Academic literature on the topic 'West African Rice Development Association'

NERICA is a new African rice variety, developed by the West African Rice Development Association (WARDA) in 1990s. NERICA rice shows both vigorous growth and tolerance of stressors such as drought and disease. The purpose of this study was to clarify the physiological and biochemical responses to salt stress of NERICA rice seedlings. The degree of growth inhibition caused by salt stress was small in NERICA rice varieties as compared with japonica Nipponbare. Na accumulation in leaf blades was high in salt-sensitive varieties. Accumulation of proline, a known compatible solute, was also induced by salt stress, especially in salt-sensitive varieties; it was thought that this accumulation was brought on salt-stress injury. The contents of polyamines, especially spermidine, were high in the pre-stressed leaf blades of NERICA rice seedlings. After the salt-stress treatment, the polyamine content of leaf blades differed with the degree of salt tolerance of the NERICA rice seedlings. These results suggested that the salt tolerance of NERICA rice seedlings might be associated not only with the regulation of Na absorption and translocation but also with their ability to maintain leaf polyamine levels under salt-stress conditions.  

AbstractObjectiveTo develop a quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (QFFQ) for the Barbados National Cancer Study (BNCS) that will permit examination of associations of diet with breast and prostate cancer.DesignPopulation intake data from the year 2000 Barbados Food Consumption and Anthropometric Surveys (BFCAS 2000) were used to derive a list of foods consumed by the population. A 192-item draft QFFQ was developed from this list.SettingBarbados, West Indies provides an ideal environment to understand cancer risk in African-origin populations, with high relevance to African-Americans. The BNCS is a population-based case–control study examining risk factors for breast and prostate cancer in such populations.SubjectsA total of 1600 persons, 18 years and older, completed a 24-hour recall in the BFCAS 2000. Fifty of 63 randomly selected residents (79% response rate) gave additional updated information on foods consumed.ResultsThe 50 participants provided a one-time 24-hour recall and completed the draft QFFQ. The final instrument contains 148 items: breads, cakes, cereals = 17; rice, pastas, noodles = 8; dairy = 10; meat, fish, poultry = 42; fruit = 16; vegetables = 26; soft drinks = 14; alcoholic beverages = 5; others = 10. Additional questions include supplement use and food preparation methods such as grilling.ConclusionThe final instrument is concise, complete and the most up-to-date for assessing the food and nutrient intake of African-origin Barbadians and the associations with breast and prostate cancer.

A collection of 122 isolates of Magnaporthe oryzae, from nine sub-Saharan African countries, was assessed for virulence diversity and genetic relatedness. The virulence spectrum was assessed by pathotype analysis with a panel of 43 rice genotypes consisting of differential lines carrying 24 blast resistance genes (R-genes), contemporary African rice cultivars, and susceptible checks. The virulence spectrum among isolates ranged from 5 to 80%. Five isolates were avirulent to the entire rice panel, while two isolates were virulent to ∼75% of the panel. Overall, cultivar 75-1-127, the Pi9 R-gene donor, was resistant to all isolates (100%), followed by four African rice cultivars (AR105, NERICA 15, 96%; NERICA 4, 91%; and F6-36, 90%). Genetic relatedness of isolates was assessed by single nucleotide polymorphisms derived from genotyping-by-sequencing and by vegetative compatibility tests. Phylogenetic analysis of SNPs of a subset of isolates (n = 78) revealed seven distinct clades that differed in virulence. Principal component analysis showed isolates from East Africa were genetically distinct from those from West Africa. Vegetative compatibility tests of a subset of isolates (n = 65) showed no common groups among countries. This study shows that blast disease could be controlled by pyramiding of Pi9 together with other promising R-genes into rice cultivars that are adapted to East and West African regions.

