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1
Singh, Onkar. "West Bengal Assembly Election 2021: An Analysis." Journal of Policy & Governance 01, no. 01 (August 20, 2021): 69–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.33002//jpg010107.
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West Bengal Assembly election was one of the most keenly watched assembly elections in India in 2021. One of the reasons for this interest was the unexpected rise of the Bhartiya Janata Party in a state mostly known for its contests between the Left parties, the Indian National Congress, and the All-India Trinamool Congress. The Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) had only 3 seats in the last assembly election of 2016, whereas the ruling All India Trinamool Congress (AITC or TMC) party had 212 seats. The BJP was never a major player in the state except during the last parliamentary election (2019) when BJP bagged 18 out of the 42 parliamentary seats. The analysis presented in this paper analyzes the constituency-wise figures for each of the 294 constituencies spread over 19 districts of the state of West Bengal in India. The TMC emerged victorious with 48% of the total popular votes, while the opposition BJP got 39% of the popular votes. Also, TMC won 213 (73%) of total seats, whereas the BJP came to a distant second with 77 (26%) seats, even though it raised its stock significantly in the West Bengal Assembly from its 2016 tally of a meager 3 seats. After the West Bengal 2021 election results, Mamata Banerjee emerged as one of the main challengers of BJP at the national arena of Indian politics. This paper will benefit and help anyone interested in Indian political analysis and would also provide key insights for the political analysts and the political parties interested in a seat-by-seat deep dive. The analysis was done with the help of Microsoft Excel and R Software.
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Kumar Sarma, Pranjit, and Rituparna Bhattacharyya. "Assembly Elections of India, 2021: Revisiting Assam." Space and Culture, India 9, no. 1 (June 24, 2021): 6–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v9i1.1189.
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In India, Assembly Elections were held in Assam, West Bengal, Kerela, Tamil Nadu and Puducherry in the first half of 2021. Driving this study is an attempt to analyse the election results of the state of Assam where Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and its allies, Mitrajot or National Democratic Alliance (NDA), successfully defeated the Indian National Congress (INC), and its allies, Mahajot (Grand Alliance). Drawing primarily upon secondary data and applying GIS techniques, the study makes a critical analogy of how Mitrajot managed to accomplish victory.
This is a solicited article. Submitted: 10 May 2021; Accepted: 24 June 2021.
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Khan, Ghulam Dastgeer, and Himayat Ullah. "Role of Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qaiyum Khan in constitutional reforms in the North-West Frontier Province of the British India." Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) 7, no. 1 (March 13, 2023): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/7.1.1.
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This paper analyses the services of Sahibzada Abdul Qaiyum Khan in granting constitutional reform to North-West Frontier. Quaid-i-Azam of Sarhad, Sahibzada Abdul Qaiyum, after his retirement from government service in 1919, started a struggle for constitutional reforms to the North-West Frontier. The constitutional reforms introduced in British India since its inception in 1901 were not extended timely to North-West Frontier, due to which it remained a Chief Commissioner's Province till 1932. Sahibzada Abdul Qaiyum pleaded the case on all fronts, including the Bray Committee, Indian Legislative Assembly, Delhi Proposals, annual sessions of All India Muslim League, Simon Commission, Haig Committee, and Round Table Conferences held in London. After a long struggle, North-West Frontier was levelled from a Commissioner Province to a Governor Province, and a Legislative Council was formed in 1932. After the elections, Sahibzada Abdul Qaiyum was elected as the Minster of the Transferred Departments of N-W.F.P. After five years, according to the Act of 1935, the Legislative Assembly was formed, and he was elected as the first Chief Minister of N-W.F.P. in 1937. The article reviewed primary and secondary data available in the provincial archives, Peshawar, National Documentation Centre, Islamabad, British Library, London, and other libraries.
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Datta, Prabhat Kumar. "Exploring the Dynamics of Deliberative Democracy in Rural India: Lessons from the Working of Gram Sabhas in India and Gram Sansads in West Bengal." Indian Journal of Public Administration 65, no. 1 (January 24, 2019): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556118814937.
