Journal articles: 'Welfare economics. Poor'

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Agarwal, Manmohan, Bharat R. Hazari, and Li Xindun. "Corruption, foreign aid and welfare to the poor." Journal of Economic Policy Reform 13, no. 4 (December 2010): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17487870.2010.523956.

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Manh Quach, Hao. "Does access to finance improve household welfare?" Investment Management and Financial Innovations 13, no. 2 (June 3, 2016): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.13(2).2016.08.

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In this paper, the author develops an econometric framework to analyze the effect of access to credit on the economic welfare of households in Vietnam. The findings confirm that household credit contributes positively and significantly to the economic welfare of households in terms of per capita expenditure, per capita food expenditure and per capita non-food expenditure. The positive effect of credit on household economic welfare is observed regardless of whether they are poor or better-off households. The author also finds that credit has a greater positive effect on the economic welfare of poorer households and finds that the age of the household head, the household size, land ownership, and savings and the availability of credit at village level are key factors that affect household borrowing. Some policy implications are drawn

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Noël, Alain. "Is social investment inimical to the poor?" Socio-Economic Review 18, no. 3 (October 11, 2018): 857–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwy038.

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Abstract In the last two decades, the social investment strategy has been the main approach to welfare state reform. Concretely, two spending programs have dominated the agenda: the expansion of active labor market programs and the development of childcare services. Many authors have suspected, however, that these social investments were realized at the expense of income protection for the poor. This article assesses this potential trade-off with time-series cross-sectional models of the determinants of active labor market policies expenditures, childcare spending and the adequacy of minimum income protection (MIP), for 18 OECD countries between 1990 and 2009. It turns out that social investments are rather akin to traditional welfare state programs, and are explained by similar institutional, political and economic factors. More importantly, they do not develop at the expense of income protection. Social investment initiatives are consistent with the usual politics of the welfare state and, overall, they are not inimical to the poor.

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Sugden, Robert, Robert E. Goodin, and Julian Le Grand. "Not Only the Poor: The Middle Classes and the Welfare State." Economic Journal 98, no. 391 (June 1988): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2233390.

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Hammond, Claire Holton, and David Raphael Riemer. "The Prisoners of Welfare: Liberating America's Poor from Unemployment and Low Wages." Southern Economic Journal 56, no. 2 (October 1989): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1059244.

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DOBADO-GONZÁLEZ, RAFAEL. "PRE-INDEPENDENCE SPANISH AMERICANS: POOR, SHORT AND UNEQUAL… OR THE OPPOSITE?" Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 33, no. 1 (January 12, 2015): 15–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610914000135.

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ABSTRACTThis paper attempts to establish a debate between alternative views of living standards in Spanish America during the viceregal period. Since 2009, a growing literature has shared a «common language» based on a similar, though not identical, methodology. As never before, this «new generation» of studies is built upon long series of quantitative data and international comparisons of nominal wages and prices which, in some cases, cover the whole Early Modern Era. Part of this literature also complements the examination of economic welfare using height as an indicator of biological welfare. Inequality is also quantitatively approached in one of the works discussed. In spite of significant similarities, some methodological differences lead to contrasting results. For the sake of simplicity, the relevant literature is divided into two views: «pessimism» and «optimism». It is my contention that the latter is more consistent with the available evidence.

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Ramírez Hassan, Andrés, and Santiago Montoya Blandón. "Welfare gains of the poor: An endogenous Bayesian approach with spatial random effects." Econometric Reviews 38, no. 3 (January 6, 2017): 301–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07474938.2016.1261062.

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Tisnanta, Hs, James Reinaldo, and Fathoni Fathoni. "The Dilemma of Indonesia Welfare State Challenge of Realizing Social Welfare in the Global Era." FIAT JUSTISIA:Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 11, no. 3 (February 28, 2018): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.25041/fiatjustisia.v11no3.936.

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Globalization has placed Indonesia in a dilemma in creating the welfare of the people. Many legislations with liberal character are disallowed through the constitutional review by the constitutional court. The liberal character then becomes constraints for government to realize social welfare, thus harming the economic interest of people and contrary to the constitution (UUD 1945). Efforts to create welfare cannot be separated from state sovereignty in determining the economics welfare policy in the form of law. The State needs to adopt policies of recalibrating sovereignty to realize its objectives. Sovereignty is the essential requirement to be able to build pengayoman law character, ideology by Pancasila ideology and UUDNRI 1945. The legal substance of pengayoman law (protection and succor) will realize a balance between global interests and the interests of the nation. Pengayoman Law integrates the efficiency and freedom with fairness and welfare excellence. Also, the Pengayoman Law always opens the space to give a guarantee/partiality to the poor through social policies that are based on human dignity. Keywords: Welfare, Challenges, Globalization, Dilemma

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Ravallion, Martin. "On Measuring Global Poverty." Annual Review of Economics 12, no. 1 (August 2, 2020): 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-081919-022924.

