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Journal articles on the topic 'West Bank – Population policy'
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1
Chenoweth, Jonathan. "Will the water resources of Israel, Palestine and Jordan remain sufficient to permit economic and social development for the foreseeable future?" Water Policy 13, no. 3 (October 5, 2010): 397–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2010.131.
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Scenario analysis suggests that by 2050 the population of Israel, the West Bank and Gaza Strip and Jordan will have grown from 17.2 million to between 21.1 and 38.5 million people. These population scenarios are compared to a range of water resource scenarios that consider the effect of climate change, a possible redistribution of the region's shared water resources as a result of a peace agreement, or the status quo. This scenario analysis shows that under all possible population-water scenarios combinations considered, the water resources of Jordan and Israel remain above the minimum threshold required for social and economic development. In the case of the West Bank, water resources may also remain sufficient for all population and climatic scenarios if the West Bank gains a greater portion of the shared water resources. In the Gaza Strip, however, desalination or water imports are required.
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Shatat, Saleh Raed, and Ong Argo Victoria. "ILLEGAL LAND GRAB: ISRAEL'S SEIZURE OF LAND IN PALESTINE." Jurnal Akta 8, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/akta.v8i2.15685.
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Since 1967, each Israeli government has invested significant resources in establishing and expanding the settlements in the Occupied Territories, both in terms of the area of land they occupy and in terms of population. As a result of this policy, approximately 380,000 Israeli citizens now live on the settlements on the West Bank, including those established in East Jerusalem (this report does not relate to the settlements in the Gaza Strip). During the first decade following the occupation, the Ma'arach governments operated on the basis of the Alon Plan, which advocated the establishment of settlements in areas perceived as having "security importance," and where the Palestinian population was sparse (the Jordan Valley, parts of the Hebron Mountains and Greater Jerusalem). After the Likud came to power in 1977, the government began to establish settlements throughout the West Bank, particularly in areas close to the main Palestinian population centers along the central mountain ridge and in western Samaria. This policy was based on both security and ideological considerations. The political process between Israel and the Palestinians did not impede settlement activities, which continued under the Labor government of Yitzhak Rabin (1992-1996) and all subsequent governments. These governments built thousands of new housing units, claiming that this was necessary to meet the "natural growth" of the existing population. As a result, between 1993 and 2000 the number of settlers on the West Bank (excluding East Jerusalem) increased by almost 100 percent.
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Kurniawan, Irvan Arif, Hilman ., and Indri Lestari. "IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN ABSEN ELEKTRONIK (E-ABSENSI BNI INNOVATION) BERPENGARUH TERHADAP KINERJA PEGAWAI PADA DIVISI JAKARTA COLLECTIONMANAGEMENT PADA PT. BANK NEGARA INDONESIA 1946 (PERSERO) Tbk, JAKARTA-BARAT." JURNAL ILMIAH ILMU ADMINISTRASI 9, no. 1 (January 6, 2019): 58–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33592/jiia.v9i1.766.
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This journal entitled Implementation of Electronic Absence Policy (BNI E-Attendance Innovation) Affects Employee Performance in the Jakarta Division of Collection Management at PT. Bank Negara Indonesia 1946 (Persero) Tbk, West Jakarta ”. The population in this study are employees who work at PT. Bank Negara Indonesia 1946 (persero) Tbk, West Jakarta, which measured 222 people, from which the researcher used 69 people as samples to be tested. The research method used in this research is the associative method, the data technique used is literature study and field study through observation and questionnaires. Furthermore, it is tested by quantitative analysis using a proportional stratified random sampling technique, and data processing using the SPSS (Product and Solution Service) program. Keyword: Implementation, E-Attendance, the performance
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Fonjong, Lotsmart. "Rethinking the Impact of Structural Adjustment Programs on Human Rights Violations in West Africa." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 13, no. 1-2 (2014): 87–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341291.
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Abstract In this article I argue that the worsening human rights situation of West Africa in the early 1990s was largely the creation of the structural adjustment policies (SAP) of the IMF/World Bank. The austerity measures implemented through SAP plunged the region into hardship, forcing the population to demand better living conditions through public demonstrations and protests. Attempts by the West African states to contain protesters led to further human rights abuses. The implementation of a common liberalization policy across board without taking into account the specificities of each country was counterproductive. In fact, some of the excesses recorded could have been avoided if SAPs had been country specific and human rights-based.
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Krylov, A. "Israel Continues to Expand Its Settlements." Journal of International Analytics, no. 1 (March 28, 2015): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2015-0-1-145-160.
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This article provides a detailed analysis of the new trends of development of Israeli settlements in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem and the Jordan Valley, the Gaza Strip, and the Golan Heights. Since 1967, Israel has established about 150 settlements in the West Bank in addition to some 100 «outposts» or illegal settlements without Israeli official authorization. Now the settler population has estimated at over 520,000; the annual average rate of growth during the past decade was 5.3%, compared to 1.8% for the Israeli population as whole. As is known, after the Annapolis Conference held on 27 November 2007 Israel under the pressure from the international community announced officially not to create new settlements. But the Israeli authorities are now actively expanding in the occupied Palestinian territory, «border zones» or «buffer zones» in order to confiscate Palestinian land between the separation fence and the Palestinian communities located at a sufficient distance away from the wall.This study reveals the new forms and methods, aims and objectives of the Israeli official settlement policy and indicates a negative influence of the settlement factor on the Israeli-Palestinian negotiating process, political and socio-economic situation in the Middle East. The author do not exclude the possibility that if the political decision based on the principle of coexistence of two States not be achieved in the nearest future we may see soon on the map of the West Bank some Palestinian enclaves completely isolated like the Gaza Strip now. It is obvious that in the Jordan Valley and another parts of «zone C» Israel aims to do that it did in the area, where the block of settlements Maale Adumim is located, which Israeli politicians now consider an integral part of the territory of the State of Israel.
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Brynen, Rex. "Imagining a Solution: Final Status Arrangements and Palestinian Refugees in Lebanon." Journal of Palestine Studies 26, no. 2 (January 1, 1997): 42–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2537782.
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Possible final status arrangements for the Palestinian refugee issue are explored, with emphasis on their consequences for the Palestinians in Lebanon. It is suggested that the right of return will be limited largely to the West Bank and Gaza, where it will be shaped by local economic conditions. Available compensation funds may be inadequate. Greater research and policy planning are needed in these areas. Moreover, because Lebanon will continue to host a significant Palestinian population for many years to come, both Palestinian-Lebanese dialogue and improvement in the social, economic, and legal status of the Palestinians are imperative.
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Shafer Raviv, Omri. "Studying an Occupied Society: Social Research, Modernization Theory and the Early Israeli Occupation, 1967–8." Journal of Contemporary History 55, no. 1 (August 21, 2018): 161–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009418785688.