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Deliberative democracy has gained considerable momentum in India in recent years in the wake of a new drive for decentralisation and democratisation to promote good governance. The constitutional amendment made in India in 1992 sought to institutionalise this concept in villages through a body called Gram Sabha (village assembly). The amendment mandates the constitution of this institution at the Gram Panchayat level (usually a cluster of villages), the functional details of which have been left to the hands of the states. The Gram Sabha is now in place in all the states though it varies from state to state in location and functions. Some states like West Bengal, have taken a step further by creating another body down the line at the level of the electoral constituency. This article presents a case study of Gram Sansads, as known in West Bengal against a general review of the working of the Gram Sabhas in India.
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Mondal, Tapan Kumar, Hukam Chand Rawal, Kishor Gaikwad, Tilak Raj Sharma, and Nagendra Kumar Singh. "First de novo draft genome sequence of Oryza coarctata, the only halophytic species in the genus Oryza." F1000Research 6 (September 25, 2017): 1750. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12414.1.
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Oryza coarctata plants, collected from Sundarban delta of West Bengal, India, have been used in the present study to generate draft genome sequences, employing the hybrid genome assembly with Illumina reads and third generation Oxford Nanopore sequencing technology. We report for the first time that more than 85.71 % of the genome coverage and the data have been deposited in NCBI SRA, with BioProject ID PRJNA396417.
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Mondal, Tapan Kumar, Hukam Chand Rawal, Kishor Gaikwad, Tilak Raj Sharma, and Nagendra Kumar Singh. "First de novo draft genome sequence of Oryza coarctata, the only halophytic species in the genus Oryza." F1000Research 6 (December 15, 2017): 1750. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12414.2.
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Oryza coarctata plant, collected from Sundarban delta of West Bengal, India, has been used in the present study to generate draft genome sequences, employing the hybrid genome assembly with Illumina reads and third generation Oxford Nanopore sequencing technology. We report for the first time the draft genome with the coverage of 85.71 % and deposited the raw data in NCBI SRA, with BioProject ID PRJNA396417.
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Hussain, Md Iftekhar, and Aijaz Ahmad Mir. "Party Politics in West Bengal: Historical and Contemporary Dynamics." Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities 4, no. 3 (May 25, 2024): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.4.3.10.
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Party politics in West Bengal is a complex and ever-evolving phenomenon deeply rooted in the state's socio-cultural history. This overview explores the dynamic landscape of party politics in West Bengal, tracing its historical evolution and examining the key players, ideological underpinnings, electoral strategies, and socio-economic factors that have influenced voter preferences over the years. From the pre-independence era's freedom struggle to the contemporary political dynamics dominated by the All-India Trinamool Congress (AITC) and Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), West Bengal's political journey reflects its vibrant cultural mosaic and socio-political complexities. This paper also discusses the current scenario in West Bengal, highlighting the role of various political parties in recent local and assembly elections. The methodology involves a comprehensive review of academic papers and journals on various aspects of West Bengal's politics, governance, and societal dynamics. While existing literature touches on governance-related aspects like healthcare policies, decentralisation, and power sector reforms, there is a research gap in integrating these elements to provide a holistic assessment of West Bengal's governance model. The paper identifies this research gap and calls for a more comprehensive study that explores the interplay of political decisions, decentralisation efforts, and policy reforms in shaping the state's development and governance outcomes.
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Barman, Rup Kumar. "‘Right-Left-Right’ and Caste Politics: The Scheduled Castes in West Bengal Assembly Elections (from 1920 to 2016)." Contemporary Voice of Dalit 10, no. 2 (August 22, 2018): 216–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455328x18787569.