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This article critically assesses prevailing measures of global poverty. A welfarist interpretation of global poverty lines is augmented by the idea of normative functionings, the cost of which varies across countries. In this light, current absolute measures are seen to ignore important social effects on welfare, while popular, strongly relative measures ignore absolute levels of living. It is argued that a new hybrid measure is called for, combining absolute and weakly relative measures consistent with how national lines vary across countries. Illustrative calculations indicate that we are seeing a falling incidence of poverty globally over the past 30 years. This is mainly due to lower absolute poverty counts in the developing world. While fewer people are poor by the global absolute standard, more are poor by the country-specific relative standard. The vast bulk of poverty, both absolute and relative, is now found in the developing world.

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Kim, Marlene, and Thanos Mergoupis. "The Working Poor and Welfare Recipiency: Participation, Evidence, and Policy Directions." Journal of Economic Issues 31, no. 3 (September 1997): 707–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1997.11505961.

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hendrick, harry. "Imagined orphans: poor families, child welfare and contested citizenship in London – Lydia Murdoch." Economic History Review 60, no. 1 (February 2007): 197–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2007.00381_7.x.

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Aizer, Anna, Shari Eli, Joseph Ferrie, and Adriana Lleras-Muney. "The Long-Run Impact of Cash Transfers to Poor Families." American Economic Review 106, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 935–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20140529.

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We estimate the long-run impact of cash transfers to poor families on children's longevity, educational attainment, nutritional status, and income in adulthood. To do so, we collected individual-level administrative records of applicants to the Mothers' Pension program—the first government-sponsored welfare program in the United States (1911–1935)—and matched them to census, WWII, and death records. Male children of accepted applicants lived one year longer than those of rejected mothers. They also obtained one-third more years of schooling, were less likely to be underweight, and had higher income in adulthood than children of rejected mothers. (JEL I12, I14, I18, I32, I38, J16, N32)

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Moilanen, Mikko, and Carl-Erik Schulz. "Water pricing reform, economic welfare and inequality." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2002): 354–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v5i2.2680.

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Access to water has become an important policy goal in South Africa. A tariff system including free access for the basic residential water supply, and an increasing block tariff has been introduced all over the country. Water is a necessity, but for most households the marginal consumption is used for less important options. This must be reflected both in the water demand and in the pricing policy. This article introduces three different welfare functions, all including a group of rich consumers and a group of poor ones. The standard additive utility welfare, the weighted utility welfare and the Rawlsian welfare function are all used. For each of them the block tariff system is used to find the maximum welfare. We also discuss how the 'water for free' policy affects welfare, and how to set a low price segment or a free amount of water and the block tariff in each case. For each tariff system we also do comparative statistics of the parameters to study how changes in the policy approach will influence the optimal water tariff system. In conclusion the article explains how the choice of pricing policy can reflect the underlying welfare considerations.

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Lindert, P. H. "Poor relief before the Welfare State: Britain versus the Continent, 1780-1880." European Review of Economic History 2, no. 2 (August 1, 1998): 101–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1361491698000069.

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Clark, Gregory, and Marianne E. Page. "Welfare reform, 1834: Did the New Poor Law in England produce significant economic gains?" Cliometrica 13, no. 2 (August 9, 2018): 221–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11698-018-0174-4.

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Lybbert, Travis J., Francisco B. Galarza, John McPeak, Christopher B. Barrett, Stephen R. Boucher, Michael R. Carter, Sommarat Chantarat, Aziz Fadlaoui, and Andrew Mude. "Dynamic Field Experiments in Development Economics: Risk Valuation in Morocco, Kenya, and Peru." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 39, no. 2 (April 2010): 176–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500007231.

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The effective design and implementation of interventions that reduce vulnerability and poverty require a solid understanding of underlying poverty dynamics and associated behavioral responses. Stochastic and dynamic benefit streams can make it difficult for the poor to learn the value of such interventions to them. We explore how dynamic field experiments can help (i) intended beneficiaries to learn and understand these complicated benefit streams, and (ii) researchers to better understand how the poor respond to risk when faced with nonlinear welfare dynamics. We discuss and analyze dynamic risk valuation experiments in Morocco, Peru, and Kenya.

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Persky, Joseph. "Retrospectives: Classical Family Values: Ending the Poor Laws as They Knew Them." Journal of Economic Perspectives 11, no. 1 (February 1, 1997): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.11.1.179.

