Relevant bibliographies by topics / West African (French)

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'West African (French)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "West African (French)"

1

Huillery, Elise. "The Black Man's Burden: The Cost of Colonization of French West Africa." Journal of Economic History 74, no. 1 (February 24, 2014): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050714000011.

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Was colonization costly for France? Did French taxpayers contribute to colonies’ development? This article reveals that French West Africa's colonization took only 0.29 percent of French annual expenditures, including 0.24 percent for military and central administration and 0.05 percent for French West Africa's development. For West Africans, the contribution from French taxpayers was almost negligible: mainland France provided about 2 percent of French West Africa's revenue. In fact, colonization was a considerable burden for African taxpayers since French civil servants’ salaries absorbed a disproportionate share of local expenditures.
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COQUERY-VIDROVITCH, CATHERINE. "NATIONALITÉ ET CITOYENNETÉ EN AFRIQUE OCCIDENTALE FRANÇAIS: ORIGINAIRES ET CITOYENS DANS LE SÉNÉGAL COLONIAL." Journal of African History 42, no. 2 (July 2001): 285–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853701007770.

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The French in West Africa remained deeply ambivalent in regard to applying naturalization policies to their African subjects. Applying a distinction between ‘citizenship’ and ‘nationality’, this article traces the history of French colonial policy from 1789 through decolonization in the 1950s. Apart from the originaires of the four communes of Senegal, who had ill-defined rights of French citizenship without ever being considered French nationals, naturalization policy in West Africa became so restrictive that no more than sixteen individuals were granted French citizenship each year between 1935 and 1949. This article uses dossiers of naturalization cases from French West Africa.
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Benjamin, Kehinde Tola. "French Colonial Policies in West Africa: Power Dynamics, Cultural Impositions and Economic Legacies." International Journal of Advances in Social Sciences and Humanities 3, no. 1 (February 29, 2024): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.56225/ijassh.v3i1.248.

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The complex dynamics of French colonial policies in West Africa during European imperialism played a crucial role in streamlining administrative procedures and consolidating control over the indigenous African population. This colonial framework not only imposed a distinct sense of identity on African communities but also created deep stratification within these societies. Implementing the direct rule system, an essential aspect of French colonial administration, facilitated imposing laws and regulations that often marginalized traditional authority structures. As a result, a symbiotic relationship emerged between the African colonies and France, with the former serving as essential suppliers of resources crucial for sustaining France's growing industrial enterprises. This paper delves into the intricate nuances of the French colonial policies and their enduring impact on West Africa. By critically examining the assimilation and association policies, the study elucidates the power dynamics, cultural impositions, and economic implications that characterized the colonial experience of French colonies in West Africa. Unpacking the complexities of the colonial governance framework highlights the systemic disparities and cultural alienation perpetuated by the French colonial apparatus, underscoring the persistent socio-economic challenges and cultural subjugation that continue to shape the contemporary West African landscape. By exploring historical injustices and postcolonial complexities, the study emphasizes the urgent need for a holistic and inclusive approach to postcolonial development, advocating for preserving cultural heritage and promoting equitable socio-economic progress within the region.
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Olukoju, Ayodeji. "‘King of West Africa’? Bernard Bourdillon and the Politics of the West African Governors' Conference, 1940–1942." Itinerario 30, no. 1 (March 2006): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300012511.

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The outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 and the collapse of French resistance to the German onslaught a year later were momentous events which had far-reaching implications for France, Britain, and their colonies. In West Africa, the war affected existing patterns of inter-state relations within and across the French/British imperial divides, which were further complicated for the British by the emergence of two blocs in the French colonial empire – Vichy and Free French. It was in this context that the West African Governors' Conference was created in 1940 to coordinate the war effort and to manage relations with the French colonies.
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Echenberg, Myron. "‘Morts Pour La France’; The African Soldier in France during the Second World War." Journal of African History 26, no. 4 (October 1985): 363–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700028796.