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Since the beginning of the provincial election in the early twentieth century, ‘caste’ has been a ‘political issue’ in India. It transformed into a matter of serious political contradiction when the ‘reservation’ was introduced in India. After the independence of India, in all provincial and parliamentary elections starting from to 1952 till date, organized political parties have further contributed to the ‘process of politicization of caste’. Truly speaking, caste is now a ‘determinant factor’ for formation of the union government. This trend has been equally detected in certain provinces of India especially where the Scheduled Castes (SCs) have substantial concentration. West Bengal, with 21,463,270 SC population (i.e., 23.5% of the state’s population), has been experiencing caste politics since 1952. However, the SCs of this state have been used in electoral politics merely as ‘voters’. They were controlled by the ‘Rights’, till 1962. The period from 1962 to 1976 was a transitional phase from the ‘Rights’ to ‘Lefts’. The ‘Lefts’ established their control over the SCs in 1977. However, re-emergence of the ‘Rights’ (particularly of the All India Trinamool Congress [AITMC]) in 2011 has transformed the SCs as the ‘puppet dancers’ under the direction of the ‘Rights’.
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ChanWahn KIm and 최미혜. "West Bengal Assembly Elections 2001 in India and The End of 34 Years of Left Front Rule." Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies 18, no. 2 (August 2011): 193–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.18107/japs.2011.18.2.009.
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Parkash, Dr Braham. "Political Life of Lala Lajpat Rai." Think India 22, no. 3 (September 26, 2019): 547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v22i3.8327.
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The fact is that Lala Lajpat Rai joined the Indian National Congress (INC) and participated in many political agitations in Punjab. For his political agitation, he was deported to Burma without trial in 1907 but returned after a few months because of lack of evidence. Moreover, He was opposed to the partition of Bengal and founded the Home Rule League of America in 1917 in New York. He was also elected President of the All India Trade Union Congress and he supported the non-cooperation movement of Gandhi at the Nagpur session of the Congress in 1920. He also protested against the Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre that followed. He founded the Servants of People Society in 1921 and he was elected deputy leader of the Central Legislative Assembly in 1926. In 1928, he moved a resolution in the assembly refusing cooperation with the Simon Commission since the Commission had no Indian members. He was leading a silent protest against the Simon Commission in Lahore when he was brutally lathi-charged by Superintendent of Police, James Scott. Rai died of injuries sustained a few weeks later. In this regard most of the scholars agreed that Lala Lajpat Rai’s contribution to Indian National Movement fall in the unique category. The present research paper highlights Lala Lajpat Rai’s political life.
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Roy, Pankaj K., Gourab Banerjee, Asis Mazumdar, Amlanjyoti Kar, Arunabha Majumder, and Malabika Biswas Roy. "A Study to ascertain the Optimum Yield from Groundwater Source in the Eastern Part of Kolkata Municipal Corporation Area in West Bengal, India." European Journal of Sustainable Development 1, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2012.v1n2p97.
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The increasing stress on fresh water resources due to ever-rising demands and profligateuses as well as growing population and industrial establishment of Kolkata is an issue ofgreat concern. The purpose of this study is to make a quantitative estimate of the availablegroundwater resources in the eastern part of Kolkata for efficient utilization andmanagement of groundwater resources. The methodology involved the investigation,drilling, lowering, collection and analysis of main well and observation wells data andgroundwater quality as well. Based upon the study of lithological logs as also the electricallog, the sub-surface deposition of the assembly pipes have been determined. The resultsindicate that the aquifers are composite and composed of sands and overlying silts/claybeds. Long term Tests pumping indicate that the main well may be capable of a long termdischarge rate of 120 m3/hr restricted at 120 m and 156.65 m. The aquifer parametersfrom the study area are estimated from the analysis of short and long durations pumpingtest data. For the alluvial aquifer, transmissivity of 1491 m2/d, hydraulic conductivity of49.7 m/d and storage coefficient of 0.0064 are recommended found by using differentmethods. Long duration pumping tests have indicated that the maximum drawdown inwater table by 4.89 m may be achievable by radius of influence about 682 m. After theclosure of pumping operation, recuperation test was also carried out in the main wells aswell as also from observation wells. Recovery test was monitored for 20 hrs after closureof pumping. Slope of the residual drawdown from t/t’ indicated aquifer transmissivity of1322 m2/d and therefore hydraulic conductivity of the alluvial sand aquifer is 44 m/dhaving an aquifer thickness of 30 m. The physico-chemical and bacteriological analysis ofgroundwater of two pumping wells were tested and the results showed the groundwatermust be disinfected before supplying to the consumers.
