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Yamamoto, A., H. Sawada, I. S. Shim, K. Usui, and S. Fujihara. "Effect of salt stress on physiological response and leaf polyamine content in NERICA rice seedlings." Plant, Soil and Environment 57, No. 12 (December 1, 2011): 571–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/413/2011-pse.
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NERICA is a new African rice variety, developed by the West African Rice Development Association (WARDA) in 1990s. NERICA rice shows both vigorous growth and tolerance of stressors such as drought and disease. The purpose of this study was to clarify the physiological and biochemical responses to salt stress of NERICA rice seedlings. The degree of growth inhibition caused by salt stress was small in NERICA rice varieties as compared with japonica Nipponbare. Na accumulation in leaf blades was high in salt-sensitive varieties. Accumulation of proline, a known compatible solute, was also induced by salt stress, especially in salt-sensitive varieties; it was thought that this accumulation was brought on salt-stress injury. The contents of polyamines, especially spermidine, were high in the pre-stressed leaf blades of NERICA rice seedlings. After the salt-stress treatment, the polyamine content of leaf blades differed with the degree of salt tolerance of the NERICA rice seedlings. These results suggested that the salt tolerance of NERICA rice seedlings might be associated not only with the regulation of Na absorption and translocation but also with their ability to maintain leaf polyamine levels under salt-stress conditions.
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Sharma, Sangita, Xia Cao, Rachel Harris, Anselm JM Hennis, M. Cristina Leske, and Suh-Yuh Wu. "Dietary intake and development of a quantitative food-frequency questionnaire for the Barbados National Cancer Study." Public Health Nutrition 10, no. 5 (May 2007): 464–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980007220531.
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AbstractObjectiveTo develop a quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (QFFQ) for the Barbados National Cancer Study (BNCS) that will permit examination of associations of diet with breast and prostate cancer.DesignPopulation intake data from the year 2000 Barbados Food Consumption and Anthropometric Surveys (BFCAS 2000) were used to derive a list of foods consumed by the population. A 192-item draft QFFQ was developed from this list.SettingBarbados, West Indies provides an ideal environment to understand cancer risk in African-origin populations, with high relevance to African-Americans. The BNCS is a population-based case–control study examining risk factors for breast and prostate cancer in such populations.SubjectsA total of 1600 persons, 18 years and older, completed a 24-hour recall in the BFCAS 2000. Fifty of 63 randomly selected residents (79% response rate) gave additional updated information on foods consumed.ResultsThe 50 participants provided a one-time 24-hour recall and completed the draft QFFQ. The final instrument contains 148 items: breads, cakes, cereals = 17; rice, pastas, noodles = 8; dairy = 10; meat, fish, poultry = 42; fruit = 16; vegetables = 26; soft drinks = 14; alcoholic beverages = 5; others = 10. Additional questions include supplement use and food preparation methods such as grilling.ConclusionThe final instrument is concise, complete and the most up-to-date for assessing the food and nutrient intake of African-origin Barbadians and the associations with breast and prostate cancer.
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RICHARDS, PAUL. "PATHS OF RICE IMPROVEMENT Wide Crossing: The West Africa Rice Development Association in Transition, 1985–2000. By JOHN R. WALSH. (SOAS Studies in Development Geography). Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001. Pp. x+152. £37.50 (ISBN 0-7546-1770-X)." Journal of African History 43, no. 2 (July 2002): 313–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853702558291.
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Griffith, J. "Wide Crossing, The West Africa Rice Development Association in Transition. 1985–2000. By J. R. Walsh. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Ltd (2001), pp. 162, £37.50. ISBN 0-7546-1770 X." Experimental Agriculture 38, no. 3 (June 18, 2002): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479702213095.
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Mendez del Villar, Patricio, and Frédéric Lançon. "West African rice development: Beyond protectionism versus liberalization?" Global Food Security 5 (June 2015): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2014.11.001.
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Mutiga, S. K., F. Rotich, V. Devi Ganeshan, D. T. Mwongera, E. M. Mgonja, V. M. Were, J. W. Harvey, et al. "Assessment of the Virulence Spectrum and Its Association with Genetic Diversity in Magnaporthe oryzae Populations from Sub-Saharan Africa." Phytopathology® 107, no. 7 (July 2017): 852–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-08-16-0319-r.
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A collection of 122 isolates of Magnaporthe oryzae, from nine sub-Saharan African countries, was assessed for virulence diversity and genetic relatedness. The virulence spectrum was assessed by pathotype analysis with a panel of 43 rice genotypes consisting of differential lines carrying 24 blast resistance genes (R-genes), contemporary African rice cultivars, and susceptible checks. The virulence spectrum among isolates ranged from 5 to 80%. Five isolates were avirulent to the entire rice panel, while two isolates were virulent to ∼75% of the panel. Overall, cultivar 75-1-127, the Pi9 R-gene donor, was resistant to all isolates (100%), followed by four African rice cultivars (AR105, NERICA 15, 96%; NERICA 4, 91%; and F6-36, 90%). Genetic relatedness of isolates was assessed by single nucleotide polymorphisms derived from genotyping-by-sequencing and by vegetative compatibility tests. Phylogenetic analysis of SNPs of a subset of isolates (n = 78) revealed seven distinct clades that differed in virulence. Principal component analysis showed isolates from East Africa were genetically distinct from those from West Africa. Vegetative compatibility tests of a subset of isolates (n = 65) showed no common groups among countries. This study shows that blast disease could be controlled by pyramiding of Pi9 together with other promising R-genes into rice cultivars that are adapted to East and West African regions.
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Plowright, Richard A., Daniel L. Coyne, Paula Nash, and Monty P. Jones. "Resistance to the rice nematodes Heterodera sacchari, Meloidogyne graminicola and M. incognita in Oryza glaberrima and O. glaberrima x O. sativa interspecific hybrids." Nematology 1, no. 7 (1999): 745–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854199508775.
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Abstract Rice species Oryza glaberrima and O. sativa and interspecific hybrids produced at the West African Rice Development Association in Cote d'Ivoire, were screened for resistance to Heterodera sacchari, Meloidogyne graminicola and M. incognita R2. H. sacchari screening was done in field and pot experiments in Cote d'Ivoire. Non-indigenous species were screened in glasshouse tests in the UK. All O. glaberrima genotypes were resistant to H. sacchari from Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana, M. graminicola from the Philippines and M. incognita R2. In pot tests, the number of females which developed on these genotypes was zero for H. sacchari and < 3 for both species of Meloidogyne. Within lines of O. sativa, variation in female numbers (P 0.05) was observed, but all were susceptible both to H. sacchari and to M. graminicola. However, six cultivars and lines of O. sativa were less susceptible (P 0.05) to M. incognita R2 than the check cultivar IDSA 6. Of 14 progeny from O. sativa cv. WAB56-104 x O.glaberrima line CG14, two WAB450-I-B-P-105 and WAB450-I-B-P-160, were resistant to H.sacchari from Cote d'Ivoire. These lines and two others were also less susceptible (P 0.01) to M. graminicola than the O. sativa parent. The susceptibility of some of the progeny to both H. sacchari and M. graminicola and M. incognita was the same as that of the O. sativa parent. Of ten further progeny, screened against H. sacchari from Ghana, WAB450-25-1-10 was resistant. The expression of resistance in the interspecific progeny suggests that resistance to H. sacchari is qualitative, whilst that to Meloidogyne graminicola is quantitative. Resistance to M. incognita R2 was found in O. glaberrima, O. sativa and in one hybrid progeny. None of the species or progeny was resistant to Pratylenchus zeae and there were no significant differences in field population densities of P. zeae, Mesocriconema onoensis or Helicotylenchus dihystera. Resistance aux nematodes Heterodera sacchari, Meloidogyne graminicola et M. incognita chez Oryza glaberrima et chez des hybrides interspecifiques O. glaberrima x O. sativa - Les especes de riz Oryza glaberrima et O. sativa ainsi que des hybrides interspecifiques produits en Cote d'Ivoire par l'Association pour le Developpement de la Riziculture en Afrique de l'Ouest ont ete testes pour leur resistance envers les nematodes Heterodera sacchari, Meloidogyne graminicola et M. incognita R2. Les tests relatifs a H. sacchari ont ete realises, tant en champ qu'en pots, en Cote d'Ivoire. Ceux concernant les especes non indigenes l'ont ete en serre, en Grande Bretagne. Tous les genotypes de O. glaberrima sont resistants aux H. sacchari provenant de Cote d'Ivoire et du Ghana ainsi qu'a M. graminicola provenant des Philippines et a M. incognita R2. Lors des tests en pot le nombre de femelles produites sur ces genotypes sont de zero pour H. sacchari et de moins de 3 pour les deux especes de Meloidogyne. Concernant les lignees de O. sativa, une variabilite (P 0,05) a ete observee dans le nombre de femelles produites, mais toutes ces lignees sont sensibles a H. sacchari et M. graminicola. Cependant six cultivars ou lignees de O. sativa sont moins sensibles (P 0,05) a M. incognita R2 que le cultivar temoin IDSA 6. Parmi 14 descendances du croisement O. sativa cv. WAB56-104 x O. glaberrima lignee CG14, deux WAB450-I-B-P-105 et WAB450-I-B-P-160, sont resistances a H. sacchari provenant de Cote d'Ivoire. Ces lignees, ainsi que deux autres, sont moins sensibles (P 0.01) a M. graminicola que les O. sativa parents. La sensibilite de quelques unes de ces descendances a H. sacchari et aux deux especes de Meloidogyne etait identique a celle des parents. Parmi dix autres descendances ulterieures testees envers H. sacchari du Ghana, WAB450-25-1-10 s'est montre resistant. L'expression de la resistance dans la descendance interspecifique suggere que cette resistance est qualitative pour H. sacchari et quantitative pour M. graminicola. Une resistance a M. incognita a ete decelee chez O. sativa et O. glaberrima ainsi que dans la descendance d'un de leurs hybrides. Aucune des especes ou des descendances n'a montre de resistance envers Pratylenchus zeae et il n'existe aucune difference significative dans les densites de populations au champ de P. zeae, Mesocriconema onoensis ou Helicotylenchus dihystera.