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The involvement of African combatants in France from 1939 to 1945 probably surpassed the large mobilization of an earlier generation during the First World War. Carefully prepared ideologically and well received by the French public, Africans nevertheless paid a heavy price in lives and suffering as soldiers during the Battle of France and as prisoners of the Germans. Liberation brought a new set of tribulations, including discriminatory treatment from French authorities. These hardships culminated in a wave of African soldiers' protests in 1944–5, mainly in France, but including the most serious rising, the so-called mutiny at Thiaroye, outside Dakar, where thirty-five African soldiers were killed.The war's impact was ambiguous. Tragedies like Thiaroye sent shock waves throughout French West Africa, delegitimizing naked force as a political instrument in post-war politics and sweeping away an older form of paternalism. Yet while a militant minority were attracted to more radical forms of political and trade-union organization, most African veterans reaffirmed their loyalties to the French State, which ultimately paid their pensions.
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OSBORN, EMILY LYNN. "‘CIRCLE OF IRON’: AFRICAN COLONIAL EMPLOYEES AND THE INTERPRETATION OF COLONIAL RULE IN FRENCH WEST AFRICA." Journal of African History 44, no. 1 (March 2003): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853702008307.

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This article investigates the role of African colonial employees in the functioning of the colonial state in French West Africa. Case studies from the 1890s and early 1900s demonstrate that in the transition from conquest to occupation, low-level African colonial intermediaries continually shaped the localized meanings that colonialism acquired in practice. Well-placed African colonial intermediaries in the colonies of Guinée Française and Soudan Français often controlled the dissemination of information and knowledge in the interactions of French colonial officials with local elites and members of the general population. The contributions of these African employees to the daily operations of the French colonial state show that scholars have long overlooked a cadre of men who played a significant role in shaping colonial rule.
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Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. "Africa and France – historically and in these times. Doi: 10.5020/2317-2150.2015.v20n3p807." Pensar - Revista de Ciências Jurídicas 20, no. 3 (December 29, 2015): 807–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5020/23172150.2012.807-822.

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For France, the so-called francophonie Africa or the total of 22 countries, mostly in west, northeast, central and southeast Africa (Indian Ocean) that France conquered and occupied in Africa during the course of the pan-European invasion of Africa during the 15th-19th centuries, belong to France in perpetuity. This is in spite of the presumed restoration of independence, since the 1960s, of each of the states concerned. French presidents and top officials of the French republic since the end of World War II, irrespective of ideological or political orientation, attest to this key position in French international politics. Quests for African freedom from this subjugation will be central in charting the salient defining transformative features of African-French relations of this new millennium.
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Miles, William F. S. "Postcolonial Borderland Legacies of Anglo–French Partition in West Africa." African Studies Review 58, no. 3 (November 23, 2015): 191–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2015.71.

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Abstract:More than five decades after independence, Africa still struggles with the legacies of colonial partition. On the territorial frontiers between the postcolonial inheritors of the two major colonial powers, Great Britain and France, the continuing impact of European colonialism remains most acute. On the one hand, the splitting of erstwhile homogeneous ethnic groups into British and French camps gave rise to new national identities; on the other hand, it circumvented any possibility of sovereignty via ethnic solidarity. To date, however, there has been no comprehensive assessment of the ethnic groups that were divided between English- and French-speaking states in West Africa, let alone the African continent writ large. This article joins postcolonial ethnography to the emerging field of comparative borderland studies. It argues that, although norms of state-based identity have been internalized in the Anglophone–Francophone borderlands, indigenous bases of association and behavior continue to define life along the West African frontier in ways that undermine state sovereignty. Although social scientists tend to focus on national- and sub-national-level analyses, and increasingly on the effects of globalization on institutional change, study of the African borderlands highlights the continuing importance of colonial legacies and grassroots-derived research.
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Filippov, Vasily. "The African Policy of Emmanuel Macron." Uchenie zapiski Instituta Afriki RAN 58, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31132/2412-5717-2022-58-1-31-48.

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The subject of consideration is the African policy of France during the presidency of Emmanuel Macron (2017-2022). The proclaimed slogans, the official rhetoric of the tenth president of the Fifth Republic, the political practices of the Elysee Palace during this period are reviewed in the context of the geopolitical changes taking place in West Africa. The purpose of the study is to find out the factors that in one way or another have influenced the African policy of Paris in recent years, to determine the obvious motives and latent aspirations of French diplomacy on the African continent. The article deals with very recent events that took place in Tropical Africa, and are therefore relatively little studied both in Russian African studies and in French political science and anthropology. The author comes to the conclusion that the Fifth Republic is rapidly losing its economic, political and military-strategic positions in African countries, which were quite recently a zone of its undeniable influence. He connects this process with the emergence here of new actors in international relations, which allowed Africans to diversify their foreign economic and political orientations.
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D'AVIGNON, ROBYN. "PRIMITIVE TECHNIQUES: FROM ‘CUSTOMARY’ TO ‘ARTISANAL’ MINING IN FRENCH WEST AFRICA." Journal of African History 59, no. 2 (July 2018): 179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853718000361.

