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1
Golinowska, Stanisława. "EMPLOYMENT AND WELFARE STATE: MULTIPLE DEPENDENCIES." Polityka Społeczna 16, no. 1 (ang) (January 31, 2020): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5797.
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The subject of the article is the consideration about the dissociation of dependencies between labour taxation and the development of the welfare state. On the one hand, we are dealing with the emergence of various types of nonstandard work and forms of remuneration with reduced taxation. On the other hand – with an increase in entitlement to appropriate (in terms of type and amount) social benefits determined on the basis of general human and social rights and various rights not related to work and employment. There is no coordination between the two sides, as evidenced by successive reforms; both in the labour market and in social security systems. They were indicated in the text and their limited effectiveness was assessed in reconciling the new labor market with the desired scope of the welfare state, which covers its most expensive segments today: health care, education and old age security
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Golinowska, Stanisława. "WORK AND WELFARE STATE: MULTIPLE DEPENDENCIES." Polityka Społeczna 560-561, no. 11-12 (December 31, 2020): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5535.
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The subject of this article is the dissociation of dependencies between labour taxation and the development of the welfare state. On the one hand, we are dealing with the emergence of various types of non-standard work and forms of remuneration with reduced taxation. On the other hand – with an increase in entitlement to appropriate (in terms of type and amount) social benefits, determined on the basis of general human and social rights, including various rights not related to work and employment. There is no coordination between the two sides, as evidenced by successive reforms; both in the labor market and in social security systems. These reforms are indicated in the text and their limited effectiveness in reconciling the new labour market with the desired scope of the welfare state has been assessed. This is linked to the currently most expensive public sectors: health care, education and pensions.
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Muffels, Ruud. "Flexicurity in tijden van crisis in Nederland en Europa: een vergelijkende analyse van sociale modellen." Mens en maatschappij 89, no. 4 (November 1, 2014): 371–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/mem2014.4.muff.
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Summary Flexicurity in times of crisis in the Netherlands and Europe: A comparative analysis of social modelsThe purpose of the article is to highlight the consequences of the recent economic crises for the way European welfare states and notably the Dutch one dealt with the challenge to maintain the balance between flexibility and security goals with regard to the labour market. This will be pursued against the background of the theory of social models in which social models are conceived as ideal-typical configurations of labour market and social security institutions which reflect different ideas about the functioning of the labour market. We distinguish three models among which the flexicurity model, that is assumed to bridge the two opposite poles of the broad spectrum of social models, i.e. the liberal Anglophone variant and the Classical welfare state variant. The European Labour Force Survey of 2008 is used to analyse the effects of various labour market institutions on the employment performance of countries and regions before the crisis whereas the European Social Survey is used to research the differential impact of the crisis along the broad spectrum of European welfare states on the employment insecurity of various groups such as the youngsters, elderly and the low-skilled.
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Walthéry, Pierre, and Pascale Vielle. "Reconciling security with flexibility: a few questions." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 10, no. 2 (May 2004): 263–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890401000209.
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A significant part of the recent literature dedicated to welfare state analysis has focused on the direction of future reforms of the welfare state. In particular, numerous authors have focused on how to reconcile flexible employment patterns with some form of security for the individual. In this regard, the transitional labour market (TLM) approach of Günther Schmid, as well as proposals put forward in the Supiot report, have attracted significant attention. The aim of this article is to introduce a few elements into the current debate on these proposals. The authors examine the potential, as well as the possible shortcomings, of the two above-mentioned approaches. They stress the need for additional clarifications regarding the possible policy proposals these approaches might result in, especially from the point of view of security for persons subjected to the possible resulting labour practices and social security provisions. The article then proposes a framework that could be used to evaluate such policy implementations while taking into account, in a longitudinal perspective, the multidimensional character of security on the labour market. Finally, based on Amartya Sen’ s theoretical framework (the capability approach), the article discusses the need for further research on the normative assumptions underlying welfare state reforms.
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Lister, Ruth. "Towards a Citizens’ Welfare State." Theory, Culture & Society 18, no. 2-3 (June 2001): 91–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02632760122051805.
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Notions of recognition and difference do not inform the mainstream debate about welfare reform, which is, instead, dominated by a dichotomous discourse of active modernization vs passive ‘welfare dependency’. The article challenges this dichotomy within the context of New Labour’s welfare reform agenda in the UK. It argues, first, that welfare reform should treat improvements in social security benefits not as promoting ‘passive’ welfare but as complementary to labour market activation policies. Second, it redefines active welfare to incorporate notions of active citizenship, which construct welfare subjects as actors in the political process of welfare policy-making and delivery. As a framework for this position, the article discusses three ‘R’s of welfare reform, risk protection, redistribution and recognition, together with the further two ‘R’s of rights and responsibilities. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of a rights agenda both to tackling poverty and exclusion and to recognition politics.
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Bubak, Oldrich. "Flexicurity and the dynamics of the welfare state adjustments." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 24, no. 4 (June 21, 2018): 387–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024258918781732.
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The disruptions of the recent global financial crisis intensified a number of industrial and economic challenges and brought forward a set of often contradictory solutions. Here, we focus on two alternative views on how to (re)establish economic competitiveness and enable growth – flexicurity and austerity. There is much to be learned about the future of these conflicting recipes across changing political economies, particularly considering the importance of the social partners in the development of flexicurity, and their differential ability to influence welfare state outcomes more broadly. Two questions emerge. Attentive to the role and capacity of the social partners, what can we learn about the dynamics of the ongoing welfare state adjustments? How do we make sense of labour market politics in this paradoxical environment? In order to help answer these, we visit the United Kingdom and Denmark – one state offering modest social and employment security, the other a paragon of flexicurity – and find their divergent philosophies, institutional development, and organisational interactions explain not only their respective choices in the aftermath of the crisis, but also their prospects for socially oriented labour policies.
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Klammer, Ute. "Low pay - a challenge for the welfare state." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 6, no. 4 (November 2000): 570–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890000600404.
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The current debate in Germany on extending the low-wage sector turns primarily on labour market policy considerations. This contribution, on the other hand, focuses on the social and social-policy challenges thrown down by a low-wage strategy. The problem levels and the arenas for social-policy action are discussed, initially considering fundamental issues, but then moving on to look at the approaches to the problem taken by various European countries. The second section focuses on the subsidisation of social security contributions, an approach that has recently been the subject of particularly intense debate in Germany, and is to be tried out in pilot projects at regional level. As is clearly shown by the discussion of two leading concepts taken from the debate in Germany, proposals made under the same 'label' may differ considerably from one another in terms of their premises, their financial resource requirements and their distributive effects.
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Nygård, Mikael. "Welfare or workfare?" Journal of Language and Politics 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2007): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.6.1.04nyg.
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The aim of the article is to analyse changing partisan constructions of unemployment security in Finland during the 1990s. In the article, a corpus of 143 texts comprising partisan statements on un/employment policies is analysed by using Perelman’s (1971/1958) rhetorical design. The focus lies on how the leading parties interpreted state responsibility for labour market failures, the nature of social rights for unemployed persons, and the generosity of unemployment benefits. Were there major reformulations of unemployment security as a reaction to high unemployment, fiscal problems and globalisation? And if so, what kinds of rhetorical argumentation were used in order to legitimate these reformulations? The results show that partisan constructions of unemployment benefits changed in a contractual and reciprocal direction, indicating that elements of so-called workfare rhetoric became rooted in the Finnish political discourse during the Mid-90s. The political elites also moved closer to a narrower interpretation of the concept of social right for unemployed.