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Barrett, Christopher B., Shane M. Sherlund, and Akinwumi A. Adesina. "Macroeconomic Shocks, Human Capital and Productive Efficiency: Evidence from West African Rice Farmers." Journal of African Economies 15, no. 3 (September 1, 2006): 343–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejk001.
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 59, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1985): 73–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002078.
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-Stanley L. Engerman, B.W. Higman, Slave populations of the British Caribbean, 1807-1834. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, Johns Hopkins Studies in Atlantic History and Culture, 1984. xxxiii + 781 pp.-Susan Lowes, Gad J. Heuman, Between black and white: race, politics, and the free coloureds in Jamaica, 1792-1865. Westport CT: Greenwood Press, Contributions in Comparative Colonial Studies No. 5, 1981. 20 + 321 pp.-Anthony Payne, Lester D. Langley, The banana wars: an inner history of American empire, 1900-1934. Lexington KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1983. VIII + 255 pp.-Roger N. Buckley, David Geggus, Slavery, war and revolution: the British occupation of Saint Domingue, 1793-1798. New York: The Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, 1982. xli + 492 pp.-Gabriel Debien, George Breathett, The Catholic Church in Haiti (1704-1785): selected letters, memoirs and documents. Chapel Hill NC: Documentary Publications, 1983. xii + 202 pp.-Alex Stepick, Michel S. Laguerre, American Odyssey: Haitians in New York City. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1984. 198 pp-Andres Serbin, H. Michael Erisman, The Caribbean challenge: U.S. policy in a volatile region. Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1984. xiii + 208 pp.-Andres Serbin, Ransford W. Palmer, Problems of development in beautiful countries: perspectives on the Caribbean. Lanham MD: The North-South Publishing Company, 1984. xvii + 91 pp.-Carl Stone, Anthony Payne, The politics of the Caribbean community 1961-79: regional integration among new states. Oxford: Manchester University Press, 1980. xi + 299 pp.-Evelyne Huber Stephens, Michael Manley, Jamaica: struggle in the periphery. London: Third World Media, in association with Writers and Readers Publishing Cooperative Society, 1982. xi + 259 pp.-Rhoda Reddock, Epica Task Force, Grenada: the peaceful revolution. Washington D.C., 1982. 132 pp.-Rhoda Reddock, W. Richard Jacobs ,Grenada: the route to revolution. Havana: Casa de Las Americas, 1979. 157 pp., Ian Jacobs (eds)-Jacqueline Anne Braveboy-Wagner, Andres Serbin, Geopolitica de las relaciones de Venezuela con el Caribe. Caracas: Fundación Fondo Editorial Acta Cientifica Venezolana, 1983.-Idsa E. Alegria-Ortega, Jorge Heine, Time for decision: the United States and Puerto Rico. Lanham MD: North-South Publishing Co., 1983. xi + 303 pp.-Richard Hart, Edward A. Alpers ,Walter Rodney, revolutionary and scholar: a tribute. Los Angeles: Center for Afro-American Studies and African Studies Center, University of California, 1982. xi + 187 pp., Pierre-Michel Fontaine (eds)-Paul Sutton, Patrick Solomon, Solomon: an autobiography. Trinidad: Inprint Caribbean, 1981. x + 253 pp.-Paul Sutton, Selwyn R. Cudjoe, Movement of the people: essays on independence. Ithaca NY: Calaloux Publications, 1983. xii + 217 pp.-David Barry Gaspar, Richard Price, To slay the Hydra: Dutch colonial perspectives on the Saramaka wars. Ann Arbor MI: Karoma Publishers, 1983. 249 pp.-Gary Brana-Shute, R. van Lier, Bonuman: een studie van zeven religieuze specialisten in Suriname. Leiden: Institute of Cultural and Social Studies, ICA Publication no. 60, 1983. iii + 132 pp.-W. van Wetering, Charles J. Wooding, Evolving culture: a cross-cultural study of Suriname, West Africa and the Caribbean. Washington: University Press of America 1981. 343 pp.-Humphrey E. Lamur, Sergio Diaz-Briquets, The health revolution in Cuba. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1983. xvii + 227 pp.-Forrest D. Colburn, Ramesh F. Ramsaran, The monetary and financial system of the Bahamas: growth, structure and operation. Mona, Jamaica: Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies, 1984. xiii + 409 pp.-Wim Statius Muller, A.M.G. Rutten, Leven en werken van de dichter-musicus J.S. Corsen. Assen, The Netherlands: Van Gorcum, 1983. xiv + 340 pp.-Louis Allaire, Ricardo E. Alegria, Ball courts and ceremonial plazas in the West Indies. New Haven: Department of Anthropology of Yale University, Yale University Publications in Anthropology No. 79, 1983. lx + 185 pp.-Kenneth Ramchand, Sandra Paquet, The Novels of George Lamming. London: Heinemann, 1982. 132 pp.
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de la Fuente, Alejandro, Hanan G. Jacoby, and Kotchikpa Gabriel Lawin. "Impact of the West African Ebola Epidemic on Agricultural Production and Rural Welfare: Evidence from Liberia." Journal of African Economies 29, no. 5 (June 2, 2020): 454–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejaa002.
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Abstract The 2014-15 Ebola epidemic took a devastating human and economic toll on three West African countries, of which Liberia was perhaps the hardest hit. The pathways through which the crisis affected economic activity in these largely agrarian societies remain poorly understood. To study these mechanisms in the context of rural Liberia, we link a geographically disaggregated indicator of Ebola disease mortality to nationally representative household survey data on agricultural production and consumption. We find that higher Ebola prevalence (as proxied by local mortality) led to greater disruption of group-labor mobilization for planting and harvest, thereby reducing rice area planted as well as rice yields. Household welfare, measured by per capita expenditures spanning two points before and after the crisis, fell by more in Ebola prevalent areas with more intensive rice-farming, precisely those areas more adversely affected by agricultural labor shortages.
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OKRY, FLORENT, PAUL VAN MELE, EDWIN NUIJTEN, PAUL C. STRUIK, and ROCH L. MONGBO. "ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE SEED SECTOR OF RICE IN GUINEA: STAKEHOLDERS, PERCEPTION AND INSTITUTIONAL LINKAGES." Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 1 (January 2011): 137–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001447971000089x.
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SUMMARYThis paper analyses the organization of the rice seed sector in Guinea with the overall objectives to assess how organizational settings affect seed supply to small-scale farmers and to suggest institutional changes that would favour seed service and uptake of varieties. Data were collected in Guinea, West Africa, using focus group discussions with extension workers, farmers, representatives of farmers’ associations, agro-input dealers, researchers and non-governmental organization (NGO) staff, and surveys of 91 rice farming households and 41 local seed dealers. Findings suggest that the current institutional settings and perceptions of stakeholders from the formal seed sector inhibit smallholder farmers’ access to seed. Seed interventions in the past two decades have mainly relied on the national extension system, the research institute, NGOs, farmers’ associations and contract seed producers to ensure seed delivery. Although local seed dealers play a central role in providing seed to farmers, governmental organizations operating in a linear model of formal seed sector development have so far ignored their role. We discuss the need to find common ground and alternative models of seed sector development. In particular we suggest the involvement of local seed dealers in seed development activities to better link the formal and the informal seed systems and improve smallholder farmers’ access to seed from the formal sector.
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Gagliardi, Susan Elizabeth. "Seeing the unseeing audience: women and West African power association masquerades." Africa 88, no. 4 (November 2018): 744–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972018000451.
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AbstractFor more than a century, observers have noted that the West African power associations known as Komo and Kono prohibit women from seeing their performances and assemblages. Reportedly fearful of seeing something they are not permitted to see, women and children run for shelter and shut the doors. Yet, in western Burkina Faso today, certain Komo and Kono chapters authorize some women to view their arts, and women who are not authorized still interact with performers during events, consult with the organizations’ leaders at other times or assist power association leaders in other ways. A focus on the unseeing but ever-present audiences of Komo and Kono reconfigures our understanding of audiences. Scholars of theatre audiences in different times and places have sometimes used ‘spectators’ as a synonym for ‘audience’, implying a group of people who are physically present for an event and can see it. Unseeing audiences are physically present at a live performance and interact with performers even though they are prohibited from actually seeing the event other people can see. Shifting our focus to women as members of unseeing audiences also reveals women's varied contributions to organizations and arts that have long been framed as institutions that operate squarely within men's domains.
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Mekonnen, Ademe, Chris D. Thorncroft, and Anantha R. Aiyyer. "Analysis of Convection and Its Association with African Easterly Waves." Journal of Climate 19, no. 20 (October 15, 2006): 5405–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3920.1.
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Abstract The association between convection and African easterly wave (AEW) activity over tropical Africa and the tropical Atlantic during the boreal summer is examined using satellite brightness temperature (TB) and ECMWF reanalysis datasets. Spectral analysis using 18 yr of TB data shows significant variance in the 2–6-day range across most of the region. Within the regions of deep convection, this time scale accounts for about 25%–35% of the total variance. The 2–6-day convective variance has similar amplitudes over western and eastern Africa, while dynamic measures of AEW activity show stronger amplitudes in the west. This study suggests that weak AEW activity in the east is consistent with initial wave development there and indicates that convection triggered on the western side of the mountains over central and eastern Africa, near Darfur (western Sudan) and Ethiopia, has a role in initiating AEWs westward. The subsequent development and growth of AEWs in West Africa is associated with stronger coherence with convection there. Results show large year-to-year variability in convection at the 2–6-day time scale, which tends to vary consistently with the mean convection and dynamical measures of AEW activity over West Africa and the Atlantic, but not over central and eastern Africa. The Darfur region is particularly important for providing convective precursors that propagate westward and trigger AEWs downstream. During wet years, convection over eastern Africa (western Ethiopian highlands) can be a significant source of AEW initiation. In addition to being important for precursors of AEWs, the Darfur region is also a source of convection that propagates eastward toward Ethiopia.
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Chiasson, H., and S. B. Hill. "Population density, development and behaviour of Diopsis longicornis and D. apicalis (Diptera: Diopsidae) on rice in the Republic of Guinée." Bulletin of Entomological Research 83, no. 1 (March 1993): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300041729.