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AbstractSince the commodity boom of the early 2000s, the visibility of ‘artisanal’ or ‘small-scale’ mining has grown in media coverage and development policies focused on Africa. This article argues that the regulatory category of ‘artisanal’ mining in Africa originated during the colonial period as ‘customary mining’. I build this case through a regional case study of mining policies in the colonial federation of French West Africa, where a single decree accorded African subjects ‘customary rights’ to seasonally mine gold and rock salt in restricted areas. By contrast, colonial citizens, mostly Europeans, accessed stable mining titles. Customary mining rights never codified actual African mining ‘customs’, as colonial officials argued. Rather, this law marked the boundary between the technological status of French subjects and citizens. Core elements of this colonial legal framework have been incorporated into postcolonial policies governing the rights of citizens to mineral resources in Africa.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "West African (French)"

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Ndiaye, Malick. "The impact of health beliefs and culture on health literacy and treatment of diabetes among French speaking West African immigrants." Thesis, Connect to resource online, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/2050.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Indiana University, 2009.
Title from screen (viewed on February 1, 2010). Department of English, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Advisor(s): Ulla M. Connor, Frank M. Smith, Honnor Orlando. Includes vitae. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 138-139).
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Schulman, Gwendolyn. "Colonial education for African girls in Afrique occidentale française : a project for gender reconstruction, 1819-1960." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56913.

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This thesis is a survey of the development of religious and secular colonial education for African girls and women in Afrique Occidentale Francaise, from 1819 to 1960. The historiography of colonial education in AOF has dismissed the education of African girls and women as they were numerically too insignificant to merit any special attention.
This study argues that an examination of educational objectives, institutions and curricula provides a rare and valuable window on French colonial discourse on African women. It was a discourse fed by sexism and ethnocentrism, that ultimately intended to refashion women's gender identities and roles to approximate those prescribed by the French ideology of domesticity.
The system took the form of a number of domestic sciences training centres that aimed to change the very social definition of what constituted an African woman--to remake her according to the Euro-Christian, patriarchal ideal of mother, wife and housekeeper. Colonial educators argued that such a woman, especially in her role as mother, was the best conduit for the propagation of French mores, practices, and most importantly, submission to French hegemony.
The final decades of formal colonial rule in AOF saw the emergence of a small African male bourgeoisie. Members of this class, called "assimiles", accepted to varying degrees French language, lifestyle and values. This study further examines how many of them embraced the ideology of domesticity and became active in the debate on African women's education and the need to control and transform their gender identities.
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Moahi, Refilwe M. "Women's Advancement in Francophone West Africa: A Comparison of Mali and Senegal." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/256.

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This research begins to explore what political tools are necessary to elevate women’s position in society by transforming legislation. Women in Francophone West Africa do not enjoy certain basic rights and there is need to improve their status. The promotion and appointment of women to the position of prime minister, Mame Madior Boyé in Senegal in 2001 and Mariam Kaidama Cissé Sidibé in Mali in 2011, gives us hope that women-friendly agendas will be given priority. I pose the question: Did the appointment of these two women to the heads of their respective governments improve the status of women and their political representation in West Africa? There is existing research that suggests that more women in government increases the visibility of women’s issues. I argue that simply having women in positions of power is not sufficient; participation in informal politics and civil society is imperative. These women have to go into the position with a commitment to women’s issues and a willingness to work with the already existent networks of women’s associations dedicated to furthering women’s rights. I study the successful passage of a new woman-friendly constitution in Senegal. In particular, I look at each participant’s role in making this happen, the associations who pushed for reforms for many years, the reformist president Wade, and Boyé who was a founding member of one of the central women’s associations, the Association of Senegalese Female Legal Practitioners. I compare this with the unsuccessful signing of new family code in Mali. I discuss the disinterest and indecisiveness of the president and Sidibé, as well as the influence of the strong opposition from the conservative High Islamic Council. There are also institutional barriers to change, namely the pluralist legal system of customary law, Islamic law, and state law. Finally, I discuss other possible reasons for the differences in these two countries’ results, such as Senegal’s longer history of democracy and general acceptance of modernity and women’s rights.
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Sachikonye, Tsitsi Shamiso Anne. "Lʹétude des thèmes du deuil et de la marginalité dans Le Royaume Aveugle et Reine Pokou, concerto pour un sacrifice de Véronique Tadjo." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002956.