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Jamal, Tausif, Lopamudra Ghosh, Debranjan Maity, Sampurna Banerjee, and Santanu Banerjee. "Millets: The Nourishing Solution to Food Security Challenges Over Cereal-Based Cropping Systems." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 12 (December 21, 2023): 417–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i123698.
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A heightened emphasis on augmenting millet production and accentuating their nutritional benefits is pivotal in mitigating reliance on conventional crops, fostering dietary diversity, and enhancing food security, particularly in times of natural calamities when food scarcity is prevalent. The United Nations General Assembly has designated the year 2023 as the International Year of Millet. Millets hailed as 'superfoods,' boast high levels of protein, fibre, vitamins, and minerals. India stands as a major contributor, producing 80% of Asia's millets and 20% globally, as reported by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. Statistics reveal that over 90 million individuals in Africa and Asia incorporate millets into their diets, with Africa accounting for more than 55% of global production, followed by Asia at nearly 40%, while Europe constitutes approximately three per cent of the worldwide market. Specifically in India, West Bengal adheres to a predominantly monocultural cropping system, predominantly focused on rice. Monoculture systems are highly susceptible to blights and pests due to their lack of diversity, leading to reduced soil fertility and compromised soil structure. Cultivating millets not only offers a viable solution by diminishing reliance on synthetic fertilizers and pesticides but also facilitates a transition towards sustainable agriculture. This involves diversifying crop rotations and steering clear of the pitfalls associated with mono-cropping systems. Introducing various millet types into cropping systems can significantly enhance food security. Each millet variant possesses unique qualities that enable them to withstand extreme climatic conditions, making them particularly relevant as adaptive measures in the current context of global warming and climate change issues.
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HOSSAIN, MUHAMMAD BELAL. "Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman: His Life and Contributions to the Independence Movement." Dhaka University Arabic Journal 23, no. 26 (June 14, 2024): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.62295/mazallah.v23i26.67.
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Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was the main architect of the state of Bangladesh. He was born in a respectable Muslim family on 17 March 1920. He dedicated his valuable time of his life for independence of Bangladesh. He started his political life when he was a student of Gopalganj Missionary School in 1939. In 1940 Sheikh Mujib joined All India Muslim Students Federation and elected as a counselor for one year. Bangabandhu was involved actively in struggle for Pakistan state in 1942 when he was studying at Kolkata Islamic Collage. He played significant role in protecting Muslim community during the violence between Hindu and Muslim after separation of India and the birth of Pakistan in 1947. Bangabandhu established "East Pakistan Muslim Student League" on 4th January 1948 when he was studying at the University of Dhaka and he proposed All party State Language movement Council. He played a key role in 1952 from the central jail when he was a prisoner and he demanded recognition of Bangla as the state language of East Pakistan. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was elected General Secretary of East Pakistan Awami Muslim League at its council on 9th July 1953. Bangabandhu won in the first General Election of East Bengal Legislative Assembly held on 10 March from Gopalganj. Bangabandhu took charge of the ministry of Agriculture and Forests on 15th March. He proposed historical six-point Charter of demand at a national convention of the opposition parties at Lahore on 5th February 1966. On 1st March 1966 Bangabandhu was elected the president of Awami League. On 23 February 1969 the central Student Action Council arranged a meeting at the Racecourse and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was publicly honored as "Bangabandhu" at this meeting of one million people. On 5th December, Bangabandhu declared East Pakistan would be called Bangladesh. His historical speech on 07 March 1971 was a clear declaration of independence.