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AbstractThe behaviour and pest status of the rice stem borers Diopsis longicornis Macquart and D. apicalis Dalman were investigated in the Republic of Guinée, particularly during the dry season. The variables were direct seeded and transplanted rice, and three (1988, 1989) and four (1987) planting dates. Transplanted rice was damaged nearly three times more than direct seeded rice in the dry season, but no significant difference was detected during the wet season. As previously observed in other West African countries, D.apicalis only occasionally damages rice in Guinée. Contrary to findings elsewhere, D. longicornis was not an important pest of Guinean rice, infesting only 5% and 3% of stems over the three dry and the two wet seasons, respectively. However, year round rice production could promote build up of the diopsid population if dry season planting is not sufficiently delayed (45 days) after the last rains of the wet season.
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Bossa, Aymar Yaovi, Jean Hounkpè, Yacouba Yira, Georges Serpantié, Bruno Lidon, Jean Louis Fusillier, Luc Olivier Sintondji, Jérôme Ebagnerin Tondoh, and Bernd Diekkrüger. "Managing New Risks of and Opportunities for the Agricultural Development of West-African Floodplains: Hydroclimatic Conditions and Implications for Rice Production." Climate 8, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli8010011.
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High rainfall events and flash flooding are becoming more frequent, leading to severe damage to crop production and water infrastructure in Burkina Faso, Western Africa. Special attention must therefore be given to the design of water control structures to ensure their flexibility and sustainability in discharging floods, while avoiding overdrainage during dry spells. This study assesses the hydroclimatic risks and implications of floodplain climate-smart rice production in southwestern Burkina Faso in order to make informed decisions regarding floodplain development. Statistical methods (Mann-Kendall test, Sen’s slope estimator, and frequency analysis) combined with rainfall-–runoff modeling (HBV model) were used to analyze the hydroclimatic conditions of the study area. Moreover, the spatial and temporal water availability for crop growth was assessed for an innovative and participatory water management technique. From 1970 to 2013, an increasing delay in the onset of the rainy season (with a decreasing pre-humid season duration) occurred, causing difficulties in predicting the onset due to the high temporal variability of rainfall in the studied region. As a result, a warming trend was observed for the past 40 years, raising questions about its negative impact on very intensive rice cultivation packages. Farmers have both positive and negative consensual perceptions of climatic hazards. The analysis of the hydrological condition of the basin through the successfully calibrated and validated hydrological HBV model indicated no significant increase in water discharge. The sowing of rice from the 10th to 30th June has been identified as optimal in order to benefit from higher surface water flows, which can be used to irrigate and meet crop water requirements during the critical flowering and grain filling phases of rice growth. Furthermore, the installation of cofferdams to increase water levels would be potentially beneficial, subject to them not hindering channel drainage during peak flow.
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Ogiri, Itotenaan Henry. "Sustainable Development i n ECOWAS: A Super Highway Study." Journal of Business and Economics 9, no. 9 (September 22, 2018): 815–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15341/jbe(2155-7950)/09.09.2018/006.
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Over the last four decades, countries in West Africa sub-region have continued to search for an economic integration model through which its socio-economic prosperity will be enhanced. However, despite numerous sub-regional summits, little has been achieved to date in terms of sustainable economic development thus securing an almost permanent seat for the region as one of the world poorest. While regional integration is increasingly being accepted as essential in facilitating socio-economic growth, various accounts from the extant literature indicates that the lack of political will by ECOWAS leaders, among other concomitant factors, have led to the region’s inability to drive home the lofty ideas as contained in its numerous protocols. This paper examines the critical factors that have hampered socio-economic growth in the West Africa sub-region and highlights the imperative of an ECOWAS Super Highway as a driving force for the rapid transformation of a region so rich in human and materials resources yet is nested in a web of abject poverty. The study adopts survey method for its data collection. Data were collected by means of self-designed questionnaire designed on a 5-point Likert scale. The SPSS data software was used in the empirical analysis. Three main hypotheses were formulated and tested for this study. Results from this study indicate a strong association between a super Highway and improve economic integration in the ECOWAS sub-region. Our study further reveals that a Super Highway will serve to promote political stability within the ECOWAS sub-region, although not to a significant extent. Our findings also show that the challenge of language will be highly mitigated if an ECOWAS Super Highway is in place as this will aid in bridging the cultural divide that has existed between its Anglo-phone and Franco-Phone member-states. As a policy-driven research, this study has implications for theory and practice. The study makes original contribution to knowledge as the empirical literature is enriched. Furthermore, the study provides a platform that brings the ECOWAS Super Highway conundrum to both regional and International conversations. Finally, the paper provides an opportunity for further research to assist regional policy formulation particularly as it affects cross-border transportation system within the ECOWAS sub-region.
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Adeyi, Oyedele A. "Pathology Services in Developing Countries—The West African Experience." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 135, no. 2 (February 1, 2011): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2008-0432-ccr.1.
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Abstract Context.—Histopathology, like other branches of medicine in West Africa, has suffered largely from economic, political, social, and infrastructural problems, becoming a shadow of the top quality that had been obtained in the past. To address the prevailing problems, one needs to attempt defining them. Objective.—The existing structure of training and practice are discussed, highlighting the author's perception of the problems and suggesting practical ways to address these while identifying potential roles for North American pathology organizations. Design.—The author's past and ongoing association with pathology practice in Nigeria forms the basis for this review. Results.—Pathology practice is largely restricted to academic medical centers. The largest of academic centers each accession around 4000 or fewer surgical specimens per year to train 9 to 12 residents. Histopathology largely uses hematoxylin-eosin routine stains, sometimes with histochemistry but rarely immunohistochemistry. Pathologists depend largely on their skills in morphology (with its limitations) to classify and subclassify tumors on routine stains, including soft tissue and hematolymphoid malignancies. Immunofluorescence, intraoperative frozen section diagnosis, electronic laboratory system, and gross and microscopic imaging facilities are generally not available for clinical use. Conclusion.—The existing facilities and infrastructure can be augmented with provision of material and professional assistance from other pathology associations in more developed countries and should, among other things, focus on supplementing residency education. Virtual residency programs, short-visit observerships, development of simple but practical laboratory information systems, and closer ties with pathologists in these countries are some of the suggested steps in achieving this goal.
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Ibrahim, Ali, Kazuki Saito, Vincent B. Bado, and Marco C. S. Wopereis. "Thirty years of agronomy research for development in irrigated rice-based cropping systems in the West African Sahel: Achievements and perspectives." Field Crops Research 266 (June 2021): 108149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2021.108149.
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ZOSSOU, ESPÉRANCE, AMINOU AROUNA, ALIOU DIAGNE, and RITA AFIAVI AGBOH-NOAMESHIE. "GENDER GAP IN ACQUISITION AND PRACTICE OF AGRICULTURAL KNOWLEDGE: CASE STUDY OF RICE FARMING IN WEST AFRICA." Experimental Agriculture 53, no. 4 (October 19, 2016): 566–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479716000582.
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SUMMARYImproving farmers’ knowledge of new technologies and creating conducive learning opportunities, with particular attention to the marginalized poor (women and youth), are major factors in the move towards sustainable agriculture. To explore the gender gap in agricultural knowledge acquisition and adoption in West Africa, we used baseline data collected in 2013 and 2014 in five countries (Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Niger, Nigeria and Togo) with 499 surveyed households. The t-test and Kruskal–Wallis test were used for analysis. The most quoted source for acquiring knowledge on rice farming methods was ‘other farmers’, showing the importance of social capital for rural African farmers. In Benin, a gender gap was noted in rice farmers’ access to agricultural knowledge sources, with women being more advantaged. In Côte d'Ivoire, Niger, Nigeria and Togo, no significant gender gap was observed in rice farmers’ access to agricultural knowledge sources. Regarding the level of knowledge and use of rice farming methods in Côte d'Ivoire and Niger, significant gender gaps were observed. The gender approach to rural development is having impact in West Africa with regard to farmers’ access to agricultural information. However, interactive rural learning approaches (such as farmer-to-farmer video) need to be resorted to make the technologies’ principles well known and improve the ability of marginalized poor to adopt and or innovate with local or limited resources. This study leads to a better understanding of the relationship between gender, knowledge and use of agricultural technologies in order to enhance marginalized farmers’ adoption of improved innovations.
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Omeje, Julus E., Anthonia I. Achike, Chukwuemeka J. Arene, Philip I. Ifejika, and L. I. Ifejika. "Participation of stakeholders in aquaculture value chain of the West African Agricultural Productivity Programme in Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Extension 24, no. 4 (October 28, 2020): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v24i4.5.
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The study assessed stakeholder participation in the West African Agricultural Productivity Programme in aquaculture value chain of the Kainji Lake Basin, Nigeria. A two stage sampling procedure was used to select 294 value chain actors across 20 communities. Also, Pie charts, logistic regression analysis, 3 point Likert-type scale rating technique and strategic decision matrix were used to analyse primary data. The determinants of participation in the programme were marital status, extension visits, membership of an association and experience. Furthermore, there were moderate financial requirements (need for loan and equipment) in feed milling ( x̄ =2.23), fish processing ( x̄ =2.30) and wholesale marketing ( x̄ ==2.2), while the financial requirement in table-size fish farming was high ( x̄ =2.59). There were moderate development potentials (impacts on income, employment, poverty reduction and food security) in feed milling ( x̄ =2.33), fish processing ( x̄ =2.32) and wholesale marketing ( x̄ =1.99), while the development potential of table-size fish farming was high ( x̄ =2.55). Future interventions in the value chain should make necessary provisions for the financial needs of each value chain with the adoption of backwardforward integration of women and youths in the value chain.
Keywords: WAAPP, aquaculture, feed milling, fish processing, wholesale marketing
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Sablah, Mawuli, Jennifer Klopp, Douglas Steinberg, Zaoro Touaoro, Arnaud Laillou, and Shawn Baker. "Thriving Public—Private Partnership to Fortify Cooking Oil in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) to Control Vitamin A Deficiency: Faire Tache d'Huile en Afrique de l'Ouest." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 33, no. 4_suppl3 (December 2012): S310—S320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15648265120334s307.
