place des critères de convergence pour l'adoption de l'Euro. Cette rupture n'est pas partagée par les trois pays européens qui ont préservé leur monnaie (Royaume-Uni, Suède, et Danemark). Le second chapitre constitue le coeur de ce travail. Il présente le modèle de référence utilisé pour mener la comparaison entre les deux régimes monétaires considérés pour la zone Euro. Il s'agit d'un modèle à deux pays intégrant des rigidités financières dans le cadre des transactions interbancaires conclues entre les Etats membres. Le modèle, une fois étalonné pour la zone Euro, suggère que les rigidités financières peuvent jouer un rôle considérable dans la dynamique de ces Etats, les chocs affectant les économies partenaires pouvant contribuer de manière significative à la dynamique nationale. Les simulations numériques préliminaires de crise financières menées sur le modèle ne permettent pas d'apporter de réponse concluante quant aux performances des deux régimes monétaires envisagés, le régime de change flexible semblant amener une stabilité accrue, là où une union monétaire permet une récupération plus rapide suite à la crise initiale. Le dernier chapitre remplit un double objectif. Il propose d'abord un critère de bien-être formel pour l'évaluation des performances respectives des deux régimes considérés. Il développe également un certain nombre d'extensions au modèle de référence, afin d'intégrer la dette souveraine, et les politiques de crédit (Covered Bonds Purchase Programme et Securities Markets Programme) mises en place par la BCE depuis le début de la crise. Les résultats montrent qu'en l'absence de politiques interventionnistes de la part de la Banque Centrale Européenne, une grande majorité des Etats de la zone Euro (15 sur 17) bénéficieraient d'un plus haut niveau de bien-être dans un régime de change flexible. Toutefois, les conclusions s'inversent dans le cadre du Securities Markets Programme, où les Etats membres deviennent alors majoritairement favorables au régime d'union monétaire. Celà suggère que la BCE a un rôle à jouer au sein de l'espace monétaire Européen qui va au-delà de sa fonction première d'instigatrice de la politique monétaire<br>The introduction of the Euro currency in 1999 represented a major event for the European economies. The 2007 financial crisis and the subsequent 2010 sovereign debt crisis have led to question the sustainability of the Euro area and the capacity of certain member states to fulfil their commitments with respect to the single currency. The numerous austerity plans implemented within the Economic and Monetary Union in the current context of crisis constitute additional arguments for certain states to leave the single currency and retrieve their fiscal and monetary independences. It is not unconceivable anymore for countries such as Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Italy and Spain (the PIIGS) to envisage exiting the Euro area. This thesis considers the issue of determining the optimal monetary regime flexible exchange rates or monetary union for the 17 Eurozone countries, accounting for the current financial and sovereign debt crises. Chapter 1 is general and aims at formally establishing the occurrence of a structural break attributable to the 1999 passage to the single currency. It shows that such a break did take place for Euro area countries around 1992, the year which marked the adoption of the Maastricht Treaty and the settlement of the convergence criteria for the Euro. This break is not shared by the three European States which chose to preserve their own currencies (the United Kingdom, Sweden and Denmark). Chapter 2 constitutes the core of this work. It introduces the benchmark model used to perform the comparison between the two monetary regimes considered for the Euro area. It features a two-country open-economy model integrating financial frictions through cross-border interbank markets. Once calibrated for the Euro area, the model suggests that financial rigidities may play a substantial role in the dynamics of Eurozone economies, with a potentially significant impact of shocks affecting the partner economies over national developments. Preliminary financial crisis simulations run on the model prove inconclusive to assess the performances of the two monetary regimes contemplated. On the one hand, the flexible exchange rate regime results in improved stability, but on the other hand the monetary union typically allows for faster recovery following the initial crisis trigger. The third and final chapter meets a double purpose. It first proposes a formal welfare criteria to assess the respective performances of the two monetary regimes under consideration for the Euro area. It then augments the benchmark model with a number of extensions, so as to integrate sovereign debt and the diverse credit policies (Covered Bonds Purchase Programme and Securities Markets Programme) implemented by the ECB since the beginning of the crisis to the basic framework. The results show that absent credit policies, a vast majority of Euro area members (15 out of 17) would enjoy higher welfare levels under a flexible exchange rate regime. These conclusions nevertheless reverse under the Securities Markets Programme, where a majority of member states then favour the monetary union. This suggests that the ECB has a role to play for the Euro area which goes beyond its primary function of monetary policy maker