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Journal articles on the topic 'Well permitting'
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1
Peplinski, William J., Jesse Roberts, Geoff Klise, Sharon Kramer, Zach Barr, Anna West, and Craig Jones. "Marine Energy Environmental Permitting and Compliance Costs." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 4, 2021): 4719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164719.
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Costs to permit Marine Energy projects are poorly understood. In this paper we examine environmental compliance and permitting costs for 19 projects in the U.S., covering the last 2 decades. Guided discussions were conducted with developers over a 3-year period to obtain historical and ongoing project cost data relative to environmental studies (e.g., baseline or pre-project site characterization as well as post-installation effects monitoring), stakeholder outreach, and mitigation, as well as qualitative experience of the permitting process. Data are organized in categories of technology type, permitted capacity, pre- and post-installation, geographic location, and funding types. We also compare our findings with earlier logic models created for the Department of Energy (i.e., Reference Models). Environmental studies most commonly performed were for Fish and Fisheries, Noise, Marine Habitat/Benthic Studies and Marine Mammals. Studies for tidal projects were more expensive than those performed for wave projects and the range of reported project costs tended to be wider than ranges predicted by logic models. For eight projects reporting full project costs, from project start to FERC or USACE permit, the average amount for environmental permitting compliance was 14.6%.
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Voskresenskaya, Elena, Lybov Vorona-Slivinskaya, Yury Kazakov, and Anton Zernov. "Administrative permitting activities in town planning." E3S Web of Conferences 157 (2020): 04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015704008.
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The article is focused on current issues concerning administrative permitting activities, which are the part of administrative activity as a whole. The field of town planning involves the interests of both business entities and people living in a particular territory. Economic development demands the effective regulation in order to attract investment in the construction sector, while people’s interest calls for fulfilling the principle of sustainable development of a territory. Thus, the administrative statutory regulation must on the one hand imply diminishing administrative burdens in order to provide the transparency and promptness of passing regulative procedures, and on the other hand be sufficient for ensuring the safety and appropriateness of development of a territory. Construction is one of vital and the most complicated sectors of the economy that is primarily aimed at providing people with residential property. To erect a residential building one needs high-quality communication lines, transport and social infrastructure. Construction of industrial parks, maintenance of existing industrial areas and transport infrastructure facilities and creation of new ones, providing people living in dilapidated dwellings with new residential space, housing resource renewal – these are the first key tasks for the authorities today. The circumstances mentioned above entail the demand for efficient administrative control over town planning sector. In this regard, the scientific comprehension of the term “administrative permitting activities” can raise the level of understanding all management processes running on the economy system, as well as the issues of exercising the powers conferred to executive public bodies acting in the related field.
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Gallo, Burkely T., Adam J. Clark, and Scott R. Dembek. "Forecasting Tornadoes Using Convection-Permitting Ensembles." Weather and Forecasting 31, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 273–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-15-0134.1.
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Abstract Hourly maximum fields of simulated storm diagnostics from experimental versions of convection-permitting models (CPMs) provide valuable information regarding severe weather potential. While past studies have focused on predicting any type of severe weather, this study uses a CPM-based Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model ensemble initialized daily at the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) to derive tornado probabilities using a combination of simulated storm diagnostics and environmental parameters. Daily probabilistic tornado forecasts are developed from the NSSL-WRF ensemble using updraft helicity (UH) as a tornado proxy. The UH fields are combined with simulated environmental fields such as lifted condensation level (LCL) height, most unstable and surface-based CAPE (MUCAPE and SBCAPE, respectively), and multifield severe weather parameters such as the significant tornado parameter (STP). Varying thresholds of 2–5-km updraft helicity were tested with differing values of σ in the Gaussian smoother that was used to derive forecast probabilities, as well as different environmental information, with the aim of maximizing both forecast skill and reliability. The addition of environmental information improved the reliability and the critical success index (CSI) while slightly degrading the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve across all UH thresholds and σ values. The probabilities accurately reflected the location of tornado reports, and three case studies demonstrate value to forecasters. Based on initial tests, four sets of tornado probabilities were chosen for evaluation by participants in the 2015 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Hazardous Weather Testbed Spring Forecasting Experiment from 4 May to 5 June 2015. Participants found the probabilities useful and noted an overforecasting tendency.
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Lee, Mei-Man, A. J. George Nurser, I. Stevens, and Jean-Baptiste Sallée. "Subduction over the Southern Indian Ocean in a High-Resolution Atmosphere–Ocean Coupled Model." Journal of Climate 24, no. 15 (August 1, 2011): 3830–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli3888.1.
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Abstract This study examines the subduction of the Subantarctic Mode Water in the Indian Ocean in an ocean–atmosphere coupled model in which the ocean component is eddy permitting. The purpose is to assess how sensitive the simulated mode water is to the horizontal resolution in the ocean by comparing with a coarse-resolution ocean coupled model. Subduction of water mass is principally set by the depth of the winter mixed layer. It is found that the path of the Agulhas Current system in the model with an eddy-permitting ocean is different from that with a coarse-resolution ocean. This results in a greater surface heat loss over the Agulhas Return Current and a deeper winter mixed layer downstream in the eddy-permitting ocean coupled model. The winter mixed layer depth in the eddy-permitting ocean compares well to the observations, whereas the winter mixed layer depth in the coarse-resolution ocean coupled model is too shallow and has the wrong spatial structure. To quantify the impacts of different winter mixed depths on the subduction, a way to diagnose local subduction is proposed that includes eddy subduction. It shows that the subduction in the eddy-permitting model is closer to the observations in terms of the magnitudes and the locations. Eddies in the eddy-permitting ocean are found to 1) increase stratification and thus oppose the densification by northward Ekman flow and 2) increase subduction locally. These effects of eddies are not well reproduced by the eddy parameterization in the coarse-resolution ocean coupled model.
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Vitvitskyi, Sergiy, and Andriy Zakharchenko. "LEGAL PROVISION OF CONTROL FOR COMPLIANCE WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE PERMITTING SYSTEM OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS." Ukrainian polyceistics: theory, legislation, practice 2, no. 2 (2021): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32366/2709-9261-2021-2-2-75-86.
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The article analyzes the state of legal support for compliance with the requirements of the permitting system of the Internal Affairs. The focus is on the problematic issues that arise in the activities of the National Police in exercising such control. According to the results of the study, in order to improve the legal support of control over the observance of the requirements of the permitting system of the Internal Affairs bodies, it is proposed: 1) introduction of an approach that will provide for the authorized bodies (units) of the National Police to conduct scheduled and unscheduled inspections of compliance with the permitting system (including the establishment of an exhaustive list of grounds for unscheduled inspections), as well as detailed regulation of preparatory actions of these bodies (units) conducting such inspections; 2) consolidation of the powers of the police to apply such a measure to respond to violations of the rules at the facilities of the permitting system, as the suspension of the operation of the facility until the identified violations are eliminated; 3) specification of the provisions of the legislation regarding the range of persons in whose presence the inspections of compliance with the requirements of the permitting system are to be carried out, including employees of enterprises, institutions, organizations, natural persons-entrepreneurs responsible for acquisition (storage, transportation) of items, materials and substances covered by the permitting system; 4) determination of the procedure for seizure by the police of weapons, other items and materials covered by the permitting system, in case of detection of violations threatening public safety at the objects of the permitting system; 5) establishment of rules aimed at coordinating the activities of the National Police and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine in monitoring compliance by business entities with the permitting system and compliance with licensing conditions for relevant economic activities in order to prevent these bodies from carrying out state control measures the same issues.
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Romine, Glen S., Craig S. Schwartz, Chris Snyder, Jeff L. Anderson, and Morris L. Weisman. "Model Bias in a Continuously Cycled Assimilation System and Its Influence on Convection-Permitting Forecasts." Monthly Weather Review 141, no. 4 (April 1, 2013): 1263–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-12-00112.1.