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Background In sub-Saharan Africa, more than 42% of children are at risk for vitamin A deficiency, and control of vitamin A deficiency will prevent more than 600,000 child deaths annually. In the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA), an estimated 54.3% of preschool-age children are vitamin A deficient and 13% of pregnant women have night blindness. Objective To project the achievements of this West African coalition. Methods This article documents the achievements, challenges, and lessons learned associated with the development of a public—private partnership to fortify vegetable oil in West Africa through project reports and industry assessments. Results National-level food consumption surveys identified cooking oil as a key vehicle for vitamin A. Stakeholders therefore advocated for the production of fortified vegetable oil at large scale, supported industrial assessments, and reinforced the capacity of cooking oil industries to implement vitamin A fortification through effective coordination of public and private partnerships tied with standards, regulations, and social marketing. Strong alliances for food fortification were established at the regional and national levels. Stakeholders also developed policies, adopted directives, built capacity, implemented social marketing, and monitored quality enforcement systems to sustain fortification for maximum public health impact. The synergy created resulted from the unique and complementary core competencies of all the partners under effective coordination. The initiative began with the 8 UEMOA member countries and now includes all 15 countries of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), plus Cameroon, Tanzania, and Mozambique, forming a sub-Saharan Africa-wide initiative on food fortification. All members of the Professional Association of Cooking Oil Industries of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (AIFO-UEMOA) now fortify edible oil with vitamin A. Through multisector cooperation, an estimated 70% of the population has access to vitamin A–fortified edible oil in participating countries. Conclusions Sustainable fortification of cooking oil is now a reality in all UEMOA countries.
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BUIJ, RALPH, and BARBARA M. CROES. "Raptor habitat use in the Lake Chad Basin: insights into the effect of flood-plain transformation on Afrotropical and Palearctic raptors." Bird Conservation International 23, no. 2 (April 8, 2013): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270913000014.
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SummaryWest African flood-plains have undergone major land-use transformations in the second half of the 20th century. To obtain insight in the effect of flood-plain development for irrigated rice cultivation on the abundance, richness, and diversity of Palearctic and Afrotropical raptors, we conducted monthly transect surveys covering dry and wet seasons in four major habitats on the Waza-Logone flood-plain of Cameroon: dry grasslands, cultivated grasslands, rice fields, and seasonally flooded grasslands resembling natural flood-plain vegetation. We recorded 36 raptor species among 2,533 individuals, dominated by Black Kite Milvus migrans, which comprised 42% of counts. Although richness and diversity were not related to land-use for Palearctic raptors, Afrotropical raptor diversity was higher on the flooded grasslands compared to the newly created cultivated habitats and dry grasslands. The abundance of Afrotropical raptors did not significantly differ across habitats but was lower in rice-fields when Black Kite and Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus were excluded. Conversely, Palearctic raptor abundance was highest in post-harvest rice fields, demonstrating the importance of the rice fields as foraging habitat for Palearctic raptors. Further transformation of West Africa’s flood-plains is expected, reducing their capacity for Afrotropical raptors, while Palearctic raptors may benefit from expansion of rice-fields, but more research is needed on their vulnerability to pesticide use.
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Darity, William. "British Industry and the West Indies Plantations." Social Science History 14, no. 1 (1990): 117–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014555320002068x.
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Is it not notorious to the whole World, that the Business of Planting in our British Colonies, as well as in the French, is carried on by the Labour of Negroes, imported thither from Africa? Are we not indebted to those valuable People, the Africans for our Sugars, Tobaccoes, Rice, Rum, and all other Plantation Produce? And the greater the Number of Negroes imported into our Colonies, from Africa, will not the Exportation of British Manufactures among the Africans be in Proportion, they being paid for in such Commodities only? The more likewise our Plantations abound in Negroes, will not more Land become cultivated, and both better and greater Variety of Plantation Commodities be produced? As those Trades are subservient to the Well Being and Prosperity of each other; so the more either flourishes or declines, the other must be necessarily affected; and the general Trade and Navigation of their Mother Country, will be proportionably benefited or injured. May we not therefore say, with equal Truth, as the French do in their before cited Memorial, that the general Navigation of Great Britain owes all its Encrease and Splendor to the Commerce of its American and African Colonies; and that it cannot be maintained and enlarged otherwise than from the constant Prosperity of both those branches, whose Interests are mutual and inseparable?[Postlethwayt 1968c: 6]The atlantic slave trade remains oddly invisible in the commentaries of historians who have specialized in the sources and causes of British industrialization in the late eighteenth century. This curiosity contrasts sharply with the perspective of eighteenth-century strategists who, on the eve of the industrial revolution, placed great stock in both the trade and the colonial plantations as vital instruments for British economic progress. Specifically, Joshua Gee and Malachy Postlethwayt, once described by the imperial historian Charles Ryle Fay (1934: 2–3) as Britain’s major “spokesmen” for the eighteenth century, both placed the importation of African slaves into the Americas at the core of their visions of the requirements for national expansion. Fay (ibid.: 3) also described both of them as “mercantilists hardening into a manufacturers’ imperialism.” For such a “manufacturers’ imperialism” to be a success, both Gee and Postlethwayt saw the need for extensive British participation in the trade in Africans and in the maintenance and development of the West Indies.
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Widodo, Y., D. Harnowo, H. Gasikara, and A. Malala. "Indonesia-Madagascar partnership in agricultural linkages (impartial) aims for sustainability." International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 7, no. 1 (July 25, 2017): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v7i1.33317.
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Starting in 2011 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) through the Program of Third Country Experts (TCE) invited Indonesian scientists to be involved in the development endeavors for African Countries, including Madagascar especially in attempt to increase productivity of rice as main staple food of Malagasy. Initiation of bilateral cooperation between Indonesia and Madagascar had been stimulated from JICA-TCE, furthermore for developing Indonesian soybean to Madagascar from 2013 to 2015. Madagascar and many African Countries are grouped into the countries requesting global aid for taming hunger as declared under Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) ended 2015 that continued into Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030. Fortunately, there is a similarity of languages in Indonesia and Madagascar East and West Africa as heritage from the ancient voyage before western occupation or even Before Christ (BC) era as reflected in the relief at wall of Borobudur a Buddhist temple in Magelang Central Java Indonesia. Based on historical background, there is an opportunity to propose Indonesia- Madagascar Partnership in Agricultural Linkages (IMPARTIAL) as a new alliance for attaining sustainable development in developing countries at the southern hemisphere. Implementing agricultural innovation to provide adequate food and renewable energy for daily modern livelihood is a key to attain sustainability.Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 7 (1): 21-31, June, 2017
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Nebie, Issa, Amidou Diarra, Alphonse Ouedraogo, Issiaka Soulama, Edith C. Bougouma, Alfred B. Tiono, Amadou T. Konate, et al. "Humoral Responses to Plasmodium falciparum Blood-Stage Antigens and Association with Incidence of Clinical Malaria in Children Living in an Area of Seasonal Malaria Transmission in Burkina Faso, West Africa." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 2 (December 10, 2007): 759–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01147-07.
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ABSTRACT There is longstanding evidence that immunoglobulin G (IgG) has a role in protection against clinical malaria, and human antibodies of the cytophilic subclasses are thought to be particularly critical in this respect. In this cohort study, 286 Burkinabè children 6 months to 15 years old were kept under malaria surveillance in order to assess the protective role of antibody responses against four antigens which are currently being evaluated as vaccine candidates: apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1), merozoite surface protein 1-19 (MSP1-19), MSP3, and glutamate-rich protein (GLURP). Total IgG, IgM, and IgG subclass responses were measured just before the malaria transmission season. The incidence of malaria was 2.4 episodes per child year of risk. After adjusting for the confounding effects of age, the level of total IgG to GLURP was strongly associated with reduced malaria incidence (incidence rate ratio associated with a doubling of total IgG, 0.79; 95% confidence interval, 0.66 to 0.94; P = 0.009.); there was a borderline statistically significant association between the level of total IgG to MSP3 and malaria incidence and no evidence of an association for total IgG to AMA1 and to MSP1-19. Of the IgG subclass responses studied, only IgG3 and IgG4 against GLURP and IgG1 against AMA1 were associated with reduced risk of clinical malaria. There was no evidence of an interaction between responses to AMA1 and baseline parasitemia in their effects on malaria incidence. Currently included in malaria vaccine formulations for clinical trials in humans, these blood-stage antigens, AMA1 and GLURP, offer good prospects for malaria vaccine development.
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K. Esiaka, Darlingtina, and Glenn Adams. "Epistemic Violence in Research on Eldercare." Psychology and Developing Societies 32, no. 2 (August 21, 2020): 176–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971333620936948.
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Decolonial perspectives challenge the notion that standard knowledge in hegemonic psychology is productive of progress and enlightenment. They instead emphasise its association with the colonial violence that constitutes the darker underside of modern development. Our contribution to the special issue applies a decolonial perspective to theory and research on obligation to an elderly parent. Thinking from the standpoint of West African epistemic locations not only illuminates the culture-bound character of standard models but also reveals their foundations in modern individualist selfways. Although modern individualist selfways can liberate well-endowed people to pursue fulfilling relationships and avoid unsatisfying connections with burdensome obligations, these ways of being pose risks of abandonment for people—like many elders—whose requirements for care might constitute a constraint on others’ satisfaction. In contrast, the cultural ecologies of embedded interdependence that inform everyday life in many West African settings afford selfways that emphasise careful maintenance of existing connections. Although these selfways may place constraints on the self-expansive pursuit of satisfying relationships, they provide elders and other vulnerable people with some assurance of support.
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Dossou-Yovo, Elliott, Sander Zwart, Amadou Kouyaté, Ibrahima Ouédraogo, and Oladele Bakare. "Predictors of Drought in Inland Valley Landscapes and Enabling Factors for Rice Farmers’ Mitigation Measures in the Sudan-Sahel Zone." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010079.
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Drought is a noteworthy cause of low agricultural profitability and of crop production vulnerability, yet in numerous countries of Africa little to no consideration has been paid to readiness for drought calamity, particularly to spatial evaluation and indicators of drought occurrence. In this study, biophysical and socio-economic data, farmers’ community surveys and secondary data from remote sensing on soil characteristics and water demand were used to evaluate the predictors of drought in inland valley rice-based production systems and the factors affecting farmers’ mitigation measures. The study intervened in three West African countries located in the Sudan-Sahel zone, viz. Burkina Faso, Mali and Nigeria. Significant drying trends occurred at latitudes below 11°30′ whilst significant wetting trends were discerned at latitude above 11°30′. Droughts were more frequent and had their longest duration in the states of Niger and Kaduna located in Nigeria and in western Burkina Faso during the period 1995–2014. Among 21 candidate predictors, average annual standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index and duration of groundwater availability were the most important predictors of drought occurrence in inland valleys rice based-production systems. Land ownership and gender affected the commitment of rice farmers to use any mitigation measure against drought. Drought studies in inland valleys should include climatic water balance and groundwater data. Securing property rights and focusing on women’s association would improve farmers’ resilience and advance drought mitigation measures.