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Kujur, Rini Pratik, and Puja Sen Majumdar. "A bid for memorialization: Negotiating public memory." Art & the Public Sphere 10, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/aps_00052_1.
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In March 2018, following the defeat of the Left Front by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) led alliance in the Assembly elections in Tripura, India, one witnessed the demolition of Lenin’s statue in South Tripura amidst cries of, ‘Bharat Mata Ki Jai!’. The Tripura governor, as a response, tweeted ‐ ‘[w]hat one democratically elected government can do another democratically elected government can undo, and vice versa’ (Karmakar 2018: n.pag.). In May 2019, newspaper reports stated that workers from the right-wing political organization, BJP had defaced a statue of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar in Vidyasagar College, Kolkata, India. Of the many criticisms levelled against this incident, one in particular took a nativist and elitist tone and posited that the rally consisted of ‘outsiders’, i.e., people from the neighbouring states of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Jharkhand. As these ‘outsiders’ were not cognizant of Vidyasagar’s contributions to the sociocultural and political fabric of West Bengal, it made them more prone to committing said acts of vandalism. To that end, this article will closely examine the contemporary debates concerning the vandalism and restoration of statues in South Asia, which brings up pertinent questions regarding state power and the narratives propagated in the daily lives of its citizens and the iconographic function of statues which allows for communities, both real and imagined to rally around it. As structures of cultural, religious and political significance rise to the fore with increasing frequency, debates on their utility, significance, allegiance and symbolism are burgeoning with multiple meanings. To that end, in an attempt to historicize said events it is imperative to unpack the categories of culture, religious and political representation and what goes into their production in order to better address the questions: ‘Who is represented?’ and ‘[w]ho gets to represent?’. This article will locate the discussion around how statues are related at once to the mundane, the local and the national and when they are vandalized, how are discourses around communities affected as a result within the contours of cultural and religio-political representation.
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Sen, Urmimala, Trinetra Mukherjee, Sucharita Bose, Chayan Roy, Moidu Jameela Rameez, Wriddhiman Ghosh, and Subhra Kanti Mukhopadhyay. "Genome Sequence of the Arsenic-Resistant Haladaptatus sp. Strain R4 Isolated from Ramnagar, West Bengal, India." Genome Announcements 4, no. 5 (September 22, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/genomea.01017-16.
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Here, we present the draft genome of Haladaptatus sp. strain R4, a halophilic archaea that produces an orange-pink pigment and is capable of growing in a wide salinity range. The genome assembly shows genes for arsenic resistance, siderophore production, trehalose and glycine betaine biosynthesis, uptake and transporters of sodium, potassium, and chloride ions.
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Shome, Debopriya, Taberez Ahmed Neyazi, and Sheryl Wei Ting Ng. "Personalization of politics through visuals: Interplay of identity, ideology, and gender in the 2021 West Bengal Assembly Election Campaign." Media, Culture & Society, December 24, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01634437231214189.
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Visual messaging is a cornerstone of campaign strategies of political parties and candidates that can complement and amplify the effects of the written/spoken word. Through a thematic analysis of the Facebook ads of the two main political parties during the 2021 West Bengal assembly elections in India, this paper shows the interplay of identity, ideology, and gender in the visual communication strategies of political parties on Facebook as they tried to mobilize voters in an intensely polarized context. Both the incumbent and the opposition parties framed issues in their visual campaigns that were culturally situated; these issues centered around identity and ideology while simultaneously emphasizing strong leadership with gendered rhetoric. Our findings contribute to the advancement of theoretical understanding of political personalization, highlighting the intricate interplay between gender, ideological inclinations, and cultural identity, all of which profoundly influence the personalization process in the context of an intensely polarized election campaign.
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Deb, Debjani, Anindya Kumar Das, BC Kameswari, and Aditya Prasad Sarkar. "Changing Trends of Maternal Mortality in a Rural Medical College in Eastern India: A 23-Year Retrospective Study." JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2022/57151.17053.