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Poor law reform in the early 1830s provides a key example of the deep conflicts between classical liberal principles of self-reliance and the realities of dependency. Eminent economists, such as Nassau Senior and Thomas Malthus, argued that the dependency of women and children calls forth and motivates its own support from the altruism of husbands and fathers. Like modern welfare reformers, the classical economists asserted the natural necessity and sufficiency of such dependency and ignored its powerful implications for the intergenerational perpetuation of a highly illiberal inequality of opportunity.

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Okonkwo, Jennifer U., and Martin F. Quaas. "Welfare effects of natural resource privatization: a dynamic analysis." Environment and Development Economics 25, no. 3 (December 5, 2019): 205–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x19000342.

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AbstractThis paper sets up a dynamic model to study the distributive effects of privatizing an open access resource. We show that with or without discounting, privatization is not always Pareto improving. We further derive conditions under which the poor are made worse off when private use rights are equally distributed compared to a situation with open access resource. These conditions imply that privatization is Pareto improving if the natural resource is sufficiently productive, inequality in alternative private project opportunities is low, and if there is no discounting. In addition, we show that once reduction in income from resource harvesting during the transition to a new steady state is accounted for, privatization is desirable for the poor only for very productive natural resources and low discount rates.

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Altig, David, Alan J. Auerbach, Laurence J. Kotlikoff, Kent A. Smetters, and Jan Walliser. "Simulating Fundamental Tax Reform in the United States." American Economic Review 91, no. 3 (June 1, 2001): 574–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.3.574.

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This paper uses a new, large-scale, dynamic life-cycle simulation model to compare the welfare and macroeconomic effects of transitions to five fundamental alternatives to the U.S. federal income tax, including a proportional consumption tax and a flat tax. The model incorporates intragenerational heterogeneity and a detailed specification of alternative tax systems. Simulation results project significant long-run increases in output for some reforms. For other reforms, namely those that seek to insulate the poor and initial older generations from adverse welfare changes, long-run output gains are modest. (JEL H20, C68)

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Correia, Isabel. "Consumption Taxes and Redistribution." American Economic Review 100, no. 4 (September 1, 2010): 1673–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.4.1673.

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This study considers replacing the current US tax system with only a flat tax consumption tax, showing, in contrast to the literature, that such a reform leads to a decline in inequality and increase in welfare for the welfare-poor. The results are obtained from a simple model that identifies the main channels through which the reform affects the economy. It is shown also that these novel results depend on the distribution of wealth and earnings, and that they hold for the relevant empirical distributions. (JEL D31, H23, H25)

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Chakravorty, Ujjayant, Marie-Hélène Hubert, and Beyza Ural Marchand. "Food for fuel: The effect of the US biofuel mandate on poverty in India." Quantitative Economics 10, no. 3 (2019): 1153–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/qe942.

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More than 40 % of US grain is used for energy due to the Renewable Fuel Mandate (RFS). There are no studies of the global distributional consequences of this purely domestic policy. Using micro‐level survey data, we trace the effect of the RFS on world food prices and their impact on household level consumption and wage incomes in India. We first develop a partial equilibrium model to estimate the effect of the RFS on the price of selected food commodities—rice, wheat, corn, sugar, and meat and dairy, which together provide almost 70 % of Indian food calories. Our model predicts that world prices for these commodities rise by 8– 16 % due to the RFS. We estimate the price pass‐through to domestic Indian prices and the effect of the price shock on household welfare through consumption and wage incomes. Poor rural households suffer significant welfare losses due to higher prices of consumption goods, which are regressive. However, they benefit from a rise in wage incomes, mainly because most of them are employed in agriculture. Urban households also bear the higher cost of food, but do not see a concomitant rise in wages because only a small fraction of them work in food‐related industries. Welfare losses are greater among urban households. However, more poor people in India live in villages, so rural poverty impacts are larger in magnitude. We estimate that the mandate leads to about 25 million new poor: 21 million in rural and 4 million in the urban population.

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Boberg‐Fazlić, Nina, and Paul Sharp. "Does Welfare Spending Crowd out Charitable Activity? Evidence from Historical England under the Poor Laws." Economic Journal 127, no. 599 (October 3, 2015): 50–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12251.

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Gahvari, Firouz, and Enlinson Mattos. "Conditional Cash Transfers, Public Provision of Private Goods, and Income Redistribution." American Economic Review 97, no. 1 (February 1, 2007): 491–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.97.1.491.

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This paper examines the role of cash transfers as a screening device when combined with in-kind transfers. It shows that linking in-kind to cash transfers makes first-best redistribution possible despite the government's inability to tell rich and poor individuals apart. Moreover, the maximal attainable welfare for the poor can be pushed beyond its first-best level by distorting downward the quality of the indivisible good the poor receive relative to the cash value of their net transfers. Using in-kind transfers alone, as in Besley and Coate (1991), leads to a third-best solution. (JEL D31, H23, H41)

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Solhjell, Dag. "Poor artists in a welfare state: A study in the politics and economics of symbolic rewards1." International Journal of Cultural Policy 7, no. 2 (December 2000): 319–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10286630009358149.