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Abstract During the spring 2011 season, a real-time continuously cycled ensemble data assimilation system using the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) coupled with the Data Assimilation Research Testbed toolkit provided initial and boundary conditions for deterministic convection-permitting forecasts, also using WRF, over the eastern two-thirds of the conterminous United States (CONUS). In this study the authors evaluate the mesoscale assimilation system and the convection-permitting forecasts, at 15- and 3-km grid spacing, respectively. Experiments employing different physics options within the continuously cycled ensemble data assimilation system are shown to lead to differences in the mean mesoscale analysis characteristics. Convection-permitting forecasts with a fixed model configuration are initialized from these physics-varied analyses, as well as control runs from 0.5° Global Forecast System (GFS) analysis. Systematic bias in the analysis background influences the analysis fit to observations, and when this analysis initializes convection-permitting forecasts, the forecast skill is degraded as bias in the analysis background increases. Moreover, differences in mean error characteristics associated with each physical parameterization suite lead to unique errors of spatial, temporal, and intensity aspects of convection-permitting rainfall forecasts. Observation bias by platform type is also shown to impact the analysis quality.
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Snively, Darren V., and William A. Gallus. "Prediction of Convective Morphology in Near-Cloud-Permitting WRF Model Simulations." Weather and Forecasting 29, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 130–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-13-00047.1.
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Abstract The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model’s ability to forecast convective morphological evolution is examined for 37 convective systems. The simulations used Thompson microphysics with 3-km horizontal grid spacing. Ten convective mode classifications were used. An objective score was developed to determine the accuracy of the simulated morphologies considering a normalized duration of each mode simulated and its agreement with observations. Rapid Update Cycle analyses were used to compare larger-scale preinitiation conditions to simulated morphology accuracy, as well as to examine how the WRF model’s skill at predicting these larger-scale conditions influenced its prediction of morphology. Two case studies selected as representative of the most common simulated morphology deficiencies were examined in detail. The model simulated cellular systems relatively well but struggled more with linear systems, particularly bow echoes and squall lines having trailing stratiform rain regions. Morphological evolution was generally better simulated in environments with enhanced deep-layer shear and cooler potential temperatures at the level of maximum θe. Weaker deep-layer shear, cooler potential temperatures at the surface, and quickly warming potential temperatures with height increased the likelihood of timing errors. The first case study showed that a warmer cold pool, much larger line-normal shear, and excessive midlevel drying were present in the model run that failed to develop a trailing stratiform region. The second case study showed that weak shear and the absence of a well-developed cold pool may have played a role in the lack of bowing.
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Schellander-Gorgas, Theresa, Yong Wang, Florian Meier, Florian Weidle, Christoph Wittmann, and Alexander Kann. "On the forecast skill of a convection-permitting ensemble." Geoscientific Model Development 10, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-35-2017.
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Abstract. The 2.5 km convection-permitting (CP) ensemble AROME-EPS (Applications of Research to Operations at Mesoscale – Ensemble Prediction System) is evaluated by comparison with the regional 11 km ensemble ALADIN-LAEF (Aire Limitée Adaption dynamique Développement InterNational – Limited Area Ensemble Forecasting) to show whether a benefit is provided by a CP EPS. The evaluation focuses on the abilities of the ensembles to quantitatively predict precipitation during a 3-month convective summer period over areas consisting of mountains and lowlands. The statistical verification uses surface observations and 1 km × 1 km precipitation analyses, and the verification scores involve state-of-the-art statistical measures for deterministic and probabilistic forecasts as well as novel spatial verification methods. The results show that the convection-permitting ensemble with higher-resolution AROME-EPS outperforms its mesoscale counterpart ALADIN-LAEF for precipitation forecasts. The positive impact is larger for the mountainous areas than for the lowlands. In particular, the diurnal precipitation cycle is improved in AROME-EPS, which leads to a significant improvement of scores at the concerned times of day (up to approximately one-third of the scored verification measure). Moreover, there are advantages for higher precipitation thresholds at small spatial scales, which are due to the improved simulation of the spatial structure of precipitation.
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Brisson, Erwan, Kwinten Van Weverberg, Matthias Demuzere, Annemarie Devis, Sajjad Saeed, Martin Stengel, and Nicole P. M. van Lipzig. "How well can a convection-permitting climate model reproduce decadal statistics of precipitation, temperature and cloud characteristics?" Climate Dynamics 47, no. 9-10 (February 10, 2016): 3043–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3012-z.
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Romine, Glen S., Craig S. Schwartz, Judith Berner, Kathryn R. Fossell, Chris Snyder, Jeff L. Anderson, and Morris L. Weisman. "Representing Forecast Error in a Convection-Permitting Ensemble System." Monthly Weather Review 142, no. 12 (December 1, 2014): 4519–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-14-00100.1.
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Abstract Ensembles provide an opportunity to greatly improve short-term prediction of local weather hazards, yet generating reliable predictions remain a significant challenge. In particular, convection-permitting ensemble forecast systems (CPEFSs) have persistent problems with underdispersion. Representing initial and or lateral boundary condition uncertainty along with forecast model error provides a foundation for building a more dependable CPEFS, but the best practice for ensemble system design is not well established. Several configurations of CPEFSs are examined where ensemble forecasts are nested within a larger domain, drawing initial conditions from a downscaled, continuously cycled, ensemble data assimilation system that provides state-dependent initial condition uncertainty. The control ensemble forecast, with initial condition uncertainty only, is skillful but underdispersive. To improve the reliability of the ensemble forecasts, the control ensemble is supplemented with 1) perturbed lateral boundary conditions; or, model error representation using either 2) stochastic kinetic energy backscatter or 3) stochastically perturbed parameterization tendencies. Forecasts are evaluated against stage IV accumulated precipitation analyses and radiosonde observations. Perturbed ensemble forecasts are also compared to the control forecast to assess the relative impact from adding forecast perturbations. For precipitation forecasts, all perturbation approaches improve ensemble reliability relative to the control CPEFS. Deterministic ensemble member forecast skill, verified against radiosonde observations, decreases when forecast perturbations are added, while ensemble mean forecasts remain similarly skillful to the control.
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van Baardwijk, Frans A. N. "Preventing Accidental Spills: Risk Analysis and the Discharge Permitting Process." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 3 (February 1, 1994): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0097.
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The contribution of accidental discharges to the total emission of contaminating substances in surface waters is relatively increasing, as regular discharges are reduced. In The Netherlands a program has been started to develop a quantitative risk analysis method to be used within the discharge permitting process. The methodology takes into account the type of activities and related accident scenarios in terms of failure frequencies and source sizes, correction factors according to specific circumstances, as well as the nature of the receiving system (types of surface waters, but also public sewage water treatment plants). The methodology will provide an indication of the risk reduction needed in terms of reducing the frequency and/or the volume of possible spills. The method itself, the use of it within the legal framework and the relation with the EC-Directives are discussed.
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Stephan, Claudia Christine, Cornelia Strube, Daniel Klocke, Manfred Ern, Lars Hoffmann, Peter Preusse, and Hauke Schmidt. "Intercomparison of Gravity Waves in Global Convection-Permitting Models." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 76, no. 9 (August 21, 2019): 2739–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-19-0040.1.
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AbstractLarge uncertainties remain with respect to the representation of atmospheric gravity waves (GWs) in general circulation models (GCMs) with coarse grids. Insufficient parameterizations result from a lack of observational constraints on the parameters used in GW parameterizations as well as from physical inconsistencies between parameterizations and reality. For instance, parameterizations make oversimplifying assumptions about the generation and propagation of GWs. Increasing computational capabilities now allow GCMs to run at grid spacings that are sufficiently fine to resolve a major fraction of the GW spectrum. This study presents the first intercomparison of resolved GW pseudomomentum fluxes (GWMFs) in global convection-permitting simulations and those derived from satellite observations. Six simulations of three different GCMs are analyzed over the period of one month of August to assess the sensitivity of GWMF to model formulation and horizontal grid spacing. The simulations reproduce detailed observed features of the global GWMF distribution, which can be attributed to realistic GWs from convection, orography, and storm tracks. Yet the GWMF magnitudes differ substantially between simulations. Differences in the strength of convection may help explain differences in the GWMF between simulations of the same model in the summer low latitudes where convection is the primary source. Across models, there is no evidence for a systematic change with resolution. Instead, GWMF is strongly affected by model formulation. The results imply that validating the realism of simulated GWs across the entire resolved spectrum will remain a difficult challenge not least because of a lack of appropriate observational data.
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Wootten, A., J. H. Bowden, R. Boyles, and A. Terando. "The Sensitivity of WRF Downscaled Precipitation in Puerto Rico to Cumulus Parameterization and Interior Grid Nudging." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 55, no. 10 (October 2016): 2263–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-16-0121.1.
