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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Welfare'
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Chandoevwit, Worawan. "The role of welfare administrators in welfare participation in Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0030/NQ46816.pdf.
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Øverbye, Einar. "Risk and welfare : examining stability and change in "welfare" policies /." Oslo : NOVA - Norwegian Social Research, 1998. http://www.sv.uio.no/stv/.
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Eddy, Katherine. "Realising welfare rights." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423341.
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Lim, Hilary. "Mapping welfare rights." Thesis, University of East London, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.304631.
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De, Fina Giulia <1993>. "Il welfare aziendale." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/11563.
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L'elaborato, dopo una breve introduzione panoramica e generale sul welfare aziendale, analizza la letteratura recente e gli studi effettuati in merito all'argomento.
Nel corso della stesura della tesi sono stati analizzati sia il panorama italiano che quello mondiale, cercando di spiegare il fenomeno, la sua progettazione, la sua implementazione, la sua valutazione e le sue modalità operative nel modo migliore possibile.
Nello specifico sono stati studiati il motivo dell'utilità della realizzazione di queste iniziative, la modalità della loro attuazione, i presupposti per la loro realizzazione, le prassi utilizzate per la progettazione e la valutazione, i loro aspetti critici e le loro particolarità. Successivamente sono state compiute delle ricerche sul wellness e su come la tutela della salute dei lavoratori possa essere realizzata all’interno delle imprese. Infine è stato fatto il confronto tra il welfare pubblico e quello privato.
Dopo aver studiato, compreso ed inserito la letteratura nella tesi, sono state studiate le tendenze recenti, cercando di capire (tramite la consultazione di dati presenti sul web) quante imprese mettono a punto programmi di welfare aziendale, le motivazioni principali che le spingono a farlo e quali sono i vantaggi che traggono e gli svantaggi in cui potrebbero incorrere. Si è cercato anche di capire, in base al trend attuale, quale sarà il futuro del welfare aziendale, soprattutto in Italia.
Infine, in seguito alla spiegazione dello scopo dell'analisi empirica e della metodologia utilizzata per svolgere l’analisi stessa, sono state interpellate delle imprese tramite la somministrazione di alcune interviste in modo da “toccare con mano” la vera natura del welfare aziendale e approfondire la conoscenza della materia non solo in modo teorico e superficiale, ma anche in modo concreto e dettagliato.
In particolare, alle imprese è stato chiesto come e quando è nato il loro interesse per il welfare aziendale e cosa prevede il loro programma, perché hanno deciso di attivarlo e perché continuano a utilizzarlo, come sono avvenute la progettazione, l'implementazione e la valutazione del programma stesso, qual è la percentuale di collaboratori che sceglie di usufruirne e quali sono i principi base sui quali è stato realizzato.
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Camillo, Roberta <1993>. "Il Welfare Aziendale." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/17903.
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La tesi presenta il tema del Welfare aziendale, con l’analisi finale di un caso aziendale. Viene inizialmente presentato una definizione del concetto, sottolineando di come non esista al momento una definizione univoca. Il concetto si instaura nel lontano 1600 in Inghilterra e si consolida con la fine del secondo conflitto mondiale. Dopo tale momento i bisogni dei cittadini iniziarono ad assumere sempre più importanza per lo Stato e si può certamente individuare una fase di espansione e consolidamento del welfare state. Infine, il continuo cambiamento del contesto economico e sociale mise in difficoltà le istituzioni pubbliche che non riuscirono più a fronteggiare l’emergere di nuovi bisogni e di nuovi rischi sociali.
È proprio in questo scenario che si è sviluppata l’idea del c.d. secondo welfare.
Si procede poi con una descrizione delle motivazioni che spingono un’azienda ad adottare un piano di welfare. Tra le altre, emerge senza dubbio l’acquisizione di consapevolezza da parte delle aziende dell’importanza del welfare aziendale che viene sempre più trattato come fattore di distintività al fine di mantenere vantaggio competitivo. Inoltre è sempre più importante migliorare l’ambiente di lavoro adottando strategie organizzative atte a promuovere e mantenere un elevato benessere fisico, psicologico e sociale di tutti i lavoratori. L’elaborato procede poi con i fondamenti fiscali e normativi della materia. Viene presentato l’articolo 38 della Costituzione, a cui il welfare trova fondamento e vi è un dettagliato approfondimento delle modifiche apportate dal legislatore a partire dalla Legge di Stabilità del 2016. Tali disposizioni trovano seguito con la Legge di Bilancio 2017 e 2018. Dopo aver presentato le fasi della costruzione di un piano aziendale, si conclude presentando un caso pratico aziendale, con una rapida presentazione dell’azienda in generale per poi passare nello specifico ai vari benefits che l’azienda propone.
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Kwak, Hyokyung. "THREE ESSAYS ON WELFARE POLICIES IN AMERICAN STATES: EXPLAINING AMERICAN WELFARE STATES IN THE POST-WELFARE REFORM ERA." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/msppa_etds/33.
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This dissertation consists of three empirical studies that address questions regarding state welfare policy making in the post-welfare reform era. The first empirical study pays close attention to the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) as a federal block grant program, which is a big departure from most previous TANF studies, to ask why American states differ in their decisions to allocate federal block grants across specific programs. Drawing on research on fiscal federalism and state and cross-national welfare politics, the study uses cross-sectional time-series data covering 50 states over the fiscal years 2004-2016 to examine factors that have an impact on state child care spending under the TANF block grant. The results show that several political factors and one socio-economic factor impact states’ TANF child care spending in the hypothesized direction. Most importantly, the study finds that a specific state government’s TANF policy designed to encourage work matters in an interesting way. States’ emphasis on work of TANF recipients, measured by the existence of the TANF job-search rule, exerts a positive, independent effect on the percentage of state TANF child care spending, but the positive marginal effect of implementing the job-search rule becomes negative as the percentage of female state legislators passes 28%. The study shed lights on our general understanding of the factors that influence state allocations of federal block grants for an understudied but increasingly important policy program in the American states—child care.
The second empirical study examines whether the selection of indicators of welfare policy commitment makes any difference for the findings in studies of the determinants of state welfare policy. If so, what difference does it make? While scholars of state welfare politics have long been making efforts to find better explanations for variation in welfare policy across American states, the literature as a whole has paid little attention to how differently scholars operationalize state welfare policy even though they examine a variety of welfare policy measures. To address these questions, I estimate a series of different panel data models with different measures of state welfare commitment for the period after the welfare reform of 1996. Comparing the results across these models shows that the choice of dependent variable measures affects the estimation results, thereby suggesting that empirical findings are dependent upon the measure we use. This finding not only shows that scholars need to be cautious in interpreting their results but also opens up a new puzzle as to why a factor affects a particular welfare measure but not others.
The last empirical study addresses the question: do the effects of party politics differ across welfare policies? In answering this question, the study draws on the literature on deservingness and social construction of target populations and hypothesizes that party politics would play a differential role in explaining the generosity of different welfare policies depending on the perceived deservingness of target populations. To test this hypothesis, I estimate three models each for TANF, Supplemental Security Income-State Supplements (SSI-S), and Medicaid generosity covering the period after the welfare reform. I find that party politics still remains as an important predictor of state welfare generosity, especially where welfare policy for the deserving poor and mixed population in terms of its deservingness is concerned. Also, there are differential effects of party politics across the welfare policies examined, but sometimes in an unexpected direction. This study provides a valuable addition to the literature in that it updates and enriches our understanding of welfare politics.