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FINN, DAN. "Job Guarantees for the Unemployed: Lessons from Australian Welfare Reform." Journal of Social Policy 28, no. 1 (January 1999): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279499005462.
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High levels of long-term unemployment have undermined some of the assumptions of the post-war welfare state. In response most OECD governments are now replacing what have been characterised as passive income support payments with active benefit systems. Many have introduced new time limits to unconditional benefit entitlement in the form of job and training guarantees for those without work. This article describes how the 1993–6 Australian Labor government modernised its commitment to full employment by combining labour market programmes and social security reforms to create a Job Compact for the long-term unemployed. It analyses the achievements of the strategy and what went wrong, and it draws out lessons of relevance to the British Labour government which has committed itself to using job guarantees to build new bridges between welfare and work.
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Stefko, Martin. "GUARANTEED MINIMUM INCOME FOR ALL: A CASE OF THE EU AND EEA -- RENDA MÍNIMA PARA TODOS: O CASO DA UNIÃO EUROPEIA E DO ESPAÇO ECONÔMICO EUROPEU." Espaço Jurídico Journal of Law [EJJL] 17, no. 2 (August 31, 2016): 477–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18593/ejjl.v17i1.9784.
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For the European Union, the question and the Future of Social Security Law, comes at critical moment: the natural tendency for creation new barriers that is inherent for each national welfare state as an international threshold of inequity has been even enhanced by pending European integration. All mature European welfare states are restrictive and every nation has filters which separates out desirable migrants in terms of their labour market potential. This article proves that neither old member states, nor the new ones are an exception. In our comparison, German social assistance scheme (especially the special Law on Social Benefits for Asylum-Seekers) guarantees, thanks to the active Constitutional Court, better positions for migrants than respective Czech laws. Even so, German laws set forth enough protective clauses to being able marginalised asylum-seekers as in the Czech Republic or any other member state of the EEA.Keywords: Guaranteed Minimum Income. European Welfare State. Social Security.
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Harrington Meyer, Madonna. "Changing Social Security in the US: Rising Insecurity?" Social Policy and Society 12, no. 1 (September 19, 2012): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746412000486.
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Although poverty rates among the elderly in the US are at an all-time low, many face rising fiscal insecurity. The US welfare state is being remodeled in market-friendly ways that maximise individual choice, risk, and responsibility, rather than family friendly ways that maximise shared risk and responsibility and reduce insecurity. This article analyses how each of the main sources of income for the aged are being either frozen or shrunk in ways that are likely to increase inequality and insecurity in the years ahead among the elderly, particularly those who are female, black and/or Hispanic, and unmarried. The article assesses various policy changes for their capacity to either increase or decrease financial insecurity and inequality, particularly for those with a life time of lower earnings, more labour force disruptions and greater responsibility for providing unpaid care work for the young, disabled or frail elderly.
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Kallio, Johanna, and Arttu Saarinen. "Street-level bureaucrats’ attitudes towards the Finnish labour market allowance." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 34, no. 11/12 (October 7, 2014): 817–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-02-2014-0014.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the attitudes of street-level bureaucrats from different agencies and sectors of the Finnish welfare state, namely municipal social workers, diaconal workers of the Lutheran church, benefit officials of the Social Security Institution and officials of private unemployment funds. Design/methodology/approach – The authors are interested in the following questions: What are the attitudes of street-level bureaucrats towards the labour market allowance? What is the impact of individual characteristics? The study utilised the unique national survey data of different groups of street-level bureaucrats from the year 2011 (total N=2,313). The dependent variables focus on legitimacy of the basic level of labour market allowance and sanction policies. Analyses are built around five independent variables which measure professional, personal interest and ideological factors. Findings – There are differences both between and within groups of Finnish street-level bureaucrats with regard to their attitudes concerning the labour market allowance. Social and diaconal workers believe more often than officials that the level of labour market allowance is too low, and offer less support for the idea that an unemployed person should take any job that is offered or have their unemployment security reduced. The results show that the attitudes of bureaucrats are explained by length of work history, economic situation and ideological factors. Originality/value – There have been very few analyses comparing attitudes among different groups of bureaucrats. The present study is intended to fill this gap in the literature.
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Hemerijck, Anton, and Jelle Visser. "The Dutch model: An Obvious Candidate for the ‘Third Way’?" European Journal of Sociology 40, no. 1 (May 1999): 103–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975600007281.
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While the progressive European politicians are on the lookout for a new model of ‘third way’ capitalism with a human face, after the (temporary?) defeat of the Swedish, Dutch welfare state reform occupies a prominent place in many commentaries.Although it attracted only international attention in the mid- 1990s, the ‘Dutch miracle’ has its basis in policy changes in the early 1980s. For a full explanation of the Dutch experience we must go back at least fifteen years, and study the combination of problem loads, power shifts, institutions, politics and ideas, in three ‘tightly coupled’ policy domains of the Dutch welfare state: industrial relations, social security, and labour market policy. The return to wage moderation took place in the early followed by a series of reforms in the systems of social security in the late 1980s and early 1990s. From the mid-1990s, finally, the adoption of an active labour market policy stance, in order to enhance overall efficiency and create a new domestic balance between wages and social benefits, gained political currency. In this article we present a stylised narrative of these policy changes—what happened, how it happened and what it meant. We demonstrate that these three policy shifts, although embedded in different corporate actors, were interrelated; they created the conditions and the demand for one another, and neither of these policies could have been successful on its own.
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Hohmeyer, Katrin, and Eva Kopf. "Caught between two stools? Informal care provision and employment among welfare recipients in Germany." Ageing and Society 40, no. 1 (August 7, 2018): 162–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x18000806.
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AbstractIn many countries, population ageing is challenging the viability of the welfare state and generating higher demands for long-term care. At the same time, increasing participation in the labour force is essential to ensuring the sustainability of the welfare state. To address the latter issue, affected countries have adopted measures to increase employment; e.g. welfare recipients in Germany are required to be available for any type of legal work. However, 7 per cent of welfare benefit recipients in Germany provide long-term care for relatives or friends, and this care-giving may interfere with their job search efforts and decrease their employment opportunities. Our paper provides evidence of the relationship between the care responsibilities and employment chances of welfare recipients in Germany. Our analyses are based on survey data obtained from the panel study ‘Labour Market and Social Security’ and on panel regression methods. The results reveal a negative relationship between intensive care-giving (ten or more hours per week) and employment for male and female welfare recipients. However, employment prospects recover when care duties end and are subsequently no longer lower for carers than for non-carers.
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Merouani, Walid, Claire El Moudden, and Nacer Eddine Hammouda. "Social Security Enrollment as an Indicator of State Fragility and Legitimacy: A Field Experiment in Maghreb Countries." Social Sciences 10, no. 7 (July 9, 2021): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10070266.