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AbstractThe sensitivity of the precipitation over Puerto Rico that is simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is evaluated using multiple combinations of cumulus parameterization (CP) schemes and interior grid nudging. The NCEP–DOE AMIP-II reanalysis (R-2) is downscaled to 2-km horizontal grid spacing both with convective-permitting simulations (CP active only in the middle and outer domains) and with CP schemes active in all domains. The results generally show lower simulated precipitation amounts than are observed, regardless of WRF configuration, but activating the CP schemes in the inner domain improves the annual cycle, intensity, and placement of rainfall relative to the convective-permitting simulations. Furthermore, the use of interior-grid-nudging techniques in the outer domains improves the placement and intensity of rainfall in the inner domain. Incorporating a CP scheme at convective-permitting scales (<4 km) and grid nudging at non-convective-permitting scales (>4 km) improves the island average correlation of precipitation by 0.05–0.2 and reduces the island average RMSE by up to 40 mm on average over relying on the explicit microphysics at convective-permitting scales with grid nudging. Projected changes in summer precipitation between 2040–42 and 1985–87 using WRF to downscale CCSM4 range from a 2.6-mm average increase to an 81.9-mm average decrease, depending on the choice of CP scheme. The differences are only associated with differences between WRF configurations, which indicates the importance of CP scheme for projected precipitation change as well as historical accuracy.
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Ballarotta, M., L. Brodeau, J. Brandefelt, P. Lundberg, and K. Döös. "A Last Glacial Maximum world-ocean simulation at eddy-permitting resolution – Part 1: Experimental design and basic evaluation." Climate of the Past Discussions 9, no. 1 (January 18, 2013): 297–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-9-297-2013.
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Abstract. Most state-of-the-art climate models include a coarsely resolved oceanic component, which has difficulties in capturing detailed dynamics, and therefore eddy-permitting/eddy-resolving simulations have been developed to reproduce the observed World Ocean. In this study, an eddy-permitting numerical experiment is conducted to simulate the global ocean state for a period of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ~ 26 500 to 19 000 yr ago) and to investigate the improvements due to taking into account these higher spatial scales. The ocean general circulation model is forced by a 49-yr sample of LGM atmospheric fields constructed from a quasi-equilibrated climate-model simulation. The initial state and the bottom boundary condition conform to the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP) recommendations. Before evaluating the model efficiency in representing the paleo-proxy reconstruction of the surface state, the LGM experiment is in this first part of the investigation, compared with a present-day eddy-permitting hindcast simulation as well as with the available PMIP results. It is shown that the LGM eddy-permitting simulation is consistent with the quasi-equilibrated climate-model simulation, but large discrepancies are found with the PMIP model analyses, probably due to the different equilibration states. The strongest meridional gradients of the sea-surface temperature are located near 40° N and S, this due to particularly large North-Atlantic and Southern-Ocean sea-ice covers. These also modify the locations of the convection sites (where deep-water forms) and most of the LGM Conveyor Belt circulation consequently takes place in a thinner layer than today. Despite some discrepancies with other LGM simulations, a glacial state is captured and the eddy-permitting simulation undertaken here yielded a useful set of data for comparisons with paleo-proxy reconstructions.
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Schwitalla, Thomas, Hans-Stefan Bauer, Kirsten Warrach-Sagi, Thomas Bönisch, and Volker Wulfmeyer. "Turbulence-permitting air pollution simulation for the Stuttgart metropolitan area." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 6 (March 24, 2021): 4575–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4575-2021.
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Abstract. Air pollution is one of the major challenges in urban areas. It can have a major impact on human health and society and is currently a subject of several litigations in European courts. Information on the level of air pollution is based on near-surface measurements, which are often irregularly distributed along the main traffic roads and provide almost no information about the residential areas and office districts in the cities. To further enhance the process understanding and give scientific support to decision makers, we developed a prototype for an air quality forecasting system (AQFS) within the EU demonstration project “Open Forecast”. For AQFS, the Weather Research and Forecasting model together with its coupled chemistry component (WRF-Chem) is applied for the Stuttgart metropolitan area in Germany. Three model domains from 1.25 km down to a turbulence-permitting resolution of 50 m were used, and a single-layer urban canopy model was active in all domains. As a demonstration case study, 21 January 2019 was selected, which was a heavily polluted day with observed PM10 concentrations exceeding 50 µg m−3. Our results show that the model is able to reasonably simulate the diurnal cycle of surface fluxes and 2 m temperatures as well as evolution of the stable and shallow boundary layer typically occurring in wintertime in Stuttgart. The simulated fields of particulates with a diameter of less than 10 µm (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) allow a clear statement about the most heavily polluted areas apart from the irregularly distributed measurement sites. Together with information about the vertical distribution of PM10 and NO2 from the model, AQFS will serve as a valuable tool for air quality forecasting and has the potential of being applied to other cities around the world.
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Alhazov, Artiom, Rudolf Freund, Sergiu Ivanov, and Marion Oswald. "Relations between Control Mechanisms for Sequential Grammars1." Fundamenta Informaticae 181, no. 2-3 (August 4, 2021): 239–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-2021-2058.
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We extend and refine previous results within the general framework for regulated rewriting based on the applicability of rules in sequential grammars [3]. Besides the well-known control mechanisms as control graphs, matrices, permitting and forbidden rules, partial order on rules, and priority relations on rules we also consider the new variant of activation and blocking of rules as investigated in [1, 2, 4]. Moreover, we exhibit special results for strings and multisets as well as for arrays in the general variant defined on Cayley grids of finitely presented groups. Especially we prove that array grammars defined on Cayley grids of finitely presented groups using #-context-free array productions together with control mechanisms as control graphs, matrices, permitting and forbidden rules, partial order on rules, priority relations on rules, or activation and blocking of rules have the same computational power as such array grammars using arbitrary array productions.
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Purr, Christopher, Erwan Brisson, and Bodo Ahrens. "Convective Shower Characteristics Simulated with the Convection-Permitting Climate Model COSMO-CLM." Atmosphere 10, no. 12 (December 13, 2019): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10120810.
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This paper evaluates convective precipitation as simulated by the convection-permitting climate model (CPM) Consortium for Small-Scale Modeling in climate mode (COSMO-CLM) (with 2.8 km grid-spacing) over Germany in the period 2001–2015. Characteristics of simulated convective precipitation objects like lifetime, area, mean intensity, and total precipitation are compared to characteristics observed by weather radar. For this purpose, a tracking algorithm was applied to simulated and observed precipitation with 5-min temporal resolution. The total amount of convective precipitation is well simulated, with a small overestimation of 2%. However, the simulation underestimates convective activity, represented by the number of convective objects, by 33%. This underestimation is especially pronounced in the lowlands of Northern Germany, whereas the simulation matches observations well in the mountainous areas of Southern Germany. The underestimation of activity is compensated by an overestimation of the simulated lifetime of convective objects. The observed mean intensity, maximum intensity, and area of precipitation objects increase with their lifetime showing the spectrum of convective storms ranging from short-living single-cell storms to long-living organized convection like supercells or squall lines. The CPM is capable of reproducing the lifetime dependence of these characteristics but shows a weaker increase in mean intensity with lifetime resulting in an especially pronounced underestimation (up to 25%) of mean precipitation intensity of long-living, extreme events. This limitation of the CPM is not identifiable by classical evaluation techniques using rain gauges. The simulation can reproduce the general increase of the highest percentiles of cell area, total precipitation, and mean intensity with temperature but fails to reproduce the increase of lifetime. The scaling rates of mean intensity and total precipitation resemble observed rates only in parts of the temperature range. The results suggest that the evaluation of coarse-grained (e.g., hourly) precipitation fields is insufficient for revealing challenges in convection-permitting simulations.
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Rappard, E., S. Lancrenon, L. Chaine, and L. Von Benedek. "Presentation of a method of evaluating clinical criteria permitting recommendation of psychoanalytic treatment." European Psychiatry 9, no. 6 (1994): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0924933800002273.
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SummaryThe method of evaluation we describe attempts to establish the criteria applied by clinicians when recommending psychoanalytical psychotherapy or psychoanalysis. A questionnaire was constructed and a study of inter-rater agreement using this research tool was carried out. The results of inter-rater agreement as well as the variations concerning each rater are discussed. Continuation of this study will provide the opportunity to examine the validity of general principles underlying the psychoanalysts’ perceptions of their patients.