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Harris, Melvin T. "Child welfare worker educational preparation : an assessment of child welfare knowledge /." The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487948158627951.
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Ahn, Sang-Hoon. "Pro-welfare politics : a model for changes in European welfare states /." Uppsala : Univ., Dep. of Sociology, 2000. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sub-hamburg/322533201.pdf.
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Bortolatto, Diana <1995>. "From the Welfare State to Occupational Welfare: the challenge of "MyWelfare"." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/16036.
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After introducing the concept of Welfare State through a historical route and analysing new risks and needs affecting the citizens nowadays, it follows an explanation of the spread of a new paradigm known as “Second Welfare”, which main players are companies that offer Occupational Welfare plans. Then, the concept of Occupational Welfare is examined: its definitions, the main players, the strengths and weaknesses of such policies and, finally the evolution towards inter-company welfare. Lastly, it is proposed an entrepreneurial idea with the aim of overcoming the difficulties of SMEs to offer these kinds of plans and of involving the Third Sector as a provider of occupational welfare services.
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Nixon, Kendra L. "Domestic violence and child welfare policy, an examination of Alberta's child welfare legislation and the impact on child welfare practice." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ65018.pdf.
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Quattlebaum, Reginald. "Welfare administration is welfare administration a critical analysis of welfare administration during the Governors Richard Thornburgh and Robert Casey periods /." Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 1991. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.
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Thesis (M.P.A.)--Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, 1991.<br>Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2957. Abstract precedes thesis as [3] preliminary leaves. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 75-77).
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Hauser, Harald. "Rethinking the welfare state : towards an alternative to the American welfare state /." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08142009-040446/.
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Paz-Fuchs, Amir. "Conditional welfare : welfare-to-work programmes in Britain and the United States." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.432184.
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Kehrberg, Jason E. "CHANGING AMERICA: THE IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION ON WELFARE ATTITUDES AND WELFARE REFORM." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/polysci_etds/6.
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The purpose of my dissertation is to further our understanding of why some states restricted immigrant access to welfare in the 1990s while other states granted immigrants access to social programs. With the passage of the Personal Responsibility Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), many states diverged from equal access to welfare programs, such as Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), for immigrants arriving after 1996. Very little scholarly work examines the variance in immigrants’ access to welfare programs. Current research studying welfare attitudes and policy has largely failed to investigate whether and how the influx of immigrants over the last three to four decades has decreased public support for welfare programs and resulted in policies that both decrease benefit levels and restrict access to programs based on citizenship. This is a serious shortcoming because immigration since the 1970s represents the largest population shift since the early 20th century, a change that has increased the size of the underclass and transformed the cultural and racial makeup of theUnited States. Accordingly, in my dissertation, I will examine how changes to the American political environment, immigration levels and the increasing number of immigration media stories, trigger authoritarian attitudes that in turn form a breeding ground supporting restrictive welfare programs. The results from the individual-level analysis provide strong evidence that authoritarians prefer less welfare spending, fewer immigrants, and a waiting period before immigrants can access welfare programs. In addition, authoritarians view immigrants as a threat due to their perceived failure to socially conform to American society. Building on these individual-level results, I find that states with large authoritarian populations are more likely to adopt restrictive welfare policies.
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Gigliotti, Katherine M. "Immigration and Welfare: Policy Changes Brought by the 1996 Welfare Reform Law." Thesis, Boston College, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/381.
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Thesis advisor: Timothy Duket<br>The United States of America's official seal is inscribed with the quote “E Pluribus Unum.” Translated from the Latin, this phrase means “From Many, One.” Modern America is in fact one nation, built from many; many cultures, religions, and citizens from many different origins comprise the American polity. America is a nation of immigrants. The first immigrants to this country were fleeing religious persecution. Others have come escaping a life of poverty or political repression. Whatever the reason, immigrants come to America in hope of a better life. Despite America's strong immigrant tradition, the issue of membership in the American polity has been a contentious issue throughout our history. Chinese Exclusion, and the National Origins Quota System are merely two policies implemented with the express purpose of keeping foreigners out of America. Over time, anti-immigrant sentiment in America has been fueled by nativism and the desire to allow economic prosperity to benefit American citizens. While nativism has played an important role in determining American immigration policy, many modern-day arguments for a restrictive immigration policy are based on economic considerations. It is often claimed that immigrants take jobs away from citizens. Economic research has shown that modern-day immigrants tend to be lower skilled and have a lower economic performance than natives. As a result, the presence of a large number of immigrants does create greater job competition and lower wages for citizens in low-paying jobs. The desire to keep jobs available for American citizens has been a primary cause of existing restrictions on immigration<br>Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2003<br>Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: Sociology<br>Discipline: College Honors Program
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Scope, Linda Denise. "Perceptions Among African American Women Welfare Recipients in Advocating for Welfare Reform." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4985.
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The 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act (PRWORA) significantly affected many families by changing public assistance from an entitlement program to a work program for recipients and imposing a 60 month maximum period for receiving assistance. Unanticipated outcomes created deleterious results for many single parents. This multiple case study explored the experiences of four African American single mothers in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States receiving assistance regarding welfare reform, the welfare system and their perceptions of welfare advocacy. Black feminist and empowerment theories framed the study to examine how welfare policy changes affected African American women's families and their abilities to advocate. Data were collected from narrative interviews and artifacts provided by 4 participants and analyzed using thematic content analysis. The key findings demonstrate recipients who had no prior interest in Temporary Assistance to Needy Families advocacy found their voices when invited; offering insights about system challenges and successes as well as strategies for improvement This study will impact social change by informing policymakers, think-tank researchers, community program developers, and public assistance caseworkers for policy discussions regarding PRWORA. Women may also learn strategies for advocacy and organizing from the analysis.
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Nocentini, Silvia <1991>. "Dialogo tra welfare: servizi sociali e welfare islamico. Un’indagine sul territorio genovese." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/10242.
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Questa tesi nasce da un personale percorso formativo universitario condotto nell’ambito dei servizi sociali e dalla volontà di esplorare in modo più approfondito il territorio del Comune di Genova, in particolare la rete cittadina dei luoghi di culto islamici.
La tesi si focalizza dunque sul dialogo passato, presente e futuro, tra un welfare di tipo statale e una tipologia precisa di welfare religioso, entrambi presenti e ben radicati sul territorio genovese.
Nel primo capitolo una panoramica sulla presenza musulmana in Europa, in Italia ed in particolare in Liguria e nel suo capoluogo, tenterà di fornire al lettore una fotografia attuale della popolazione di religione islamica presente all’interno dell’Unione europea e sul territorio nazionale andando al di là del mero dato statistico della presenza ed affrontando il tema della grande eterogeneità (di origini, linguistica, etnica, di affiliazione religiosa, ecc.) che caratterizza questa popolazione.
Nel secondo capitolo dell’elaborato sarà analizzata nel dettaglio la zakat, l’elemosina obbligatoria che rappresenta uno dei pilastri della religione e il fulcro del welfare islamico. Saranno quindi identificati i contribuenti e i beneficiari, verrà delineata la complessità organizzativa del sistema della zakat (sia nei paesi a maggioranza islamica che nei paesi di immigrazione) e saranno definite le motivazioni sociali, economiche e religiose che sottendono ad essa. In ultimo sarà dedicato uno spazio alla realtà associativa islamica di beneficienza che svolge un ruolo centrale nella raccolta delle elemosine e che costella tutto il territorio europeo, un focus particolare sarà rivolto quindi alle islamic charities del Regno Unito.