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State legitimacy and effectiveness can be observed in the state’s approach to delivering welfare to citizens, thus mitigating social grievances and avoiding conflicts. Social security systems in the Maghreb countries are relatively similar in their architecture and aim to provide social insurance to all the workers in the labor market. However, they suffer from the same main problem: a low rate of enrollment of workers. Many workers (employees and self-employed) work informally without any social security coverage. The issue of whether informal jobs are chosen voluntarily by workers or as a strategy of last resort is controversial. Many authors recognize that the informal sector is heterogeneous and assume that it is made up of (1) workers who voluntarily choose it, and (2) others who are pushed into it because of entry barriers to the formal sector. The former assumption tells us much about state legitimacy/attractiveness, and the latter is used to inform state effectiveness in delivering welfare. Using the Sahwa survey and discrete choice models, this article confirms the heterogeneity of the informal labor market in three Maghreb countries: Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. Furthermore, this article highlights the profiles of workers who voluntarily choose informality, an aspect that is missing from previous studies. Finally, this article proposes policy recommendations in order to extend social security to informal workers and to include them in the formal labor market.
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Bennett, Fran. "Social protection for the self-employed in the UK: the disappearing contributions increase." Journal of Poverty and Social Justice 27, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 235–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/175982718x15451304773174.
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A recent government proposal to increase national insurance contributions for the self-employed in the UK, in return for improved pensions and potentially also parental benefits, was immediately reversed. This article analyses the reasons behind this about-turn, linking them to tensions between the goals of thwarting ‘bogus’ self-employment and increasing tax revenues versus commitment to a higher wage, lower tax, lower welfare economy. The analysis is set in the context of the singularity of the UK system in relation to much social protection in continental Europe, and wider debates about the roles of individual, state and labour market in providing security.
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Veggeland, Noralv. "Social Capital. Viewing Nordic Paths of Management." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 10 (April 30, 2017): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n10p18.
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How do Nordic states conduct policies in order to bring people closer to the socio-economic realm, in the sense that they, being social capital, tend to be integrated as active and participatory citizens? How do the interventionist and expensive Nordic welfare states survive in the global age, with demanding and ever changing claims to international competitiveness? This paper addresses these questions. Social capital and partnership building are introduced as terms and policy concepts in order to find answers in the framework of intended or unintended strategic endeavours. As a critical approach claims a contextual conceptualisation, we shall here view different European social models and administrative traditions in relation to comparative basic contexts in order to arrive at analytical answers. Leaning especially on the Anglo-Saxon model, the traditional Scandinavian universal welfare state model of the post-war Keynesian order has gradually been transformed into the contemporary Nordic model (Veggeland 2007). Contextual regulatory innovations and path-dependent processes have generated the survival of universal welfare state arrangements and collective action but with the mixed use of Market-Type Mechanisms (MTM) in the public sector of Anglo-Saxon origin. In summary, this blending of policies has resulted in the advantageous social capital of what is called flexicurity, social security combined with a flexible participatory labour market. We shall discuss both flexicurity policy and participatory subsidiarity defined downwards as contribution to an explanation of why the expensive welfare states of the Nordic type have not only so far been doing well but have also sustained both democratic and output-side legitimacy.
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Nanteuil-Miribel, Matthieu de, and Mohamed Nachi. "Flexibility and security: what forms of political regulation?" Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 10, no. 2 (May 2004): 300–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890401000211.
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This article examines the strengths and weaknesses of the concept of ‘flexicurity’, calling into question the tendency of the contemporary cultural imagination to regard flexibility as a framework for the expression of individual freedom. It then describes a range of possible policy options, in relation to the market, in the perspective of combining flexibility of labour and security of persons. Three major options emerge: the ‘procedural', the ‘neo-substantive’ and the ‘partnership’ options. As a conclusion, this article comes out in favour of a different policy which would alter the framework for public intervention. It especially underlines the need for a ‘flexible’ and ‘decentred’ Welfare State, capable of supporting and encompassing forms of regulation emanating from civil society, in particular – but not exclusively – from the social partners.
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Bondarevska, K. V. "Strategy for Ensuring Social Security in the Labor Market of Ukraine: Directions of Development and Implementation." Business Inform 12, no. 515 (2020): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-12-238-244.
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The article defines the directions of development and implementation of the strategy for ensuring social security in the labor market of Ukraine, taking into account the current state of the sphere of labor and employment. In particular, the main structural elements of the strategy are defined, including its purpose and objectives; subjects, object and subject matter; fundamental principles of strategy; characteristics and assessment of both external and internal threats to social security in the labor market (in particular, by means of SWOT analysis); criteria and indicators of social security in the labor market; priority directions, measures and mechanisms for ensuring social security in the labor market, taking into account its multilevelness. The author’s own vision of the concept of a multilevel strategy for ensuring social security in the labor market of Ukraine is substantiated and the priority directions of its implementation at the State level are characterized. Among the strategic priorities are defined the directions and measures of public policy that will contribute to the neutralization of major threats and negative phenomena at the national level. In particular, measures have been characterized that will contribute to the achievement of key goals for ensuring social security in the labor market: balance of its development; deshadowing of employment; reducing unemployment, primarily among the least competitive categories of the workforce – young people and older people; increase in the level of remuneration and labor incomes of the population. As result of the implementation of the proposed measures, it is expected to improve the state of social security in the labor market, which will have an expression in the growth of the level of balance of the labor market; reducing the scale of the manifestation of major threats to its development, including informal employment, the spread of unemployment, low level of real wages; as well as in ensuring the increase in income and welfare of the population of Ukraine.
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Becker, Uwe. "Welfare state development and employment in the Netherlands in comparative perspective." Journal of European Social Policy 10, no. 3 (August 1, 2000): 219–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/a013493.
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In recent years it has been said that the Dutch welfare state has been made fit for employment growth. This development is praised as part of the so-called Dutch 'Delta model' which since the mid-1980s has been very succesful in labour market terms. Some 20 years ago, when unemployment started to soar, the high level of social security was seen, by contrast, as an aspect of the 'Dutch disease'. Employing a typology based on regulative assumptions of dealing with market risks and aberrations, this paper briefly analyses the subsequent stages of Dutch welfare state development: from a predominantly Christian- paternalist system to social-democratization from the mid-1960s and then to a certain degree of liberalization since the mid-1980s. The structural or institutional inertia of the original system should not be overlooked, however. Comparative investigation reveals that the current Dutch welfare state, in spite of retrenchment measures, still belongs to the most generous ones in the western world, which allows only for relatively low, though rising, levels of poverty and inequality. And it is questionable whether and to what extent retrenchment has contributed to the impressive, although largely part-time-based rise in the Dutch employment rate. In any case non-employment, broadly understood as different from registered unemployment, has not declined in the Netherlands. It has been redistributed to other categories, particularly to the disability scheme. Like other continental countries, the Netherlands still seems to face the dilemma of work and welfare.
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Rosskam, Ellen. "Work Security in a Global Economy." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 13, no. 1 (May 2003): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/lx6b-tb7y-517a-49e5.
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Work security is a fundamental right of all working people. After World War II, the welfare state became an intrinsic part of the “Golden Age” of capitalism, in which universal prosperity seemed attainable. Workers' organizations frequently played a crucial role in policy decisions that promoted full employment, income stability, and equitable treatment of workers. Today's world order is quite different. Globalization in its present form is a major obstacle to work security. Globalization is not simply a market-driven phenomenon. It is a political and ideological movement that grants authority to capital over governments and labor. This transfer of authority hinders national efforts to promote work security and may impact the well-being of communities worldwide. In the absence of domestic autonomy, international labor standards are needed to protect social welfare. They should be geared toward curbing unemployment, poverty, and social exclusion in the global economy. The article looks at three initiatives to promote global work security.