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Abdulkadiroğlu, Atila, Yeon-Koo Che, and Yosuke Yasuda. "Resolving Conflicting Preferences in School Choice: The “Boston Mechanism” Reconsidered." American Economic Review 101, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 399–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.1.399.

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Despite its widespread use, the Boston mechanism has been criticized for its poor incentive and welfare performances compared to the Gale-Shapley deferred acceptance algorithm (DA). By contrast, when students have the same ordinal preferences and schools have no priorities, we find that the Boston mechanism Pareto dominates the DA in ex ante welfare, that it may not harm but rather benefit participants who may not strategize well, and that, in the presence of school priorities, the Boston mechanism also tends to facilitate greater access than the DA to good schools for those lacking priorities at those schools. (JEL D82, I21, I28)

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Jensen, Robert T., and Nolan H. Miller. "Giffen Behavior and Subsistence Consumption." American Economic Review 98, no. 4 (August 1, 2008): 1553–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.4.1553.

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This paper provides the first real-world evidence of Giffen behavior, i.e., upward sloping demand. Subsidizing the prices of dietary staples for extremely poor households in two provinces of China, we find strong evidence of Giffen behavior for rice in Hunan, and weaker evidence for wheat in Gansu. The data provide new insight into the consumption behavior of the poor, who act as though maximizing utility subject to subsistence concerns. We find that their elasticity of demand depends significantly, and nonlinearly, on the severity of their poverty. Understanding this heterogeneity is important for the effective design of welfare programs for the poor. (JEL D12, O12)

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Powers, Colin. "Run the country like a business? The economics of Jordan’s Islamic action front." Critical Research on Religion 7, no. 1 (January 18, 2019): 38–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050303218823244.

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The moral economics of the Islamic Action Front, the partisan wing of the original Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood, is both defined and compromised by internal inconsistency. Similar to others that might be classified as a socially conservative, religiously-oriented political party, the Islamic Action Front pledges a paternalist commitment to the poor only to undermine the already limited prospects of such paternalism through the adoption of charity-based approaches to social welfare and through their more general advocacy for economic liberalization, free markets, capital mobility, and private initiative. How can one best explain both the contradictions constituting the Islamic Action Front’s economics and the political implications contained within such an economic agenda? This article will review the intersection of local class structure, party ideology, and history so to furnish an answer.

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Mellina, Tesa, and Mohammad Ghozali. "Comparative Study Of Islamic Economic Law And The Capitalist." Jurnal Ilmiah Al-Syir'ah 16, no. 2 (December 26, 2018): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.30984/jis.v16i2.640.

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The implementation ofthe capitalist system has eliminated the Islamic values in economic practice. After the financial crisis hit the world, the capitalist system reaped many questions and its greatnessbegins to be doubted. The capitalist system implementationprecisely creates new problems in the economy. The concept of individualism which is the main key in capitalist practice only creates economic injustice and misery of the poor. The only economic theory that is expected as a light in dealing with economic problems is an economic system that is able to create justice,the welfare of all parties and blessings both the world and the hereafter. The theory is the Islamic economics which in practice is inseparable from Islamiceconomic law. Islamic economic law that underlies the Islamic economic system is totally different from the capitalist economic system.Keywords: Islamic Economic Law; Islamic economics; Capitalist Economy

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Burtless, Gary. "The Economist's Lament: Public Assistance in America." Journal of Economic Perspectives 4, no. 1 (February 1, 1990): 57–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.4.1.57.

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This survey will provide a brief summary of the main features of the U.S. welfare system together with an assessment of some major criticisms of it. I will discuss major reforms proposed by economists and consider some recent evidence about the behavioral effects of welfare and alternatives to it. In the 1960s, many optimists believed that better research on welfare programs and the poor would result in improved policy making. In light of the absence of fundamental reform, it might seem that the new information has tended to support the status quo or to undercut proposed reforms to it. Although unsatisfactory, perhaps the current system is less unsatisfactory than any of the alternatives. I shall argue in the conclusion that much of the new evidence has turned out to be irrelevant to the main points at issue among advocates and opponents of fundamental reform.

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Romero, Sergio. "Book Review: Lost Ground: Welfare Reform, Poverty and Beyond, Washington’s New Poor Law: Welfare “Reform” and the Roads Not Taken, 1935 to the Present." Review of Radical Political Economics 38, no. 3 (September 2006): 421–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0486613406290909.

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Kind, Jarl, W. J. Wouter Botzen, and Jeroen C. J. H. Aerts. "Social vulnerability in cost-benefit analysis for flood risk management." Environment and Development Economics 25, no. 2 (October 7, 2019): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x19000275.