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The field of our study is Francophone African Literature and this thesis explores the themes of marginality and grief both experienced by Princess Akissi in The Blind Kingdom and Princess Pokou in Queen Pokou (2004) during their rise to power in their respective kingdoms. The two novels written by Véronique Tadjo from Ivory Coast, are subjected to thematic analysis because they are both based on similar storylines - that of conflict and rivalry within kingdoms resulting in the exile of the two princesses. One of the novels is set in a pre-colonial period while the other is set in a postcolonial era. Queen Pokou, winner of the 2005 Grand Prix Littéraire d’Afrique Noire (which is the most distinguished prize in Francophone African literature), is a retelling of the founding myths of the Baoulé people of Ivory Coast. In her literary texts, Tadjo transgresses the original legend and her reconstruction of this legend is significant because it challenges the ritual sacrifice made by Princess Pokou in order to free her people and to become queen. In The Blind Kingdom (1990), Tadjo highlights the corruption and injustice of the ruling elite. Space is used to reinforce the King’s domination thus a revolution is necessary to overthrow the exploitative power structures in place. The revolution that takes place relies heavily on the participation of Karim and especially on Princess Akissi who chooses to rebel against her father, King Ato IV in order to stop injustice. This thematic analysis, supported by semiotic theory, aims to establish and demonstrate the relationship between marginality of the two princesses, in particular, and their subsequent grief. It sheds light on the reasons for their exclusion from power as well as the nature of the conflicts that occur as they rise to power. The study postulates that certain myths and images are evoked by the novelist to symbolise the exclusion of the two princesses from power.
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Arsan, Andrew Kerim. "Lebanese migrants in French West Africa, 1898-1939." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608460.

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Strother, Christian Matthew. "Malaria policy and public health in French West Africa, 1890-1940." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648260.

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White, Owen. "Children of the French empire : miscegenation and colonial society in French West Africa, 1895-1960 /." Oxford : Clarendon press, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376525368.

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White, Owen. "Miscegenation and colonial society in French West Africa c.1900-1960." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318997.

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Small, Audrey Holdhus. "Publishing and cultural identity in francophone West Africa." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2005. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=167833.

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This thesis examines the problems engendered by ongoing Western dominance in the field of francophone African publishing, with specific reference to Guinea and Senegal. This dominance raises complex issues of power, authority and voice that are familiar tropes in postcolonial analyses, but this thesis seeks to re-place such questions in a wider context, looking at the current material circumstances of the publishing industry and “socially contaminated” instances such as international donor funding and national language policy as a perspective. This allows the links between the two rather distinct fields of the cultural and the commercial to be explored.  The guiding theme is a critique of the argument for full indigenisation or africanisation of African publishing, a debate which is based on questions of language, critical authority and identity.  The thesis seeks to cut through the inevitable polemics raised by the dominance of Western publishers in African publishing, to clearly identify the problems thrown up by this imbalance, and to explore the ramifications for ‘African literature’.
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Péricard, Alain. "Communication et interculturalité en Afrique de l'Ouest francophone." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29108.

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The study of interculturality ("intercultural competence"), its foundations and its effects in francophone Western Africa reveals the need for a reconceptualization of intercultural communication. A theory of interculturality should be interdisciplinary, non-positivist, critical and reflexive. Because conventional approaches and their applications create a spatial and temporal distance, and undervalue endogenous knowledges, they limit understanding and hamper reciprocal intercultural exchanges.
The observation of communication processes around a sub regional West African organization (the "Communaute economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest") reveals that interculturality is not a characteristic of better educated Africans or of those most exposed to foreign cultures, and even less of Whites or of other members of dominant groups. Rather, it is more pronounced among women, members of marginalized ethnic groups and, above all, among urban marginals. Interculturality manifests itself through interactions. It is the result of singular positions (standpoints) rooted in endogenous knowledges, in training (in its broadest sense) and in the experience of subordination in pluriethnic contexts.
The texts that inform the dominant definitions of situations create a communicational and intercultural handicap, also linked to a superior status in the informal hierarchy. On the opposite, the mobility of an insider-outsider position confers an advantage, an aptitude for conversation, or for an egalitarian exchange in various local and imported spaces of culture and power. Such a position is a condition for intercultural studies and practices. Individually, it can be developed through a formal or informal initiation, empathy and an awareness of one's own limits.
In development programs, the interculturality acquired by certain members of marginal groups is at the origin of processes of diversion--a reorientation of resources towards locally negotiated ends--which reveal the endogenous conceptions of participation and social change. The study of interculturality in Africa thus supports the idea that a communicational approach to intercultural problems could be fruitfully applied in other contexts.
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Books on the topic "West African (French)"