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Introduction: Maternal mortality in a region is a measure of reproductive health of women in that area. The direct causes of maternal deaths are largely preventable. A new era of more comprehensive, international development agenda-the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 3.1) was launched by the United Nations General Assembly 2015, New York for ending preventable maternal deaths. Aim: To determine the causes and changing trends of maternal mortality in this rural centre. Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Bankura Sammilani Medical College in West Bengal in Eastern India. Individual hospital records of all the maternal deaths, from January 1998 to December 2020 were collected. Data regarding demographic profile and reproductive parameters like gravida, parity, antenatal care and cause of death were collected. The records were divided into two four yearly periods, to compare the changing trends (1998-2001) vs (2017-2020) and three five yearly (2002-2006), (2007-2011), (2012-2016) periods. The first term (1998-2001) was taken as the reference period. Results: Comparison between first (1998-2001) and last term (2017-2020) shows significant declining trend of Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) (364 vs 148)/100000 live birth (p-value <0.00001). Majority of deaths occurred in primigravida (57.5% vs 60.6%). Direct obstetric causes accounted for majority of the deaths, but with a declining trend (74.7% vs 66.7%). Eclampsia remained the leading direct cause (35.5% vs 32.2%) followed by haemorrhage (20.4% vs 18.8%) and sepsis (18.8% vs 15.7%) in the first term (1998-2001) vs last term (2017-2020). Jaundice 6.45% vs 10.3%, heart disease 2.15% vs 7.1%, embolism 4.3% vs 0.8%, anaemia 6.45% vs 1.6% and other diseases 5.91% vs 13.4% in the first vs last term were the indirect causes of maternal mortality. Conclusion: There is a declining trend of maternal mortality since 1998, which can be attributed to improvement at all levels of healthcare. Eclampsia/preeclampsia and its complications remain the leading cause of maternal mortality. Majority of these maternal deaths can be prevented by regular screening of highrisk cases, integrated antenatal and postnatal care, institutional deliveries, timely referral, and proper implementation of national health programmes.
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Mukhopadhyay, Meenakshi, Ashutosh Mukherjee, Sayak Ganguli, Archisman Chakraborti, Samrat Roy, Sudeshna Shyam Choudhury, Vetriselvan Subramaniyan, et al. "Marvels of Bacilli in soil amendment for plant-growth promotion toward sustainable development having futuristic socio-economic implications." Frontiers in Microbiology 14 (December 7, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1293302.
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Microorganisms are integral components of ecosystems, exerting profound impacts on various facets of human life. The recent United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) Science Summit emphasized the critical importance of comprehending the microbial world to address global challenges, aligning with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In agriculture, microbes are pivotal contributors to food production, sustainable energy, and environmental bioremediation. However, decades of agricultural intensification have boosted crop yields at the expense of soil health and microbial diversity, jeopardizing global food security. To address this issue, a study in West Bengal, India, explored the potential of a novel multi-strain consortium of plant growth promoting (PGP) Bacillus spp. for soil bioaugmentation. These strains were sourced from the soil’s native microbial flora, offering a sustainable approach. In this work, a composite inoculum of Bacillus zhangzhouensis MMAM, Bacillus cereus MMAM3), and Bacillus subtilis MMAM2 were introduced into an over-exploited agricultural soil and implications on the improvement of vegetative growth and yield related traits of Gylcine max (L) Meril. plants were evaluated, growing them as model plant, in pot trial condition. The study’s findings demonstrated significant improvements in plant growth and soil microbial diversity when using the bacterial consortium in conjunction with vermicompost. Metagenomic analyses revealed increased abundance of many functional genera and metabolic pathways in consortium-inoculated soil, indicating enhanced soil biological health. This innovative bioaugmentation strategy to upgrade the over-used agricultural soil through introduction of residual PGP bacterial members as consortia, presents a promising path forward for sustainable agriculture. The rejuvenated patches of over-used land can be used by the small and marginal farmers for cultivation of resilient crops like soybean. Recognizing the significance of multi-strain PGP bacterial consortia as potential bioinoculants, such technology can bolster food security, enhance agricultural productivity, and mitigate the adverse effects of past agricultural activities.