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AbstractTraditional cost-benefit analyses (CBAs) of flood risk reduction measures usually ignore distributions of damages over populations, which disadvantages the poor. Instead, a CBA based on social welfare includes individual social vulnerability through relative impacts on consumption. If vulnerabilities are high, floods are catastrophic and cause poverty, migration or indirect deaths, and risk reductions have high social welfare values. For non-catastrophic risks, social welfare values of risks are relatively higher for vulnerable low-income households. We present a framework to integrate social vulnerability into CBAs, and show how financial protection reduces social flood vulnerability and provides welfare benefits. A case study illustrates that traditional CBAs underestimate the social welfare value of flood risk reduction measures, up to a factor of 30. Data on financial protection is however scarce, which hampers estimation of the social welfare value in practice. A solution is to increase financial protection of individuals, in addition to offering physical flood protection.

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Fleurbaey, Marc, and Stéphane Zuber. "Fair Utilitarianism." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 13, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 370–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20170234.

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Utilitarianism plays a central role in economics, but there is a gap between theory, where utilitarianism is dominant, and applications, where monetary criteria are often used. For applications, a key difficulty is to define how utilities should be measured and compared. Drawing on Harsanyi’s (1955) approach, we introduce a new normalization of utilities ensuring that: (i) a transfer from a rich population to a poor population is welfare enhancing, and (ii) populations with more risk-averse people have lower welfare. We study some implications of this “fair utilitarianism” for risk sharing, collective risk aversion, and the design of health policy. (JEL D63, D81)

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Cebula, Richard J., and James V. Koch. "Welfare policies and migration of the poor in the United States: An empirical note." Public Choice 61, no. 2 (May 1989): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00115663.

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Dwumfour, Richard Adjei, Elikplimi Komla Agbloyor, and Joshua Yindenaba Abor. "Correlates of poverty in Africa." International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 12 (December 4, 2017): 2033–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-12-2015-0319.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how remittances, financial development (FD), and natural resources and their different transmission channels can be used to reduce poverty in Africa. Design/methodology/approach Using the Human Development Index (HDI) as the measure of welfare, the authors specify these relationships using the System GMM estimator approach. Findings The authors hypothesise that for remittance to effectively improve welfare, the recipient of remittances must have access to credit to profitably utilise the monies. Again, the authors assert that FD can be effective in improving welfare when development of the sector actually benefits the poor. The authors provide empirical support for these hypotheses using 54 African countries covering the period 1990-2012. The findings also show that the North African region has been able to utilise its oil rents in particular to improve welfare unlike the Sub-Saharan counterpart. Originality/value This paper is the first to jointly estimate the impact of remittances, FD, and natural resources on welfare using a comprehensive measure of poverty – HDI.

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Hill, Ronald Paul, and Sandi Macan. "Consumer Survival on Welfare with an Emphasis on Medicaid and the Food Stamp Program." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 15, no. 1 (March 1996): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074391569601500111.

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The authors examine consumer survival on welfare within the context of a history of modern welfare policy that demonstrates its cyclical nature. They delineate an analysis of poor families’ consumer needs, paying special attention to health and nutrition, which are affected by the two largest government programs in these areas—Medicaid and the Food Stamp Program. The authors conclude with consumer-based policy implications designed to meet the requirements of financially disadvantaged families.

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Gugushvili, Dimitri. "Public attitudes towards the poor in the South Caucasus: a matter of solidarity and conditionality." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 38, no. 5-6 (June 11, 2018): 426–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-12-2017-0164.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore public attitudes towards poor people in the South Caucasian countries. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on an analysis of data from the tenth round of the Caucasus Barometer survey, one of the most reliable sources of public opinion data in the region. Findings The majority of the population in Azerbaijan and Georgia would consent to paying higher taxes or reducing public services if their governments used the extra resources to provide cash assistance to more poor people, but in Armenia the level of solidarity is considerably lower. However, the majority in each of the countries supports assistance being conditional on beneficiaries actively searching for work. In contrast to conventional wisdom, some better-off groups are more in favour of supporting the poor than those who face a higher risk of poverty. The author hypothesises that this may be driven by self-interest, as in relative terms the welfare sacrifices required for financing the extension of schemes might be higher for the vulnerable than for the better-off. Originality/value This paper is the first to provide a comparative analysis of public attitudes towards vulnerable groups in the South Caucasus. It also contributes to the scarce literature on perceived welfare deservingness of social assistance recipients and public preferences for imposing conditionality on them. In addition, it presents a strong case for using more comprehensive questions to construct measurements of people’s welfare attitudes than those commonly used.

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Imbert, Clément, and John Papp. "Labor Market Effects of Social Programs: Evidence from India's Employment Guarantee." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 7, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 233–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20130401.