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Azade-Ayse, Rorlich, ed. French and African letters. Istanbul: Isis Press, 2008.

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Lahouel, Badra, and Laboratoire de langues, littérature et civilisation/histoire en Afrique., eds. Africa and the West. Oran: Éditions dar el gharb, 2006.

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John, Elerius Edet. Literature and development: The west African experience. Lagos: Paico Ltd., 1986.

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Claude, Awono Jean, Bessora 1968-, and Elanga Mballa, eds. Je suis ne en prison: Écriture plurielle. Yaoundé: Éditions Tropiques, 2008.

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Hasselmann, Karl-Heinz. 5 West African short stories =: 5 Court récits Ouest Africains = 5 Westafrikanische Kurzgeschichten : anglais, français, allemand : Englisch, Französisch, Deutsch : English, French, German. Lome: Editions Haho, 2004.

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Moussa, Doumbia. "Le prix de l'effort". Abidjan: Edilis, 2000.

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Mudaba, Yoka Lyé. Le fossoyeur. Paris: Agence de coopération culturelle et technique, 1986.

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Lyé, Mudaba Yoka, ed. Le fossoyeur: Et sept autres nouvelles. Paris: Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique, 1986.

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Abdoulaye, Wade, ed. Une parole autour de la poésie: Suivi de, L'éloge funèbre à Léopold Sédar Senghor. Dakar-Ponty, Sénégal: Editions Feu de brousse, 2004.

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Afoutou, Jean-Marc-Aurèle. Guide pédagogique littératures francophones d'Afrique de l'Ouest. Paris, France: Agence intergouvernementale de la francphonie, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "West African (French)"

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Crowder, Michael. "French West African politics, 1919–39." In West Africa Under Colonial Rule, 433–53. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003437529-30.

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Quiminal, Catherine. "Africans in France: French Immigration Policy and West Africa." In Paris, Pretoria and the African Continent, 42–53. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25066-0_4.

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Suret-Canale, J. "The French West African Railway Workers' Strike, 1947-1948." In African Labor History, 129–54. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003474210-6.

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Dalberto, Séverine Awenengo. "The French West African identity card in Senegal." In Identification and Citizenship in Africa, 129–36. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge contemporary Africa: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003053293-9.

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Le Vine, Victor T. "Cameroon, Togo, and the States of Formerly French West Africa." In Politics and Government in African States, 78–119. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003312130-3.

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Rossi, Benedetta. "Slavery in Francophone West Africa." In The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery throughout History, 583–604. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13260-5_33.

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AbstractMultiple forms of labor coercion were common in West Africa in the first half of the twentieth century. This chapter focuses on two of them: one, based on interior slavery, was rooted in the longue durée of regional history. The other, colonial forced labor, was exogenous and introduced by European colonialists between the mid-nineteenth and the early twentieth century. In Tahoua, the region of today’s Republic of Niger that this chapter focuses on, these two forms of coerced labor co-existed. In 1905 France abolished indigenous slavery in its recently acquired African territories and concurrently introduced a regime of compulsory labor for the building and maintenance of colonial infrastructure. In spite of French legal abolition, indigenous slavery did not die out, but started being contested and resisted more effectively by those who had been enslaved. Those formerly enslaved to local slaveowners and their descendants were also the first to be forcibly recruited to carry out construction work on colonial worksites. These two regimes of coerced labor, with different ideological origins, became intertwined and underwent substantial changes throughout the twentieth century. Their legacies have continued influencing labor relations and forms of personal dependence into the present day.
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Easton, Stewart C. "French West Africa." In The Twilight of European Colonialism, 346–75. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003359661-15.