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Gärtner, Svenja, and Svante Prado. "Unlocking the Social Trap: Inequality, Trust and the Scandinavian Welfare State." Social Science History 40, no. 1 (2016): 33–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2015.80.
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Recent research suggests that economic inequality thwarts attempts to establish a welfare state. The corollary of this view is that today's welfare states had witnessed an equality revolution already before the rise of social policies aiming at redistribution. The paper brings this insight to bear on the creation of the welfare state in Sweden, for many the very model of a universal welfare state, and enquires into whether equality really predated the formation of universal welfare policies in the 1950s. We present evidence on inequality based on labor market outcomes and corroborate the view that there has been a sharp reduction in inequality during the 1930s and 1940s. Hence Sweden underwent a true equality revolution prior to the establishment of the welfare state. A leveling of incomes is a necessary precondition for the rise of the universal welfare state, we suggest, because of trust, which correlates negatively with inequality. High trust levels solve the problems associated with collective goods and boosts support for universal solutions of income security. The paper provides a narrative in which the formation of institutions, the removal of large income differentials, and the creation of higher trust levels interacted in the 1930s and 1940s to form the foundation for the welfare state in the 1950s. It adopts a dynamic view of trust by departing from the assumption that trust arises endogenously as a concomitant to changes in the underlying fundamentals like income inequality and redesigned institutional frameworks.
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Göker, Zeynep Gülru. "Gender, Care and Welfare: Can Caretakers Allowances or Basic Income Promote Gender Equality?" Kadın/Woman 2000, Journal for Women's Studies 19, no. 1 (May 10, 2017): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33831/jws.v19i1.273.
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Gendered division of labour prescribing women’s domestic and care work and men’s labour market participation continues to be the cause of serious injustices affecting women and one of the determinants of women’s social and economic inequality in the world. Certain social welfare policies such as caretakers’ allowances can be interpreted as initiatives that aim to compensate the undervalued and non-income generating care work predominantly done by women. The article assesses such policies in the framework of feminist debates on gender, care and welfare and argues that as long as such policies assume that caring is women’s natural job, they will fall short of serving gender equality. Re-visiting the feminist discussions on Basic Income, the regular payment of a monthly income to all citizens/residents of the state on an unconditional and universal basis, the article will discuss Basic Income as an alternative policy proposal that is more favourable in terms of its potential for advancing gender equality by providing women with economic security, engendering the re-valuation of care and challenging the gendered division of labour. Although Basic Income is not a panacea to the multiple problems women are faced with, the very discussion of this proposal from a gender perspective is valuable for emphasizing the role of care in human relationships and men’s responsibility in equal role sharing.
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GUNNARSSON, EVY. "The vulnerable life course: poverty and social assistance among middle-aged and older women." Ageing and Society 22, no. 6 (November 2002): 709–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x02008978.
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In Europe, older women are more likely than older men to be living in poverty, and the contrast is directly related to their domestic roles and labour market position during earlier phases of their life courses. Despite Sweden's well-developed social security system, the generalisation applies to its older women. This paper examines the current incomes and life courses of 14 middle-aged and older Swedish women who have periodically had to rely on social assistance. Their circumstances and living conditions are considered in relation to their earlier lives and to the contextual conditions of the country's welfare state. Both life course and feminist perspectives are applied. All the interviewed women had been the main carers of their children, and had worked part-time or in low-paid jobs. Their formal employment histories have been the foundation of their vulnerable economic situation in older age, which the Swedish social security system does little to combat. Unless the bases and assumptions of the social security model are changed, there will continue to be many older women who live a life of poverty or near poverty.
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Južnik Rotar, Laura. "Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Employment Programme on Young Unemployed People." Engineering Economics 32, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.32.1.23276.
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Youth unemployment is of paramount concern for the European Union. Young people are facing potentially slow and difficult transitions into stable jobs. What optimally supports young people on the labour market poses a challenging question for economic policy makers. Active labour market policies can be beneficial to young unemployed people. The aim of active labour market policy is to improve employability of the unemployed. The consequences of an overly generous welfare state can be a reduction in motivation to work. The effectiveness of employment programmes is therefore a crucial step in the process. This paper aims to estimate the treatment effect of subsidized employment programmes on young Dutch unemployed people using difference in differences propensity score matching. We test whether the effects of subsidized employment programmes for young Dutch unemployed people are positive and strong in both the short and long term on the probability of re-employment and on the probability of participation in the regular educational system in comparison with the outcome produced in the event that an individual would continue seeking employment as an unemployed person. The probability of re-employment in short-term circumstances is positive, but small. Whereas with long-term examples (two years after the programme start) the probability is negative. Alternatively, the probability of participation in regular educational systems is positive in the short-term as well as in the long-term, but evidently decreases in the long-term. Welfare reforms undertaken in the Netherlands are directed towards enhancing efficiency. The role of social partners in social security administrations is reduced and the reforms are intended to promote reintegration of people who are out of work. There is a general agreement that the Netherlands is going in the right direction by giving priority to work and study over benefits, as it has become evident that generous social benefits make employment policies inefficient.
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HEISIG, JAN PAUL, BRAM LANCEE, and JONAS RADL. "Ethnic inequality in retirement income: a comparative analysis of immigrant–native gaps in Western Europe." Ageing and Society 38, no. 10 (May 4, 2017): 1963–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x17000332.
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ABSTRACTPrevious research unequivocally shows that immigrants are less successful in the labour market than the native-born population. However, little is known about whether ethnic inequality persists after retirement. We use data on 16 Western European countries from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC, 2004–2013) to provide the first comparative study of ethnic inequalities among the population aged 65 and older. We focus on the retirement income gap (RIG) between immigrants from non-European Union countries and relate its magnitude to country differences in welfare state arrangements. Ethnic inequality after retirement is substantial: after adjusting for key characteristics including age, education and occupational status, the average immigrant penalty across the 16 countries is 28 per cent for men and 29 per cent for women. Country-level regressions show that income gaps are smaller in countries where the pension system is more redistributive. We also find that easy access to long-term residence is associated with larger RIGs, at least for men. There is no clear evidence that immigrants’ access to social security programmes, welfare state transfers to working-age households or the strictness of employment protection legislation affect the size of the RIG.
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Krause, Annabelle, Ulf Rinne, and Klaus F. Zimmermann. "European labor market integration: what the experts think." International Journal of Manpower 38, no. 7 (October 2, 2017): 954–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-05-2017-0101.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the current state of the single European labor market (SELM), its related risks and opportunities, and identify useful measures for reaching the goal of increased European labor mobility. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted an online survey among European labor market experts (IZA research and policy fellows) on the current state of the SELM, its determinants, and the role of the Great Recession. The authors evaluate the data using descriptive and regression-based methods. Findings The experts agree on the SELM’s importance, especially for larger economic welfare, but are not convinced that it has been achieved. To enhance labor mobility across Europe, the respondents identify key factors such as recognizing professional qualifications more efficiently, harmonizing social security systems, and knowing several languages. Moreover, at least 50 percent of the respondents consider positive attitudes – by policy makers and citizens alike – toward free mobility to be important to enhance labor mobility. Originality/value The IZA Expert Opinion Survey presents a unique opportunity to learn how numerous experts think about the important issue of European labor market integration and moreover constitutes a valuable extension to public opinion surveys on related topics. This survey’s findings provide a sophisticated basis for a discussion about policy options regarding the SELM.