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Gutmann, Ethan D., Roy M. Rasmussen, Changhai Liu, Kyoko Ikeda, Cindy L. Bruyere, James M. Done, Luca Garrè, Peter Friis-Hansen, and Vidyunmala Veldore. "Changes in Hurricanes from a 13-Yr Convection-Permitting Pseudo–Global Warming Simulation." Journal of Climate 31, no. 9 (April 6, 2018): 3643–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0391.1.
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Abstract Tropical cyclones have enormous costs to society through both loss of life and damage to infrastructure. There is good reason to believe that such storms will change in the future as a result of changes in the global climate system and that such changes may have important socioeconomic implications. Here a high-resolution regional climate modeling experiment is presented using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model to investigate possible changes in tropical cyclones. These simulations were performed for the period 2001–13 using the ERA-Interim product for the boundary conditions, thus enabling a direct comparison between modeled and observed cyclone characteristics. The WRF simulation reproduced 30 of the 32 named storms that entered the model domain during this period. The model simulates the tropical cyclone tracks, storm radii, and translation speeds well, but the maximum wind speeds simulated were less than observed and the minimum central pressures were too large. This experiment is then repeated after imposing a future climate signal by adding changes in temperature, humidity, pressure, and wind speeds derived from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). In the current climate, 22 tracks were well simulated with little changes in future track locations. These simulations produced tropical cyclones with faster maximum winds, slower storm translation speeds, lower central pressures, and higher precipitation rates. Importantly, while these signals were statistically significant averaged across all 22 storms studied, changes varied substantially between individual storms. This illustrates the importance of using a large ensemble of storms to understand mean changes.
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Hagos, Samson, Zhe Feng, Sally McFarlane, and L. Ruby Leung. "Environment and the Lifetime of Tropical Deep Convection in a Cloud-Permitting Regional Model Simulation." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 70, no. 8 (August 1, 2013): 2409–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-12-0260.1.
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Abstract By applying a cloud-tracking algorithm to tropical convective systems in a regional high-resolution model simulation, this study documents the environmental conditions before and after convective systems are initiated over ocean and land by following them during their lifetime. The comparative roles of various mechanisms of convection–environment interaction on the longevity of convective systems are quantified. The statistics of lifetime, maximum area, and propagation speed of the simulated deep convection agree well with geostationary satellite observations. Among the environmental variables considered, lifetime of convective systems is found to be most related to midtropospheric moisture before as well as after the initiation of convection. Over ocean, convective systems enhance surface fluxes through the associated cooling and drying of the boundary layer as well as increased wind gusts. This process appears to play a minor positive role in the longevity of systems. For systems of equal lifetime, those over land tend to be more intense than those over ocean especially during the early stages of their life cycle. Both over ocean and land, convection is found to transport momentum vertically to increase low-level shear and decrease upper-level shear, but no discernible effect of shear on the lifetime of the convective systems is found.
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Langhans, Wolfgang, Juerg Schmidli, and Christoph Schär. "Mesoscale Impacts of Explicit Numerical Diffusion in a Convection-Permitting Model." Monthly Weather Review 140, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 226–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011mwr3650.1.
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Abstract In convection-permitting simulations, the spectrum of resolved motions is truncated near scales where convection is active. An “energy gap” between resolved and unresolved motions does not exist, such that the upscale and downscale fluxes of energy across the spectrum are affected by the representation of turbulence as well as (implicit and explicit) numerical diffusion. In the current study, a systematic analysis is undertaken of the role of explicit numerical diffusion in simulations of diurnal convection over a large Alpine region, using the Consortium for Small Scale Modeling (COSMO) mesoscale model. Results are explored by using energy spectra and by diagnosing the physical and dynamical contributions to the bulk mesoscale heat budget. In addition, a linear analytical model is employed to assess different formulations of numerical diffusion. Consistent with previous studies the authors find that diffusion may strongly affect the energy spectrum and the formation of precipitation. Besides the direct impact on convective intensity and cloud distribution, they demonstrate that diffusion has an upscale influence and ultimately affects the mesoscale dynamics. Diffusion reduces the bulk Alpine net heating on a scale of O(100 km). It is hypothesized that this upscale influence is primarily due to the following factor: multiple triggering of orographic convection over a complex mountain range leads to mountain-scale diurnal signals in vertical velocity that are sensitive even to scale-selective diffusion. The simulations show that, in agreement with linear stability theory of convective growth, convective amplification is most sensitive to numerical diffusion of buoyancy and horizontal momentum components on near-surface model levels. If horizontal diffusion is not accomplished by a physically based parameterization and if the application of noise-reducing (e.g., monotonic) advection schemes proves to be insufficient to obviate the amplification of numerical noise, a necessary minimum of explicit diffusion is found to improve (i.e., decrease) the upscaling of energy to the mesoscale.
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Kortenaar, Neil ten. "Bharati Mukherjee’s Jasmine." Cambridge Journal of Postcolonial Literary Inquiry 3, no. 3 (September 2016): 379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pli.2016.26.
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Bharati Mukherjee’s novel Jasmine works well in the multicultural North American classroom because it can inspire playful, mutually contradictory, inherently unstable readings. The novel must not be thought of as inviting one particular reading but as permitting student readers to find the potential for play in categories of identity that implicate them deeply.
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Lauritzen, Peter Hjort. "A Stability Analysis of Finite-Volume Advection Schemes Permitting Long Time Steps." Monthly Weather Review 135, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 2658–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr3425.1.
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Abstract Finite-volume schemes developed in the meteorological community that permit long time steps are considered. These include Eulerian flux-form schemes as well as fully two-dimensional and cascade cell-integrated semi-Lagrangian (CISL) schemes. A one- and two-dimensional Von Neumann stability analysis of these finite-volume advection schemes is given. Contrary to previous analysis, no simplifications in terms of reducing the formal order of the schemes, which makes the analysis mathematically less complex, have been applied. An interscheme comparison of both dissipation and dispersion properties is given. The main finding is that the dissipation and dispersion properties of Eulerian flux-form schemes are sensitive to the choice of inner and outer operators applied in the scheme that can lead to increased numerical damping for large Courant numbers. This spurious dependence on the integer value of the Courant number disappears if the inner and outer operators are identical, in which case, under the assumptions used in the stability analysis, the Eulerian flux-form scheme becomes identical to the cascade scheme. To explain these properties a conceptual interpretation of the flux-based Eulerian schemes is provided. Of the two CISL schemes, the cascade scheme has superior stability properties.
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Wurman, Joshua, Karen Kosiba, and Paul Robinson. "In Situ, Doppler Radar, and Video Observations of the Interior Structure of a Tornado and the Wind–Damage Relationship." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 94, no. 6 (June 1, 2013): 835–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-12-00114.1.
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Direct observations of the winds inside a tornado were obtained with an instrumented armored vehicle, the Tornado Intercept Vehicle (TIV), and integrated with finescale mobile Doppler radar (Doppler on Wheels) data revealing, for the first time, the structure of the near-ground three-dimensional wind field in and around the core region of a strong tornado, and permitting comparison with conceptual models. Inward and upward spiraling near-surface flow, upward motion near the surface, and an axial downdraft aloft are documented, as well as a periodic oscillation in tornado intensity. Simultaneous video documentation of damage occurring during the tornado is related to the direct wind observations, permitting the first comparisons of the time history of damage to the time history of directly measured winds and a limited evaluation of the underlying assumptions and quantitative relationships in the enhanced Fujita (EF) scale.
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Rasp, Stephan, Tobias Selz, and George C. Craig. "Convective and Slantwise Trajectory Ascent in Convection-Permitting Simulations of Midlatitude Cyclones." Monthly Weather Review 144, no. 10 (October 2016): 3961–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-16-0112.1.