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Dey, Aniruddha, Sheikh Tawhidul Islam, Biplabketan Paul, Swarnabha Bandyopadhyay, Piu Sengupta, Nandini Sanyal, Krishna Prosad Mondal, Al Jubaer, and Rangeet Mitra. "Waterlogging mitigation and safe water supply: lessons learnt from low-lying areas of Basirhat municipality, India." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, April 13, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-08-2021-0106.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a replicable model that ensures Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage as well as water treatment facilities at the community level by providing total service coverage at community scale. An intervention was implemented in one of the low-lying areas of Basirhat Municipality (West Bengal, India) that included a number of action programs in order to address household- and community-level water-induced challenges. Design/methodology/approach A research study was undertaken to identify the root causes of the problems that are generally spawned from geomorphological, hydro-fluvial, climatic factors and processes and the situation becomes complicated when many other cumulative problem-contexts layovers the existing ones. A number of social and technological innovations were tested in the field and this paper critically examined the intervention processes and outcomes. It was implemented through participatory process by involving related stakeholders working at that scale so that necessary public acceptance is received for scaling up, at least, in the similar physical, social, economic and institutional contexts. Findings The problem conceptualization process, spatial assessment for contextualizing the problem, design of interventions for different scales, development of project deployment strategies from field-based learnings contributed in developing a total solution based on fusing of household-level technical solutions, social innovations and actions for community engagements towards sustainability. Mobilized community members in addressing local inundation and waterlogging crisis. Satellite image-based maps shown to make them understand the upper-lower connection of drainage. People also developed their own action plans and engaged themselves in resuscitation of an old canal, removed the garbage that resulted in improved drainage conditions in the area. Research limitations/implications Pandemic due to COVID 19 and its related prolonged lock down, West Bengal State Assembly Election, closure of municipal governance system due to the forthcoming municipal election, closure of educational institutions, closure of Anganwadi Centre in the field area were the limitations. Due to the lock down, it was difficult for the team to maintain the time frame as well as the budget. As per the Election’s Code of Conduct gets released no public meeting was allowed without permission, people in the vicinity became suspicious, hence movement of the team members got restricted. Practical implications Due to the COVID protocols, the team could not organise mass training programs. It was difficult for the team members to commute in public/private transport, hence filed work got impacted. As the team could not access data from the health department, they developed a strategy of generation data on body mass index, mid-upper arm circumferences and waist-to-hip ratios to understand the status of health and nutrition of the community. It was difficult to access the Public Health Engineering Department’s laboratory situated in the municipality for water sample test. Cost escalated due to extension of the project time. Social implications During the second phase (wave) when people lost access to health facilities they requested the team to stop field visit. Women’s empowerment through acquiring knowledge and skill on treatment and safe storage of drinking water at home. Men appreciated and recognized this, which improved the status of women in the society. Children after expressing their willingness to learn the new technology of water purification were given handholding training by their mothers and knowledge transfer has taken place in the next generation. Mobilized community members in addressing local inundation and waterlogging crisis. Satellite image-based maps to understand the upper-lower connection of drainage helped them develop their own action plans and engaged themselves in resuscitation of an old canal, removed the garbage that resulted in improved drainage conditions in the area. Originality/value Household-level solutions include supply of low cost, easy operable, sustainable water purifiers, community-level solution focused on securing water-related challenges at social/public gathering places and wider catchment area level solutions include the engagement of local communities to drain out stagnant waters by clearing drains, creating/digging small canals through collective actions. Geo-spatial techniques (topographical mapping, spatial survey, water quality tests) along with social methods such as participatory appraisals for gathering information on human health, public awareness campaigns and partnership development with local government agencies were the major activities performed as part of the implementation of interventions. It is imperative to mention that water-related challenges in the low-lying settlement areas of Basirhat Municipality have effectively been addressed by relying on necessary theoretical underpinnings (Disaster risk reduction/humanitarian principles) transmitted through application of scientific techniques and mediated through local people and their agencies.