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In the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Israel occupied the West Bank and Gaza Strip from Jordan and Egypt, and established a long-lasting military regime over their Palestinian population. In this article, recently declassified sources and published reports were used to demonstrate how the Israeli government initiated and funded academic research on Palestinian society to gain reliable, useful knowledge to inform its policies. The Israeli leadership was most specifically concerned with pacification of the occupied population, the Arab/Jewish demographic balance, and the status of the 1948 Palestinian refugees. By early 1968, the research team had produced a series of policy-oriented reports on Palestinian society, covering such subjects as employment, education, nationalism, migration, and general values. The team used surveys, questionnaires, and observations, with modernization theory providing the theoretical framework for analyzing their empirical findings and formulating policy recommendations. As the Israeli team had studied a population under military occupation, their recommendations differed from those reached by their US peers who studied traditional populations in the context of the Cold War. Israeli civil and military officials had great interest in this new knowledge, rendering social research an ongoing practice for the Israeli occupation regime in the years to come.
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Matveeva, Anna. "The Polish Minority in the German Empire — the Agrarian Aspect of Government Policy and the Opposition of the Polish Population in the Late 19th — Early 20th Centuries." ISTORIYA 12, no. 6 (104) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016172-8.
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The purpose of this article is to examine the agrarian aspect of the opposition to the Prussian policy of Germanization of the Polish population of the provinces of Poznań and West Prussia from a historical perspective, with the main focus on the 1880s — 1900s. The publication of the Colonization Law in 1886 and the creation of the Colonization Commission marked the beginning of attempts by the Prussian government to change the ratio of the Polish and German population of the provinces in favour of the latter. The German side in 1886—1902 acted exclusively through centralized budget financing of the colonization structures, which increased from year to year. However, this did not lead to the achievement of the goals set. To counteract the Prussian activities, the Poles set up a system of credit institutions, the main role in which belonged to the Land Bank. These financial institutions took over the crediting of land deals and the support of Polish landowners and farmers. The Polish side chose a much more effective method, which allowed it to gain the upper hand over the German strategy. The process of Germanization in the agricultural sector in the late 19th and early 20th centuries went through several stages, always being a direct reflection of the general direction of German government policy: from the creation of internal unity under Bismarck, through Caprivi’s “Era of reconciliation”, to the “Weltpolitik” of Bulow, when Polish policy became a part of the common colonial trend.
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Manekin, Devorah, Guy Grossman, and Tamar Mitts. "Contested Ground: Disentangling Material and Symbolic Attachment to Disputed Territory." Political Science Research and Methods 7, no. 04 (June 12, 2018): 679–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2018.22.
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Territorial disputes are prone to conflict because of the value of territory to publics, whether due to its strategic and material worth, or to its intangible, symbolic value. Yet despite the implications of the distinction for both theory and policy, empirically disentangling the material from the symbolic has posed formidable methodological challenges. We propose a set of tools for assessing the nature of individual territorial attachment, drawing on a series of survey experiments in Israel. Using these tools, we find that a substantial segment of the Jewish population is attached to the disputed West Bank territory for intangible reasons, consisting not only of far-right voters but also of voters of moderate-right and centrist parties. This distribution considerably narrows the bargaining space of leaders regardless of coalitional configurations. Our empirical analysis thus illustrates how the distribution of territorial preferences in the domestic population can have powerful implications for conflict and its resolution.
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Gray, Alice. "Water development in the Palestinian Territories since the Oslo Interim Agreement in 1995." Water Policy 11, no. 5 (October 1, 2009): 525–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.066.
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When the Palestinian Authority took control of the water sector in the occupied territories in 1995, they inherited an enormous challenge in terms of providing adequate water supplies and sanitation to the Palestinian population. Since the signing of the Oslo Interim Agreement in 1995, despite the prioritization of water development and large amounts of international funding, progress has been slow and many communities in the West Bank continue to suffer from acute water shortage, while in Gaza water quality continues to deteriorate at an alarming rate. Sewage treatment infrastructure throughout the Palestinian Territories is still grossly inadequate. This lack of progress is in part due to deteriorating security conditions which have made implementation of development projects problematic, but it also owes a great deal to the constraints of the ongoing military occupation and the inadequacy of existing agreements with Israel which impede Palestinians from assuming full sovereignty over their water sector, preventing effective development. Since the election of Hamas in 2006, complications over the supply of international aid to the Palestinian Authority both in Gaza and the West Bank has threatened to undermine such progress as has been made in developing the capacity of Palestinian institutions to manage water in the occupied territories, and is contributing to the precipitation of a humanitarian and environmental catastrophe.
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Pun, S. B. "World Bank’s 2012 Ganges Strategic Basin Assessment: A View from Nepal." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 12 (October 28, 2013): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v12i0.9025.
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The World Bank’s 2012 Ganges Strategic Basin Assessment (GSBA) is an interesting but contentious document with a wealth of information. The basin has a population of 656 million; and 47 percent of Indians, 576 million, live in this basin. Nepal’s three bordering States of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal with a population of 199, 104 and 91 million respectively have a staggering combined population of 385 million, far greater than that of the USA. The Ganges basin has the world’s highest population density and, as a consequence, poverty level borders that of Sub-Sahara. This is India’s Hindu cow belt where water is increasingly getting scarce.With the strategic resource, water, getting scarce in the Ganges, the Bank’s GSBA has some startling findings: storages in Nepal store ‘significantly little’ water, so flood control in India is ‘very limited’. Storages in Nepal can ‘double lean season flows’, but agricultural productivity in India is ‘currently very low’ from such augmented flows. The Bank believes that ‘hydropower and trade’ is ‘significant’ and negotiation ‘simpler than previously thought’. The Bank recommends that Nepal push her hydropower development on a fast track. Many believe it is not the ‘significant’ power trade that counts. What really counts is whether or not the traded Energy will be at a Significant Rate. By pushing Nepal’s significant hydropower, the Bank is advocating a policy whereby India avail free lean season water stored in Nepal’s fertile valleys submerged for perpetuity. I n the Bank’s opinion, as India’s agricultural productivity is currently very low and flood control very limited, Nepal’s downstream benefits are also very low. Nepal is, thus, very disappointed with the Bank’s such Indo-centric GSBA report.Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and EnvironmentVol. 12, 2013, JanuaryPage: 6-12DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v12i0.9025Uploaded Date : 10/28/2013
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Li, Zehong, Yang Ren, Jingnan Li, Yu Li, Pavel Rykov, Feng Chen, and Wenbiao Zhang. "Land-Use/Cover Change and Driving Mechanism on the West Bank of Lake Baikal from 2005 to 2015—A Case Study of Irkutsk City." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (August 16, 2018): 2904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082904.