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Air parcel ascent in midlatitude cyclones driven by latent heat release has been investigated using convection-permitting simulations together with an online trajectory calculation scheme. Three cyclones were simulated to represent different ascent regimes: one continental summer case, which developed strong convection organized along a cold front; one marine winter case representing a slantwise ascending warm conveyor belt; and one autumn case, which contains both ascent types as well as mesoscale convective systems. Distributions of ascent times differ significantly in mean and shape between the convective summertime case and the synoptic wintertime case, with the mean ascent time being one order of magnitude larger for the latter. For the autumn case the distribution is a superposition of both ascent types, which could be separated spatially and temporally in the simulation. In the slowly ascending airstreams a significant portion of the parcels still experienced short phases of convective ascent. These are linked to line convection in the boundary layer for the wintertime case and an elevated conditionally unstable layer in the autumn case. Potential vorticity (PV) modification during ascent has also been investigated. Despite the different ascent characteristics it was found that net PV change between inflow and outflow levels is very close to zero in all cases. The spread of individual PV values, however, is increased after the ascent. This effect is more pronounced for convective trajectories.
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Zinni, Edward V. "Subsurface fault detection using seismic data for hazardous‐waste‐injection well permitting: An example from St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana." GEOPHYSICS 60, no. 2 (March 1995): 468–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443784.
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The Covington aquifer is used as a major source of drinking water for east St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana. A recent subsurface geologic study in Herbert and Hanson (1991) suggested that the Covington aquifer might communicate hydrologically with two hazardous‐waste‐injection reservoirs, thus putting the fresh‐water Covington aquifer in danger of contamination. A case history shows how seismic‐reflection and electric well‐log data were used to determine the possibility of hydrologic communication between the Covington aquifer and the hazardous‐waste‐injection reservoirs. Cross‐sections, net‐sand isopachs, and structure maps are constructed for three hazardous‐waste‐injection reservoirs and the Covington aquifer. Four previously undetected normal faults bisect the three injection reservoirs and the Covington aquifer. The presence of these faults significantly increases the possibility of communication by acting as conduits and allowing vertical migration of fluids along the fault planes, or by causing juxtaposition of sand against sand and allowing leakage to occur across the fault planes. In addition, the upper injection reservoir is part of a fluvial system that occasionally scours down into the Covington aquifer, depositing sand from the injection reservoir interval directly on the Covington aquifer sand. Because of this stratigraphic contact, the injection reservoir is possibly in hydrologic communication with the Covington aquifer. The injection of liquid‐hazardous‐waste into these reservoirs could jeopardize not only the water quality of the Covington aquifer, but possibly the quality of other shallow freshwater aquifers, should vertical migration occur along the fault planes. Without the use of seismic data, the risk of contaminating underground sources of drinking water would not have been properly assessed.
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Paasch, Robert, Kelley Ruehl, Justin Hovland, and Stephen Meicke. "Wave energy: a Pacific perspective." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 370, no. 1959 (January 28, 2012): 481–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0225.
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This paper illustrates the status of wave energy development in Pacific rim countries by characterizing the available resource and introducing the region's current and potential future leaders in wave energy converter development. It also describes the existing licensing and permitting process as well as potential environmental concerns. Capabilities of Pacific Ocean testing facilities are described in addition to the region's vision of the future of wave energy.
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Yang, Zhiyuan, Pei-Xue Gong, Wei Han, Junjie Chen, Jie Zhang, and Xu Gong. "Ligand-Free Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Suzuki Couplings of Vinyl Iodides with Arylboronic Acids under Substoichiometric Base Conditions." Synlett 32, no. 12 (May 18, 2021): 1207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1511-0435.
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AbstractA ligand-free palladium-catalyzed carbonylation of vinyl iodides with arylboronic acids, permitting the synthesis of chalcones and α-branched enones, has been established. This reaction proceeds smoothly at ambient pressure and temperature, and works well even with a substoichiometric amount of base. Importantly, this mild, efficient, and operationally simple protocol is suitable for the late-stage functionalization of an epiandrosterone-derived complex molecule.
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Chan, Steven C., Elizabeth J. Kendon, Nigel Roberts, Stephen Blenkinsop, and Hayley J. Fowler. "Large-Scale Predictors for Extreme Hourly Precipitation Events in Convection-Permitting Climate Simulations." Journal of Climate 31, no. 6 (March 2018): 2115–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0404.1.
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Midlatitude extreme precipitation events are caused by well-understood meteorological drivers, such as vertical instability and low pressure systems. In principle, dynamical weather and climate models behave in the same way, although perhaps with the sensitivities to the drivers varying between models. Unlike parameterized convection models (PCMs), convection-permitting models (CPMs) are able to realistically capture subdaily extreme precipitation. CPMs are computationally expensive; being able to diagnose the occurrence of subdaily extreme precipitation from large-scale drivers, with sufficient skill, would allow effective targeting of CPM downscaling simulations. Here the regression relationships are quantified between the occurrence of extreme hourly precipitation events and vertical stability and circulation predictors in southern United Kingdom 1.5-km CPM and 12-km PCM present- and future-climate simulations. Overall, the large-scale predictors demonstrate skill in predicting the occurrence of extreme hourly events in both the 1.5- and 12-km simulations. For the present-climate simulations, extreme occurrences in the 12-km model are less sensitive to vertical stability than in the 1.5-km model, consistent with understanding the limitations of cumulus parameterization. In the future-climate simulations, the regression relationship is more similar between the two models, which may be understood from changes to the large-scale circulation patterns and land surface climate. Overall, regression analysis offers a promising avenue for targeting CPM simulations. The authors also outline which events would be missed by adopting such a targeted approach.
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Zhang, Xubin. "Multiscale Characteristics of Different-Source Perturbations and Their Interactions for Convection-Permitting Ensemble Forecasting during SCMREX." Monthly Weather Review 147, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 291–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-18-0218.1.
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Abstract The multiscale characteristics of initial conditions (ICs), model physics (MO), and lateral boundary conditions (LBCs) perturbations, as well as their interactions, are investigated for an experimental convection-permitting ensemble prediction system used in southern China, with a focus on 32 12-h forecasts collected over a half-month period of the Southern China Monsoon Rainfall Experiment (SCMREX) in May 2014. Forecast perturbations differed from each other in terms of magnitude, evolution, and vertical distribution between components at different scales. The meso-β-scale MO perturbations show faster growth and saturation, as well as larger magnitude than the meso-α-scale ones, especially in the presence of moist convection. For IC perturbations, damping was present for nonprecipitation variables, while rapid growth and saturation occurred for precipitation. Adding LBCs perturbations to IC or MO perturbations caused linear impacts, which caused consistent, although small, perturbation increments. Nonlinear impacts of adding MO perturbations to IC perturbations were evident and were intrinsic to the predictability limits of IC and MO perturbations, which were closely related to moist dynamics. These nonlinear impacts had the most significant effects on meso-β-scale precipitation perturbations and can effectively improve precipitation prediction. These results highlight the importance of developing multiscale and multisource perturbation methods that reasonably include the interactions among different-scale perturbations from different sources, especially the nonlinear impacts of adding MO perturbations to IC perturbations.
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Dan, Jingyu, Yanhong Gao, and Meng Zhang. "Detecting and Attributing Evapotranspiration Deviations Using Dynamical Downscaling and Convection-Permitting Modeling over the Tibetan Plateau." Water 13, no. 15 (July 30, 2021): 2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13152096.
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Terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) exerts considerable impacts on the local climate and the water cycle. However, the high-altitude, mountainous areas over the TP pose a challenge for field observations. To finely capture its ET characteristics, we employed dynamical downscaling modeling (DDM) with a 28 km resolution and convection-permitting modeling (CPM) with a 4 km resolution in a normal climatology year, 2014. The benchmark data were the surface energy balance–based global land ET dataset (EB). Other compared data included the Global Land-Surface Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) and two reanalysis datasets: ERA-Interim and ERA5. Results showed that EB exhibits a gradient from the southeastern to northwestern TP, which is in line with the precipitation pattern. GLDAS generally reproduces the annual mean magnitude and pattern but poorly represents the seasonal variations. DDM and CPM perform well in the monsoon season but underestimate ET in the non-monsoon season. The two reanalysis datasets greatly overestimate the ET in the monsoon season, but ERA-Interim performs well in the non-monsoon season. All five datasets underestimate the ET over tundra and snow/ice areas, both in the annual and seasonal means. ET deviations are dominated by precipitation deviations in the monsoon season and by surface net radiation deviations in the non-monsoon season.