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Meilleur, Katherine G., Ayo Doumatey, Hanxia Huang, Bashira Charles, Guanjie Chen, Jie Zhou, Daniel Shriner, Adebowale Adeyemo, and Charles Rotimi. "Circulating Adiponectin Is Associated with Obesity and Serum Lipids in West Africans." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 95, no. 7 (July 1, 2010): 3517–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-2765.
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Context: Adiponectin, a hormone secreted by adipose tissue, has both metabolic and antiinflammatory properties. Although multiple studies have described the relationship between adiponectin and obesity in several human populations, no large studies have evaluated this relationship in Africans. Objective: We investigated the relationship between adiponectin and measures of obesity, serum lipids, and insulin resistance in a large African cohort. Design: Participants are from the Africa America Diabetes Mellitus (AADM) Study, a case-control study of genetic and other risk factors associated with development of type 2 diabetes in Africans. Setting: Patients were recruited from five academic medical centers in Nigeria and Ghana (Accra and Kumasi in Ghana and Enugu, Ibadan, and Lagos in Nigeria) over 10 yr. Main Outcome Measures: Circulating adiponectin levels were measured in 690 nondiabetic controls using an ELISA. The correlation between log-transformed circulating adiponectin levels and age, gender, measures of obesity (body mass index, waist circumference, and percent fat mass), and serum lipid levels was assessed. Linear regression was used to explore the association between adiponectin levels and measures of obesity, lipids, and insulin resistance as measured by homeostasis model assessment. Results: Significant negative associations were observed between log-adiponectin levels and measures of obesity after adjusting for age and gender. Similarly, log-adiponectin levels were significantly negatively associated with serum triglycerides and insulin resistance but positively associated with high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and total cholesterol after adjusting for age, gender, and body mass index. Conclusions: Circulating adiponectin is significantly associated with measures of obesity, serum lipids, and insulin resistance in this study of West African populations.
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MACLURE, RICHARD. "No Longer Overlooked and Undervalued? The Evolving Dynamics of Endogenous Educational Research in Sub-Saharan Africa." Harvard Educational Review 76, no. 1 (April 1, 2006): 80–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.76.1.1855703m42272353.
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Multilateral donors like the World Bank and bilateral agencies such as the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the British Department for International Development exert a great deal of influence in international educational development — particularly in sub-Saharan Africa — both in the programs they fund and the types of research they engage in. In this article, Richard Maclure investigates educational research in Africa and juxtaposes research done by large, exogenous, Western, results-oriented organizations with research performed by smaller, endogenous, local researchers aided by local research networks. Maclure argues convincingly that research that falls into the exogenous "donor-control" paradigm far too often is irrelevant to the African educational policy context and does little to develop local research capacity. The cases of two African research networks — the Educational Research Network of West and Central Africa and the Association for the Development of Education in Africa—are presented as exemplars of organizations that promote an alternative type of research that is endogenous, relevant to policy and the process of policymaking, and controlled by Africans. Maclure concludes with a call for increased support for and development of these types of networks, and for the development of the long-term solution to educational research in Africa — the university.
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Senoumantin, Legba Christian, Yabi Ibouraïma, Azonhe Thierry, and Osseni Abdel-Aziz. "Analyse Des Déterminants Du Choléra Dans La Ville De Djougou Au Bénin." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 18 (June 30, 2017): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n18p171.
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The propagation and the persistence of the infectious diseases are the facts which is recurring and disturb the development process in the African countries. This’s the case of the cholera which, despite efforts of eradication, persists and compromises the socio-economic activities of the communities west-African. The town of Djougou in Benin is not out of this acute and dangerous intestinal affection for the survival of the populations. This study aims to identify and prioritize the risk factors basic of the cholera in order to suggest solutions to its eradication. The methodological approach used for this purpose is based on a casecontrol analytical approach. Several variables were used and the chi-square test assessed the degree of association between each disease and the occurrence of the disease. The got results reveal a significant link between the source of supply out of drink water and the cholera (p = 0.047), the water treatment before its consumption and the cholera (p = 0.03). In the same way, one notes a highly significant association between the contact with a choleraic patient and which has occurred of the cholera (p= 0.0001) and between the none observance of hand-washing to running water with soap and the cholera (p = 0.0001).
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Aswara, Lena Puspa, Ma’mun Sarma, and Lukman M. Baga. "Prospect of Sustainability Rural Agribusiness Business Development Programs In Purwakarta District." JURNAL MANAJEMEN AGRIBISNIS (Journal Of Agribusiness Management) 8, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jma.2020.v08.i02.p05.
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The PUAP program is a facility to provide business fund for member of Farmers Group Association (Gapoktan). Purwakarta is one of the district in West Java that received the PUAP program. This study aims to identify the utilization of PUAP funds, analyze impact of PUAP, evaluate the assistance program, and formulate programs based on sustainability prospect of PUAP. This study used quantitative and qualitative descriptive analysis methods to farmers who received PUAP funds and who did not (NON PUAP). The results showed that the average total production input of PUAP farmers is greater than NON PUAP farmers. There is no significant difference between average total cost incurred by PUAP farmers and NON PUAP farmers. There is no significant difference between net income of PUAP farmers and NON PUAP farmers. The assistance program provide by agriculture extension, daily freelance agricultural extension workers (THL-TBPP), Farmer Partner Supervisors (PMT) and Saprodi Agents. The policy implications that can be formulated for the sustainability of the PUAP program in Purwakarta district are: 1) Development community food business institutions; 2) Regular funds for Food Security Sector; 3) Farmer welfare improvement program; 4) Empowerment of business development groups and processing of agriculture products; 5) Agriculture Product Marketing Improvement Program; 6) Assistance program for Rice Production escalation; 7) Enhancement capacity of agricultural extension workers.
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Ray, Subrata Ray. "Globalization and its impact on Human Resource Management practice of India." Journal of Global Economy 6, no. 3 (September 30, 2010): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v6i3.62.
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The approaching of the 21 century globalization poses unique HRM challenges to business chiefly those functioning across countrywide boundaries as transnational or global enterprises. Global trade is considered by the open flow of human and economic resources particularly in the developed economies of European Union (EU), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), other regional groupings such as the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the Southern African Development Community, etc. Competing in global markets require loads of factors and centralization of its human resource practices is definitely imperative to get better global competitiveness and authorize workforce for global assignments. These developments are opening up new markets in a mode that has certainly not been seen earlier than. This accentuates the requirement to deal with human resources efficiently to increase aggressive benefit in the global market place. To attain this, organizations need an understanding of the factors that can decide the efficacy of different HR practices and approaches. This is because countries like India diverge down a number of scopes that persuade the attractiveness of direct overseas investments in every nation.Â
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Bassett, Thomas J. "Book reviews : Richards, P. 1985: Indigenous agricultural revolution: ecology and food production in West Africa. London: Hutchinson. £7.95 paper. 1986: Coping with hunger: hazard and experiment in an African rice-farming system. London: Allen and Unwin. £25.00 cloth." Progress in Human Geography 12, no. 4 (December 1988): 589–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913258801200411.
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Coote, J. "Museums & History in West Africa, edited by Claude Daniel Ardouin and Emmanuel Arinze. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press and Oxford: James Currey (on behalf of the West African Museums Programme in association with the International African Institute), 2000. ix + 182 pp. 35.00 hardback; 14.95 paperback. ISBN 0-85255-254-8 (hardback); 0-85255-253-X (paperback)." African Affairs 103, no. 411 (April 1, 2004): 307–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adh028.
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Knopek, Jacek. "Polish Jews in Africa in the interwar period." Review of Nationalities 6, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pn-2016-0003.
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Abstract The article presents the emigration of Polish Jewish community to the individual regions in Africa in the years 1918-1939. It is stated in it that Africa was not really popular among Polish immigrants. Before 1939 only about 4200 people who had Polish citizenship lived on this large continent. Polish Jews occupied an important place among the population. Relatively the largest colonies of Polish Jews were then in North Africa (Egypt and the Maghreb) and in South Africa. Smaller ones were created in West, Central and East Africa. The wealthiest group of Polish Jews lived in Egypt and South Africa, where they were engaged in trade. In other regions, that group dealt with craft, had small shops or livied on hired labor. Polish Jews were involved in the development of Polish and of Polish origin association life in Africa. They contributed also to establishing business contacts between Poland and African lands. Individuals received satisfactory material status and a good professional position or were engaged in political activities.
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WINDARSIH, GUT, and DWINITA WIKAN UTAMI. "Evaluation of neck blast resistance and agronomical performances on double haploid rice population in greenhouse and endemic field." Nusantara Bioscience 9, no. 4 (November 2, 2017): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n090406.
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Windarsih G, Utami DW. 2017. Evaluation of neck blast resistance and agronomical performances on double haploid rice population in greenhouse and endemic field. Nusantara Bioscience 9: 371-377. Blast disease caused by fungal Pyricularia grisea Sacc. is one of the most destructive diseases of rice in the world. The development of blast-resistant rice varieties will be essential to control this disease. This research aimed (i) to compare the resistance response to neck-blast among DH lines from double cross IR54/Parekaligolara//Bio110/Markuti and the differential varieties against three selected Indonesian blast races in greenhouse, (ii) to identify the gene(s) that caused the resistance to neck-blast based on the association between the resistance response and the genotype evaluation using molecular markers linked to Pi1, Pi33, Pib, Pir4 and Pir7 genes, and (iii) to evaluate the resistance response to leaf and neck blast on DH lines in endemic field (Sukabumi) and the agronomical performance of selected DH lines in optimum field in Ciasem of Subang, West Java, Indonesia during December 2013 to March 2014. Eleven double haploid lines from double-crossing IR54/Parekaligolara//Bio110/Markuti, the differential varieties as resistant control and the US2 variety for susceptible control were observed for neck-blast resistance response to three blast races in greenhouse and endemic field (Sukabumi), while the agronomical performances were observed in field of Ciasem-Subang. The results based on the genotyping evaluation, leaf and neck blast resistance, either in greenhouse and endemic location, and the agronomical performance in field showed that 5 selected double haploid lines had leaf and neck blast resistance and good performance on field trial. Thus they are promising for use either for further testing forwarding into releasing variety or used as donor for further blast resistant breeding activities.