Abstract Rice species Oryza glaberrima and O. sativa and interspecific hybrids produced at the West African Rice Development Association in Cote d'Ivoire, were screened for resistance to Heterodera sacchari, Meloidogyne graminicola and M. incognita R2. H. sacchari screening was done in field and pot experiments in Cote d'Ivoire. Non-indigenous species were screened in glasshouse tests in the UK. All O. glaberrima genotypes were resistant to H. sacchari from Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana, M. graminicola from the Philippines and M. incognita R2. In pot tests, the number of females which developed on these genotypes was zero for H. sacchari and < 3 for both species of Meloidogyne. Within lines of O. sativa, variation in female numbers (P 0.05) was observed, but all were susceptible both to H. sacchari and to M. graminicola. However, six cultivars and lines of O. sativa were less susceptible (P 0.05) to M. incognita R2 than the check cultivar IDSA 6. Of 14 progeny from O. sativa cv. WAB56-104 x O.glaberrima line CG14, two WAB450-I-B-P-105 and WAB450-I-B-P-160, were resistant to H.sacchari from Cote d'Ivoire. These lines and two others were also less susceptible (P 0.01) to M. graminicola than the O. sativa parent. The susceptibility of some of the progeny to both H. sacchari and M. graminicola and M. incognita was the same as that of the O. sativa parent. Of ten further progeny, screened against H. sacchari from Ghana, WAB450-25-1-10 was resistant. The expression of resistance in the interspecific progeny suggests that resistance to H. sacchari is qualitative, whilst that to Meloidogyne graminicola is quantitative. Resistance to M. incognita R2 was found in O. glaberrima, O. sativa and in one hybrid progeny. None of the species or progeny was resistant to Pratylenchus zeae and there were no significant differences in field population densities of P. zeae, Mesocriconema onoensis or Helicotylenchus dihystera. Resistance aux nematodes Heterodera sacchari, Meloidogyne graminicola et M. incognita chez Oryza glaberrima et chez des hybrides interspecifiques O. glaberrima x O. sativa - Les especes de riz Oryza glaberrima et O. sativa ainsi que des hybrides interspecifiques produits en Cote d'Ivoire par l'Association pour le Developpement de la Riziculture en Afrique de l'Ouest ont ete testes pour leur resistance envers les nematodes Heterodera sacchari, Meloidogyne graminicola et M. incognita R2. Les tests relatifs a H. sacchari ont ete realises, tant en champ qu'en pots, en Cote d'Ivoire. Ceux concernant les especes non indigenes l'ont ete en serre, en Grande Bretagne. Tous les genotypes de O. glaberrima sont resistants aux H. sacchari provenant de Cote d'Ivoire et du Ghana ainsi qu'a M. graminicola provenant des Philippines et a M. incognita R2. Lors des tests en pot le nombre de femelles produites sur ces genotypes sont de zero pour H. sacchari et de moins de 3 pour les deux especes de Meloidogyne. Concernant les lignees de O. sativa, une variabilite (P 0,05) a ete observee dans le nombre de femelles produites, mais toutes ces lignees sont sensibles a H. sacchari et M. graminicola. Cependant six cultivars ou lignees de O. sativa sont moins sensibles (P 0,05) a M. incognita R2 que le cultivar temoin IDSA 6. Parmi 14 descendances du croisement O. sativa cv. WAB56-104 x O. glaberrima lignee CG14, deux WAB450-I-B-P-105 et WAB450-I-B-P-160, sont resistances a H. sacchari provenant de Cote d'Ivoire. Ces lignees, ainsi que deux autres, sont moins sensibles (P 0.01) a M. graminicola que les O. sativa parents. La sensibilite de quelques unes de ces descendances a H. sacchari et aux deux especes de Meloidogyne etait identique a celle des parents. Parmi dix autres descendances ulterieures testees envers H. sacchari du Ghana, WAB450-25-1-10 s'est montre resistant. L'expression de la resistance dans la descendance interspecifique suggere que cette resistance est qualitative pour H. sacchari et quantitative pour M. graminicola. Une resistance a M. incognita a ete decelee chez O. sativa et O. glaberrima ainsi que dans la descendance d'un de leurs hybrides. Aucune des especes ou des descendances n'a montre de resistance envers Pratylenchus zeae et il n'existe aucune difference significative dans les densites de populations au champ de P. zeae, Mesocriconema onoensis ou Helicotylenchus dihystera.