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Lake Baikal is located on the southern tableland of East Siberian Russia. The west coast of the lake has vast forest resources and excellent ecological conditions, and this area and the Mongolian Plateau constitute an important ecological security barrier in northern China. Land-use/cover change is an important manifestation of regional human activities and ecosystem evolution. This paper uses Irkutsk city, a typical city on the West Bank of Lake Baikal, as a case study area. Based on three phases of Landsat remote-sensing image data, the land-use/cover change pattern and change process are analyzed and the natural factors and socioeconomic factors are combined to reveal driving forces through the partial least squares regression (PLSR) model. The results show the following: (1) From 2005 to 2015, construction land expanded, and forestland was converted into construction land and woodland. In addition, grass land, bare land, and cultivated land were converted into construction land, and the woodland area increased. The annual changes in land use from 2005 to 2010 were dramatic and then slowed down from 2010 to 2015. (2) The main reasons for the change in land-use types were urban expansion and nonagricultural development caused by population migration. The process of urbanization from external populations to urban agglomeration and the process of reverse urbanization from a central urban population to urban suburbs jointly expanded urban construction land area. As a result, forestland, grass land and bare land areas on the outskirts of cities were continuously reduced. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, land privatization led to a decline in the farm economy, the emergence of agricultural land reclamation and urban expansion; in addition, the implementation of the “one-hectare land policy” intensified development in suburban areas, resulting in a reduction of forestland and grass land areas. The process of constructing the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor has intensified human activities in the region, and the prevention of drastic changes in land cover, coordination of human-land relations, and green development are necessary.
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Mwalyosi, Raphael B. B. "Land-use Changes and Resource Degradation in South–West Masailand, Tanzania." Environmental Conservation 19, no. 2 (1992): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900030629.
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This study uses sequential aerial photography to identify environmental changes. The interpreted aerial photos constitute a data-bank of past and present land cover/uses.* Substantial changes have been observed in the areas of cultivation, woody cover, and bare ground.An increased 449.9% of the surveyed area has been cleared for cultivation during the last 30 years, while 77.2% of the former woodland has been destroyed during the same period, contributing to a 15.6% increase in grassland. Bare ground increased by 33.1%. Increased cultivation is caused by increase in the population of subsistence farmers and mechanization. Expansion of cultivation and overexploitation of woody resources (fuel-wood and building materials) are the causes of decline in the woody vegetation. As consumption of woody resources exceeds natural regeneration, woody cover is gradually replaced by grasslands.Diminution of the woody vegetation results in shortage of fuel-wood and building materials and consequent misery to the local people. Expansion of cultivation reduces grazing-land, leading to overstocking and overgrazing. Extensive cultivation, based on soil ‘mining’, subjects more and more land to physical and chemical soil degradation, leading in turn to decline in soil fertility and crop yields. Both overgrazing and extensive cultivation accelerate soil erosion in the area, reducing available cropland, while siltation and flooding cause serious damage to property and infrastructure.Lack of effective land-use planning, uncontrolled population growth, and introduction of the Tanzanian village agricultural production system in a semi-arid area, have contributed to the present deplorable state of affairs. In general, the area shows increasing environmental degradation and resource depletion, while very little conservation effort is being made to reverse the trend. These results indicate that a sustainable resource management plan is urgently needed for the area.
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Van der Pijl, Kees. "The BRICS—An Involuntary Contender Bloc Under Attack." Estudos Internacionais: revista de relações internacionais da PUC Minas 5, no. 1 (November 25, 2017): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2317-773x.2017v5n1p25.
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In this piece I look at the BRICS bloc (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) as rivals of the West, united more by circumstance than by intent. It emerged as a seemingly innocuous banker’s gimmick referring to the ‘emerging market’ potential of the countries thus thrown together, but due to the aggressive Western response to independent policies, the BRICS have slowly moved towards solidifying their cohesion. Comprising half the world’s population, the bloc on the eve of the financial crisis of 2008 was closing in on the West. In Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) terms, China’s GDP was three-quarters the size of the US economy, and India no. 4 behind Japan, whilst Brazil and Russia were catching up with the main EU states (Armijo 2007: 12). The 2008 financial collapse in the West contracted China’s export markets and speculation that the BRICS were passé, was rife (Sharma, 2012: 6). However, China and India soon recovered, surpassing the US and Japan, respectively, whilst Russia and Brazil are trailing just behind Germany (World Bank 2016).This (uneven) recovery of the BRICS bloc in turn has provoked an even less benevolent response, increasingly amounting to a straightforward confrontation policy. My argument is that once the crisis forcedChina, the bloc’s locomotive, to slow down and the global commodity boom ended, a Western strategy of isolating it from the other BRICS ensued. This is most obvious in the case of the NATO siege on Russia.
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Roesler, Jörg. "Massenkonsum in der DDR: zwischen egalitärem Anspruch, Herrschaftslegitimation und „exquisiter“ Individualisierung." PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 35, no. 138 (January 1, 2005): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v35i138.40.
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Mass Consumption in the GDR. East Germanys communist party policy was directed to a steady increase of consumption from the low level after Second World War. The consumption patterns were not dictated by Marxist theory but by the shop window reality of West Germany. According to the wishes of the people – and Marxist ideas - the delivery of goods was comparatively equal to every citizen. In the 1980s both consumption policy goals could not be met any longer as a result of economic weakness and mounting indebtedness of GDR. This was one important reason, why the population turned its back to communism mentally - and in 1989 increasingly also physically. The GDR collapsed in 1990.
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Krylov, A. V. "SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PROTEST THE PALESTINIAN SOCIETY." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(43) (August 28, 2015): 180–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-4-43-180-197.
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This article, perhaps for the first time in Russian scientific and historical literature raises the question of the nature and character of the social protest in the Arab Palestinian society. Even before the creation of the State of Israel in 1948, the Arab population of Palestine entered an active stage of forming national consciousness and identity, which was parallel to the development of pan-Arab national liberation movement. Mass demonstrations of Palestinians in 1920, 1929 and 1936-1939 suggest that the main cause of the protest was the colonial policy of Great Britain, expressed in support the Zionist movement and, as a consequence – the impossibility for the leading Palestinian clans to realize their political ambitions. Taking into account the fact that the Palestinians have shown exceptional tenacity and will in the struggle for national independence, the international community has supported the UN decision to create on the territory of mandated Palestine two States – one Arab and one Jewish. However, due to the Arab-Israeli conflict and other well-known geopolitical reasons, the state of Palestine has not been created till now. Today the Palestinians are divided into four segments: refugees living outside of Palestine in other countries, the Arab population of Israel, the Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. In this article the author analyses the situation of the Palestinians on the territory of the historical Palestine and typical forms of protest and discontent in the Palestinian community at present. The article argues that the protest in the Palestinian society, as in the past, has a distinct anti-Israel and anti-Zionist orientation.