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Koné, Jean-Lémon. "The emergence of the national in Francophone West African teacher education: the case of the normal school of Dabou, Côte d'Ivoire (1937–1975)." In Schools and National Identities in French-speaking Africa, 23–41. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429288944-3.

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Blake, John W. "French Intervention in West Africa, 1530–1553." In West Africa, 106–37. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003363040-6.

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Ward, W. E. F. "The French Constitution." In Government in West Africa, 267–76. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003361954-19.

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Conference papers on the topic "West African (French)"

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Turpin, Joe. "Uncovering the History of the Nazi Holocaust in Senegal Through Artistic and Historical Research." In Arts Research Africa 2022 Conference Proceedings. Arts Research Africa, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54223/10539/35899.

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This paper describes the author’s residency in Dakar, Senegal, where he created artworks in response to the history of anti-Semitic laws and the Sébikhotane concentration camp, established by the Vichy French Colonial Regime in West Africa. The artworks aim to inform audiences about this littleknown history and use symbolism that Senegalese people can relate to. The paper discusses the research conducted, the positive reception of the artworks, and the author’s role as an artist, researcher, and performer. The paper also provides descriptions and explanations of some of the artworks created during the residency.
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Tuenter, E., C. Delbaere, A. De Winne, S. Bijttebier, D. Custers, K. Foubert, J. Van Durme, K. Dewettinck, and L. Pieters. "Analysis of the volatile and non-volatile fraction of cocoa liquors and chocolates produced with cocoa beans from West-Africa and Ecuador." In 67th International Congress and Annual Meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research (GA) in cooperation with the French Society of Pharmacognosy AFERP. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3400418.

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Quiniou-Ramus, Valérie, Rémi Estival, Pascal Venzac, and Jean-Baptiste Cohuet. "Real-Time Network of Weather and Ocean Stations: Public-Private Partnership on In-Situ Measurements in the Gulf of Guinea." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10903.

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Monitoring of meteorological or/and oceanographic conditions is done on many Oil & Gas platforms offshore West and Central Africa (from Nigeria to Angola), but it is often only used in real-time and not necessarily archived on a hard-drive, or it is protected by each company’s IT firewalls thus making it difficult to send the information to the “outer world”. In 2010, TOTAL Oil & Gas Operator launched a project to give remote and public access to this real-time wind, current and also wave or other meteorological / oceanographic (“metocean”) data. The objectives of this initiative were multiple: • Improve weather and ocean hindcasts and forecasts, which will be beneficial to all Oil & Gas operations in Africa, • Help feed a database for future O&G developments; • Enable design checks after ∼1 year of operation; • Serve as a “black box” in case of an incident which could be due to environment; • Help feed or validate ocean and oil spill drift forecast in case of emergency; • Contribute to the international effort of monitoring the oceans in the long term (operational oceanography, climate change, etc.); • Encourage capacity building in Africa by supporting development and maintenance of technical solutions to reach objectives In 2013, with the support of the French Meteorological Office Météo-France, the data from half a dozen platforms offshore Nigeria, Congo and Angola will be available on the World Meteorological Organization’s (WMO) Global Telecommunication System (GTS). This paper will present the type of metocean stations that are part of this network “MODANET”, the IT architecture that was selected to send it out of the Company’s network, the quality control undertaken by Meteo France before sending it to the GTS, and future possible use of the data that are envisaged.
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Johannessen, Thomas B., Rolf A. Brandsvoll, Andreas Palmstro̸m, Sindre Sole, Eilif Pedersen, and Sverre Steen. "A System for Wave Driven Desalination of Seawater." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-49419.