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Oude Nijhuis, Dennie. "The TUC and the Failure of Labour's Postwar Social Agenda." International Labor and Working-Class History 89 (2016): 162–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547916000016.
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AbstractThis article illustrates the crucial role played by the Trades Union Congress and its occupationally organized union affiliates in the failure of Labour's postwar social agenda. It has been widely recognized that Labour's inability to improve the social insurance system and construct an effective floor under wages during the first decades of the postwar period was of crucial importance to the continual underdevelopment of the British welfare state and the emergence of a dual welfare system in the United Kingdom. Yet that Labour's inability to do so was to a large extent the result of union opposition has largely been neglected. This article shows that Labour's postwar social agenda had strong consequences for the distribution of earnings among different groups of workers and that these consequences were fiercely resisted by unions representing privileged workers. In doing so, this article illustrates the limited political feasibility of government measures to provide adequate earnings and security against labor market risks for all workers in countries where privileged workers largely organize along occupational lines.
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MALPASS, PETER. "The Wobbly Pillar? Housing and the British Postwar Welfare State." Journal of Social Policy 32, no. 4 (October 2003): 589–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279403007177.
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The image of housing as the wobbly pillar under the welfare state has been widely used in recent years, and is clearly an attractive metaphor in the present period as residualisation deepens and privatisation continues. However, this paper is concerned with the early years of the postwar welfare state, when conditions for a securely founded housing service were, arguably, more conducive than they are today. Accordingly the paper focuses on policy work in the 1940s, drawing on new research on Public Record Office files, to reveal the amount of wartime planning within Whitehall for postwar housing policy, and the extent of continuity between the pre and post 1945 periods. It is shown that under the wartime coalition government there was considerably more planning for housing after the war than is acknowledged in the existing literature, and that this work shaped policy under the Labour government of 1945–51. Housing emerged as the wobbly pillar under the welfare state because of the amount of detailed wartime planning and Labour's acceptance of its analysis and prescriptions. Whereas most accounts concentrate on the size of the late 1940s building programme (and judge the government accordingly), the argument here is that to understand how housing emerged as the wobbly pillar it is necessary to look beyond quantity to the question of why a self-proclaimed socialist government failed to challenge the market dominance of housing provision.
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Puttick, Keith. "From Mini to Maxi Jobs? Low Pay, ‘Progression’, and the Duty to Work (Harder)." Industrial Law Journal 48, no. 2 (July 3, 2018): 143–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/indlaw/dwy006.
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Abstract The scale of low pay and in-work poverty affecting the bottom three deciles of the labour market highlights the weaknesses in the two main mechanisms for assisting the low-paid: the statutory minimum wage provided for by the National Minimum Wage Act 1998 and State in-work benefits, particularly Universal Credit (UC) as it operates under the Welfare Reform Act 2012 and Universal Credit Regulations 2013. Both mechanisms are failing badly. The paper argues for new approaches. On the Labour side of what may be called the Labour Law–Social Security Law interface these include reconstruction of the national minimum wage scheme in the 1998 Act so that there are two minimum wage floors: a primary floor based on the current national scheme; and a higher, secondary floor at sectoral level. Sectoral wage-setting, informed by support from a Low Pay Commission with an extended remit, could in time pave the way to wider-ranging, regulated sectoral collective bargaining and systems which align more closely and efficiently to what employers can afford, and relieve the growing fiscal pressures on in-work social security. On the Social Security side, remedial work on UC is urgently needed, particularly on the work allowances which set the earnings thresholds at which in-work State support starts to be withdrawn. If mandatory ‘progression’ requirements under the in-work progression (IWP) scheme are to continue—which is likely given the government’s concern that, without this, workers in low hours, low paid mini jobs will opt to stay parked in such highly subsidised work—then exemptions and protections need to be strengthened and put on a statutory footing (particularly for workers with family responsibilities). Introducing what would, in effect, be a ‘right not to work’ in prescribed cases—typically when requirements impact disproportionately on workers and their family members—would go some way to establishing the necessary safeguards. Clearly, both low pay mechanisms face a crisis of growing proportions: a crisis of coverage as dependence grows and newer groups look to the State for support; a fiscal crisis as costs rise and cuts to support impact on its effectiveness; and a political crisis as support for UC and the wider low pay regime erodes.
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Shlykova, V. O., and O. M. Levanda. "The Role of Social Standards in Social Policy of the Country." Business Inform 11, no. 514 (2020): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-11-146-151.
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The article is aimed at defining the role of social standards in the formation of social policy of the country. The peculiarities of interpretation of social policy in scientific literature are analyzed, key agents of the social policy interaction are identified as follows: economic policy, health policy, education and fiscal policy. Education policy provides the economy with human capital and thereby creates preconditions for economic development. Economic policy interacts with social policy in terms of distribution of access to goods, services and resources, as well as in terms of providing employment. In turn, fiscal policy carries out the secondary distribution of income through transfers. Social policy, aside from social protection of the population, aims to create conditions for access to education and services of the health care system. The structure of social standards and guarantees enshrined in the Law of Ukraine «On the State Social Standards and the State Social Guarantees» is considered in terms of definitions of terms, aim and purpose. A brief overview of the world practice of implementation of social welfare programs is specified, in the development of which social standards are taken into account, as well as existing approaches to the formation of social security in Ukraine. As a result of the carried out research, it was found that through preventive, restorative and compensatory interventions, social security allows beneficiaries to maintain their standard of living, find work or improve their own prospects in the labor market, as well as create conditions for social integration and preservation of physical and mental health. In this context, social standards are the criteria for the need for intervention and play the role of the norm on the amount of interference for the implementation of social policy of the State. On the other hand, social standards can act as targeted benchmarks of this policy, agreed with the goals of the country’s development.
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Shlykova, V. O., and O. M. Levanda. "The Role of Social Standards in Social Policy of the Country." Business Inform 11, no. 514 (2020): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-11-146-151.
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The article is aimed at defining the role of social standards in the formation of social policy of the country. The peculiarities of interpretation of social policy in scientific literature are analyzed, key agents of the social policy interaction are identified as follows: economic policy, health policy, education and fiscal policy. Education policy provides the economy with human capital and thereby creates preconditions for economic development. Economic policy interacts with social policy in terms of distribution of access to goods, services and resources, as well as in terms of providing employment. In turn, fiscal policy carries out the secondary distribution of income through transfers. Social policy, aside from social protection of the population, aims to create conditions for access to education and services of the health care system. The structure of social standards and guarantees enshrined in the Law of Ukraine «On the State Social Standards and the State Social Guarantees» is considered in terms of definitions of terms, aim and purpose. A brief overview of the world practice of implementation of social welfare programs is specified, in the development of which social standards are taken into account, as well as existing approaches to the formation of social security in Ukraine. As a result of the carried out research, it was found that through preventive, restorative and compensatory interventions, social security allows beneficiaries to maintain their standard of living, find work or improve their own prospects in the labor market, as well as create conditions for social integration and preservation of physical and mental health. In this context, social standards are the criteria for the need for intervention and play the role of the norm on the amount of interference for the implementation of social policy of the State. On the other hand, social standards can act as targeted benchmarks of this policy, agreed with the goals of the country’s development.