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Agrawal, Suchi, and Stephanie R. Morain. "Who calls the shots? The ethics of adolescentself-consent for HPV vaccination." Journal of Medical Ethics 44, no. 8 (February 24, 2018): 531–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2017-104694.
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While the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is medically indicated to reduce the risk of genital warts and certain types of cancer, rates of HPV vaccination repeatedly fall short of public health goals. Individual-level factors contributing to low vaccination rates are well documented. However, system-level barriers, particularly the need for parental consent, have been less explored. To date, there is no legal or ethical consensus in the USA regarding whether adolescents might permissibly self-consent to the HPV vaccine. Consequently, there is considerable variability in medical practice at the provider and state level. In this essay, we explore the ethical acceptability of vaccinating adolescents for HPV without parental consent. We argue that the same ethical considerations that justify permitting minors to consent to treatment for sexual and reproductive health care—namely, public health benefit and adolescents’ developing autonomy—similarly justify permitting minors to consent to HPV vaccination. Based on this analysis, we conclude that allowing adolescents to self-consent to the HPV vaccine is ethically justifiable and should be reflected in US state policies.
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Maslen, E. H., C. K. Sortore, G. T. Gillies, R. D. Williams, S. J. Fedigan, and R. J. Aimone. "Fault Tolerant Magnetic Bearings." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 121, no. 3 (July 1, 1999): 504–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2818501.
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A fault tolerant magnetic bearing system was developed and demonstrated on a large flexible-rotor test rig. The bearing system comprises a high speed, fault tolerant digital controller, three high capacity radial magnetic bearings, one thrust bearing, conventional variable reluctance position sensors, and an array of commercial switching amplifiers. Controller fault tolerance is achieved through a very high speed voting mechanism which implements triple modular redundancy with a powered spare CPU, thereby permitting failure of up to three CPU modules without system failure. Amplifier/cabling/coil fault tolerance is achieved by using a separate power amplifier for each bearing coil and permitting amplifier reconfiguration by the controller upon detection of faults. This allows hot replacement of failed amplifiers without any system degradation and without providing any excess amplifier kVA capacity over the nominal system requirement. Implemented on a large (2440 mm in length) flexible rotor, the system shows excellent rejection of faults including the failure of three CPUs as well as failure of two adjacent amplifiers (or cabling) controlling an entire stator quadrant.
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Ekpar, Frank Edughom. "Arbitrary Dimensional Data." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 1 (January 15, 2020): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.1.1703.
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It is a well-known fact that numerous issues in many fields of human endeavor including, but not limited to, science and engineering, medicine, law enforcement and security, economics and finance, governance, psychology, philosophy, religion, and many other fields require the management of arbitrary dimensional data. However, systems permitting direct and efficient management of arbitrary dimensional data currently do not exist. In fact, contemporary systems such as graphical user interfaces for the management of data typically lack even the very concept of arbitrary dimensionality – failing to provide any practical way or means of managing arbitrary dimensional data. Here, we establish the foundational principles for a system permitting practical, direct and efficient management of arbitrary dimensional data. Furthermore, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our system by applying it to an experiment involving eight-dimensional (8D) medical and scientific data sets. Our system has immediate, far-reaching implications for numerous fields of human endeavor – enabling hitherto impossible solutions and applications and leading to deeper insights and improved understanding of numerous issues.
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Hutter, Nils, and Martin Losch. "Feature-based comparison of sea ice deformation in lead-permitting sea ice simulations." Cryosphere 14, no. 1 (January 16, 2020): 93–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-93-2020.
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Abstract. The sea ice modeling community is progressing towards pan-Arctic simulations that explicitly resolve leads in the simulated sea ice cover. Evaluating these simulations against observations poses new challenges. A new feature-based evaluation of simulated deformation fields is introduced, and the results are compared to a scaling analysis of sea ice deformation. Leads and pressure ridges – here combined into linear kinematic features (LKFs) – are detected and tracked automatically from deformation and drift data. LKFs in two pan-Arctic sea ice simulations with a horizontal grid spacing of 2 km are compared with an LKF dataset derived from the RADARSAT Geophysical Processor System (RGPS). One simulation uses a five-class ice thickness distribution (ITD). The simulated sea ice deformation follows a multi-fractal spatial and temporal scaling, as observed from RGPS. The heavy-tailed distribution of LKF lengths and the scale invariance of LKF curvature, which points to the self-similar nature of sea ice deformation fields, are reproduced by the model. Interannual and seasonal variations in the number of LKFs, LKF densities, and LKF orientations in the ITD simulation are found to be consistent with RGPS observations. The lifetimes and growth rates follow a distribution with an exponential tail. The model overestimates the intersection angle of LKFs, which is attributed to the model's viscous-plastic rheology with an elliptical yield curve. In conclusion, the new feature-based analysis of LKF statistics is found to be useful for a comprehensive evaluation of simulated deformation features, which is required before the simulated features can be used with confidence in the context of climate studies. As such, it complements the commonly used scaling analysis and provides new useful information for comparing deformation statistics. The ITD simulation is shown to reproduce LKFs sufficiently well for it to be used for studying the effect of directly resolved leads in climate simulations. The feature-based analysis of LKFs also identifies specific model deficits that may be addressed by specific parameterizations, for example, a damage parameter, a grounding scheme, and a Mohr–Coulombic yield curve.
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Short, Chris J., and Jon Petch. "How Well Can the Met Office Unified Model Forecast Tropical Cyclones in the Western North Pacific?" Weather and Forecasting 33, no. 1 (January 25, 2018): 185–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-17-0069.1.
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Abstract Convection-permitting numerical weather prediction models are a key tool for forecasting tropical cyclone (TC) intensities, intensity changes, and precipitation. The Met Office has been routinely running a regional (4.4-km grid spacing), explicit convection version of its Unified Model (UM) over the Philippines since August 2014, driven by its operational global model. The principal aim of this study is to assess the performance of this model relative to the driving global model. By evaluating over a year’s worth of operational TC forecasts, it is shown that the Philippines regional model offers clear benefits for TC forecasting compared with the Met Office global model. In particular, it provides much improved predictions for the intensities of strong storms (category 3 and above) and can successfully capture some rapid intensification (RI) events, whereas the global model cannot predict RI at all. The spatial location of rainfall within intense TCs is also more skillfully predicted by the regional model, and the statistical distribution of rain rates is closer to that observed. Although the regional model adds value, notable biases are also identified, highlighting areas for future work to develop and improve the model.
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Meredith, Edmund P., Henning W. Rust, and Uwe Ulbrich. "A classification algorithm for selective dynamical downscaling of precipitation extremes." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 8 (August 7, 2018): 4183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4183-2018.
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Abstract. High-resolution climate data O(1 km) at the catchment scale can be of great value to both hydrological modellers and end users, in particular for the study of extreme precipitation. While dynamical downscaling with convection-permitting models is a valuable approach for producing quality high-resolution O(1 km) data, its added value can often not be realized due to the prohibitive computational expense. Here we present a novel and flexible classification algorithm for discriminating between days with an elevated potential for extreme precipitation over a catchment and days without, so that dynamical downscaling to convection-permitting resolution can be selectively performed on high-risk days only, drastically reducing total computational expense compared to continuous simulations; the classification method can be applied to climate model data or reanalyses. Using observed precipitation and the corresponding synoptic-scale circulation patterns from reanalysis, characteristic extremal circulation patterns are identified for the catchment via a clustering algorithm. These extremal patterns serve as references against which days can be classified as potentially extreme, subject to additional tests of relevant meteorological predictors in the vicinity of the catchment. Applying the classification algorithm to reanalysis, the set of potential extreme days (PEDs) contains well below 10 % of all days, though it includes essentially all extreme days; applying the algorithm to reanalysis-driven regional climate simulations over Europe (12 km resolution) shows similar performance, and the subsequently dynamically downscaled simulations (2 km resolution) well reproduce the observed precipitation statistics of the PEDs from the training period. Additional tests on continuous 12 km resolution historical and future (RCP8.5) climate simulations, downscaled in 2 km resolution time slices, show the algorithm again reducing the number of days to simulate by over 90 % and performing consistently across climate regimes. The downscaling framework we propose represents a computationally inexpensive means of producing high-resolution climate data, focused on extreme precipitation, at the catchment scale, while still retaining the advantages of convection-permitting dynamical downscaling.