L’indagine conoscitiva che si pone alla base della tesi verrà sviluppata nel terzo e nel quarto capitolo. Se il terzo capitolo avrà come protagonisti i centri di culto islamici del genovese, per il quarto capitolo i protagonisti saranno i servizi sociali territoriali interessati dalla presenza di luoghi di culto islamici e da una cospicua popolazione di religione islamica al loro interno. Attraverso interviste mirate a fornire una fotografia dello stato attuale nel capoluogo ligure, verranno raccolte, oltre alle esperienze pratiche dei luoghi di culto nei confronti della gestione della zakat, le esperienze di dialogo già messe in atto o la volontà di metterle in atto, la complessità del territorio e della sua popolazione, le difficoltà che i centri islamici e gli ambiti sociali territoriali affrontano, le possibilità future di incontro e di collaborazione tra servizi sociali e istituzioni islamiche del territorio per il benessere collettivo.
In conclusione saranno esplorati i margini di un possibile cambiamento, attraverso le difficoltà, verso un più ampio dialogo tra le parti e le tensioni che i servizi sociali e i luoghi di culto islamici presenti a Genova portano con sé nella direzione di un percorso di comprensione che possa essere co-costruito e che possa essere condiviso da tutta la cittadinanza, tale da renderla più coesa e cooperativa nell’interesse della città e a favore del benessere di chi la abita.
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Farouque, Jameela. "Aboriginal welfare in Australia /." Title page, contents and introduction only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arf237.pdf.
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Kristinsdóttir, Guðrún. "Child welfare and professionalization." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, 1991. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-76756.
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This study deals with the qualities of professionalization of public child welfare. Its relationto general social policy is emphasized. The potentials of welfarism are explored as a part ofthe study of crisis of legitimacy and rationality prevalent in welfare systems.The special situation of child welfare in Iceland with a large variation in local socialservices forms an important background of the work. This is related to sociologicaltheorizing and a position taken turns against viewing professionalization as an accumulatingprocess of power as well as the opposite, the blindness of belief in extensive professionalismas a means for creation of "the good life". The line of "family-state-individual" is traced inrelation to the emergence of social work. Child welfare is found to be imprisoned bytradition, since the idea behind children's placement is not thoroughly explored. The issueof a noted technifying and expansive tendency of professional action in cases of child abuseand custodial disputes is treated. A biased treatment of the family is here called "the childwelfare trap". The search for qualities in what traditionally is identified as "bad parenting" infoster care is suggested to be a potential to transcend central dilemmas of the field.A documentation study of poor relief and the support of mothers in the capital of Iceland,Reykjavik of th e 1930's showed an early coexistence of administrative and client-centeredapproaches. In a survey of records on children's placements in the capital of Icela nd,Reykjavik, it was confirmed that this work in an organization with professional employeeswas predominantly bureaucratic and not child-centered, also other results were similar asfound in Nordic studies. In an interview study of two small towns a passivity was shown toprevail in a laymen dominated child welfare practice at the cost of c hildren's needs, whileschool and day care provided support for families. Three significant achievements emergingin interplay with professionalization of social child care, found valid for the Icelandic çase,are seen as having lead to an increased societal sensitivity to deal with human problems.This has created a new acknowledgement of children's right to well-being despite seriouspractical limitations. Due to coexistent conflicting professional practices, a relative absenceof reg ulation and modernizing of services occurring simultaneously with the revision ofwelfarism, a space of action is presumed to exist for shaping of an outline of new practices.Theoretically opposing views on professionalization act as a kind of negative dialectic, onecentered on reproduction of existing practice, the other by presenting a gloominess of anempty-handed doctrine. The analyses of societal changes and child welfare are seen asfrequently ignoring the search for potentials to hand over power to children, not only bygender-blinaness, but by an age-neutrality which excludes children. The "deepening ofwelfare state crisis" is presumed to constitute a required possibility of a new kind of selfreflectionamong professionals. It is suggested that qualitative aspects of commonlyaccepted societal dichotomies will be challenged by the revision of welfare systems and thatthis creates a potential of a reshaping of pr actices, including the support-control dilemmaof c hild welfare.<br>digitalisering@umu
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Pan, Yi. "Rural welfare in China." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610262.
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Stymne, Susanna. "Measuring sustainable economic welfare." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2000. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/797583/.
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Nyberg, Josefie. "Lifestyle welfare in Sweden." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-32746.
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Durazzo, Felipe Ricardo. "Welfare-improving misreported polls." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12138/tde-11072018-150455/.
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We introduce an electoral pollster in a two-candidate costly voting model to study the incentives that pollsters have regarding the release of poll results. In our model, the pollster has private knowledge about the distribution of citizens\' preferences, but it may report false information to the public. If this happens, we say the pollster is misreporting the poll. An often heard criticism about pollsters is that they might manipulate in order to benefit some candidate. We show that they have incentives to misreport even in the absence of ideological motives. Moreover, misreported polls are welfare-improving relative to truthful polls.<br>Introduz-se um instituto de pesquisa eleitoral em um modelo de voto custoso a fim de estudar quais incentivos os institutos possuem ao divulgarem suas pesquisas. No nosso modelo, o instituto possui informação privada a respeito da distribuição de preferências da sociedade sobre os candidatos, mas pode escolher reportar incorretamente essa informação ao público. Se isso acontece, diremos que o instituto manipulou a pesquisa eleitoral. Uma preocupação comum das pessoas em relação aos institutos de pesquisa é a possibilidade de eles manipularem uma pesquisa eleitoral com o objetivo direto de beneficiar um determinado candidato. Nós mostramos que eles possuem incentivos para manipular a pesquisa mesmo na ausência de motivações partidárias. Ainda, essa manipulação aumenta o bem-estar da sociedade, em comparação com pesquisas verdadeiras.
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Garcia, Emanuel Fernandes. "Animal welfare and performance." Bachelor's thesis, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/1507.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária<br>Oestrus intensity in Swedish dairy cattle – Is there a relationship
with animal-based welfare parameters?
A welfare field study was carried out in a Swedish experimental dairy farm to determine the
presence and relevance of relationships between animal welfare-based parameters and fertility in
heifers and first parity dairy cows with high genetic potential for milk production. The main
hypothesis tested was that strong signalling of oestrus is an indicator of good welfare and that it
is related to low avoidance distance, low lameness score and acceptable pregnancy rate. A field
trial was initiated to validate a commercially automated progesterone measuring instrument
(eProCheck®) designed to ease reproduction management.
The studied sample included 68 females, balanced in terms of breed and category (Swedish Red
or Swedish Holstein; heifer or cow). The animals were included into the study after oestrus
detection and artificial insemination (AI) decision by the personnel at the farm. Oestrus intensity
(OI) was determined in parallel by the personnel (NCV_OI) and by the author (OBS_OI). On
day 0, defined by AI, progesterone relative level was assessed in blood (and milk - cows). On day
7, avoidance distance (at the feeding rack and inside the stable), body condition, lameness and
progesterone level were assessed. On day 20, progesterone level was determined, as well as
pregnancy through trans-rectal ultrasonography. Pregnancy was confirmed with trans-rectal
palpation by day 50.