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Water scarcity is a growing challenge in a large part of the world. Desalination of seawater is an energy intensive process and in coastline areas where water scarcity coincides with a significant wave climate, desalination of seawater is an attractive application for utilisation of wave energy. The bulk of the energy requirement in desalination by reverse osmosis goes into pressurising seawater. Wave energy can be used directly to achieve this thereby bypassing the challenges associated with electricity generation. The present paper describes a floating unit which produces fresh water using wave power as the main energy source. A double-acting combined pressure magnifier and energy recovery device uses the irregular motion between two floating bodies to drive prefiltered seawater through a reverse osmosis membrane. The unit is compact with one floating disc positioned in the moonpool of the main floating body. The total system may be completed in the yard, towed to field and anchored using light mooring lines which have only a minimal impact on the floater motions. The unit has been sized for a typical West Africa wave climate using a linearised but fully coupled radiation-diffraction analysis of the vertical relative motion between the bodies in waves. The linearised results have been compared with results from time domain analyses verifying the vertical motions but indicating that significant energy can be extracted also from the relative roll and pitch motion of the bodies. It is concluded that the unit can deliver desalinated water at a cost of 0.8 Euro/m3 even in a relatively benign North West Africa wave climate.
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Donat Accrombessy, Félicien. "Information and Communication Technology and the development of statistics teaching in Benin: Advantages and inconvenient." In Statistics and the Internet. International Association for Statistical Education, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/srap.03301.

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Some changes occur in world at the aegis of the 21st century like a revolution marked by the rapid and extraordinary expansion of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). This kind of revolution, by its velocity of propagation has hugely contributed to the growth productivity. Then, internet and multimedia appear as essential tools to the socio- economic development of any modern nation. In the current context of globalisation supervised by the developed countries with United States as pioneers it is greatly important to measure ICT’s use, particularly in the education and training fields. Then, the necessity to measure the use of internet resources in the specific field of statistics teaching according to the available means and technology appears as a basic need researchers, decision makers, students, etc. After that, some propositions should be give in order to improve the current situation. First of all, it is suitable to describe briefly the Benin Republic. With a population 6.7 millions of people in 2003 according to the february General Census (4.2 millions in 1992, march General Rensus), Benin is an west Africa country with a geographic surface of 114,760 Km2. The density of the population is 58.38 people on the Km2. Benin is an agricultural developing country as agriculture represents 40% of the Gross Domestic Product and uses about 80% of the population. Even if ICT appear soon in the years 70’s, Africa got in contact with it in the 90’s particularly concerning the internet and its resources. In sub-saharan Africa, Benin was one of the first countries to hear about and to practice the World Wide Web. It was in 1995 at the occasion of the international summit of the French language speaking countries held in Cotonou in December with an internet centre inaugurated at the Benin National University, the most important university of the country: it was the SYFED center. This Center, with documentation and some five personal computers connected to the World Wide Web, was opened to students in 3rd or 4th course, to teachers and researchers. But this proportion of users is less than 2% of the students and the accessibility costs were very expensive: FCFA 1,500 each month or FF 15/month for students and FCFA 7,500 each 3 months or FF 75 each 3 months for teachers and researchers. Progressively, the national postal office has agreed some few Internet Service Providers (after the french speaking language summit in 1995). Since then, the internet environment of Benin is constituted of ISP and cyber cafés. The seconds depends on the firsts. Nowadays the great cities of the country, especially the economic capital of Cotonou are swarming cybers. The cybers are connected with the ISP (in fact, some of the ISP have their own cybers) that have direct connexion with internet. Currently the navigation costs are cheaper. Then, from FF 15 or FF 30 by hour of connexion, the mean costs are today between FF 3 to FF 5. Nowadays, internet resources are hugely taking part to any field of human life and particularly in education. In 1999, with the help of the partners in development and on the initiative High Education Ministry, a Distance learning Centre (CED) has been founded to provide training courses at a various public. This centre offers teaching by specialists all around the world in several fields from economics, technology to development subjects. But unfortunately, nothing is really done to adapt appropriate curricula related to the availability of Information and Communication Technology resources in universities and schools.
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Guedes, Pedro. "Healing Modern Architecture’s Break with the Past: Musings around Brazilian Fenestration." In The 38th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. online: SAHANZ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a3990prwvx.