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Srikanthan, Sinthu. "Keeping the Boss Happy: Black and Minority Ethnic Students’ Accounts of the Field Education Crisis." British Journal of Social Work 49, no. 8 (March 11, 2019): 2168–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcz016.
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Abstract Social work field education, the mandatory, practice-based component of accredited schools of social work, is in a state of crisis. Welfare state retrenchment has reduced the social and health service sectors’ capacity to provide field education placements. Concurrently, increasing student enrollment in and the expansion of social work programmes in the academy have increased the demand for field education. Whilst the service and academic sectors have developed a range of formal and informal relationships to cope with the crisis that often benefit workers in both domains, the implications for students, especially those who are Black and Minority Ethnic (BME), remain largely unknown. This article reports findings from institutional ethnographic research based on textual analyses and interviews with five BME students from a school of social work in Southern Ontario who were engaged in securing field education placement. A central finding of the study was that racial categories and hierarchies are reproduced across placement settings and in the sorting process of students into placement settings itself, adding to the work of BME social work students. The findings implicate the institutional practices and context of field education in the production of a racially stratified labour market in social work field education.
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Hemerijck, Anton, and Jelle Visser. "The Dutch model: an obvious candidate for the ‘third way’?" European Journal of Sociology 42, no. 1 (May 2001): 221–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975600008237.
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The ‘Dutch model’ has become a catchphrase for progressive European politicians pondering the possibilities of a ‘third way’ between Anglo-American deregulation of labour markets and the bloated stagnation of European dirigiste economies. Foreign politicians, central bankers and union leaders alike praise the combination of fiscal conservatism, wage moderation, consensual welfare reform, job creation and the maintainance of overall social security. They highlight the extraordinary proportion of Dutch people, male and female, in part-time jobs; the sustained policy of wage moderation by the trade unions; the success in holding the course for EMU and the absence of social unrest. Best of all, they observe, the Netherlands is the only EU member state to have more than halved its unemployment rate during the past decade, from 13-plus per cent in 1983 to just over 5 per cent in 1998. Its annual growth rate in jobs of 1.6 per cent is four times the European average, and as good as the American ‘job machine’, but without the US' sharp increase in earning inequality and life-chances.
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Gul, Ejaz, and Imran Sharif Chaudhry. "Spatial Distribution of Socio-economic Inequality: Evidence from Inequality Maps of a Village in Tribal Region of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 54, no. 4I-II (December 1, 2015): 793–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v54i4i-iipp.793-808.
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Economic and social inequality is consistently persisting in tribal region of Pakistan. People in the tribal region of Pakistan are living in deprived state whereby they lack even basic necessities in their lives. As described by Gul, the tribal areas are different than the rural areas because tribal areas are located in far flung mountainous terrain where accessibility to basic amenities is much lower than the rural areas [Gul (2013)]. In recent times, the Government of Pakistan initiated many efforts for provision of basic amenities in tribal areas as an essential component of development in the context of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). However, according to John the desired state is yet to be achieved in tribal areas [John (2009)]. Tribal life is characterised by hardship and great insecurity especially for poor labour. Given the income vulnerabilities, the long run welfare is forgone for short run securities. Interruption, reduction or loss of earnings from the contingencies such as unemployment, underemployment, low wages, low prices and failure to find the market for the produce, old age, ill-health, sickness, disability etc. are the situations which call for social security and protection. As concluded by Talbot, this constant state of deprivation has generated deep rooted inequalities in the tribal society [Talbot (1998)]. People take rescue measures such as sending their earners to urban areas and if possible to foreign countries. Those who have lands and doing agriculture are the blessed one, although, the earning pattern is distorted due to law and order situation. To have an assessment of the overall economic inequality in the tribal region, author conducted a study in a small village Naryab which is located in the tribal region. Primary data was collected from the households physically and it was thoroughly analysed to conclude the pattern of inequality. This inequality was then mapped using latest mapping software “SURFER”.
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Kippenberg, Hans G. "‘Phoenix from the Ashes’: Religious Communities Arising from Globalization." Journal of Religion in Europe 6, no. 2 (2013): 143–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18748929-00602002.
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When in the 1960s religious congregations were suffering from diminishing membership, the sociology of religion turned away from the study of organized religion in order to study private religiosity, even though new social forms of religion were emerging. The article addresses first the impact of globalization on the place of religious communities in the fabric of national and transnational society. Labor migration severs the individual from his or her transmitted loyalties and places him or her amid the risks of the labor market. Parallel to this, the nation state conveys public tasks into private hands in the realms of education, health care, social welfare, and sometimes security. Both changes open up new opportunities for religious communities. Second, the paper addresses the subjective side of the shift, focusing on the Abrahamic religions. They claim the promise given to Abraham—that he and his descendants will be blessed and become a great nation—for their communities. When the factual history contradicts that expectation, prophetic and apocalyptic visions of a bright future keep alive that faith. They summon the believers to fight for the well being of their community, to assist and support each other, and to claim public recognition for their community, since it is beneficial to the entire society. The article argues that this model of religious communality enabled believers in the past to appropriate official legal and social forms for their community. Max Weber in his Economy and Society also argued that religious communality remains a powerful social order in modern society. According to him its strength derives from the subjective religious expectations of social actors and the positive or negative impact their practices exercise on other social orders such as economy, family, state, and law.
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Zlenko, Alla, and Оlena Isaikina. "Features of corporate social responsibility of business in Ukraine." University Economic Bulletin, no. 46 (September 1, 2020): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2020-46-115-127.