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We estimate the effect of a large rural workfare program in India on private employment and wages by comparing trends in districts that received the program earlier relative to those that received it later. Our results suggest that public sector hiring crowded out private sector work and increased private sector wages. We compute the implied welfare gains of the program by consumption quintile. Our calculations show that the welfare gains to the poor from the equilibrium increase in private sector wages are large in absolute terms and large relative to the gains received solely by program participants. (JEL I38, J31, J45, J68, O15)

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Ampah, Isaac Kwesi, and Gábor Dávid Kiss. "Welfare implications of external debt and capital flight in Sub-Saharan Africa (Evidence using panel data modelling)." Acta Oeconomica 71, no. 2 (June 23, 2021): 347–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2021.00017.

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AbstractThe countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have experienced a positive growth rate of over five per cent per year, on average, since their transition from the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative in 1996 and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative in 2006. Despite this growth, poverty and inequality are still very high. Employing the Driscoll – Kraay standard panel estimation method and dataset from 1990 to 2015, this paper sets out to examine the implications of external debt and capital flight on the general welfare of the people. The estimation results reveal that both external debt and capital flight have a welfare inhibiting effect, suggesting that increases in external borrowing or capital flight may lead to a reduction in the welfare of the people in the sub-region. The study, therefore, recommends to policymakers and government in the sub-region the need to tackle the revolving nature of external borrowing and capital flight and take steps to halt all channels through which deservingly acquired capital leaves the sub-region.

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Rosenzweig, Mark R. "Thinking Small: A Review of Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty by Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo." Journal of Economic Literature 50, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.50.1.115.

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In Poor Economics, Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo eschew grand theorizing about poverty reduction in favor of an approach in which intelligently designed and tested small interventions, based on a scientific understanding of the lives of the poor, marginally improve their welfare. In so doing, they describe the findings from the recent large literature describing the behavior and institutions of the poor and the consequences of policy and experimental interventions targeted to poverty populations. In this review, I assess whether “thinking small” with its associated policy regime of transfers, subsidies, and nudges, is both a practical and effective policy prescription for “fighting” poverty and whether the set of studies that have focused on populations that have not escaped poverty has improved our fundamental understanding of both the consequences and causes of poverty. (JEL I32, I38, O15)

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Gugushvili, Dimitri, and Wim van Oorschot. "Popular preferences for a fully means-tested welfare provision model: social and cross-national divides in Europe." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 40, no. 11/12 (June 5, 2020): 1455–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-03-2020-0108.

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PurposeWhether welfare provision should be broad-based or selectively targeted at the poor is one of the most common themes in social policy discourse. However, empirical evidence concerning people's preferences about these distributive justice principles is very limited. The current paper aims to bridge this gap, by analyzing Europeans' opinions about a hypothetical transformation of the welfare state that would provide social transfers and services only to people on low incomes.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis draws on data from the 2016 European Social Survey and covers 21 countries. In order to understand what would motivate people to support the complete means testing of welfare provision, we use multilevel models with individual-level and contextual predictors.FindingsThe results show that the upper and middle classes are the most opposed to the idea, presumably as they would be the net losers from such a reform. Furthermore, our results indicate that more-egalitarian people show a higher level of support for means testing, even though the political left has traditionally promoted universalism. Some key characteristics of the welfare state also matter: People are more likely to endorse complete means testing in countries with less-generous provision and a higher incidence of poverty. However, the extent to which the existing welfare state relies on means testing has no influence on people's opinions about implementing a fully means-tested welfare model.Practical implicationsSome of the key findings are likely to be of interest to activists advocating on behalf of the poor and the socially vulnerable. Although it is generally assumed that universal provision is the best strategy to address the needs of disadvantaged people, our results suggest that from an electoral point of view, targeting within universalism may be a more appealing welfare strategy.Originality/valueThis paper details one of the very few studies to examine preferences for means-tested welfare provision in a comparative context. In addition, one of the contextual variables used in the analysis – the proportion of means-tested social benefits out of the total expenditure on social benefits – is unique to this study.

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Osborne, Matthew. "Approximating the Cost-of-Living Index for a Storable Good." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 10, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): 286–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20140254.

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This paper estimates a cost-of-living index using a dynamic structural model for two storable product categories. In each category, regime shifts to higher or lower retail prices are observed. Fixed-base indexes do a poor job of capturing changes in welfare after a regime shift, and deviate from the dynamic index by as much as 300 percent. I evaluate the extent to which two recently proposed indexes can approximate the model-derived index. These indexes improve welfare measurement and are straightforward to compute. The category’s competitive structure and features of the regime shift determine which of the two provides a better approximation. (JEL C43, C51, E31, L11)

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Shapiro, Joseph S. "Trade Costs, CO2, and the Environment." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 8, no. 4 (November 1, 2016): 220–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20150168.