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de Graaf, Gertjan J., Richard J. R. Grainger, Lena Westlund, Rolf Willmann, David Mills, Kieran Kelleher, and Kwame Koranteng. "The status of routine fishery data collection in Southeast Asia, central America, the South Pacific, and West Africa, with special reference to small-scale fisheries." ICES Journal of Marine Science 68, no. 8 (April 16, 2011): 1743–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsr054.
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Abstract de Graaf, G. J., Grainger, R. J. R., Westlund, L., Willmann, R., Mills, D., Kelleher, K., and Koranteng, K. 2011. The status of routine fishery data collection in Southeast Asia, central America, the South Pacific, and West Africa, with special reference to small-scale fisheries. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1743–1750. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) strategy for improving information on the status and trends of capture fisheries (FAO Strategy STF) was endorsed by Member States and the UN General Assembly in 2003. Its overall objective is to provide a framework, strategy, and plan to improve knowledge and understanding of the status and trends of fisheries as a basis for policy-making and management, towards conservation and sustainable use of resources within ecosystems. The FAO supports the implementation of FAO Strategy STF in developing countries through a project known as FAO FishCode–STF, and an initiative funded by the World Bank entitled the “BigNumbers project”. The BigNumbers project underscored the importance of small-scale fisheries and revealed that catches by and employment in this sector tend to be underreported. An inventory of data collection systems made under the FAO FishCode–STF project showed that small-scale fisheries are not well covered. Their dispersed nature, the weak institutional capacity in many developing countries, and the traditional methods used make routine data collection cumbersome. Innovative sampling strategies are required. The main priority is a sample frame for small-scale fisheries. Sustainable strategies are most likely to be found outside the sector through population and agricultural household censuses and inside the sector through the direct involvement of fishers.
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Li, Zhihui, Keyu Song, and Lu Peng. "Flood Risk Assessment under Land Use and Climate Change in Wuhan City of the Yangtze River Basin, China." Land 10, no. 8 (August 21, 2021): 878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080878.
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Frequently occurring flood disasters caused by extreme climate and urbanization processes have become the most common natural hazard and pose a great threat to human society. Therefore, urban flood risk assessment is of great significance for disaster mitigation and prevention. In this paper, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was applied to quantify the spatiotemporal variations in flood risk in Wuhan during 2000–2018. A comprehensive flood risk assessment index system was constructed from the hazard, sensitivity, and vulnerability components with seven indices. The results showed that the central urban area, especially the area in the west bank of the Yangtze river, had high risk due to its high flood sensitivity that was determined by land use type and high vulnerability with dense population and per unit GDP. Specifically, the Jianghan, Qiaokou, Jiangan, and Wuchang districts had the highest flood risk, more than 60% of whose area was in medium or above-medium risk regions. During 2000–2018, the flood risk overall showed an increasing trend, with Hongshan district increasing the most, and the year of 2010 was identified as a turning point for rapid risk increase. In addition, the comparison between the risk maps and actual historical inundation point records showed good agreement, indicating that the assessment framework and method proposed in this study can be useful to assist flood mitigation and management, and relevant policy recommendations were proposed based on the assessment results.
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LYNCH, FRANCES M. B. "FINANCE AND WELFARE: THE IMPACT OF TWO WORLD WARS ON DOMESTIC POLICY IN FRANCE." Historical Journal 49, no. 2 (June 2006): 625–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x06005371.
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Fathers, families, and the state in France, 1914–1945. By Kristen Stromberg Childers. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2003. Pp. 261. ISBN 0-8014-4122-6. £23.95.Origins of the French welfare state: the struggle for social reform in France, 1914–1947. By Paul V. Dutton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. 251. ISBN 0-521-81334-4. £49.99.Britain, France, and the financing of the First World War. By Martin Horn. Montreal and Kingston: McGill – Queen's University Press, 2002. Pp. 249. ISBN 0-7735-2293-X. £65.00.The gold standard illusion: France, the Bank of France and the International Gold Standard, 1914–1939. By Kenneth Mouré. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Pp. 297. ISBN 0-19-924904-0. £40.00.Workers' participation in post-Liberation France. By Adam Steinhouse. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2001. Pp. 245. ISBN 0-7391-0282-6. $70.00 (hb). ISBN 0-7391-0283-4. $24.95 (pbk).In the traditional historiography of twentieth-century France the period after the Second World War is usually contrasted favourably with that after 1918. After 1945, new men with new ideas, born out of the shock of defeat in 1940 and resistance to Nazi occupation, laid the basis for an economic and social democracy. The welfare state was created, women were given full voting rights, and French security, in both economic and territorial respects, was partially guaranteed by integrating West Germany into a new supranational institutional structure in Western Europe. 1945 was to mark the beginning of the ‘30 glorious years’ of peace and prosperity enjoyed by an expanding population in France. In sharp contrast, the years after 1918 are characterized as a period dominated by France's failed attempts to restore its status as a great power. Policies based on making the German taxpayer finance France's restoration are blamed for contributing to the great depression after 1929 and the rise of Hitler. However, as more research is carried out into the social and economic reconstruction of France after both world wars, it is becoming clear that the basis of what was to become the welfare state after 1945 was laid in the aftermath of the First World War. On the other hand, new reforms adopted in 1945 which did not build on interwar policies, such as those designed to give workers a voice in decision-making at the workplace, proved to be short-lived.
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Sandberg, Haim, and Adam Hofri-Winogradow. "Arab Israeli women's renunciation of their inheritance shares: a challenge for Israel's courts." International Journal of Law in Context 8, no. 2 (April 30, 2012): 253–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552312000079.
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AbstractThe practice of Arab women voluntarily renouncing their shares in the family inheritance is well known, having been noticed in several Mediterranean and African countries, including Israel and the West Bank. This practice seems grossly inegalitarian, reflecting many Muslim women's social and economic inferiority and their dependent status. Some Islamic feminists argue that the practice contradicts not only the letter of the sharia, which guarantees women shares in the family inheritance, but also fundamental Islamic principles. Conservatives, however, see the practice as cohering with the spirit of Islam (though not with the letter of sharia), as a voluntary choice by many Muslim women to let their brothers or husbands fulfil their traditional role of providing for their sisters or wives. International institutions concerned with enhancing gender equality have taken the latter view seriously enough to refrain from judging the practice negatively. Our article highlights the Israeli civil courts' diverse responses to the practice: some judges criticise it while others choose a policy of non-interference. The article further discusses the practice and Israeli civil courts' responses in the comparative perspective of Jewish women's practice of renouncing their property and other rights on divorce. Some Jewish husbands make such renunciation a condition of their dissolving the marriage. Israeli civil courts often see such renunciation as an effect of extortion and permit women to rescind it once divorced. We thus conclude with a plea to the civil courts to encourage gender equality among the Arab population to the same extent, at least, to which they promote it among Israel's Jews.