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Bickel, Horst. "The Hierarchic Dementia Scale: Usage." International Psychogeriatrics 8, no. 2 (June 1996): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610296002591.
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The reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change of the Hierarchic Dementia Scale (HDS) were tested in two cross-sectional studies and one longitudinal study. Results prove the HDS to be a simple-to-conduct method, economical in terms of time, and possessing high reliability and high concurrent and criterion-related validity. The HDS appears capable of use at all stages of dementia and capable of permitting studies of the course well into the advanced stages of the illness.
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BELESSI, C. I. A., Y. LE MARC, S. I. MERKOURI, A. S. GOUNADAKI, S. SCHVARTZMAN, K. JORDAN, E. H. DROSINOS, and P. N. SKANDAMIS. "Adaptive Growth Responses of Listeria monocytogenes to Acid and Osmotic Shifts above and across the Growth Boundaries." Journal of Food Protection 74, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-117.
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The effect of acid and osmotic shifts on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes was evaluated at 10°C. Two types of shifts were tested: (i) within the range of pH and water activity (aw) levels that allow growth of L. monocytogenes and (ii) after habituation at no-growth conditions back to growth-permitting conditions. A L. monocytogenes cheese isolate, with high survival capacity during cheesemaking, was inoculated (102 CFU/ml) in tryptic soy broth supplemented with 0.6% yeast extract at six pH levels (5.1 to 7.2; adjusted with lactic acid) and 0.5% NaCl (aw 0.995), or four aw levels (0.995 to 0.93, adjusted with 0.5 to 10.5% NaCl) at pH 7.2 and grown to early stationary phase. L. monocytogenes was then shifted (at 102 CFU/ml) to each of the aforementioned growth-permitting pH and aw levels and incubated at 10°C. Shifts from no-growth to growth-permitting conditions were carried out by transferring L. monocytogenes habituated at pH 4.9 or aw 0.90 (12.5% NaCl) for 1, 5, and 10 days to all pH and aw levels permitting growth. Reducing aw or pH at different levels in the range of 0.995 to 0.93 and 7.2 to 5.1, respectively, decreased the maximum specific growth rate of L. monocytogenes. The lag time of the organism increased with all osmotic downshifts, as well as by the reduction of pH to 5.1. Conversely, any type of shift within pH 5.5 to 7.2 did not markedly affect the lag times of L. monocytogenes. The longer the cells were incubated at no-growth aw (0.90), the faster they initiated growth subsequently, suggesting adaptation to osmotic stress. Conversely, extended habituation at pH 4.9 had the opposite effect on subsequent growth of L. monocytogenes, possibly due to cell injury. These results suggest that there is an adaptation or injury rate induced at conditions inhibiting the growth of the pathogen. Thus, quantifying adaptation phenomena under growth-limiting environments, such as in fermented dairy and meat products or products preserved in brine, is essential for reliable growth simulations of L monocytogenes during transportation and storage of foods.
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Dougherty, Erin, and Kristen L. Rasmussen. "Changes in Future Flash Flood–Producing Storms in the United States." Journal of Hydrometeorology 21, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 2221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-20-0014.1.
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AbstractFlash floods are high-impact events that can result in massive destruction, such as the May 2010 flash floods in the south-central United States that resulted in over $2 billion of damage. While floods in the current climate are already destructive, future flood risk is projected to increase based on work using global climate models. However, global climate models struggle to resolve precipitation structure, intensity, and duration, which motivated the use of convection-permitting climate models that more accurately depict these precipitation processes on a regional scale due to explicit representation of convection. These high-resolution convection-permitting simulations have been used to examine future changes to rainfall, but not explicitly floods. This study aims to fill this gap by examining future changes to rainfall characteristics and runoff in flash flood–producing storms over the United States using convection-permitting models under a pseudo–global warming framework. Flash flood accumulated rainfall increases on average by 21% over the United States in a future climate. Storm-generated runoff increases by 50% on average, suggesting increased runoff efficiency in future flash flood–producing storms. In addition to changes in nonmeteorological factors, which were not explored in this study, increased future runoff is possible due to the 7.5% K−1 increase in future hourly maximum rain rates. Though this median change in rain rates is consistent with Clausius–Clapeyron theory, some storms exhibit increased future rain rates well above this, likely associated with storm dynamics. Overall, results suggest that U.S. cities might need to prepare for more intense flash flood–producing storms in a future climate.
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Uribarri, Aitor, Loreto Bravo, Javier Jimenez-Candil, Javier Martin-Moreiras, Eduardo Villacorta, and Pedro L. Sanchez. "Percutaneous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in electrical storm: five case reports addressing efficacy, transferring allowance or radiofrequency ablation support." European Heart Journal: Acute Cardiovascular Care 7, no. 5 (September 7, 2017): 484–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2048872617730036.
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Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation systems have undergone rapid technological improvements and are now feasible options for medium-term support of severe cardiac or pulmonary failure. We report five cases of electrical storm that was rescued by the insertion of peripheral veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation systems. This device could help to restore systemic circulation as well as permitting organ perfusion in patients with cardiogenic shock in relation to electrical storm thus achieving greater electrical stability. Also, in some cases extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support could facilitate electrophysiology study.
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Montgomery, Michael T., and John Persing. "Does Balance Dynamics Well Capture the Secondary Circulation and Spinup of a Simulated Hurricane?" Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 78, no. 1 (January 2021): 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-19-0258.1.
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AbstractThis study investigates a claim made by Heng et al. in an article published in 2017 and intimated soon after in their article published in 2018 that axisymmetric “balanced dynamics can well capture the secondary circulation in the full-physics model” during hurricane spinup. Using output from a new, convection-permitting, three-dimensional numerical simulation of an intensifying hurricane, azimuthally averaged forcings of tangential momentum and heat are diagnosed to force an axisymmetric Eliassen balance model under strict balance conditions. The balance solutions are found, inter alia, to poorly represent the peak inflow velocity in the boundary layer and present a layer of relatively deep inflow extending well above the boundary layer in the high-wind-speed region of the vortex. Such a deep inflow layer, a hallmark of the classical spinup mechanism for tropical cyclones comprising the radial convergence of absolute angular momentum above the boundary layer, is not found in the numerical simulation during the period of peak intensification. These deficiencies are traced to the inability of the balance model to represent the nonlinear boundary layer spinup mechanism. These results are contrasted with a pseudobalance Eliassen formulation that improves the solution in some respects while sacrificing strict thermal wind balance. Overall, the quantitative results refute the Heng et al. claim and implicate the general necessity of the nonlinear boundary layer spinup mechanism to explain the spinup of a hurricane in realistic model configurations and in reality.
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Jones, Monica, Duncan B. Ross, Krishna V. Komanduri, and Robert B. Levy. "Post-Transplant Cyclophosphamide Treatment Ameliorates Experimental Gvhd While Permitting Lymphopenic Expansion of Non-Host Reactive Donor T Cells." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 3751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.3751.3751.