The NCV_OI and OBS_OI differed, but the last revealed to be higher in heifers than in cows.
The overall pregnancy rate (55%) was acceptable, but heifers had a higher performance than
cows (70% vs. 37%), being higher oestrus intensity, both NCV_OI and OBS_OI, reflected in a
higher pregnancy rate. Standing oestrus (high OBS_OI) had 3.8-fold higher odds of pregnancy,
compared to the detection based on secondary oestrus signs. Though, AIs based on secondary
signs had acceptable pregnancy rates (45 % in low vs. 46 % in medium OI). Strong oestruses
(NCV_OI) had 5.3-fold higher odds of pregnancy than weak and clear ones grouped. Non-lame
had 4.8-fold higher odds of pregnancy than lame animals. Avoidance distance means were short
(<1m), as a reflex of a good human-animal interaction at the farm. Although OBS_OI tended to
correlate negatively with avoidance distance at the feeding rack in primiparous cows, the
relationships between OI and avoidance distances were found inconclusive and statistically nonsignificant.
Results of preliminary eProCheck® trials seem promising regarding early pregnancy
diagnosis, due to high sensitivity with a single test on day 20. Although further testing is required,
it is considered a valuable complement for on-farm reproductive management.
In conclusion, OI and lameness were associated with pregnancy outcome, confirming the
importance of these factors in modern dairy farming, although global animal welfare level was
considered acceptable within the studied parameters. Yet, re-evaluation of the prevention
programme for lameness is needed to address its high prevalence in primiparous cows.<br>RESUMO -
Performance e Bem-estar Animal
Intensidade do cio em bovinos de leite na Suécia – Existem
relações com os parâmetros de bem-estar baseados no animal? -
Foi realizado um estudo de campo numa vacaria experimental de leite na Suécia para determinar a
presença e relevância das relações entre parâmetros de bem-estar com base no animal e fertilidade de
novilhas e vacas primíparas com alto potencial genético para produção de leite. A principal hipótese
testada admite que a sinalização intensa do estro é um bom indicador de bem-estar e que está relacionada
com uma curta distância de fuga, um baixo grau de claudicação e uma taxa de gestação aceitável. Foi
iniciada a validação de um instrumento comercial de medição automatizada de progesterona
(eProCheck®) desenvolvido para facilitar o maneio reprodutivo.
A amostra incluiu 68 fêmeas, sem diferenças significativas na proporção de raças e categorias (Vermelha
Sueca, Holstein Sueca; novilha, vaca). Os animais foram incluídos no estudo após a detecção de cio e
decisão da inseminação artificial (IA) pelo pessoal da vacaria. A intensidade de cio (OI) foi avaliada em
paralelo pelo pessoal (NCV_OI) e pelo autor (OBS_OI). No dia 0, definido pela IA, o nível relativo de
progesterona foi determinado no sangue (e leite–vacas). No dia 7, foram avaliados a distância de fuga (na
manjedoura e dentro do estábulo), condição corporal, grau de claudicação e o nível de progesterona. No
dia 20, o nível de progesterona foi determinado, assim como a gestação através de ultrasonografia transrectal.
A gestação foi confirmada por palpação trans-rectal cerca do dia 50.
Os sistemas de classificação NCV_OI e OBS_OI obtiveram resultados diferentes, tendo o segundo
evidenciado OI mais elevada nas novilhas que nas vacas. A taxa de gestação global (55%) foi aceitável,
tendo as novilhas maior performance que as vacas (70% vs. 37%), pelo que maior OI, em NCV_OI e
OBS_OI, reflectiu-se em maior taxa de gestação. O comportamento de se deixar montar (alta intensidade
de cio) correspondeu a 3.8 vezes maior probabilidade de gestação, em comparação com a detecção
baseada em sinais secundários. No entanto, as IAs com base em sinais secundários, obtiveram taxa de
gestação aceitável (45% baixa vs. 46% média intensidade de cio). Cios intensos (NCV_OI)
corresponderam a 5.3 vezes maior probabilidade de gestação que o conjunto dos cios nítidos e fracos.
Animais não-claudicantes mostraram 4.8 vezes maior probabilidade de gestação do que animais com
claudicação. As distâncias de fuga foram curtas (<1m), como reflexo de uma boa interacção homemanimal
na vacaria. Embora a intensidade de cio tenha tido tendência a correlacionar-se negativamente com
a distância de fuga na manjedoura em vacas primíparas, as relações entre intensidade de cio e as distâncias
de fuga foram consideradas inconclusivas, não sendo estatisticamente significativas. Os resultados dos
ensaios preliminares do eProCheck® parecem promissores quanto ao diagnóstico precoce de gestação,
devido à alta sensibilidade com um único teste ao dia 20. Ainda que seja necessário continuar a testagem,
pode ser uma ferramenta complementar útil no maneio reprodutivo.
Finalmente, a taxa de gestação encontrou-se associada à intensidade de cio e ao grau de claudicação,
confirmando-se a importância destes factores em explorações de alta produção, embora o bem-estar
animal tenha sido considerado aceitável ao nível dos parâmetros estudados. No entanto, é necessária uma
reavaliação do programa de prevenção de claudicação, a fim de reduzir a sua alta prevalência nas vacas
prímiparas.
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Bouacida, Elias. "Choices, Preferences, and Welfare." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01E017.
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Les préférences révélées lient choix, préférences et bien-être lorsque les choix apparaissent cohérents. Le premier chapitre s’intéresse à la force des hypothèses nécessaire pour obtenir des indications précises sur le bien-être quand les choix sont incohérents. Il utilise les données d’expériences en laboratoire et sur le terrain pour évaluer le pouvoir prédictif de deux approches utilisant peu d’hypothèses. Ces approches ont un pouvoir prédictif élevé pour une majorité d’individus, elles fournissent donc des indications précises sur le bien-être. Le pouvoir prédictif de ces approches est fortement corrélé à deux propriétés des préférences révélées. Le deuxième chapitre introduit une méthode pour obtenir l’ensemble des meilleures alternatives d’un individu, en cohérence avec théorie des préférences révélées, mais en contradiction avec les pratiques expérimentales. Les individus sont incités à choisir plusieurs alternatives à l’aide d’un petit paiement additionnel, mais sont rémunérés à la in par une seule, tirée au hasard. Les conditions pour que les meilleures alternatives soient partiellement ou complètement identifiées sont données. Le troisième chapitre applique cette méthode dans une expérience. Les meilleures alternatives sont complètement identifiées pour 18% des sujets et partiellement pour 40%. Les préférences complètes, réflexives et transitives rationalisent 40% des choix observés dans l’expérience. Permettre que les choix dépendant de l’ensemble de choix, tout en conservant les préférences classiques, rationalise 96% des choix observés. Enfin, on observe une quantité significative d’indifférence, bien supérieure à ce qui est obtenu traditionnellement<br>Revealed preferences link choices, preferences, and welfare when choices appear consistent. The first chapter assesses how much structure is necessary to impose on a model to provide precise welfare guidance based on inconsistent choices. We use data sets from the lab and field to evaluate the predictive power of two conservative “model-free” approaches of behavioral welfare analysis. We find that for most individuals, these approaches have high predictive power, which means there is little ambiguity about what should be selected from each choice set. We show that the predictive power of these approaches correlates highly with two properties of revealed preferences. The second chapter introduces a method for eliciting the set of best alternatives of decision makers, in line with the theory on revealed preferences, but at odds with the current practice. We allow decision makers to choose several alternatives, provide an incentive for each alternative chosen, and then randomly select one for payment. We derive the conditions under which we partially or fully identify the set of best alternatives. The third chapter applies the method in an experiment. We fully identify the set of best alternatives for 18% of subjects and partially identify it for another 40%. We show that complete, reflexive, and transitive preferences rationalize 40% of observed choices in the experiment. Going beyond, we show that allowing for menu-dependent choices while keeping classical preferences rationalize 96% of observed choices. Besides, eliciting sets allows us to conclude that indifference is significant in the experiment, and underestimate by the classical method
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Lehnert, Megan Elaine. "Child Welfare-School Interactions." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1249315218.