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Jiménez Martínez, Marcos, and Christine Fürst. "Simulating the Capacity of Rainfed Food Crop Species to Meet Social Demands in Sudanian Savanna Agro-Ecologies." Land 10, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): 827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080827.
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West African land use systems have been experiencing one of the fastest transformations in the world over recent decades. The Sudanian savanna is an interesting example, as it hosts the cultivation of some crops typical of the Guinean savanna as well as some of the Sahel. Therefore, this region is likely to experience further changes in its crop portfolio over the next decades due to crop migration processes responding to environmental change. Simulation approaches can guide the development of agricultural production strategies that contribute to sustainably optimize both food and fuel production. This study used crop models already available in the APSIM platform to simulate plant production and the soil water and nutrient cycles of plots cultivated with groundnut, millet, sorghum, maize, and rice on three (two upland and one lowland) soil fertility classes and subjected to five levels of management (conventional tillage without residue incorporated to the soil and nor fertilizer application; conventional tillage without residue incorporated to the soil and 5 kg N ha−1; conventional tillage with residue incorporated to the soil 20 kg N ha−1, and no-till herbicide treated with 50 and 100 kg N ha−1). Simulation outputs were contrasted against data reported in the literature and converted into nutritional, fuel and feed yields based on the qualities and uses of their different plant comparments. Groundnut yields outperformed all of the cereals across most growing conditions, nutritional and feed indicators. Maize and rice provided the highest caloric yields, with the least fertile growing conditions. Sorghum provided average to high caloric and iron yields across all of the treatments. Millet provided the highest iron yields and high fuel yields across most treatments. Some simulated treatments could not be compared against literature review data because of their absence in actual cropping systems and the lack of experimental data. Plant production was simulated with higher accuracy than the other components of the simulation. In particular, there is a need to better parameterize and validate the rice, groundnut and millet models under Sudanian savanna conditions in order to perform more accurate comparative assessments among species.
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Sarr, Marièma, Maryam Tidjani Alou, Jeremy Delerce, Saber Khelaifia, Nafissatou Diagne, Aldiouma Diallo, Hubert Bassene, et al. "A Listeria monocytogenes clone in human breast milk associated with severe acute malnutrition in West Africa: A multicentric case-controlled study." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 6 (June 29, 2021): e0009555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009555.
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Background Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is a major public health problem affecting children under the age of five in many low- and middle-income countries, and its resolution would contribute towards achieving the several sustainable development goals. The etiology of SAM is pluri-factorial, including delayed maturation of the gut microbiota, suboptimal feeding practices and dysfunctional breastfeeding. The recent serendipitous detection of Listeria monocytogenes in the breast milk of Malian women, in contrast to French women, suggests a possible association with SAM. Methodology/ Principal findings To investigate the possible association of L. monocytogenes carriage in breast milk and SAM, a case-control study was performed in Senegal, with subjects recruited from two areas. Using 16S amplicon sequencing, a culture independent method, 100% (152/152) of the mothers were positive for L. monocytogenes in their breast milk while qPCR analysis gave lower recovery rates. Interestingly, after enrichment in Fraser broth and seeding on PALCALM agar, all 10 isolated strains were isolated from the milk of 10 mothers who had SAM children which also had a significantly increased relative abundance of L. monocytogenes (0.34 (SD 0.35) vs 0.05 (SD 0.07) in controls, p<0.0001). The high genomic similarity between these strains and Malian breast milk strains from a previous study supports the hypothesis of endemic clone carriage in West Africa. Moreover, the in vitro growth inhibition of L. monocytogenes using breast milk samples was obtained from only 50% of the milk of mothers who had SAM children, in contrast to control samples which systematically inhibited the growth of L. monocytogenes with a higher inhibition diameter (15.7 mm (SD 2.3) in controls versus 3.5 mm (SD 4.6) in SAM, p = 0.0001). Lactobacillus and Streptococcus isolated from the breast milk of controls inhibit L. monocytogenes in a species-dependent manner. Conclusions/Significance Our study reveals a previously unsuspected carriage of L. monocytogenes in the breast milk of West African women, which is associated with SAM. The inhibitory effect of human selected lactic acid bacterial species against L. monocytogenes might provide new therapeutic and inexpensive options to prevent and treat this neglected public health issue.
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Diabate, Ardjouman, Hagan Sibiri, Linyu Wang, and Liying Yu. "Assessing SMEs’ Sustainable Growth through Entrepreneurs’ Ability and Entrepreneurial Orientation: An Insight into SMEs in Côte d’Ivoire." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 13, 2019): 7149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247149.
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In most countries, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a key role in driving sustainable economic growth and job creation; hence, the need to investigate factors (e.g., entrepreneurial factors) that influence SMEs’ sustainable growth (SMESG). This study provides an insight into entrepreneurs’ abilities (EAs) that affect SMESG in Côte d’Ivoire (a middle-income economy located in the West African region) and an assessment of the extent to which entrepreneurial orientation (EO) influences the EA–SMESG relationship. By using data from 320 Ivorian SMEs, the results of hypothesis testing confirm an association between SMESG and each EA dimension (creativity, risk control, relationship, and opportunity detection ability), learning ability excepted. As for the moderating effect of EO, the innovativeness in entrepreneurship positively and significantly regulates the EA–SMESG relationship; proactiveness positively regulates the relationship between almost all EA dimensions and SMESG; and risk tendency regulates the relationship EA–SMESG for creativity and risk-control ability. Based on major findings, management implications are formulated in relation to promoting SMEs’ sustainable growth. For example, in light of the impact of EA on SMESG, development actors can increase the efficiency of Ivorian SMEs through actions aiming at strengthening the abilities of entrepreneurs and managers.
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Aidoo, Michael, Ajit Lalvani, Sarah C. Gilbert, Jiang Ting Hu, Pierre Daubersies, Nicole Hurt, Hilton C. Whittle, Pierre Druihle, and Adrian V. S. Hill. "Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Epitopes for HLA-B53 and Other HLA Types in the Malaria Vaccine Candidate Liver-Stage Antigen 3." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.1.227-232.2000.
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ABSTRACT The development of an effective preerythrocytic vaccine againstPlasmodium falciparum malaria is likely to require inclusion of components from several preerythrocytic antigens. The association of HLA-B53 with resistance to severe malaria in West Africa provided evidence that HLA class I-restricted CD8+ T-cell responses play a role in protective immunity in African children, supporting data from rodent models of malaria. Previously, a single epitope from liver-stage-specific antigen 1 (LSA-1) has been shown to be recognized by HLA-B53-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), but HLA-B53 epitopes were not found in four other antigens. In this study we measured CTL responses to peptides from the recently sequenced antigen liver-stage antigen 3 (LSA-3) and identified in it a new epitope restricted by HLA-B53. Several CTL epitopes restricted by other class I types were also identified within LSA-3 in studies in The Gambia and Tanzania. CTL were also identified to an additional P. falciparum antigen, exported protein 1 (Exp-1), the homologue of which is a protective antigen in a rodent model of malaria. These findings emphasize the diversity of P. falciparum antigens recognized by CD8+ T cells in humans and support the inclusion of components from several antigens in new CTL-inducing vaccines against malaria.
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Silitonga, Mirdat, Herien Puspitawati, and Istiqlaliyah Muflikhati. "MODAL SOSIAL, COPING EKONOMI, GEJALA STRES SUAMI DAN KESEJAHTERAAN SUBJEKTIF KELUARGA PADA KELUARGA TKW." JKKP (Jurnal Kesejahteraan Keluarga dan Pendidikan) 5, no. 1 (April 17, 2018): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jkkp.051.03.
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The achievement of family well - being is an aspiration of all families including families of migrant workers, to achieve the well - being of one of the ways that the families of migrant workers with the departure of the wife work as domestic servants in various countries. The purpose of this study was to analyze social capital, economic coping, sress symptom’s husband and family subjektive well - being of women migrant workers. This research use cross sectional studies. The location was chosen purposively in Tanggeung Village, Pagermaneuh Village, Margaluyu Village, Karangtengah Village, Tanggeung District and Pasirdalam Village Kadupandak District, Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia. Seventy five families were selected purposively among the families of women migrant workers. The finding indicates that social capital is in the moderate category, the coping economy is in the moderate category, the sress symptom’s husband is in the low category and the family well-being is in the low category. Finding in this study family subjective well-being is influenced by income per capita, sress symptom’s husband and economic coping.
Keywords: economic coping, family subjective well-being, social capital, stress symptom
Abstrak
Kesejahteraan keluarga merupakan sesuatu yang ingin dicapai seluruh keluarga, termasuk keluarga Tenaga Kerja Wanita (TKW), untuk mencapai kesejahteraan tersebut salah satu cara yang dilakukan oleh keluarga TKW adalah mengirim istri sebagai pembantu rumah tangga di berbagai negara. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis modal sosial, coping ekonomi, gejala stres suami, dan kesejahteraan subjektif keluarga TKW. Penelitian ini menggunakan cross sectional studies. Lokasi dipilih dengan metode purposive di Provinsi Jawa Barat, Kabupaten Cianjur, Kecamatan Tanggeung, Desa Pagermaneuh, Desa Marguluyu, Desa Karangtengah, Desa Tanggeung, Kecamatan Kadupandak, Desa Pasirdalam. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 75 keluarga TKW dengan metode purposive sampling. Penelitian ini menemukan modal sosial berada pada kategori sedang, coping ekonomi berada pada kategori sedang, gelaja stres suami berada pada kategori rendah, dan kesejahteraan subjektif berada pada kategori rendah. Penelitian ini juga menemukan kesejahteraan keluarga berpengaruh terhadap pendapatan perkapita, gelaja stres suami, dan coping ekonomi.
Kata kunci : coping ekonomi, gejala stres, kesejahteraan subjektif, modal sosial.
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Oluremi, Johnson R., Adrian O. Eberemu, Stephen T. Ijimdiya, and Kolawole J. Osinubi. "Lateritic Soil Treated with Waste Wood Ash As Liner in Landfill Construction." Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 25, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/eeg-2023.