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Adjei, Paul C., Michael R. Jordan, Jennifer Chow, and Janis Breeze. "3232 Translational Science 2019." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 3, s1 (March 2019): 128–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2019.292.
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: We hypothesize that VL testing varies by geographic sub-region, country, age, gender, mode of transmission, year of diagnosis, and country of origin; and also that a higher prevalence of VL testing may be associated with higher prevalence of population-level VL suppression. Our primary aim is to determine country- and regional-level factors that are associated with viral load testing amongst HIV patients. Our secondary aim is to explore the association between prevalence of viral load testing and viral load suppression at the population level. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This is a retrospective analysis of de-identified individual-level data reported to the European Surveillance System (TESSy). The TESSy is a database of communicable diseases (including HIV) for the ECDC and WHO European Regional Office. It captures data from 31 European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) countries and 23 non-EU/EEA countries. Stored data is from year 2000. TESSy is used for data analysis and production of outputs for public health action. The patient cohort include adults older 18 years, whose last clinic attendance was reported in 2014 or later, or whose viral load test was reported in the year of the visit or the year before the year of their last reported clinic attendance. Patient demographic data include age, sex, mode of transmission, country of origin (migrants), country of diagnosis, geographic region, last clinic attendance, viral load and therapy status. Geographic region will be categorized into East, West and Centre as per WHO guidelines. Countries will be categorized and analyzed according to their European Union (EU)-, European Economic Area (EEA)- and income (GDP)-status, using current World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) guidelines. All statistical analysis will be performed in R-Studio and R i386 3.0.2. Missing data will be characterized in terms of quantity (how much is missing) and pattern (random versus non-random) and impact on covariates to be tested. Multiple data imputations would be used in cases where missing data is found to be at random. Data from external sources like UNAIDS, World Bank and IMF will also be used for comparison and validation of TESSy data for imputation of missing data. Continuous variables will be analyzed through appropriate parametric and non-parametric tests while categorical variables will be analyzed through methods of proportion. Multivariate logistic regression methods will be used to explore the associations between VL testing and VL suppression separately with age, sex, year of diagnosis, country of origin (migrants), mode of transmission, in the total population, then at country- and regional-level. The same associations will be explored using a country’s EU and EEA status (EU versus EEA versus non-EU/EEA), and income status (high versus upper middle versus lower middle versus low). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Even though this is a retrospective analysis of a database with likely significant missing data that may affect analysis of data and interpretation of results, our study will impact all levels of HIV policy across Europe. The strengths of this study likely outweigh the limitation imposed by missing data and include potential regional-, country- and demographic-specific public health, epidemiologic and ART program policy initiatives. Also our analysis of pattern of missing data may inform a more efficient and meaningful data collection and input into TESSy database.
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Diakov, Nikolai. "Islam in the Colonial Policy of France: from the Origins to the Fifth Republic." ISTORIYA 12, no. 5 (103) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015901-0.
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History of relations between France and the Islamic world goes back to the first centuries of Hijra, when the Franks first faced the Caliphate and its troops in the Eastern and Western Mediterranean. On the eve of the New times Paris had already developed its numerous contacts with Turkey, Iran and the Arab West — the Maghreb area. The conquest of Algeria (from 1830) formed a basis of the French colonial empire in Africa and Asia with the growing role of Islam in political activities and ambitions of Paris. Millions of Muslims in French colonies contributed to growth of political and economic progress of their metropoly with its pretensions to become a great Muslim power. Meanwhile, thousands of them lost their lives during two great world wars of the 20th century. Waves of immigration gave birth to an impressive Islamic community (‘umma), in France, reaching about a million of residents by the middle of the 20th century. With the growth of Muslim immigration from Africa and the Middle East a number of Muslims among the natives of France also augmented. By the end of the last century the Muslims formed as much as about 10 % of the whole population of France. The “French Islam” born at the dawn of the 20th century. after a century of its evolution became an important civilizational reality of Europe, at times more attractive for the local youth than traditional Christian values, or the new ideals, brought with the winds of globalism, multiculturalism and a “non-stop consumerism”.
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Mazov, Sergey Vasilyevich. "USSR and the 1966 Coup d’État in Ghana: Based on Materials from Russian Archives." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 20, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 619–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2020-20-3-619-633.
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The article investigates the role of Soviet experts and diplomats in conceiving the economic policy of the government of Kwame Nkrumah and in elaborating a seven-year development plan for Ghana (1963-1970). Drawing on extensive documents from Russian archives, the author proved that the USSR Ambassador to Ghana had recommended Soviet economic recipes to President Kwame Nkrumah, ignoring Ghanaian realities and opportunities, - the introduction of a planned economy, the nationalization of large enterprises and banks, the establishment of state control over the main industries, and the creation of collective farms in the countryside. K. Nkrumah believed that with the assistance of the Soviet Union, Ghana would be able to successfully repeat its experience of rapid industrialization. The attempts to implement an unfeasible program have brought the economy of Ghana to the brink of collapse. Soviet economic and financial aid turned out to be ineffective. Most joint ventures remained costly long-term constructions due to errors in planning and supply. The economic collapse and falling living standards of the population ensured the success of the military coup on February 24, 1966 to a large extent. The leadership of the USSR faced a difficult dilemma. In the name of publicly declared values, ideological principles of the Soviet foreign policy, the military-police junta that ousted K. Nkrumah should not be recognized. Pragmatic interests (repayment of loans, retaining profitable bilateral trade, the ability to complete the construction of joint facilities) required the maintaining of relations with the junta. The author found that the reaction of the Soviet Union to the military coup was not consistent. At first, it was decided not to recognize the reactionary, pro-Western regime and to help K. Nkrumah regain power by force of arms. A Soviet ship was sent to the shores of West Africa with a cargo of weapons for his supporters. Soon the ship was recalled, and full-scale relations with the new regime were restored. Pragmatism has become superior over ideology reflecting a change in the Soviet African policy after a series of setbacks there.
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Borshchevskyy, Viktor V. "Structural policy of large cities at the present stage of decentralization (on the example of Lvivska consolidated territorial community)." Regional Economy, no. 1(99) (March 2021): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/1562-0905-2021-1-1.