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Yu, Serena. "Retiree welfare in Australia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/14564.
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This thesis investigates individual retiree welfare in Australia. It is motivated by the question of how the traditional utilitarian framework for individual welfare, dominated by a preference satisfaction account of well-being, can be complemented by developments in the predominantly empirical field of subjective well-being. The hypothesis that utility can be directly proxied by subjective indicators is developed within a theoretical framework and applied to three empirical research questions. The first evaluates the welfare effects of the large, once-off increase in the Age Pension benefit rate in 2009. Taking advantage of a rich longitudinal dataset comprising objective and subjective measures of individual welfare, the research finds significant increases in consumption expenditure, falls in objective and subjective poverty, but no changes in financial and life satisfaction. The second investigates the impact of the global financial crisis on older Australians, and considers three dimensions of the crisis: the wealth shock, the liquidity shock, and the labour market shock. The research finds that there were significant declines in consumption expenditure amongst wealthy retirees, preceded by large falls in financial satisfaction, but no change in life satisfaction. However, the dominant effect amongst older individuals was a significant withdrawal from the labour market. The final research question uses novel econometric methods to better understand life satisfaction responses, and found that life satisfaction – far from being a proxy for material welfare – is driven primarily by health well-being, with financial and social well-being equally but less important. Moreover, significant interaction between health and social well-being was found. The thesis concludes that subjective well-being measures can fruitfully be used in complement to objective measures, but need to be appropriate to the specific research question, with an appreciation of the limitations of the subjective measures.
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Tajzichová, Nikola. "Welfare v chovech skotu." Master's thesis, Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-258187.
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The thesis Welfare of cattle is focused on well-being of the dairy cattle, specifically from the professional expert perspective, representing these days one of the very actual quality of cattle breeding factor. The objective of the thesis was to summarise the newest expert findings in the area of dairy cattle welfare and to find out Czech Republic breeders opinion on the dairy cattle welfare assessment and on the suitability of criteria for such assessment.
Cattle breeding represents one of the main sectors of the animal production, which serves as the primary source of milk, cheese and meat products. The quality of these products is directly dependant on the well-being of the cattle, which is at the same time essentially important for its complex good health condition, both physical and mental. In my thesis,
I have focused on the animal welfare as such, and I analyse it in detail from different perspectives. The thesis also addresses the important evaluation project Welfare Quality, whose methodology could become a foundation for standardization of cattle well-being assessment and its certification by means of passporting products quality and origin. Further, the thesis elaborates on the alternatives of such products welfare passportisation, which could also provide for authentication of products quality and welfare of animals in the studs.
I have used questionnaires for the empirical research, by means of which the dairy cattle breeders were interviewed. The questionnaires were composed of questions pertaining to basic information on concrete breeder and the stud, health condition of the animals, opinion of the breeder on animal welfare and suitable criteria for dairy cattle welfare assessment, and also questions addressing management and production characteristics of the stud. The thesis confirms the necessity of improvement of the awareness and knowledgeability of the breeders about the animals welfare, but also the need of animals life conditions improvement, and consequently the benefits of the introduction of welfare standardization and evaluation by means of all interested parties participation, and possibly also introduction of some form of certification of the quality and origin of the product, with respect to welfare.
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Rashid, Amani. "Essays in Child Welfare." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/23741.
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We empirically explore the effect of attorney representation for foster care youth in abuse and neglect hearings on adoption outcomes. By exploiting temporal variation in the passage of state-level statutes that mandate all foster children have the right to representation, we find that child attorneys not only expedite the adoption process, but also improve upon the stability of these adoption matches. When exploring the determinants of child maltreatment, we exploit variation in the timing of state-level medical marijuana legalization to identify the effect of caretaker marijuana use on reported and substantiated rates of child maltreatment. As medical marijuana laws increase general population marijuana use, we find that treatment leads to significant reductions in the rates of reported and actual perpetration of child physical abuse, with no simultaneous increases in the rates of alternative forms of maltreatment perpetration. We next examine a policy related to alternative child well-being measures. Within a difference-in-differences framework, we consider the effect of antibullying laws (ABLs) on adolescent mental health outcomes. We find that overall, laws with an implementation deadline result in modest reductions in adolescent suicidality and licit drug use. However, when considering the effect of heterogeneity across ABL attributes, we find that more costly procedural components lead to increases in reported suicidalilty and drug use, suggesting the implementation of such components may displace existing mental health resources.
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Lunardelli, Giulia <1991>. "Welfare aziendale:prassi e normativa." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/13534.
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Dopo una breve panoramica relativa al concetto di "welfare" in cui si cerca di dare una definizione del termine e di individuare l'importanza che questo ha avuto nella storia, ci si concentra sul tema cardine dell'elaborato, ovvero il "welfare aziendale". Il concetto di welfare aziendale verrà esaminato sotto diversi aspetti, dalla definizione dello stesso ai vantaggi che questo offre, dai soggetti che possono essere aderirvi, alle politiche utilizzate a riguardo. Successivamente si andrà a vedere la parte normativa, pertanto ci si concentrerà sull'evoluzione giuridica che questa materia ha avuto in Italia, fino ad arrivare a quanto proposto nella legge di stabilità del 2017, passando, ovviamente, per quella del 2016. Da ultimo verrà analizzato un caso pratico, ovvero il modello di welfare aziendale promosso da Luxottica, azienda leader per lo studio di benefits proposti per i propri dipendenti.
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Taylor, Tiffany. "Dirty Jobs: How Welfare-to-Work Caseworkers do the Dirty Work of Welfare." NCSU, 2008. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-06202008-164126/.
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How do caseworkers do the dirty work of welfare reform? I examine this question in a case study of a county welfare office in rural North Carolina. Historically welfare has faced threats to its survival. To survive, welfare to work agencies need to appear effective to tax payers, state and federal politicians, and local communities. Caseworkers do the daily work to make this possible, but to do this work they have to convince themselves first. Caseworkers take the goals and rules given to them by federal, state, and county officials and they embrace and enforce these rules, but only sometimes. Caseworkers routinely bend the rules, but in ways that benefit the county more than the clients. This creates some ideological dilemmas for the caseworkers and to solve these tensions, caseworkers focus their attention on redefining themselves as a helper through a âtough loveâ parenting style. Caseworkers, they say, are trying to teach clients that âthe real world has rulesâ and that there are consequences for not following these rules. Doing this dirty work has negative consequences for both the caseworkers and the clients.
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Vamstad, Johan. "Governing Welfare : The third sector and the challenges to the Swedish Welfare State." Doctoral thesis, Sundsvall : Department of Social Science, Mid Sweden University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-39.