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Biswas, C., P. Dey, Veegala Ramesh Babu, N. M. Alam, and Gouranga Kar. "First report of papaya ring spot virus (PRSV) infecting jute (Corchorus olitorius) in India." Plant Disease, August 17, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-21-0652-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
Jute is the most important bast fibre crop of the world, which is mainly cultivated in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, China, Indonesia and South American countries. The fibre is utilized for making apparels, ropes, bags, carpets etc (Biswas et al. 2014). This bio-fibre is gaining importance due to growing environmental consciousness worldwide. In June 2019, we noticed jute plants (less than 2%) showing virus like symptoms viz., downward curling, puckering, angular brownish to yellowish spots etc in a farmer’s field at Amdanga Block, North 24 Paraganas, West Bengal, India. To identify the virus, five symptomatic leaves from five different plants were used for high throughput sequencing (HTS). We extracted total RNA from each leaf which was subjected to construction of cDNA libraries. Sequencing was done on Illumina Hiseq 4000 (CytoScan, Thermo Fisher). Approximately 46 million 105 nt paired end reads were generated. Raw reads were trimmed and filtered to perform de novo assembly as described previously by (Grabherr et al. 2013). The obtained contig was 10,326 bp nucleotides (nt) long and in BLASTn against GenBank showed highest identity with papaya ring spot virus (PRSV) with the contig covering 99.6% of the viral genome. The obtained contig shared 99.33% sequence similarity with PRSV strain P (Accession No. MT470188). The selected leaf samples were also tested by double-antibody sandwich (DAS)- enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for papaya ring spot virus (PRSV) along with some common viruses, viz., Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV), Watermelon mosaic virus, Cowpea mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus with the help of commercial diagnostic kits (Agdia). However, only the test with PRSV gave positive reaction for the symptomatic samples. The major symptoms of PRSV on papaya are severe mosaic, chlorosis, reduced lamina with curling and puckering (Gonsalves et al. 2010). To confirm PRSV infection, five symptomatic leaf samples (used for HTS) were collected and whole RNA was extracted from the samples using RNeasy plant minikit (Qiagen, USA). Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was conducted by using isolated RNA. One pair of PRSV specific primer (PSRV1F: 5' TTAAATCTGATTCGTC 3' PRSV 1R: 5'GAAATTCACGCAAAGTCGA3') was developed by using primer BLAST software and was used in RT-PCR assays. Amplified fragments were cloned and sequenced and all the fragments shared 98% sequence identity with PRSV. One of the amplicons was deposited in NCBI (Accession No. MN615832). Crude sap was prepared by homogenizing PRSV-infected jute leaf tissues in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer and 2% carborundum dust was added as abrasive (Holkar et al. 2018). The sap was then gently rubbed on to the healthy papaya leaves for inoculation. Typical PRSV like symptoms appeared in inoculated leaves 10 days post inoculation which confirmed the presence of PRSV-P. PRSV was detected by RT-PCR as well as (DAS)-ELISA from all inoculated infected papaya leaf tissues, but could not be detected from uninoculated healthy papaya tissues. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of PRSV-P infecting jute in India. References: Biswas, C. et al. 2014. Plant Dis. 98(4): 565. https:// doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-13-0826-PDN. Gonsalves, D. et al. 2010. The Plant Health Instructor. https:// doi.org/10.1094/PHI-I-2010-1004-01 Holkar, S. K. et al. 2018. Crop Protection. 108:110-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2017.12.013 Grabherr, M. et al. 2011. Nat Biotechnol. 29(7): 644-652.