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Relevance of the research topic. In the conditions of systemic restructuring of the economy of Ukraine in the direction of its adaptation to world standards, one of the integral components of the successful functioning of modern business is the development of a strategy of corporate social responsibility. Today, sustainable economic development is not determined by the factor of availability of raw materials or markets, but the opportunity for companies to join the market of highly skilled labor, scientific inventions and the latest technologies. The problems of employment, social instability, and deteriorating environment are becoming more acute and urgent in the world. All this necessitates the formation of an innovative model of development and principles of corporate social responsibility, which is becoming one of the most important areas of a market economy. Formulation of the problem. It is theoretically proven and confirmed by the practice of the world's leading companies that social responsibility can and should be considered as an important social resource of the organization, able to form concrete benefits, ensure sustainable development, adequately respond to social challenges (both internal and external), turning the latter into opportunities. It should be emphasized that social responsibility appears as an important social resource, regardless of the concept of social responsibility the company adheres to. Analysis of recent research and publications. Theoretical and methodological aspects of the formation and development of social responsibility of business are embedded in the studies of the following leading foreign scientists: A. Berle, G. Bowen, M. Velazquez, A. Carroll, F. Kotler, G. Minz, J. Rawls, K. Smith, M Friedman et al. Of particular interest in studying this problem are the works of modern domestic scientists: O. Danylenko, V. Yevtushenko, A. Kolota, N. Kyryliuk, M. Kuzhelev, V. Mamontova, O. Sheremeta and others. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. The issue of the effectiveness of the functioning of corporate social responsibility in Ukrainian business practice and the formation of the domestic model of CSR remains insufficiently studied in the domestic scientific environment. Problem statement, purpose of research. The key direction of the world community today is the development of human capital as the basis of the general welfare of the state. One of the conditions for the implementation of the concept of human development and human capital is the introduction and compliance with the basics of corporate social responsibility of business (CSR). The purpose of the work is a comprehensive analysis of the development of CSR in Ukraine. Research methodology. During the writing of the article the methods of analysis and synthesis, system approach, statistical analysis, generalization and structuring were used. Presentation of the main research material. The institution of socially responsible business is typical of most countries with economies based on market values, long-standing democratic traditions, and a developed civil society. In modern conditions in different countries, the participation of business in solving social problems is either strictly regulated under current commercial, tax, labor, environmental legislation or carried out independently under the influence of specially established incentives and benefits. In Ukraine, this process is in the initial stages of its development and takes place in a dominant position of the state, extremely weak development of civil society institutions and oligarchic business development. Field of application of results. The results of the study can be applied in the process of forming a strategy of corporate social responsibility of a modern enterprise. Conclusions in accordance with the article. Corporate social responsibility in the developed world has long been part of society. Today, domestic business leaders are joining the global movement for socially responsible business. In order for funds allocated for social initiatives to bring sustainable results and work on the image of the business, companies must move to building these activities on a systemic basis in accordance with the strategy. It is here that broad prospects open up for the joint efforts of companies, civil society organizations, the media and the state. The immediate business benefits of CSR are the creation of a stable business environment, reduced operational risks, increased financial performance and sales, increased productivity, reduced recruitment costs, market expansion and, consequently, increased market value in the future. The interaction of political, social and economic actors, based on the principles of social partnership, allows to ensure the stable progressive development of the state. With the increasing importance of non-financial factors of sustainable development (social stability, environmental security, etc.), the practical and theoretical aspects of social responsibility are updated.
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Batychenko, Svitlana. "FEATURES OF FAMILY POLICY IN EUROPE." GEOGRAPHY AND TOURISM, no. 60 (2020): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2308-135x.2020.60.65-72.
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Goal. Analysis of the peculiarities of family policy in European countries, such as France, Sweden, Germany, Great Britain. Method. The study is based on general scientific methods, namely, analysis and synthesis, descriptive, analytical. And also socio-geographical - comparative-geographical. Results. Family policy in European countries focuses on the life position of young people, promotes gender equality, creates opportunities to combine work, education and family activities through a well-developed infrastructure. The establishment of the modern family model in which both parents work and the expansion of public education and services for children and families reduce relatively high child poverty, create new jobs in services, and reduce social inequality. Although European countries pursue a common family-gender strategy, they also have their own traditional model of family protection. The Scandinavian model is characterized by comprehensive support for working parents with young children (under the age of three) through a combination of material mechanisms, holidays and wide access to childcare facilities. An important aspect is the policy of gender equality and women's integration in the labor market. The main source of funding for family policy - taxes. Anglo-Saxon - is characterized by deliberately less financial support from families by the state, giving priority to low-income families. The main idea is the non-interference of the state in family and marriage processes and ensuring the well-being of families through the general development of the welfare of society. "Napoleonic" - use intangible forms of support: tax benefits, targeted loans. France has the highest level of state support for families with children and support for working women. The principle of subsidiary security is professed. Taxes and financial contributions are used. The German fiscal system does not encourage couples to work equally, as the tax burden on domestic work is much higher for two full-time employees. Parental leave allows mothers to leave the labor market for up to three years for one child. Scientific novelty. Analysis and comparison of family policy features in European countries. Practical significance. Implementation of family policy measures in domestic practice based on the experience of European countries, choosing the most successful option. The best option is to improve the demographic situation in the country.
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Kevins, Anthony. "Dualized trust: risk, social trust and the welfare state." Socio-Economic Review 17, no. 4 (January 17, 2018): 875–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwx064.
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Abstract This article examines how labour market vulnerability and social policy interact to shape generalized trust. Drawing insights from the literature on dualization, I suggest that: (1) labour market outsiders will have lower levels of generalized trust due to their increased risk exposure; and (2) active labour market policies, by conditioning labour market vulnerability, can reduce the impact of outsiderness on trust. Leveraging within-country cleavages between insiders and outsiders therefore allows us to assess one possible mechanism behind the welfare state’s generation of trust, while at the same time holding cultural context and broader trust levels constant. Analysis of data from the 2008–2014 waves of the European Social Survey then provides evidence of the impact of outsiderness on trust and the ability of social policy to moderate that effect. The investigation thus sheds light on both an additional consequence of dualization and a mechanism linking the welfare state to generalized trust.
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McLaughlin, Eithne. "Work and Welfare Benefits: Social Security, Employment and Unemployment in the 1990s." Journal of Social Policy 20, no. 4 (October 1991): 485–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400019772.
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ABSTRACTThis paper considers social security policy and structures in relation to the labour market of the late 1980s and 1990s. The paper begins by describing the labour market of the late 1980s and summarising projective descriptions of labour demand in the 1990s. The second section of the paper reports on recent research examining the labour supply behaviour of long term unemployed people, drawing out the role of social security policy and structures therein. The third section of the paper concludes that the role of social security policy is at present essentially reactive rather than proactive; that it does little to address the likely need for labour of certain kinds in the 1990s; and that efforts to address the problem of long term unemployment through social security policy have been largely misdirected. The final section of the paper briefly considers some of the ways in which social security systems can be more proactive and suggests a number of both short term and longer term policy changes which research indicates would be of benefit in the UK.
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TAYLOR-GOOBY, PETER, TRINE LARSEN, and JOHANNES KANANEN. "Market Means and Welfare Ends: The UK Welfare State Experiment." Journal of Social Policy 33, no. 4 (October 2004): 573–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279404008001.
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The UK is distinctive in having the most liberal market-oriented welfare system in the European Union and the most majoritarian governmental system, capable of rapid and decisive action. The 1997 New Labour government abandoned the traditional neo-Keynesian/social democratic approach of the party and embarked on a programme of market-oriented welfare state reform. This reflects many aspects of policy direction (pursued more gradually and under different circumstances) elsewhere in Europe, and advocated in the European Employment Strategy and OECD proposals. The UK is thus a suitable test case to assess the impact of a new departure in welfare policy: welfare ends through market means. This paper shows that New Labour has achieved real successes in mobilising the workforce, broadening opportunities for women and reducing poverty. However, the approach faces intractable problems in stimulating and regulating private providers of welfare, and limitations in the extent to which it is able to reduce poverty among those of working age who are not in the labour market. These result from the incompatibility between welfare and market objectives: secure, adequate incomes for all, and work incentives for citizens and market freedom for providers.
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Boreham, Paul, Richard Hall, and Martin Leet. "Labour and Citizenship: The Development of Welfare State Regimes." Journal of Public Policy 16, no. 2 (May 1996): 203–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00007364.