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The present stage of decentralization in Ukraine is characterized by the activation of the processes of harmonization of economic development priorities in many newly established consolidated territorial communities (CTCs). In the first place, it is about the CTCs that were established around large cities after last year’s local elections. Traditionally, rural areas are rather skeptical about the possibility of complete realization of their interests within such CTCs. It causes numerous conflict situations. A range of CTCs established in the previous years even refuse to join new municipal CTCs. Often the refusal contradicts economic logic but meets the social support of the local population. For example, Lvivska CTC didn’t manage to consolidate a range of adjoining areas around it due to the unfriendly disposition of management of surrounding CTCs and their residents. Consequently, its spatial location turns out to be rather asymmetrical. The city’s boundaries literally “encounter” the neighboring village CTCs on the South and East. Moreover, some part of municipal infrastructural facilities turned out to be at their territory (supermarkets, trade centers, traffic intersections, and communal infrastructure facilities). To overcome the described problems and prevent conflict situations, it is reasonable to change approaches to the implementation of economic policy on the local level in the future. In the first place, modern approaches to the implementation of large cities’ structural policy should be introduced at the present decentralization stage. Because currently manufacturing prevails in the structure of these cities’ economy in Ukraine. Moreover, the foundations of industrial capacity of the municipal economy were formed back in the Soviet period. In the first place, it is about industrial regions of Eastern and Southern Ukraine. Yet, even in the West, namely in Lviv, most currently operating industrial enterprises were founded in the 1960s (some of them even in the 1940s). It is hardly real to transfer the production capacities of such enterprises to the neighboring rural areas. So, increasing the capacity of innovative production in adjoining rural areas should be the major priority of large cities’ structural policy at the present stage of decentralization.
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Cantarow, Ellen, and Merle Thorpe. "Prescription for Conflict: Israel's West Bank Settlement Policy." MERIP Reports, no. 131 (March 1985): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3011012.
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Giles, Jim. "Immigration policy forces researchers out of West Bank." Nature 445, no. 7124 (January 2007): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/445136b.
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Weiss, Dieter. "Ibn Khaldun on Economic Transformation." International Journal of Middle East Studies 27, no. 1 (February 1995): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800061560.
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A number of Arab countries have been exposed to structural adjustment programs. Under the guidance of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, these programs are aimed at making various kinds of Arab socialist and mixed-economy regimes more “market-friendly,” a policy that started in the 1950s and 1960s in countries like Algeria, Tunisia, Syria, and Egypt. Considering the mounting social tension that results from continuing population growth, urban agglomeration, and unemployment, it would be naive to expect—with Fukuyama—an “end of history” as most countries try to adopt market regimes and to strengthen civil society and parliamentary democracy. As Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) well knew, economic and social change is a never-ending process. In the search for viable and sustainable strategies it may be stimulating to consider the insights of this great scholar of the Arab world who wrote 600 years ago.IBN KHALDUN'S SOCIAL SYSTEMS THEORYIbn Khaldun was born in Tunis into an influential clan of South Arabian origin with substantial influence in Islamic Spain and, after the fall of Seville in 1248, in north-western Africa. He was exposed to the turmoils of his time. He held his first position in 1352 at the court at Tunis at the age of 20 and then went on to high political, administrative, diplomatic, and judicial posts in the service of various rulers in the Maghrib, Spain, and Egypt.
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Stene, LCM, R. Giacaman, H. Abdul-Rahim, A. Husseini, KR Norum, and G. Holmboe-Ottesen. "Food consumption patterns in a Palestinian West Bank population." European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, no. 12 (November 29, 1999): 953–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600878.
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Scobbie, Iain GM, Sarah L. Hibbin, and Alon Margalit. "Palestine/West Bank and Gaza Israel’s Policy of Expelling Palestinian Inhabitants from the West Bank to Gaza." Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law Online 15, no. 1 (2011): 288–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22112987-90000022.
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Gedda, L., M. Martins, and P. Parisi. "Twinning in the Palestinian Population of Jerusalem and the West Bank." Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae: twin research 41, no. 1 (January 1992): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001566000002452.
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Although it is currently believed that the Palestinian population has relatively high twinning rates, to our knowledge no specific studies on this have yet been conducted. Therefore, and as a first step in our institutional program to develop medical and social care, as well as research programs specifically directed to twins in this area of the world, a number of observations have been conducted in order to gather estimates of twinning rates in the Palestinian population of East Jerusalem and the West Bank of the Jordan. This corresponds to the regions of Judea and Samaria, largely composed of small villages where most of the population lives, as well as a number of more important centers, such as Jenin, Nablus, Ramallah, Bethlehem, and Hebron.Although we have, unfortunately, been unable to obtain vital statistics on the entire Palestinian population of the West Bank from the administrative offices of Judea and Samaria, information on total maternities and twin maternities by sex, for the period 1984-1988, was kindly provided by all Arab hospitals and maternity clinics in Jerusalem, and also by the United Nations Refugees World Agencies (UNRWA) with respect to the refugee camps.The population we have studied, therefore, is limited to the Palestinians of East Jerusalem and the West Bank refugee camps, and corresponds to about one-third of the entire Palestinian population of the area. However, it does include both an urban setting (East Jerusalem) as well as a rural one (the refugee camps), and both Moslems and Christians, so it can be safely considered as representative of the entire Palestinian population. As for the period considered, we elected to limit our survey to the five-year period 1984-1988 because the records for then are considered to be more reliable than they had been previously, when little, if anything, was known on statistics, particularly on twin statistics relating to the West Bank population.
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Abdul-Rahim, H. F., G. Holmboe-Ottesen, L. C. M. Stene, A. Husseini, R. Giacaman, J. Jervell, and E. Bjertness. "Obesity in a rural and an urban Palestinian West Bank population." International Journal of Obesity 27, no. 1 (January 2003): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802160.
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Stene, LCM, R. Giacaman, H. Abdul-Rahim, A. Husseini, KR Norum, and G. Holmboe-Ottesen. "Obesity and associated factors in a Palestinian West Bank village population." European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55, no. 9 (August 30, 2001): 805–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601230.
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Madianos, Michael G., Adnan Lufti Sarhan, and Evmorfia Koukia. "Major depression across West Bank: A cross-sectional general population study." International Journal of Social Psychiatry 58, no. 3 (March 25, 2011): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764010396410.
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Sumuweng, Agustine Prokaningsih, and Manggaukang Manggaukang. "Pengaruh Kemampuan dan Motivasi Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai Negeri Sipil pada Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat." CIVICUS : Pendidikan-Penelitian-Pengabdian Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan 8, no. 2 (October 12, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/civicus.v8i2.2761.