-Stanley L. Engerman, B.W. Higman, Slave populations of the British Caribbean, 1807-1834. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, Johns Hopkins Studies in Atlantic History and Culture, 1984. xxxiii + 781 pp.-Susan Lowes, Gad J. Heuman, Between black and white: race, politics, and the free coloureds in Jamaica, 1792-1865. Westport CT: Greenwood Press, Contributions in Comparative Colonial Studies No. 5, 1981. 20 + 321 pp.-Anthony Payne, Lester D. Langley, The banana wars: an inner history of American empire, 1900-1934. Lexington KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1983. VIII + 255 pp.-Roger N. Buckley, David Geggus, Slavery, war and revolution: the British occupation of Saint Domingue, 1793-1798. New York: The Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, 1982. xli + 492 pp.-Gabriel Debien, George Breathett, The Catholic Church in Haiti (1704-1785): selected letters, memoirs and documents. Chapel Hill NC: Documentary Publications, 1983. xii + 202 pp.-Alex Stepick, Michel S. Laguerre, American Odyssey: Haitians in New York City. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1984. 198 pp-Andres Serbin, H. Michael Erisman, The Caribbean challenge: U.S. policy in a volatile region. Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1984. xiii + 208 pp.-Andres Serbin, Ransford W. Palmer, Problems of development in beautiful countries: perspectives on the Caribbean. Lanham MD: The North-South Publishing Company, 1984. xvii + 91 pp.-Carl Stone, Anthony Payne, The politics of the Caribbean community 1961-79: regional integration among new states. Oxford: Manchester University Press, 1980. xi + 299 pp.-Evelyne Huber Stephens, Michael Manley, Jamaica: struggle in the periphery. London: Third World Media, in association with Writers and Readers Publishing Cooperative Society, 1982. xi + 259 pp.-Rhoda Reddock, Epica Task Force, Grenada: the peaceful revolution. Washington D.C., 1982. 132 pp.-Rhoda Reddock, W. Richard Jacobs ,Grenada: the route to revolution. Havana: Casa de Las Americas, 1979. 157 pp., Ian Jacobs (eds)-Jacqueline Anne Braveboy-Wagner, Andres Serbin, Geopolitica de las relaciones de Venezuela con el Caribe. Caracas: Fundación Fondo Editorial Acta Cientifica Venezolana, 1983.-Idsa E. Alegria-Ortega, Jorge Heine, Time for decision: the United States and Puerto Rico. Lanham MD: North-South Publishing Co., 1983. xi + 303 pp.-Richard Hart, Edward A. Alpers ,Walter Rodney, revolutionary and scholar: a tribute. Los Angeles: Center for Afro-American Studies and African Studies Center, University of California, 1982. xi + 187 pp., Pierre-Michel Fontaine (eds)-Paul Sutton, Patrick Solomon, Solomon: an autobiography. Trinidad: Inprint Caribbean, 1981. x + 253 pp.-Paul Sutton, Selwyn R. Cudjoe, Movement of the people: essays on independence. Ithaca NY: Calaloux Publications, 1983. xii + 217 pp.-David Barry Gaspar, Richard Price, To slay the Hydra: Dutch colonial perspectives on the Saramaka wars. Ann Arbor MI: Karoma Publishers, 1983. 249 pp.-Gary Brana-Shute, R. van Lier, Bonuman: een studie van zeven religieuze specialisten in Suriname. Leiden: Institute of Cultural and Social Studies, ICA Publication no. 60, 1983. iii + 132 pp.-W. van Wetering, Charles J. Wooding, Evolving culture: a cross-cultural study of Suriname, West Africa and the Caribbean. Washington: University Press of America 1981. 343 pp.-Humphrey E. Lamur, Sergio Diaz-Briquets, The health revolution in Cuba. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1983. xvii + 227 pp.-Forrest D. Colburn, Ramesh F. Ramsaran, The monetary and financial system of the Bahamas: growth, structure and operation. Mona, Jamaica: Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies, 1984. xiii + 409 pp.-Wim Statius Muller, A.M.G. Rutten, Leven en werken van de dichter-musicus J.S. Corsen. Assen, The Netherlands: Van Gorcum, 1983. xiv + 340 pp.-Louis Allaire, Ricardo E. Alegria, Ball courts and ceremonial plazas in the West Indies. New Haven: Department of Anthropology of Yale University, Yale University Publications in Anthropology No. 79, 1983. lx + 185 pp.-Kenneth Ramchand, Sandra Paquet, The Novels of George Lamming. London: Heinemann, 1982. 132 pp.

Abstract The 2014-15 Ebola epidemic took a devastating human and economic toll on three West African countries, of which Liberia was perhaps the hardest hit. The pathways through which the crisis affected economic activity in these largely agrarian societies remain poorly understood. To study these mechanisms in the context of rural Liberia, we link a geographically disaggregated indicator of Ebola disease mortality to nationally representative household survey data on agricultural production and consumption. We find that higher Ebola prevalence (as proxied by local mortality) led to greater disruption of group-labor mobilization for planting and harvest, thereby reducing rice area planted as well as rice yields. Household welfare, measured by per capita expenditures spanning two points before and after the crisis, fell by more in Ebola prevalent areas with more intensive rice-farming, precisely those areas more adversely affected by agricultural labor shortages.

In the 1890s, the Pasteur Institute established a network of laboratories that stretched across France’s empire, from Indochina to West Africa. Quickly, researchers at these laboratories became central to France’s colonial project, helping officials monopolize industries, develop public health codes, establish disease containment measures, and arbitrate political conflicts around questions of labor rights, public works, and free association. Pasteur’s Empire shows how the scientific prestige of the Pasteur Institute came to depend on its colonial laboratories and how, conversely, the institutes themselves became central to colonial politics. This book argues that decisions as small as the isolation of a particular yeast or the choice of a laboratory animal could have tremendous consequences on the lives of Vietnamese and African subjects, who became the consumers of new vaccines or industrially fermented intoxicants. Simultaneously, global forces, such as the rise of international standards and American competitors, pushed Pastorians to their imperial laboratories, where they could conduct studies that researchers in France considered too difficult or controversial. Chapters follow not just Alexandre Yersin’s studies of the plague, Charles Nicolle’s public health work in Tunisia, and Constant Mathis’s work on yellow fever in Dakar, but also the activities of Vietnamese doctors, African students and politicians, Syrian traders, and Chinese warlords. It argues that a specifically Pastorian understanding of microbiology shaped French colonial politics across the world, allowing French officials to promise hygienic modernity while actually committing to minimal development.