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This paper quantifies how international trade affects CO2 emissions and analyzes the welfare consequences of regulating the CO2 emissions from shipping. To this end, the paper describes a model of trade and the environment, compiles new data on the CO2 emissions from shipping, and estimates key parameters using panel data regressions. Results show that the benefits of international trade exceed trade's environmental costs due to CO2 emissions by two orders of magnitude. While proposed regional carbon taxes on the CO2 emissions from shipping would increase global welfare and increase the implementing region's GDP, they would also harm poor countries. (JEL F18, H23, H87, L92, Q54, Q56)

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Papyrakis, Elissaios. "A development curse: formal vs informal activities in resource-dependent economies." International Journal of Social Economics 41, no. 3 (March 4, 2014): 244–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-01-2013-0141.

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Purpose – The paper aims to examine the coexistence of formal and informal resource sectors in resource-dependent economies, whose production depends on an exhaustible (e.g. minerals) and a renewable resource stock (e.g. forest), respectively. It then examines the implications of declining mineral stocks on public revenues, labour movements between sectors, and economic growth in an attempt to elucidate the poor economic performance of many mineral-dependent countries. Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents a theoretical model that describes the coexistence of a formal and informal resource-dependent sector, where individuals can direct their work effort. It then assesses how declining mineral stocks influence labour mobility across sectors and environmental degradation. Findings – Decreasing mineral stocks induce a relocation of labour towards informal production and deprive local authorities from public revenues collected within the formal economy. This constrains the ability to improve infrastructure and welfare over time and simultaneously imposes pressure on the local environment. Originality/value – The paper provides a novel theoretical mechanism that attempts to elucidate the “resource curse”, i.e. the poor economic performance of many mineral-rich economies. It purposely explores the implications of a coexistence of formal and informal resource activities on economic development for resource-dependent economies, in order to obtain new insights into this direction.

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Tschirren, Linda, David Bachmann, Ali Cem Güler, Oliver Blaser, Nicola Rhyner, Andreas Seitz, Erich Zbinden, Thomas Wahli, Helmut Segner, and Dominik Refardt. "MyFishCheck: A Model to Assess Fish Welfare in Aquaculture." Animals 11, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010145.

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Welfare in animal husbandry includes considerations of biology, ethics, ecology, law and economics. These diverse aspects must be translated into common quantifiable parameters and applicable methods to objectively assess welfare in animals. To assist this process in the field of aquaculture, where such methods are largely missing, we developed a model to assess fish welfare. A network of information was created to link needs, i.e., fundamental requirements for welfare, with parameters, i.e., quantifiable aspects of welfare. From this ontology, 80 parameters that are relevant for welfare, have practicable assessment methods and deliver reliable results were selected and incorporated into a model. The model, named MyFishCheck, allows the evaluation of welfare in five distinct modules: farm management, water quality, fish group behaviour, fish external and fish internal appearance, thereby yielding five individual grades categorising welfare ranging from critical, to poor, to acceptable, and good. To facilitate the use of the model, a software application was written. With its adaptability to different fish species, farming systems, regulations and purposes as well as its user-friendly digital version, MyFishCheck is a next step towards improved fish welfare assessment and provides a basis for ongoing positive developments for the industry, the farmers and the fish.

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Tschirren, Linda, David Bachmann, Ali Cem Güler, Oliver Blaser, Nicola Rhyner, Andreas Seitz, Erich Zbinden, Thomas Wahli, Helmut Segner, and Dominik Refardt. "MyFishCheck: A Model to Assess Fish Welfare in Aquaculture." Animals 11, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010145.

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Welfare in animal husbandry includes considerations of biology, ethics, ecology, law and economics. These diverse aspects must be translated into common quantifiable parameters and applicable methods to objectively assess welfare in animals. To assist this process in the field of aquaculture, where such methods are largely missing, we developed a model to assess fish welfare. A network of information was created to link needs, i.e., fundamental requirements for welfare, with parameters, i.e., quantifiable aspects of welfare. From this ontology, 80 parameters that are relevant for welfare, have practicable assessment methods and deliver reliable results were selected and incorporated into a model. The model, named MyFishCheck, allows the evaluation of welfare in five distinct modules: farm management, water quality, fish group behaviour, fish external and fish internal appearance, thereby yielding five individual grades categorising welfare ranging from critical, to poor, to acceptable, and good. To facilitate the use of the model, a software application was written. With its adaptability to different fish species, farming systems, regulations and purposes as well as its user-friendly digital version, MyFishCheck is a next step towards improved fish welfare assessment and provides a basis for ongoing positive developments for the industry, the farmers and the fish.