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Sirojudin, Sirojudin. "Toward welfare pluralism : policy and practice of the Islamic welfare effort in Indonesia." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81465.
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This study reviews the policy and practice of Islamic social welfare efforts in Indonesia. Findings from this study suggest that Indonesian Islamic welfare policies are ambivalent. The ambivalent character is due, in part, to the need of the government to maintain the status of Indonesia as a secular state, while at the same time, to accommodate Muslim aspirations to practice Islamic social welfare. Some Islamic welfare organizations have succeeded in combining Islamic social welfare programs with a modern social development perspective that is relevant to large national development programs. Dompet Dhuafa Republika's (DD) experience of collecting Islamic welfare funds and developing social welfare programs reveals significant potentials of Islamic welfare efforts to contribute to statutory social welfare services. These findings have shown that there is a promising prospect for Indonesia to further augment a pluralistic social welfare system.
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Shaffie, Fuziah. "British colonial policy on social welfare in Malaya : child welfare services 1946-1957." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2006. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4113/.
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The purpose of this study is to illustrate the extent to which colonial welfare ideas and practices shaped social welfare in Malaysia, with particular reference to child welfare services. In particular, the study explores the scope in which social welfare services was established and developed by the colonial government, the degree of the colonial government's intervention in child welfare services, and the guidelines used by the colonial officials to resolve child welfare issues during the period of 1946-1957. Midgley's Social Welfare Models considers the role of diffusion of colonial welfare ideas and practices, and the residual conception in the approach to welfare within the context of colonialism. The study has employed archival materials on British colonial administration in Malaya kept in the UK National Archive and the Malaysian National Archive to illuminate Midgley's Social Welfare Model. Interviews with Malaysian ex-welfare officers who had personal experience of working at the Department of Social Work (OSW) during the British colonial period were also carried out. The study indicates that, as a contribution to historical and sociological knowledge, children welfare services in Malaya were first organized for immigrant labourers to ensure a regular and reliable supply of healthy workforce. This denotes that the focus of the colonial government was on the exploitation of Malaya's economy, and social welfare issues were peripheral. This standpoint taken by the British colonial government has indeed conformed to the abovementioned welfare model. The study has also revealed that during the period of 1946-1957, the British made efforts to provide welfare for the people of Malaya with the establishment of DSW in 1946. However, the DSW faced complexity of handling welfare issues, such as children welfare, within a multiethnic society because of the different cultures, values and beliefs that existed. The study also suggests that the needs of Europeans and key workers were the prime concerns of the colonial government for their commercial interests. The study has shown that ideas on welfare from the host country were instituted, although, on some occasions, the government made attempts to adapt these ideas to suit the local circumstances. The study concludes that Malayan welfare policy enacted by the British colonial officials followed British welfare ideas and accepted the role of voluntary bodies in the provision of welfare to children. Thus, the government took a residual approach to welfare in which welfare services were provided for the needy and the government played a minimalist role in welfare provision. Although the colonial government contributed to the development of child welfare services in Malaya during the period of 1946-1957, the implementation of the services did. not follow any specific welfare model and no definite child welfare policy was particularly drawn up for Malaya.
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Behling, Felix. "Welfare beyond the welfare state : the employment relationship in Germany and the UK." Thesis, University of Essex, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.528851.
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Khan, Arshi Rasheed. "Did zakat deliver welfare and justice? : Islamic welfare policy in Pakistan, 1980-1994." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2007. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2578/.
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The thesis evaluates the effectiveness of the official zakat policy in Pakistan in delivering welfare and justice to poorer sections of society over the period 1980-1994. The thesis contrasts the idealistic and theological aspirations of Islamists regarding zakat with the practical outcomes of zakat policy in Pakistan. It also compares zakat policy outcome with the objectives of the government. It is argued that the performance of zakat can be easily manipulated and influenced because it is not only a welfare instrument but also a political tool in the hands of the Islamic state, and thus can be used to advance political ends entirely divorced from the specific welfare goals of zakat. The lack of clarity of Shariah regarding zakat's aspirations for welfare and justice can facilitate this politicisation of the zakat policy. The thesis also argues that the religious nature of zakat does not guarantee automatic compliance with zakat policy, and that if individuals are to internalise the welfare goals of zakat it is necessary for them to have trust in the Islamic state's commitment to these goals. The thesis shows that in Pakistan the Islamic state manipulated zakat policy formation and that there existed a lack of commitment on its part regarding zakat which hampered zakat's effectiveness. This is visible in the shape and the process of zakat policy formulation which demonstrates that the ideals of zakat policy were sacrificed by Zia's Islamic state to gain political patronage and power. This had huge negative implications for the workability and effectiveness of zakat. An analysis of micro-data derived from Household Income and Expenditure Surveys for Pakistan from 1985 to 1994 reveals that zakat failed to exploit the wealth of the rich, with the heaviest incidence being borne by the lowest income groups. Zakat disbursements seemed inadequate and were less than 30% of the poverty line for the respective years. Additionally, there was non-negligible mis-allocation of zakat funds towards higher income households. Zakat achieved some minor alleviation of poverty but its impact was unimpressive regarding reduction in the poverty gap and reduction of the poverty headcount measure. Regarding inequality, the thesis uses the Atkinson-Kohl inequality index and shows that zakat managed to create a positive statistical impact but the improvement was marginal. It seems that most of the time zakat was being taken from the poor and disbursed among them as well.
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Eyre, A. "Religion and welfare : A sociological study of church and state welfare in Liverpool." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234535.
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Root, Kaitlyn. "SITUATIONAL AND GENERATIONAL WELFARE USE: PROGRAM MANAGERS’ IDENTITIES AND WELFARE IMPLEMENTATION IN OHIO." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron15905942786473.
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Kim, Jin Wook. "Welfare mix in Korea 1987-2002 : dynamics of environments, institutions and welfare politics." Thesis, University of Bath, 2004. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.405670.
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Zwergius, V. "The three worlds of welfare and the Greek welfare state : an analysis of the extent to which Esping-Andersen's welfare state classification model can be used to classify the Greek welfare state." Thesis, Swansea University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.636738.
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This thesis is about comparative social policy. In particular it assesses the capacity of Esping-Andersen's (1995) typology to accommodate the Greek welfare state. The study has four main aims: to make public as comprehensive an account of the Greek welfare state as possible; to establish, based on empirical evidence. If Esping-Andersen's typology can be used to classify and define the Greek welfare state; to publish a working definition of the Greek welfare state based on my research findings and to consider the pre-requisite for the successful inclusion of complex welfare states like Greece in future attempts at classification models. The study adduces original data gathered by the use of qualitative research methods. To place Esping-Andersen's typology in its context the following concepts are analyzed in the study: the welfare state; the difficulties connected to finding one comprehensive definition of <I>a welfare state </I>doing justice to the diversity found among welfare studies; and finally how such difficulties have led to the use of the welfare state typology as a means to classify, compare and define welfare states. Following this exposition Esping-Andersen's model is analyzed and the reasons why it is important to test the extent to which it can be used to define the Greek welfare state explored. The study proceeds to provide a detailed account of both the formal and informal workings of the Greek welfare state which enables the application of the model to Greece. This leads to a discussion of the nature and definition of the Greek welfare state which includes an analysis of the application of Esping-Andersen's model as well as other typological efforts to define Greece. The study concludes with a definition of the Greek welfare state which draws attention to institutions that must be part of future typological effort to include Greece.