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ABSTRACTInherent variability in engineering properties of lateritic soil in relation to its plasticity, permeability, strength, workability, and natural moisture content, has made it an unpredictable material for use in civil engineering works, resulting in the need for its treatment by stabilization. A lateritic soil classified as A-6(6) and CL, according to American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials and Unified Soil Classification System of ASTM (2011), was treated with up to 10 percent waste wood ash (WWA). Compaction was carried out using four energies, namely, reduced British Standard light, British Standard light (BSL), West African Standard, and British Standard heavy, on samples, which were then examined for hydraulic conductivity, volumetric shrinkage, and unconfined compressive strength as major criteria for use as liner and for the development of acceptable zones. Specimens with 4 percent WWA content compacted with a minimum BSL energy satisfied the maximum hydraulic conductivity (k) value of 1 × 10−9 m/s, maximum volumetric shrinkage strain of 4 percent, and minimum unconfined compressive strength value of 200 kN/m2 required for use as liner in engineered landfills. The overall acceptable zone was enlarged for up to 4 percent WWA content, thereby accommodating higher moulding water content, but the minimum compactive effort required to achieve it became reduced. The beneficial treatment of lateritic soil with up to 4 percent WWA will perform satisfactorily as liner and covers in waste containment application and will minimize the pollution and environmental impact of wood waste disposal.
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Lebina, Limakatso, Mary Kawonga, Olufunke Alaba, Natasha Khamisa, Kennedy Otwombe, and Tolu Oni. "Organisational culture and the integrated chronic diseases management model implementation fidelity in South Africa: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 10, no. 7 (July 2020): e036683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036683.
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ObjectiveTo assess whether organisational culture influences the fidelity of implementation of the Integrated Chronic Disease Management (ICDM) model at primary healthcare (PHC) clinics.DesignA cross-sectional study.SettingThe ICDM model was introduced in South African clinics to strengthen delivery of care and improve clinical outcomes for patients with chronic conditions, but the determinants of its implementation have not been assessed.ParticipantsThe abbreviated Denison organisational culture (DOC) survey tool was administered to 90 staff members to assess three cultural traits: involvement, consistency and adaptability of six PHC clinics in Dr. Kenneth Kaunda and West Rand (WR) health districts.Primary and secondary outcome measuresEach cultural trait has three indices with five items, giving a total of 45 items. The items were scored on a Likert scale ranging from one (strongly disagree) to five (strongly agree), and mean scores were calculated for each item, cultural traits and indices. Descriptive statistics were used to describe participants and clinics, and Pearson correlation coefficient to asses association between fidelity and culture.ResultsParticipants’ mean age was 38.8 (SD=10.35) years, and 54.4% (49/90) were nurses. The overall mean score for the DOC was 3.63 (SD=0.58). The involvement (team orientation, empowerment and capability development) cultural trait had the highest (3.71; SD=0.72) mean score, followed by adaptability (external focus) (3.62; SD=0.56) and consistency (3.56; SD=0.63). There were no statistically significant differences in cultural scores between PHC clinics. However, culture scores for all three traits were significantly higher in WR (involvement 3.39 vs 3.84, p=0.011; adaptability 3.40 vs 3.73, p=0.007; consistency 3.34 vs 3.68, p=0.034).ConclusionLeadership intervention is required to purposefully enhance adaptability and consistency cultural traits of clinics to enhance the ICDM model’s principles of coordinated, integrated, patient-centred care.
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 77, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2003): 295–366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002526.
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-Edward L. Cox, Judith A. Carney, Black rice: The African origin of rice cultivation in the Americas. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2001. xiv + 240 pp.-David Barry Gaspar, Brian Dyde, A history of Antigua: The unsuspected Isle. Oxford: Macmillan Education, 2000. xi + 320 pp.-Carolyn E. Fick, Stewart R. King, Blue coat or powdered wig: Free people of color in pre-revolutionary Saint Domingue. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2001. xxvi + 328 pp.-César J. Ayala, Birgit Sonesson, Puerto Rico's commerce, 1765-1865: From regional to worldwide market relations. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center Publications, 200. xiii + 338 pp.-Nadine Lefaucheur, Bernard Moitt, Women and slavery in the French Antilles, 1635-1848. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001. xviii + 217 pp.-Edward L. Cox, Roderick A. McDonald, Between slavery and freedom: Special magistrate John Anderson's journal of St. Vincent during the apprenticeship. Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press, 2001. xviii + 309 pp.-Jaap Jacobs, Benjamin Schmidt, Innocence abroad: The Dutch imagination and the new world, 1570-1670. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. xxviii + 450 pp.-Wim Klooster, Johanna C. Prins ,The Low countries and the New World(s): Travel, Discovery, Early Relations. Lanham NY: University Press of America, 2000. 226 pp., Bettina Brandt, Timothy Stevens (eds)-Wouter Gortzak, Gert Oostindie ,Knellende koninkrijksbanden: Het Nederlandse dekolonisatiebeleid in de Caraïben, 1940-2000. Volume 1, 1940-1954; Volume 2, 1954-1975; Volume 3, 1975-2000. 668 pp. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2001., Inge Klinkers (eds)-Richard Price, Ellen-Rose Kambel, Resource conflicts, gender and indigenous rights in Suriname: Local, national and global perspectives. Leiden, The Netherlands: self-published, 2002, iii + 266.-Peter Redfield, Richard Price ,Les Marrons. Châteauneuf-le-Rouge: Vents d'ailleurs, 2003. 127 pp., Sally Price (eds)-Mary Chamberlain, Glenford D. Howe ,The empowering impulse: The nationalist tradition of Barbados. Kingston: Canoe Press, 2001. xiii + 354 pp., Don D. Marshall (eds)-Jean Stubbs, Alejandro de la Fuente, A Nation for All: Race, Inequality, and Politics in Twentieth-Century Cuba. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. xiv + 449 pp.-Sheryl L. Lutjens, Susan Kaufman Purcell ,Cuba: The contours of Change. Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner, 2000. ix + 155 pp., David J. Rothkopf (eds)-Jean-Germain Gros, Robert Fatton Jr., Haiti's predatory republic: The unending transition to democracy. Boulder CO: Lynn Rienner, 2002. xvi + 237 pp.-Elizabeth McAlister, Beverly Bell, Walking on fire: Haitian Women's Stories of Survival and Resistance. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 2001. xx + 253 pp.-Gérard Collomb, Peter Hulme, Remnants of conquest: The island Caribs and their visitors, 1877-1998. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. 371 pp.-Chris Bongie, Jeannie Suk, Postcolonial paradoxes in French Caribbean Writing: Césaire, Glissant, Condé. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. 216 pp.-Marie-Hélène Laforest, Caroline Rody, The Daughter's return: African-American and Caribbean Women's fictions of history. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. x + 267 pp.-Marie-Hélène Laforest, Isabel Hoving, In praise of new travelers: Reading Caribbean migrant women's writing. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. ix + 374 pp.-Catherine Benoît, Franck Degoul, Le commerce diabolique: Une exploration de l'imaginaire du pacte maléfique en Martinique. Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe: Ibis Rouge, 2000. 207 pp.-Catherine Benoît, Margarite Fernández Olmos ,Healing cultures: Art and religion as curative practices in the Caribbean and its diaspora. New York: Palgrave, 2001. xxi + 236 pp., Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert (eds)-Jorge Pérez Rolón, Charley Gerard, Music from Cuba: Mongo Santamaría, Chocolate Armenteros and Cuban musicians in the United States. Westport CT: Praeger, 2001. xi + 155 pp.-Ivelaw L. Griffith, Anthony Payne ,Charting Caribbean Development. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2001. xi + 284 pp., Paul Sutton (eds)-Ransford W. Palmer, Irma T. Alonso, Caribbean economies in the twenty-first century. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002. 232 pp.-Glenn R. Smucker, Jennie Marcelle Smith, When the hands are many: Community organization and social change in rural Haiti. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 2001. xii + 229 pp.-Kevin Birth, Nancy Foner, Islands in the city: West Indian migration to New York. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. viii + 304 pp.-Joy Mahabir, Viranjini Munasinghe, Callaloo or tossed salad? East Indians and the cultural politics of identity in Trinidad. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 2001. xv + 315 pp.-Stéphane Goyette, Robert Chaudenson, Creolization of language and culture. Revised in collaboration with Salikoko S. Mufwene. London: Routledge, 2001. xxi + 340 pp.
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Assensoh, A. B. "Book Reviews : Oladeji O. Ojo (ed.), Africa And Europe: The Changing Econoinic Relationship (London and New Jersey: Zed Books Ltd., in association with The African Development Bank, Abidjan, 1996), xi, 180 pp.; paper, no price stated. Real Lavergne (ed.), Regional Integration And Cooperation In West Africa: A Multidimen sional Perspective (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, Inc., and Ottawa, Canada: Interna tional Development Research Center, 1997), xi, 350 pp.; paper, no price stated." Journal of Asian and African Studies 33, no. 3 (January 1, 1998): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002190969803300313.
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Ryscavage, Patrick, William Still, Vimbai Nyemba, and Kristen Stafford. "Prevalence of Systemic Hypertension Among HIV-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Young Adults." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 4, suppl_1 (2017): S59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx162.138.