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Abstract Abstract 3751 Following myeloablative as well as reduced intensity conditioning regimens, recipients of allogeneic T cell replete (TCR) HLA matched sibling)or unrelated hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT) experience significant acute as well as chronic graft vs. host disease (GVHD). Recent studies have reported that post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTC) can function as an effective single agent for prophylaxis of acute and chronic GVHD (Biol. Blood Marrow Transpl. 16:482, 2010; Blood. 116:3224, 2010). To investigate the fate of non-host alloreactive donor cells, which are critical to providing immune reconstitution post-transplant, T cell replete HSCT were performed between MHC-matched allogeneic donor–recipient pairs. C3H.SW (H2b) mice were lethally conditioned 4 hrs prior to receipt of B6-CD45.1 (H2b) T cells and bone marrow. Recipients developed severe GVHD as assessed by weight loss (Fig. 1A) and clinical analyses during the first 4–5 wks post-transplant. Recipients had inverted CD4/CD8 ratios as well as an activated phenotype (CD44hiCD62Llo), severe B and T cell lymphopenia, and virtually undetectable thymic tissue. A single dose of post-transplant cyclophosphamide at day 3 (66mg/kg/body weight) blocked onset of weight loss and clinical signs of GVHD as well as lethality in C3H.SW recipients, consistent with the reduction of alloreactive anti-recipient T cells. In contrast to non-cyclophosphamide treated animals, treated recipients expressed typical CD4/CD8 ratios, significant numbers of spleen and lymph node cells (Fig. 1B) and readily detectable thymi 7–8 weeks post-HSCT. Notably, the majority of T as well as B cells in the periphery of these recipients exhibited a non-activated phenotype and were derived from donor bone marrow. Together with the observation that approximately 50% of T cells exhibited a CD44hiCD62Llo phenotype characteristic of TN, the findings are consistent with de novo derived lymphopoiesis in the thymus and marrow of post-transplant cyclophosphamide treated recipients. To assess the impact of D.3 cyclophosphamide treatment on a non-host reactive T cell population, B6 OT-I CD8 T cells (Vα2/Vβ5 TcR) were added (1-2×106) to the donor inoculum. In non-PTC treated recipients, low numbers of OT-I T cells (below input levels) were detected by 3–4 weeks post-HSCT. In contrast, in PTC-treated recipients, significant numbers of OT-I CD8 T cells were present in the recipient spleen and lymph nodes (Fig. 1C), consistent with the finding of CFSE labeled OT-I cells exhibiting division following cyclophosphamide treatment. Notably, the overall numbers of OT-I CD8 T cells in cyclophosphamide treated recipients was greater than the input levels, indicating that these cells a) survived post-cyclophosphamide treatment and b) underwent lymphopenic expansion. Consistent with these findings, CFSE studies at 72 hrs post-HSCT illustrated OT-I T cells exhibited low proliferation vs. a population of presumed B6 anti-C3H.SW alloreactive T cells. We therefore conclude that non-host reactive donor T cells undergo sufficient repair following cyclophosphamide induced alkylation to enable greater survival in contrast to rapidly dividing anti-host (GVHD) reactive populations. Vaccination studies in cyclophosphamide treated and non-treated HSCT recipients are being performed using heat shock fusion protein-transfected tumor cells to investigate the capacity to elicit anti-tumor (i.e., GVL) responses in the presence and absence of GVHD. Fig. 1: Post-transplant cyclophosphamide treated recipients demonstrate little severe weight loss vs. non-ptc recipients (panel A). Enhanced lymph node cell numbers and non-host reactive donor CD8 OT-I cell levels in ptc recipients 1 month post MHC-matched MiHA-mismatched HSCT (panels B and C). Fig. 1:. Post-transplant cyclophosphamide treated recipients demonstrate little severe weight loss vs. non-ptc recipients (panel A). Enhanced lymph node cell numbers and non-host reactive donor CD8 OT-I cell levels in ptc recipients 1 month post MHC-matched MiHA-mismatched HSCT (panels B and C). Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Zhang, Gang, Kerry H. Cook, and Edward K. Vizy. "The Diurnal Cycle of Warm Season Rainfall over West Africa. Part II: Convection-Permitting Simulations." Journal of Climate 29, no. 23 (November 10, 2016): 8439–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0875.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Convection-permitting simulations at 3-km resolution using a regional climate model are analyzed to improve the understanding of the diurnal cycle of rainfall over West Africa and its underlying physical processes. The warm season of 2006 is used for the model simulations. The model produces an accurate representation of the observed seasonal mean rainfall and lower-troposphere circulation and captures the observed westward propagation of rainfall systems. Most of West Africa has a single diurnal peak of rainfall in the simulations, either in the afternoon or at night, in agreement with observations. However, the number of simulated rainfall systems is greater than observed in association with an overestimation of the initiation of afternoon rainfall over topography. The longevity of the simulated propagating systems is about 30% shorter than is observed, and their propagation speed is nearly 20% faster. The model captures the observed afternoon rainfall peaks associated with elevated topography (e.g., the Jos Plateau). Nocturnal rainfall peaks downstream of the topographic afternoon rainfall are also well simulated. However, these nocturnal rainfall peaks are too widespread, and the model fails to reproduce the observed afternoon rainfall peaks over regions removed from topographic influence. This deficiency is related to a planetary boundary layer that is deeper than observed, elevating unstable profiles and inhibiting afternoon convection. This study concludes that increasing model resolution to convection-permitting space scales significantly improves the diurnal cycle of rainfall compared with the models that parameterize convection, but this is not sufficient to fully resolve the issue, perhaps because other parameterizations remain.
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Glenar, D. A., H. U. Käufl, D. Deming, T. Kostiuk, and M. J. Mumma. "Infrared heterodyne spectroscopy: a tool for helioseismology." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 123 (1988): 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900158577.
Full textAbstract:
Heterodyne spectroscopy at infrared (IR) wavelengths is a technique well suited for measuring small velocities in the solar atmosphere. An IR heterodyne spectrometer for solar oscillation measurements has been located at the McMath Solar Telescope of the Kitt Peak National Solar Observatory. It is now being used for single point Doppler shift measurements of 11 micron OH absorption features formed in the upper photosphere, with sampling rates as high as 33 mHz. The instrument employs a stabilized CO2. laser permitting absolute velocity measurements with an uncertainty of < 10 ms−1.
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Lauffer, Kimberly A., Sean Baker, and Natalee K. Seely. "Newspaper coverage of Colorado’s 2016 End of Life Options Act." Newspaper Research Journal 41, no. 3 (August 29, 2020): 260–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739532920950031.
Full textAbstract:
Since 2014, several states have introduced and passed legislation permitting aid in dying. In Colorado, Proposition 106, the End of Life Options Act, passed November 8, 2016, with 65% of Coloradans approving the law. The kind and tone of content newspapers include and omit regarding contentious issues like end-of-life legislation is important because these representations reflect and influence public opinion. This study found a relationship between item type and overall stance, as well as a difference in the content produced by journalists and laypersons or columnists.
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Hamers, R. J., U. K. Kohler, K. Markert, and J. E. Demuth. "Probing nucleation and growth phenomena on silicon surfaces by scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100152112.
Full textAbstract:
Nucleation and growth processes have long been studied using diffraction technique On semiconductor surfaces, localized defects strongly affect both the electron properties of the surfaces as well as their reactivity, therby affecting nucleat and growth. In order to identify the role of local electronic structure, and surface irregularities such as steps and defects, a real-space probe of electronic structure is needed. Scanning tunneling microscopy is capable of probing both the local surface geometry and local electronic structure, permitting adsorption and chemical reactivity to be studied on an atom-by-atom basis.
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Davies, Steffan, and Ola Junaid. "Training for trainees." Psychiatric Bulletin 16, no. 12 (December 1992): 778–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.16.12.778.
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The rotational training scheme now forms the basis of psychiatric training. The advantages include the provision of experience in a wide variety of posts, while permitting educational continuity as well as the stability that accrues from having a job over a long period of time. Achieving a Balance threatens to change the structure of the rotation and thus the very nature of psychiatric training. The main consequences are the division of combined rotations into separate senior house officer and registrar rotations, competitive interviews for registrars, and the expansion to multi-district rotations.
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Owen, Robert D., Humberto Sánchez, Karina Atkinson, Leigh McMahon, and Colleen B. Jonsson. "New and noteworthy records of rodents (Mammalia, Rodentia, Cricetidae and Echimyidae) from Paraguay." Check List 14, no. 5 (September 7, 2018): 721–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/14.5.721.
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Paraguay, situated in south-central South America, lies at the nexus of several major biomes, and exhibits high species richness for a relatively small country. Nevertheless, that faunal diversity is poorly known, and new species for the country continue to come to light. This paper reports on 3 species of rodents, 1 new for the country and 2 known previously in Paraguay from 1 specimen. We emphasize the need for more and better training of new field and museum biologists, as well as for directors of permitting agencies and protected areas.
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Ingale, Yashwant, Akhil A. Shankar, Samapika Routray, Manoj Agrawal, Ajit Kadam, and Tushar Patil. "Ectopic Teeth in Ovarian Teratoma: A Rare Appearance." Case Reports in Dentistry 2013 (2013): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/970464.
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Teratoma consists of tissues derived from all the three germ layers, and there may be presence of appendages as a representation of these germ layers as well. Teratomas of the ovary are known to occur in a fairly large number of women. These may be present clinically at a much later stage, permitting a limited treatment plan. Newer diagnostic techniques are always welcome in identifying these lesions. This case report discusses the case of a 40-year-old woman with a large teratoma in the right ovary and its diagnostic and surgical modalities.