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Chartrand, Sébastien. "Work in voluntary welfare organizations : A sociological study of voluntary welfare organizations in Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-165.
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Since Sweden has one of the most comprehensive welfare states, the role of voluntary organizations active in the field of welfare is often neglected. The unique Swedish nonprofit sector is characterized by 1) the tradition of popular mass movements in which members are central and the real owners of the organization, 2) large membership and volunteering, but low employment levels, 3) dominance in the fields of culture and recreation, but the relative marginalization in welfare. This Ph.D. dissertation empirically studies work and the perception of work in voluntary welfare organizations (VWOs) in Sweden. I completed a series of 38 interviews of employees and volunteers in four VWOs: 1) a children’s rights organization; 2) a women’s center; 3) a volunteer bureau; and 4) a humanitarian organization. A quantitative survey of some 200 VWOs supplements the qualitative data. Looking at the internal work setting and interactions between workers one realizes that work in VWOs is influenced not only by the popular mass movements (folkrörelser), which are the foundation model of all Swedish voluntary organizations, but also by paradigms emerging out of the public and for-profit sectors: 1) the public paradigm permanently shapes voluntary welfare organizations through the action of paid workers who often have public sector work experience; and 2) work in voluntary organizations is partly integrated into the regular labor market, and interfaces emerge between volunteering and professional life (for-profit paradigm). The private sphere also interferes with volunteering. Finally, this sheds a new light on the claims of VWOs that they are autonomous, “free” entities, and their contribution to social integration and strengthening of social ties.
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Cheng, Wan-Juo. "Redefining independence voices of single mothers on welfare about motherhood, marriage, and welfare policy /." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.
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Yew, Suet-yi Mary, and 姚雪儀. "The practice of permanency planning for child welfare cases in the Social Welfare Department." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31978770.
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McEwen, Nicola. "State welfare nationalism : the territorial impact of welfare state development in Scotland and Quebec." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390745.
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Richmond, Susan Emily. "Assessing the welfare of extensively managed sheep : an evaluation of animal-based welfare indicators." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28677.
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The increased public interest in the welfare of animals used in food production has led to the emergence of welfare assessment schemes for a range of livestock species. There are currently over 100 million sheep in the EU which are primarily bred for milk, meat and wool production and the majority of these animals are managed extensively. The general perception of sheep in extensive systems living “natural lives” with few welfare compromises, along with the practical challenges of adequately assessing their welfare, has caused them to be largely ignored in comparison to other species. It was only relatively recently that the lack of animalbased welfare assessments for extensively kept small ruminants was recognised. Thus, the aim of this project was to evaluate potential animal-based welfare indicators for use during on-farm welfare assessments of extensively managed sheep. The current project used the Welfare Quality® 4 principles and 12 criteria as a foundation for selecting indicators for the assessment of extensively managed sheep. Following a comprehensive review of the scientific literature and a meeting attended by experts from across the EU, 16 indicators were selected for evaluation. Each principle and criteria were covered by at least one of these 16 indicators ensuring the main aspects of sheep welfare were addressed. The indicators selected for investigation could either be applied without handling or gathering the animals during an 'Assessment in the Field', or during a more thorough hands-on 'Assessment at Gather'. The reliability, feasibility and validity of some indicators (e.g. body condition scoring) are already established. However for others (e.g. Qualitative Behavioural Assessment approach), at least one of these criteria required further investigation before the indicator could be accepted. The reliability of selected measures was evaluated by assessing their repeatability and inter-observer agreement. Face validity was assumed for the indicators selected during the expert meeting, and further cross validation was performed when appropriate using additional information collected on the animal’s physical health status. During the Assessments at Gather blood samples were collected for the assessment of metabolic profiles, and faecal samples provided gastro-intestinal parasite counts. The Assessments at Gather were performed on the same 100-135 Scottish Blackface ewes across a two year period (2011-2013) on a Scottish hill farm. The Assessments at Gather occurred five times a year coinciding with key points in the ewes’ reproductive cycle: pre-mating, mid-pregnancy, late pregnancy, mid lactation and weaning. During the assessments data were collected on the ewe’s body condition, coat cleanliness, faecal soiling score, respiratory conditions, anaemia, lameness and udder condition (udders assessed during lactation only). Current stage in the reproductive cycle and seasonality were found to have significant impacts upon the long-term reliability of the following measures: body condition score, tooth loss, nasal discharge and anaemia scores (P < 0.001) with variation both within, and between years. On commercial farms older and less productive ewes tend to be removed from the flock once a year prior to mating. Of the indicators applied to the ewes during the Assessments at Gathers, tooth loss and body condition score were the best predictors for the ewe’s exclusion from the flock, predicting the future removal of a ewe from the flock 12 months in advance of the shepherd’s decision. For the Assessments in the Field, indicators which did not necessitate close contact were required. A whole-animal method (Qualitative Behavioural Assessment (QBA) was therefore particularly useful as it can be performed with minimal disturbance. Rather than quantitatively scoring the behaviour patterns of an animal the assessor focusses on how the animal interacts with their environment. This information is translated in to qualitative descriptors such as “calm” or “agitated”. Good interobserver reliability was found when three observers assessed 49 individual ewes on two occasions (W=0.77, P < 0.001). When QBA was applied 13 times to 50 individual ewes over a six-month time period (spanning late pregnancy to post-weaning) four meaningful Principal Components were identified; the first two accounted for more than half of the explained variation between sheep. The two main components were ‘General Mood’ (PC1), describing the overall affective state of the ewe, and ‘Arousal’ (PC2) reflecting energy levels. General Mood scores significantly increased in the post-lambing period compared to pre-lambing observations, and significantly increased again post-weaning (P < 0.001). Ewes were significantly experiencing significantly higher Arousal in post-lambing and post-weaning conditions compared to pre-lambing (P < 0.001), but there was no difference between post-lambing and post-weaning. During the Assessments in the Field data were also collected on: the ewe’s response to human approach, a surprise test, the ewe’s social group size, group demographics and behavioural synchrony. Ewes with lower mood scores tended to have larger distances between them and other ewes (P=0.023). The distance to which a human could approach before the ewe fled was significantly related to Arousal (P=0.05), as ewes in a higher energy state fled from the approaching human sooner than those who were in lower Arousal states. Ewes in social groups with higher numbers of ewe and lamb vocalisations tended to have lower General Mood scores (P=0.014), and lower Arousal scores (P < 0.001) than those in smaller groups. Indicators which met the conditions of feasibility, reliability and validity (for example, those reported above) proved to be suitable for use when assessing the welfare of extensively managed sheep. The effect of time on the reliability of the indicators applied during the assessments have important implications for understanding temporary fluctuations in the animal’s welfare caused by either internal (reproductive state) or external (environmental) factors. These fluctuations may not be representative of a farm’s overall welfare levels in the long term and therefore further careful consideration of the most appropriate time to apply the selected indicators is required.
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Lund, Francie, and Fiona Wakelin. "Welfare as a catalyst for development: A case study of a rural welfare programme." Centre for Community Organisation, Research & Development, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/65905.