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FERNANDES, ANA, and KRISHNA B. KUMAR. "INAPPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY What Is in It for the Rich?" Macroeconomic Dynamics 11, no. 4 (August 15, 2007): 487–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100507060166.

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In this paper, we investigate incentives, other than altruism, that developed countries have for improving developing country technologies. We propose a simple model of international trade between two regions, in which individuals have preferences over an inferior good and a luxury good. The poor region has a comparative advantage in the production of the inferior good. Even when costly adaptation of the technology to the poor region's characteristics is required—making the technology inappropriate for local use—there are parameter configurations for which the rich region has an incentive to incur this cost. It benefits from a terms-of-trade improvement and from greater specialization in the luxury good. Indeed, there are cases where the rich region would prefer to improve the poor region's technology for producing the inferior good rather than its own. We apply our model to the Green Revolution and provide a quantitative assessment of its welfare effects.

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Berens, Sarah, and Margarita Gelepithis. "Welfare state structure, inequality, and public attitudes towards progressive taxation." Socio-Economic Review 17, no. 4 (January 17, 2018): 823–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwx063.

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Abstract Recent research indicates that while higher tax levels are politically unpopular, greater tax progressivity is not. However, there remain unanswered questions regarding public support for more progressive taxation. In particular, little is known about how individual attitudes towards tax progressivity are affected by their institutional context. Building on existing theories of redistribution, this article develops the argument that the structure of the welfare state shapes public attitudes towards progressive taxation—support for progressive taxation among both average and high-income households is undermined by ‘pro-poor’ welfare spending. We support our argument with a cross-sectional analysis of rich democracies, interacting household income with country-level indicators of welfare state structure. In doing so, we contribute a micro-level explanation for the paradoxical macro-level phenomenon that larger, more redistributive welfare states tend to be financed by less progressive tax systems.

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., Durre Nayab. "Tariq Riaz. An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Poverty of Nations: With Special Reference to Pakistan . England: Research Publication. 2017. 392 pages. U.K. £ 7.70 (Paperback)." Pakistan Development Review 56, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v56i4pp.396-396.

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Looking into the institutional functioning and economic management of the country, the book investigates the causes of Pakistan’s poverty and also suggests ways to achieve sustainable prosperity. Following the prologue, the book is organised in five parts. The first part traces the human evolution and the quest for economic and social progress, and the relation between individuals, state, and economic development through history. Part two talks about some basic concepts linked to economic development and human welfare. These include: gross national product and productive capabilities; stages of transformation of an economy; and what history tells us about how the poor became rich. Part three presents the author’s views on the Washington Consensus policies and how it led to the domination of the neoliberal economics, and its role in creating a poverty trap. A comparison of four Asian countries and their pathways to economic development, or lack of it, is presented in part four of the book. Looking at the economic development history of South Korea, China and India, Riaz explains how and why Pakistan lags behind all these countries. The last part of the book focuses on normative economics, and recommends policies, which if implemented, can help build Pakistan’s economy and transform it into an efficient and vibrant welfare state. This book can be of interest specifically to policy-makers and academicians, but it can be a good read for anyone interested in understanding persistent poverty in Pakistan and measures needed to get out of it.

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Egger, Peter, and Christian Keuschnigg. "Innovation, Trade, and Finance." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 7, no. 2 (May 1, 2015): 121–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20120032.

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Heterogeneous firms invest in R&D and expansion investment. Venture capital specializes in R&D financing where problems are largest. Marginal firms get funded by venture capital, while firms with larger debt capacity obtain cheaper bank financing. In the late-stage, cash-rich firms invest at an optimal scale, while cash-poor firms are restricted. A country's financial and institutional development determines entry and expansion of firms and their comparative advantage in producing innovative goods. We illustrate how tariffs, R&D subsidies, institutional reform and venture capital improve access to capital, expand innovative industries, boost national welfare and may result in ambiguous international welfare spillovers. (JEL D21, F11, F13, G24, G32, O32)

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Jordan, Bill, and Marcus Redley. "Polarisation, Underclass and the Welfare State." Work, Employment and Society 8, no. 2 (June 1994): 153–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095001709482001.

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Both the British government and the Labour leadership (through the Commission on Social Justice) have instigated radical reviews of the welfare state. This article criticises the British social scientific research available to these enquiries. It draws on Bill Jordan's recent (as yet unpublished) ESRC review and synthesis of research on poverty and social exclusion, and his and Marcus Redley's ESRC-funded comparative study of decision-making and moral regulation in households. The authors argue that too little scholarly attention has been given to the divergence between better-off and poor people's practices over work and welfare. This dimension of polarization - the way higher-income couples orientate towards property, occupational and private welfare, and low-income couples towards means-tested benefits, in their employment decisions - has important implications, both for the underclass debate and for the future of the welfare state.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Welfare economics. Poor'

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