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Setiap organisasi mengharapkan setiap anggotanya memiliki kinerja yang baik dalam bekerja, salah satunya di Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Provinsi NTB. Tugas pokoknya adalah melaksanakan urusan pendidikan dan kebudayaan dengan menyelenggarakan fungsi perumusan kebijakan, pelaksanaan evaluasi dan pelaporan. Kemampuan pegawai yang tergambar melalui kualifikasi pendidikan dari pekerjaannya memperlihatkan bahwa spesifikasi mereka masih belum sesuai dengan bidang pekerjaan. Selain itu, tingkat absensi pegawai masih tinggi karena masih banyak beberapa pegawai masih tinggi karena masih banyak beberapa pegawai yang sering tidak masuk kerja tanpa keterangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur dan menganalisis signifikansi pengaruh dari Kemampuan terhadap Kinerja Pegawai, mengukur dan menganalisis signifikansi pengaruh dari Motivasi Kerja terhadap Kinerja Pegawai, dan mengukur dan menganalisis dominasi pengaruh di antara variabel Kemampuan dan Motivasi Kerja terhadap Kinerja Pegawai. Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian asosiatif kausal. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah 128 orang. Alat yang dipakai sebagai pengumpulan data berupa kuesioner. Analisa data menggunakan analisis regresi linier berganda. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa : terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan secara parsial dari Kemampuan terhadap kinerja pegawai pada Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat, terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan secara parsial dari motivasi kerja terhadap kinerja pegawai pada Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat, dan Kemampuan memiliki pengaruh yang dominan terhadap kinerja pegawai pada Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat.Each organization expects every member to have a good performance at work, one of which is in the NTB Provincial Education and Culture Office. Its main task is to carry out educational and cultural affairs by carrying out policy formulation, evaluation, and reporting. As reflected in the academic qualifications of their work, the ability of employees shows that their specifications are still not by the field of work. Also, the employee absentee level is still high because of many employees are still high. After all, there are still many employees who often do not come to work without information. This study aims to measure and analyze the significance of the influence of Ability on Employee Performance, measure and analyze the importance of the effect of Work Motivation on Employee Performance, and measure and analyze the dominance of influence between Ability and Work Motivation on Employee Performance. This type of research is a causal associative research. The population in this study was 128 people. The tool used as data collection was a questionnaire-data analysis using multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that: there is a partially significant influence of ability on employee performance at the West Nusa Tenggara Province Education and Culture Office, there is a partially significant effect of work motivation on employee performance at the West Nusa Tenggara Province Education and Culture Office, and ability has a dominant influence on the performance of employees at the Education and Culture Office of West Nusa Tenggara Province.
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Alhassan Issahaku, Paul, and Sheila Neysmith. "Policy implications of population ageing in West Africa." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 33, no. 3/4 (April 19, 2013): 186–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443331311308230.
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Lesch, Ann M. "Occupation Assessments: The West Bank: A Portrait. . John P. Richardson. ; Prescription for Conflict: Israel's West Bank Settlement Policy. . Merle Thorpe, Jr.." Journal of Palestine Studies 15, no. 4 (July 1986): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.1986.15.4.00p0325k.
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Korochkina, V. "Nation-state bill in the light of Israeli west bank policy." Asia and Africa today, no. 8 (August 2019): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032150750005781-1.
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Habbas, Walid Mousa. "West Bank–Israel Wall During COVID-19: Migrant Labour Upends Border Function." Borders in Globalization Review 2, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/bigr21202019881.
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The function of the West Bank–Israeli separation barrier, designed to segregate Palestinians away from Israeli territory, was subverted by the COVID-19 crisis. For the first time, the barrier locked West Bank Palestinians inside Israel. For a two-month period, construction workers from the West Bank were sequestered at work sites in Israel to reduce movement of people between the territories while also minimizing economic losses. This turn of events illustrates the ad hoc economic interests underlying Israeli security policy toward the West Bank.
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Catchpole, Clive K., and Armanda Rowell. "Song Sharing and Local Dialects in a Population of the European Wren Troglodytes Troglodytes." Behaviour 125, no. 1-2 (1993): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853993x00191.
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AbstractSongs were recorded from a local population of 13 male wrens at Wraysbury Lakes, Berkshire, U.K. during 1991. Sonagraphic analysis revealed that there were 15 distinct song types in the population, and that each male had between three and six song types in his repertoire. Song sharing between neighbouring males was particularly high. Six of the males in the population were on the east bank of the lake, separated from the other seven on the west bank by 200 metres of open water. Although three song types were distributed over the whole area, six were unique to the east bank and six to the west. Any male could be classified as an east or west bank male, by the possession of several distinct song types unique to each 'dialect' area. So far, clear examples of dialects have been largely restricted to species with only one or two song types in their repertoires. Song sharing and the development of local dialects in the wren are discussed in relation to current views on mechanisms of social learning in songbirds.
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Abdul-Rahim, H. F., A. Husseini, E. Bjertness, R. Giacaman, N. H. Gordon, and J. Jervell. "The Metabolic Syndrome in the West Bank Population: An urban-rural comparison." Diabetes Care 24, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.24.2.275.
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MCDOWALL, DAVID. "A Profile of the Population of the West Bank and Gaza Strip." Journal of Refugee Studies 2, no. 1 (1989): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/2.1.20.
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Stamm, Volker. "The World Bank on Land Policies: A West African Look at the World Bank Policy Research Report." Africa 74, no. 4 (November 2004): 670–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2004.74.4.670.
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Robert, Elodie, Manuela Grippa, Dayangnéwendé Edwige Nikiema, Laurent Kergoat, Hamidou Koudougou, Yves Auda, and Emma Rochelle-Newall. "Environmental determinants of E. coli, link with the diarrheal diseases, and indication of vulnerability criteria in tropical West Africa (Kapore, Burkina Faso)." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): e0009634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009634.
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In 2017, diarrheal diseases were responsible for 606 024 deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa. This situation is due to domestic and recreational use of polluted surface waters, deficits in hygiene, access to healthcare and drinking water, and to weak environmental and health monitoring infrastructures. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is an indicator for the enteric pathogens that cause many diarrheal diseases. The links between E. coli, diarrheal diseases and environmental parameters have not received much attention in West Africa, and few studies have assessed health risks by taking into account hazards and socio-health vulnerabilities. This case study, carried out in Burkina Faso (Bagre Reservoir), aims at filling this knowledge gap by analyzing the environmental variables that play a role in the dynamics of E. coli, cases of diarrhea, and by identifying initial vulnerability criteria. A particular focus is given to satellite-derived parameters to assess whether remote sensing can provide a useful tool to assess the health hazard. Samples of surface water were routinely collected to measure E. coli, enterococci and suspended particulate matter (SPM) at a monitoring point (Kapore) during one year. In addition, satellite data were used to estimate precipitation, water level, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and SPM. Monthly epidemiological data for cases of diarrhea from three health centers were also collected and compared with microbiological and environmental data. Finally, semi-structured interviews were carried out to document the use of water resources, contact with elements of the hydrographic network, health behavior and condition, and water and health policy and prevention, in order to identify the initial vulnerability criteria. A positive correlation between E. coli and enterococci in surface waters was found indicating that E. coli is an acceptable indicator of fecal contamination in this region. E. coli and diarrheal diseases were strongly correlated with monsoonal precipitation, in situ SPM, and Near Infra-Red (NIR) band between March and November. Partial least squares regression showed that E. coli concentration was strongly associated with precipitation, Sentinel-2 reflectance in the NIR and SPM, and that the cases of diarrhea were strongly associated with precipitation, NIR, E. coli, SPM, and to a lesser extent with NDVI. Moreover, E. coli dynamics were reproduced using satellite data alone, particularly from February to mid-December (R2 = 0.60) as were cases of diarrhea throughout the year (R2 = 0.76). This implies that satellite data could provide an important contribution to water quality monitoring. Finally, the vulnerability of the population was found to increase during the rainy season due to reduced accessibility to healthcare and drinking water sources and increased use of water of poor quality. During this period, surface water is used because it is close to habitations, easy to use and free from monetary or political constraints. This vulnerability is aggravated by marginality and particularly affects the Fulani, whose concessions are often close to surface water (river, lake) and far from health centers.