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ABSTRACTThis paper is concerned with the political determinants of the significantly different rates of welfare expenditure which characterise advanced capitalist countries. The research concentrates on the connections between the organization and mobilization of a key political actor pursing social wage benefits – the labour movement – and different levels across nations of welfare provision, including expenditure on health, social security consumption expenditure and social security transfers. The paper uses disaggregated, pooled time series data on welfare provision in 15 OECD countries, 1974–1988, to test the association between more comprehensive welfare state regimes and state structures that facilitate the intervention of organized labour movements in the policy process.
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Ko, Hyejin, and Eunchong Bae. "Effects of active labour-market policies on welfare state finances." Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 36, no. 2 (May 11, 2020): 200–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ics.2020.11.
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AbstractThis study seeks to determine the effectiveness of the active labour-market policies (ALMPs) of employment-oriented welfare states contribute to the financial soundness of welfare states. Even if they are insignificant, overall, the results show that ALMPs lead to higher employment rate and sounder public finances as could be expected by the central idea of employment-oriented welfare states. However, extending ALMPs does not always create a virtuous circle among government interventions, employment rate and fiscal soundness. That is, the results for employment and public finances depend on how the government intervenes in the labour market. We argue that the critical point goal should be to improve employability, not just to increase the employment rate.
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Puttick, K. "Social security. Welfare as 'wages': benefits, low pay and the flexible labour market." Industrial Law Journal 27, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ilj/27.2.162.
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Dukelow, Fiona. "Recommodification and the Welfare State in Re/Financialised Austerity Capitalism: Further Eroding Social Citizenship?" Social Policy and Society 20, no. 1 (October 19, 2020): 125–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746420000494.
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This article reviews the recommodification of social policy in the context of financialised austerity capitalism and post-crisis welfare states. It sets out an understanding of recommodification as a multiple set of processes that involve the state in labour market-making, by shaping labour’s ‘saleability’. Under conditions of finance-dominated austerity capitalism, the article argues that recent dynamics of recommodification complicate the long established Piersonian observations. For Pierson, recommodification signifies how elements of the welfare state that shelter individuals from market pressures are dismantled and replaced with measures which buffer their labour market participation. This article examines ways in which recent policy trends in recommodification, whether by incentivising or coercive means, increase exposure to labour market risks and connect with the growing inequalities between capital and labour under post-crisis re/financialised austerity capitalism. This analysis is paired with a synoptic review of recent labour market trends and reforms across the European Union. As recommodification evolves, the insecurity it institutes raises fundamental questions about the underlying nature of social citizenship which are also addressed.
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Fanti, Luciano, and Domenico Buccella. "Privatisation or State Ownership When Labour Market is Unionised?" Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia 16, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/foli-2016-0002.
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AbstractThis paper analyses the choice of the bargaining agenda in a public/private unionised monopoly, and investigates whether the traditional higher efficiency of the state ownership of a monopoly holds when the labour market is unionised. First, we find that both a private and public monopoly always adopts a Right-to-Manage agenda. Second, a public firm pays a higher wage. Third, we show that privatisation could ensure a higher social welfare. This rather unexpected result may emerge provided that the Government has a high evaluation of the workers’ welfare, and the union is strong and/or wage aggressive. Therefore, our results suggest that privatisation 1) should be socially preferred depending only on the strength and wage aggressiveness of unions, and 2) rather paradoxically, is preferred when the Government is more careful about workers’ welfare. Our results may have policy implications especially in the post-communist countries, where the debate on privatisation is ubiquitously high and, differently between various countries, Government and unions may oscillate between left- or right-wing, and strength or weakness, respectively.
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Gauffin, Karl. "Precariousness on the Swedish labour market: A theoretical and empirical account." Economic and Labour Relations Review 31, no. 2 (May 18, 2020): 279–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304620919206.
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The purpose of this article is to investigate emerging areas of precarious employment in Sweden. Based on the literature on dimensions of precariousness and neoliberalism, this article will begin with an analysis of the transitioning Swedish welfare state and the contextual environment of precarious employment in Sweden. This will serve as a point of departure for the development of an occupational classification scheme including measures of income and employment security. In an empirical analysis, the occupational classification will be applied to a population-based register material including two birth cohorts of employed Swedish residents aged 28–33, with a registered income. The development of income and employment security will be described and discussed. By applying this newly developed measure of precarious employment, this article will provide a platform for future theoretical and empirical research on precarious employment in a transitioning welfare state. JEL Codes: J40, J82, J88, I38
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Öktem, Kerem Gabriel. "The Welfare State as Universal Social Security: A Global Analysis." Social Inclusion 8, no. 1 (March 18, 2020): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v8i1.2509.
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Over the past decades, the geography of comparative welfare state research has transformed. Whereas scholars used to focus on a limited number of advanced industrialised democracies, they now increasingly study developments in Europe’s periphery, East Asia, and Latin America. So, does this mean that the welfare state has spread around the world? To answer this question, we analyse different ways to measure welfare states and map their results. With the help of International Labour Organization and International Monetary Fund data, we explore measurements based on social expenditures, social rights, and social security legislations and show that each of them faces serious limitations in a global analysis of welfare states. For some measurements, we simply lack global data. For others, we risk misclassifying the extent and quality of some social protection systems. Finally, we present a measurement that is grounded in the idea that the welfare state is essentially about universalism. Relying on a conceptualisation of the welfare state as collective responsibility for the wellbeing of the entire population, we use universal social security as a yardstick. We measure this conceptualization through health and pension coverage and show that a growing number of countries have become welfare states by this definition. Yet, it is possible that at least some of these cases offer only basic levels of protection, we caution.
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Clasen, Jochen. "Modern Social Democracy and European Welfare State Reform." Social Policy and Society 1, no. 1 (January 2002): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746402001094.
Full textAbstract:
The European political landscape in the 1990s was characterised by centre-left parties returning to power in several countries after long periods in opposition. Following intensive internal debates over policy direction and policy revision, once back in power some centre-left governments in some countries have used terms such as the ‘third way’ and ‘new social democracy’, or the ‘Neue Mitte’ as an indication that contemporary policies should be seen as distinct from those pursued by both previous social democratic administrations and neo-liberal governments in the interim (e.g. Gamble and Wright, 1999; White, 2001). What, if anything, exactly constitutes the ‘third way’ has been a matter of considerable debate, as has been the question of how far traditional social democratic values and aspirations, such as solidarity and equality, are still relevant within ‘third way’ policies. More than previously, modern social democratic policy is geared towards reducing non-wage labour costs, fostering private forms of social protection, such as funded pensions, intensifying labour market integration and subsidising low-skilled jobs, but also incorporating new social risks and new social needs (Vandenbrouke, 2001).
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van Berkel, Rik. "Social Assistance Dynamics in the Netherlands: Exploring the Sustainability of Independence from Social Assistance via Labour Market Inclusion." Social Policy and Society 6, no. 2 (March 12, 2007): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474640600340x.
Full textAbstract:
The current emphasis in European welfare states on ‘activation’ increases the relevance of insight into social assistance dynamics and work–welfare/welfare–work transitions. This article reports on a study that explored the employment, unemployment and social assistance careers of a large group of people who managed to become independent from social assistance by finding a job. Using the databases of social security agencies in the Dutch city of Rotterdam, it investigates the sustainability of social assistance independence and labour market inclusion, and identifies groups that are more or less likely to be confronted with spells of renewed social assistance dependency or unemployment.