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This paper focuses on the role of Brazilian architects in emancipating Modern Architecture from overly limiting orthodoxies. In particular, this study follows direct, if weak influences across the Pacific to Australia and stronger ones across the South Atlantic to Southern Africa, where Brazilian ideas found fertile ground without being filtered through Northern Hemisphere mediations. Official delegations of architects from Australia and South Africa went to Brazil seeking inspiration and transferable ideas achieved mixed success. Central to the theme of this essay is a recently discovered and unpublished manuscript. It is the work of Barrie Biermann who, upon graduation from the University of Cape Town sailed across to Brazil in 1946 to gain first-hand knowledge of the architecture that had achieved worldwide renown through the 1943 Brazil Builds exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York (MoMA). Biermann’s close observations and discussions with several of Brazil’s leading architects helped him develop a fresh narrative that placed recent developments in a continuum linked to Portuguese colonial architecture that had taken lessons from the ‘East’. Published in a very abridged form in a professional journal in 1950, it lost much of the charm of the original, which, in addition to imaginative theoretical speculation, is enriched by evocative, atmospheric sketches, water colours and photographs. This study shows that South-South connections were quite independent and predated the influence of ‘scientific’ manuals of ‘how-to build in the tropics’ that proliferated from metropolitan centres in the mid-1950s, preparing for decolonization but perhaps also motivated by ambitions of engendering other forms of dependence. Brazilian ideas and examples of built work played an important role in bringing vitality to some of the architectures of Africa. They also engaged with crucial issues of identity and the production of buildings celebrating values beyond the utilitarian.
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Koita, Mohamed El Bechir, and Hakan Adanacıoğlu. "Marketing Channels of Mango Farmers in Mali." In International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2021.008.

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Mango (Mangifera indica Linn) plays a central role as fruit crop among the horticultural fruits in Mali. Mali is among the largest mango producers in West Africa and among the fastest growing mango exporters in the world. The volume of mangoes produced is estimated at 575000 tons per year. Mango production is an important socio-economic activity in Mali, providing employment in rural areas and income through exportation. The study focused on marketing channels of mango famers in Mali. The secondary data were used to investigate marketing channels of mango in Mali. This paper consists of three parts. In the first part, the socio-economic characteristics of mango farmers in Mali were explained. In the second part, information about the development of Mango production and trade in Mali was given. In the third part, marketing channels of Mango farmers were examined. In general, it is difficult to say that Mango marketing channels operate effectively in Mali. The ineffectiveness of marketing channels occurs mostly at the local market level. It is important to strengthen the marketing infrastructure for Mango's marketing channels in Mali to be more effective. The government of Mali needs to implement a special incentive program, especially for wholesalers, who play an important role in increasing post-harvest losses. There is a need for financial support and training of wholesalers during the transportation, storage and processing of fresh mango. It is also important to extend these supports for mango producers.
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Kulshreshtha, Yask, Philip J. Vardon, Gabrie Meesters, Mark C. M. van Loosdrecht, Nelson J. A. Mota, and Henk M. Jonkers. "What Makes Cow-Dung Stabilised Earthen Block Water-Resistant." In 4th International Conference on Bio-Based Building Materials. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/cta.1.540.

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The water-resistance of cow-dung has made it a widely used stabiliser in traditional earthen structures in several Asian and African countries. Multiple studies have shown an improvement in water-resistance with the addition of cow-dung, but none provides insight into this behaviour. The present study investigates the water-resistance behaviour of cow-dung stabilised earthen blocks through an extensive experimental programme to identify and characterise the components of cow-dung responsible for its water-resistance. Fresh cow-dung was collected and separated into fibres (>63 μm), medium-sized microbial aggregates (1-63 μm) and small-sized microbial aggregates (0.5-7 μm). Each component was mixed with soil and samples were prepared at different water contents (optimum water content corresponding to the highest dry density and water content higher than optimum) and compacted with 2.5 MPa force to prepare compressed blocks. The water-resistance of these blocks was evaluated through the immersion and modified drip/rain test. It was found that the small-sized microbial aggregates are almost entirely responsible for water-resistance behaviour of cow-dung stabilised earthen blocks. Small-sized microbial aggregates were further characterised by gas chromatography, mercury intrusion porosimetry, N2- BET surface area, zeta potential measurement and electron microscopy. The results indicate that the small-sized microbial aggregates are composed of clay-sized negatively charged particles that are rich in fatty acids. The hydrophobicity of these particles is hypothesised to be responsible for water-resistance behaviour. These insights are further used to produce stabilised blocks that performed at least 30 times better than the unstabilised blocks in both water-resistance tests. The study concludes with practical recommendations for the use of wet cow-dung over dry cow-dung and a reduction of fibre content to increase the water-resistance of earthen blocks.
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Reports on the topic "West African (French)"

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Taking a Fresh Approach: Enabling local producers to meet rising demand in West Africa’s dairy sector. Oxfam, June 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2018.2678.

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