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Pepper, Anita, Max Pepper, Mustafa Barghouthi, Ibrahim Daibes, 'Atef Shbayta, and Lama Jamjum. "Infrastructure and Health Services in the West Bank: Guidelines for Health Care Planning. The West Bank Rural Primary Health Care Survey." Journal of Public Health Policy 15, no. 3 (1994): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3342914.
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Zamri, Yati Fitria, Lilik Handajani, and Ahmad Rifai. "Analisis Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Non Performing Loan pada Bank Perkreditan Rakyat di Nusa Tenggara Barat." E-Jurnal Akuntansi 30, no. 4 (April 23, 2020): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/eja.2020.v30.i04.p01.
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This study aims to provide empirical evidence about main cause of height Non Performing Loan (NPL) at Rural Bank in West Nusa Tenggara. The methodology used is Factor Analysis exploratory . Population in this research is all Rural Bank in West Nusa Tenggara. Total Respondent are 128 respondent which are Board Director, Marketing department, and Collection Department. Based on previous research found 38 variabel that causes NPL at Rural Bank. By using analysis factor the study found 10 major factors as the main cause of the NPL at Rural Bank in West Nusa Tenggara. The results of this research can be used as a reference for Rural Bank in an attempt to suppress the NPL in each Rural Bank. In addition, it can be used as a reference for financial Services Authority (OJK) in the surveillance institution to BPR.
Keywords: Non Performing Loan; Rural Bank; Factors Analysis; Main factor.
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Hartmann, Betsy. "Population Control II: The Population Establishment Today." International Journal of Health Services 27, no. 3 (July 1997): 541–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hkgj-1ymy-q3jw-96lu.
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Although population assistance represents a relatively small share of official development assistance, it influences many other aspects of development planning. The organizations that comprise the population establishment have a common purpose—the reduction of population growth in the Third World—but they are not homogeneous and sometimes have conflicting goals and strategies. National governments, multilateral agencies, nongovernmental organizations, foundations, academic centers, and pressure groups all contribute to creating and sustaining what has become a virtual population control industry. Through scholarships, travel grants, awards, and favorable publicity, Third World elites have been encouraged to join the population establishment. The World Bank, the U.S. Agency for International Development, and the U.N. Fund for Population Activities have pursued explicit strategies for pressuring Third World governments to design and implement population policies, most recently in Africa.
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Klupt, M. "International Dimension of Population Policy." World Economy and International Relations, no. 8 (2015): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-8-5-13.
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Change in political, cultural and financial dimensions of international population agenda over the last half century is considered. Cross-country comparisons reveal path dependence phenomenon. France, where “Malthusian spirit” was long castigated, contributed a lower share of its GDP to international family planning programs than did the US and UK, where Malthusianism always found political support. The controversies over the usage of Kemp–Kasten amendment influenced the structure of the US international population assistance rather than its total volume. Religious NGOs went on international population arena in the 2000s and polarized its non-governmental segment. These NGOs defend the traditional family and declare full respect for national religious and ethical values; their position has some coincidence points with Russia’s standpoint in the UN population debates. The reasons for increasing disagreements between Russia and the West over the key items of both international and Russian domestic population agenda are reviewed. At least 80 per cent of Russians, as the surveys show, believe that the government must strive for fertility growth. Russia’s state-run demographic policy, underlain by this vox populi and aimed at fertility increase, discords with the Western international agenda, which prioritizes the global governance, sexual rights and sexual education of youth. Despite the gloomy UN projection (the 2000 Revision) which predicted shrinking of Russia’s population size to 133.0 million in 2015, it achieved 146.3 Million (including 2.3 Million in Crimea). Nevertheless, most of Western experts argue that the “wrong” Russian demographic policy cannot give positive effect. Given this values’ divide, it would be reasonable to intensify coordination between Russia and other BRICS countries in international population debates and to move cooperation with the West to the issues which are not overloaded by the conflicts of values.
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Codogni, Paulina. "The Architecture of Separation: Israeli Policy towards the Palestinians in the West Bank." Civitas. Studia z Filozofii Polityki 19 (June 24, 2016): 149–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/civ.2016.19.09.
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According to the classic view of architecture, its primary function is to create spatial law and order so as to improve the functioning of man in the architectural environment. Classical works on the theory of architecture focused on those qualities that portrayed architecture as having a clearly positive dimension, the pursuit of which should be the primary task of an architect. Is it true, however, that architecture has only one common meaning? This assertion is undermined by buildings constructed on borderlands, which are imposed on one community by another. An example is the wall being erected by Israel since 2002 to separate the state from the West Bank. While it has become a symbol of security and order for the Israelis, it is an emblem of enslavement and chaos for the Palestinians who have been trapped on the other side of the barrier.
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Harris, William W. "Israel's West Bank Settlement Policy in the Early 1980s: Strategy, Impact, and Implications." SAIS Review 5, no. 2 (1985): 233–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sais.1985.0066.
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Fernos, Jhon, and Gwen Gietricen. "Pengaruh Kualitas Layanan terhadap Kepuasan Nasabah Mobile Banking pada Bank Pembangunan Daerah Provinsi Sumatera Barat." JURNAL PUNDI 3, no. 2 (March 4, 2020): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.31575/jp.v3i2.157.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims to analyze the effect of reliability, responsiveness, assurance (assurance), empathy (empathy) and direct evidence (tangibles) on satisfaction of mobile banking customers at the Regional Development Bank of West Sumatra Province. The research design is correlational. The population in this study were all Sharia banking customers in Surakarta City, a sample of 100 mobile banking customers at the Regional Development Bank of West Sumatra Province with a proportion of rendom sampling as a sampling technique. Data analysis in this study used multiple linear regression (multiple regression analysis). The results showed that there was no tangible variable effect (X1) on customer satisfaction of the Regional Development Bank of West Sumatra Province. No effect on reliability variable (X2) on customer satisfaction of the Regional Development Bank of West Sumatra Province. There is no effect on the responsiveness variable (X3) on customer satisfaction. There is the effect of assurance variable (X4) on customer satisfaction. There is the influence of the empathy variable (X5) on customer satisfaction.