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One of CORD's activities is the welfare programme, which started four years ago. It has two features which make it particularly interesting. First, it has introduced a level of welfare into rural areas which has not been there before. Second, it is based on a broad, developmental and holistic approach to welfare — which is what most people agree is needed, but very few actually manage to do. Welfare projects are often well meaning but small in scale, without the ability to help people out of the poverty in which they are trapped. We believe that this welfare programme acts as a catalyst for other development activities — it shows that welfare can be a wedge, a point of entry, for broader community development. It is one model for a more appropriate welfare system for the future. Compared to health, there is very little written material about alternative welfare provision. There have been fewer attempts at model building than there have been in health. And it is possible that some small projects have not been written up for others to learn from. A key aspect of innovative work in the social service and development fields is the training of new kinds of workers. This is almost always based on a recognition that existing professionals (for example, doctors, social workers, irrigation engineers, physiotherapists) •are expensive to train • are difficult to move from city-bases, and • are not necessarily good communicators with the people they are meant to serve. The South African government and the South African Council for Social Work (the body that finally controls professional social welfare) have agreed that there is a need for a new category of welfare worker — an assistant or auxiliary. The rules surrounding their training and supervision are such that, although it is a step in the right direction, it does not go nearly far enough. For example, every two assistants must be supervised by one social worker. In most rural areas there are no social workers, so there can be no assistants. When new categories of workers are trained, they often meet with strong resistance from two sides — existing professionals, and people in communities. In the welfare field, the strongest resistance will probably come from the professionals. We think that this welfare programme shows how the work of the professionals can mesh together with the work of people with less formal training, so that they can help each other to deliver better services to more people. The welfare context The welfare programme needs to be set against the context of existing welfare services in South Africa. The South African welfare system is inappropriate and inadequate — this is recognised by people in government, people working in the private welfare sector, and is certainly recognised at community level. The problems that are very evident are: • welfare spending and social services have been biased in favour of white provision • the system has not been properly planned • there is a heavy bias in favour of urban areas, and a serious neglect of rural welfare • where social work posts do exist in rural areas, they are difficult to fill. • the privatisation of welfare which is being encouraged by government (along with the privatisation of health, education, transport and other social goods) will mean that the well-off people will be able to buy better private services, but poorer people will have less access to even poorer public services. There is an emerging consensus across the country that if the welfare system is to have a contribution to make to the 'new South Africa' it will have to become: • more developmentally oriented • more appropriate to the conditions in which the majority of people live • more concerned with the welfare of the very poor, especially in rural areas • more accessible to people who need the services, and particularly by women and children. These principles are accepted internationally as guidelines for the provision of social services such as heath, welfare and education. In the field of primary health care in South Africa, we have many examples of model schemes which have tried to learn how to provide appropriate, affordable, accessible health services. Many of these have been written about; some indeed are known internationally. All these case studies are vital to the development of better health services in future. In most rural areas, and in the majority of peri-urban informal settlements, we are not talking of a situation where services could be improved by adding more professionals — we have a situation where there is virtually no access to welfare services at all. The interview that follows is presented as a case study of an innovative welfare programme.
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Wilson, Bernice B. Jr. "Welfare Reform: Employers' Perceptions of Factors Associated with Virginia's Initiative for Employment Not Welfare." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30423.
Full textAbstract:
Welfare reform has been an issue in America for many years. The need to make positive changes to the welfare system escalated to the point that federal legislation was passed in 1996. This legislation mandated that each state establish welfare-to-work programs and require that welfare recipients begin to work or face loss of benefits after two years. Virginia responded to this mandate through its Virginia Initiative for Employment Not Welfare (VIEW), which requires welfare recipients to seek work opportunities.
The purpose of this study was to examine employers' perceptions of factors contributing to their participation in VIEW and factors they felt affected welfare recipients' entry into the workforce. The theoretical framework of this study is based on two theories of organizational change: are the innovations and diffusion of innovations models. Interviews were conducted with twelve people who were in decision making roles in businesses that participated in VIEW. The following research questions were used to guide this study:
1. What factors encourage employers to participate in Virginia's Initiative for Employment Not Welfare (VIEW)?
Interviews with employers were recorded, transcribed, and coded using the Nud.ist qualitative research software program.
Twelve factors were identified: mass media, social services agencies, the Virginia Employment Commission (VEC), other information sources, employability skills, qualifications, work experience, education and training, child care, lack of funds for transportation and appropriate clothing, welfare policies, and a support system or monitoring plan. The first four factors affected employers' decisions to be a part of VIEW; the others were factors they felt affected workforce entry.
This study confirms portions of the review of literature relative to research regarding factors that affect the entry of welfare recipients into the workforce. Two major conclusions emerged from the findings: the majority of employers interviewed suggested that welfare policies and child care significantly affected the employment of welfare recipients.
Further study is needed to determine what changes are needed in welfare policies and preparation for those entering the workforce. Research should involve both welfare recipients, employers, social services personnel, and job training providers.<br>Ph. D.
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Rönndahl, Caroline. "The path to welfare - A qualitative study of welfare and social work in Uganda." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-24588.
Full textAbstract:
Uganda är ett av världens fattigaste länder i dag. Med en kraftigt utbredd fattigdom som försvåras av att landet har en bristande demokrati, vilket har lett till utbredd korruption i landet. Vilkoren för att skapa social välfärd och att bedriva socialt arbete är begränsat. Jag har i detta arbete valt att undersöka hur ett antal personer i Uganda med socialt arbete som specialitet, hur de ser på social välfärd i Uganda. Vilka hinder finns och hur ska man kunna bygga upp social välfärd som inkluderar hela befolkningen, var några av frågorna jag ställde mig. Mitt empiriska material består av sex stycken intervjuer av personer i Uganda som har anknytning till socialt arbete. Jag valde att använda mig av en kvalitativ intervjumetod för att på det viset få en djupare inblick i mina informanters svar på mina frågeställningar. För att underbygga min studie har jag också använt mig av teoretiskt material i form av forskning kring social utveckling och social välfärd. Min studie visar på att definitionerna av välfärd tillhör de mer grundläggande basbehoven. Vilkoren och hinderna för att bygga upp social välfärd kantas av korruption, ojämn resursfördelning likväl som tribalism. Trots misstron mot regeringen visar min studie att regeringen faktiskt borde stå för den sociala välfärden men med ett lokalt samarbete mellan befolkningen och regeringen för att på det viset tillgodose befolkningens behov.<br>Uganda is one of the world`s poorest countries today. With widespread poverty that has been worsen by the absence of democracy and the presence of widespread corruption. The conditions to create a social welfare system and to carry out social work are limited. I have chosen in this paper to find out how a number of people in Uganda who are specialised in social work view social work in Uganda. What obstacle are present and how social welfare, which includes the hole population in Uganda can be achieved are some of the questions are intended to answer. My empirical materials consist of six interviews of persons with connection to social work. I chose a qualitative method of interview because in this way I will get a deeper insight into my informers answer of the questions asked. To support my study I have also used some theoretical materials in the form of research done on social development and social welfare. My study shows that the definitions of welfare are about the most basic needs. The conditions to put in place a social welfare system are being punctuated by corruptions, unequal distribution of the countries recourses and by tribalism. Despite the distrust of government, my study shows that the government should in fact be responsible for the implementation of social welfare but with the collaboration of the local population. In that respect, the government will see to everyone’s need.
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Yew, Suet-yi Mary. "The practice of permanency planning for child welfare cases in the Social Welfare Department." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20130958.
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