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Abstract Background Advances in HIV care and treatment have resulted in perinatally infected children aging into adulthood. These patients may be at higher risk of HIV-associated non-AIDS conditions, including systemic hypertension (HTN). This study examined the association between HIV infection and the prevalence of HTN among young adults receiving care in West Baltimore. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of young adults with perinatally-acquired (PA) HIV frequency matched on race and sex to a stratified random sample of young adults with non perinatally-acquired (NPA) HIV and HIV-uninfected young adults (UI). All subjects were aged 18–29 years of age as of September 1, 2014. The outcome of HTN was ascertained through chart review (two systolic blood pressure measurements > = 140 mmHg or diastolic > = 90 mmHg at least three months apart; and/or physician prescription for an antihypertensive mediation). Logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted prevalence odds ratios (aPOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between HIV infection and HTN. All data were collected from clinics within the University of Maryland Medical System. Results Three hundred and twenty-four patients were included in the study, 108 per exposure group. The prevalence of HTN was 23% among PA patients, 10% among NPA patients, and 9% among UI patients. The median age was 24 (IQR 22 - 26), 95% were African American, and 42% were male. PA patients had the highest prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and dyslipidemia (19% and 13% respectively) compared with NPA (1% and 3%) and UI (0% and 5%). PA patients had 3 (95% CI 1.4 - 6.6) times the base odds (controlling for matching variables) of prevalent HTN compared with UI patients and NPA had 1.1 times the base odds (95% CI 0.5 - 2.7) compared with UI patients. After controlling for race, gender, family history of HTN, and CKD, the prevalence odds ratio for HTN was 2.7 (95% CI 1.06 - 7.0) times higher for PA compared with UI, and 1.3 (95% CI 0.5 - 3.4) times higher for NPA compared with UI. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the prevalence of HTN among young adults with PA HIV is significantly higher than sex and race matched UI patients of similar age. HIV providers should carefully monitor these patients for the development of HTN, particularly as they enter adulthood. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Fazli, Ghazal S., Rahim Moineddin, Anna Chu, Arlene S. Bierman, and Gillian L. Booth. "Neighborhood walkability and pre-diabetes incidence in a multiethnic population." BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care 8, no. 1 (June 2020): e000908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000908.
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IntroductionWe examined whether adults living in highly walkable areas are less likely to develop pre-diabetes and if so, whether this association is consistent according to immigration status and ethnicity.Research design and methodsPopulation-level health, immigration, and administrative databases were used to identify adults aged 20–64 (n=1 128 181) who had normoglycemia between January 2011 and December 2011 and lived in one of 15 cities in Southern Ontario, Canada. Individuals were assigned to one of ten deciles (D) of neighborhood walkability (from lowest (D1) to highest (D10)) and followed until December 2013 for the development of pre-diabetes.ResultsOverall, 220 225 individuals in our sample developed pre-diabetes during a median follow-up of 8.4 years. Pre-diabetes incidence was 20% higher among immigrants living in the least (D1) (adjusted HR 1.20, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.25, p<0.0001) versus most (D10, referent) walkable neighborhoods after accounting for age, sex, and area income. Findings were similar among long-term residents and across sexes. However, susceptibility to walkability varied by ethnicity where D1 versus D10 adjusted HRs ranged from 1.17 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.35, p=0.03) among West Asian and Arab immigrants to 1.32 (95% CI 1.19 to 1.47, p<0.0001) in Southeast Asians. Ethnic variation in pre-diabetes incidence was more marked in low walkability settings. Relative to Western Europeans, the adjusted HR for pre-diabetes incidence was 2.11 (95% CI 1.81 to 2.46, p<0.0001) and 1.50 (95% CI 1.27 to 1.77, p<0.0001) among Sub-Saharan African and the Carribean and Latin American immigrants, respectively, living in the least walkable (D1) neighborhoods, but only 1.24 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.42, p=0.002) and 1.00 (95% CI 0.87 to 1.15, p=0.99) for these same groups living in the most walkable (D10) neighborhoods.ConclusionsPre-diabetes incidence was reduced in highly walkable areas for most groups living in Southern Ontario cities. These findings suggest a potential role for walkable urban design in diabetes prevention.
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 160, no. 4 (2004): 563–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003725.
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-Johann Angerler, Achim Sibeth, Vom Kultobjekt zur Massenware; Kulturhistorische und kunstethnologische Studie zur figürlichen Holzschnitzkunst der Batak in Nordsumatra/Indonesien. Herbolzheim: Centaurus, 2003, 416 pp. [Sozialökonomische Prozesse in Asien und Afrika 8.] -Greg Bankoff, Eva-Lotta E. Hedman ,Philippine politics and society in the twentieth century; Colonial legacies, post colonial trajectories. London: Routledge, 2000, xv + 206 pp. [Politics in Asia Series.], John T. Sidel (eds) -Peter Boomgard, Andrew Dalby, Dangerous tastes; The story of spices. London: British Museum Press, 2002, 184 pp. -Max de Bruijn, G.J. Schutte, Het Indisch Sion; De Gereformeerde kerk onder de Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie. Hilversum: Verloren, 2002, 254 pp. [Serta Historica 7.] -Laura M. Calkins, Jacqueline Aquino Siapno, Gender, Islam, nationalism and the state in Aceh; The paradox of power, co-optation and resistance. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002, xxi + 240 pp. -H.J.M. Claessen, Deryck Scarr, A history of the Pacific islands; Passages through tropical time. Richmond: Curzon, 2001, xviii + 323 pp. -Matthew Isaac Cohen, Sean Williams, The sound of the ancestral ship; Highland music of West Java. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, xii + 276 pp. -Freek Colombijn, Raymond K.H. Chan ,Development in Southeast Asia; Review and prospects. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002, xx + 265 pp., Kwan Kwok Leung, Raymond M.H. Ngan (eds) -Heidi Dahles, Shinji Yamashita, Bali and beyond; Explorations in the anthropology of tourism. Translated and with an introduction by J.S. Eades, New York: Berghahn, 2003, xix + 175 pp. [Asian Anthropologies.] -Frank Dhont, Hans Antlöv ,Elections in Indonesia; The New Order and beyond. With contributions by Hans Antlöv, Syamsuddin Haris, Endang Turmudi, Sven Cederroth, Kaarlo Voionmaa. 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Batai, Ken, Taimur Abbasi, Maggie Parker, Xu Zhang, Wei Zhang, Yingze Zhang, Mark T. Gladwin, et al. "European Ancestry Is Associated with Acute Chest Syndrome in Sickle Cell Disease." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 4051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.4051.4051.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background: Acute chest syndrome (ACS) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). The elucidation of genetic modifiers and mechanisms responsible for the phenotypic variability in ACS and SCD would have important clinical implications such as the identification of individuals at high risk for ACS complications and the potential for use of individualized preventive and therapeutic strategies that could ultimately improve outcomes for patients with SCD. We hypothesize that the development of ACS is significantly influenced by ancestry. Methods: Autosomal SNPs were genotyped with the Affymetrix PanAFR array in a University of Illinois cohort and with the Illumina 6.0 platform in the NIH Walk-PHaSST cohort. We merged the two GWAS datasets and there were 100,079 SNPs available after removing SNPs with > 2 alleles and Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) P<0.001. From HapMap Phase 3 genotype data, we selected 5,000 SNPs that exhibit large frequency differences between YRI and CEU (P < 1.57 x 10-29). Five hundred and fifteen of these SNPs were identified in the 100,079 SNPs genotyped in both GWAS arrays. After removing 152 SNPs with FST < 0.3 and 9 SNPs linked to other SNPs with r2>0.2, the total number of SNPs available for ancestry estimates was 354. Genetic ancestry was estimated using HapMap YRI and CEU genotypes as ancestral population (K=2) using STRUCTUR 2.1. We ran STRUCTURE under the admixture model using prior population information and assuming allele frequencies among populations, with a burn-in length of 30,000 for 70,000 repetitions. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between European ancestry (EA) and Acute Chest Syndrome. Age, gender, hemoglobin genotype (HbSS/HbSβ0 vs. others), and use of hydroxyurea were additionally considered during modeling. Results: Seven hundred and thirty patients (UIC= 233, Walk-PHaSST = 497) were included in the analysis (Table 1). In binary logistic regression analysis adjusting for age, gender, Hb genotypes (severe vs. mild) and hydroxyurea use, EA was associated with and increase in ACS risk in both cohorts and when the cohorts where combined (UIC P=0.02, Walk-PHaSST P=0.001, combined P<0.001). A similar trend was observed when degree of EA was stratified (Table 2). Summary: Population structure and admixture influence the risk of ACS. European ancestry is associated with an increased ACS risk. Abstract 4051. Table 1. Characteristics of study subjects UIC Walk-PHaSST Pooled ACS no-ACS ACS no-ACS ACS no-ACS Number 195 38 299 198 494 236 Mean Age (SD) 36.1 (12.1) 40.4 (12.5)a 38 (13.4) 36 (12.7) 37 (12.9) 37 (12.7) No. females (%) 113 (58%) 23 (61%) 163 (54%) 109 (55%) 276 (56%) 132 (56%)a HbSS /HbSβ0 (%) 153 (79%) 21 (55%)b 242 (81.5%) 136 (70.8%)b 395 (80.4%) 157 (68.2%)b % European Ancestry (SD) 22 (9.9) 20 (7.4) 20 (13.5) 17 (12.5)a 21 (12.3) 18 (11.9) % West African Ancestry (SD) 78 (9.9) 80 (7.4) 80 (13.5) 83 (12.5)a 79 (12.3) 82 (11.9) aP<0.05 comparing ACS to non-ACS within site bP<0.002 comparing ACS to non-ACS within site Table 2. European Ancestry Strata and ACS Risk UIC Walk-PHaSST Pooled OR (95% CI) P-value OR (95% CI) P-value OR (95% CI) P-value Ancestry Strata Less than 14.3% Ref. Ref. Ref. 14.3% to 23.2% 0.59 (1.2 - 21) 0.339 1.05 (0.7 - 1.6) 0.831 1.28 (0.9 - 1.9) 0.206 Greater than 23.2% 1.21 (0.4 - 3.9) 0.741 1.65 (1.1 - 2.6) 0.028 2.03 (1.4 - 3.0) 0.005 Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Ngoc, Hoang Thi Huyen, Tran Thi Thuy Van, Nguyen Manh Ha, Nguyen Quoc Binh, and Mai Thanh Tan. "Bioclimatic assessments for tea cultivation in Western Nghe An." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 41, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/41/1/13586.
Full textAbstract:
Bioclimatology is applied for growing tea in the West of Nghe An province, where the tea is considered as a high economic efficient plant to be priorly cultivated for reducing poverty and getting rich. Based on the bioclimatic characteristics of tea plant and regional climatic data from 1980 to 2014, the bioclimatic diagrams are built and the tea cultivability is mapped in term of annual average temperature and total precipitation, for this region with regarding its district of Con Cuong as an analytical key. The climate, including both temperature and precipitation, in Con Cuong is relatively suitable for the tea plantation. The Western Nghe An, a land of approx. 1.4 million ha, could be classified in five areas with different suitability for tea plant. The unfavorable area occupies only 1% of total region and the four favorable rests account for 99% of total, in which, the most favorable area is largest with about 746,355 ha, i.e. over 50% of whole region. 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