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1
Whelan, Timothy. "West Country Nonconformist Women Writers, 1720-1840." Wordsworth Circle 43, no. 1 (2012): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/twc24045515.
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Bakić-Hayden, Milica, and Robert M. Hayden. "Orientalist Variations on the Theme "Balkans": Symbolic Geography in Recent Yugoslav Cultural Politics." Slavic Review 51, no. 1 (1992): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2500258.
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At first we were confused. The East thought that we were West, while the West considered us to be East. Some of us misunderstood our place in this clash of currents, so they cried that we belong to neither side, and others that we belong exclusively to one side or the other. But I tell you, Irinej, we are doomed by fate to be the East on the West, and the West on the East, to acknowledge only heavenly Jerusalem beyond us, and here on earth-no one.–St. Sava to Irinej, 13th centurySince the early 1980s, the crisis of Yugoslav society has been brought to public awareness through discussions in the mass media, both within Yugoslavia and outside of the country. While the causes of the crisis were initially analyzed within the framework of the ideology of Yugoslav self-management socialism, the past several years have seen increasing use by politicians and writers from the northwestern parts of the country of an orientalist rhetoric that relies for its force on an ontological and epistemological distinction between (north)west and (south)east
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Lancashire, Edel. "The Lock of the Heart Controversy in Taiwan, 1962–63: A Question of Artistic Freedom and a Writer's Social Responsibility." China Quarterly 103 (September 1985): 462–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574100003071x.
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The early 1960s marked a period of intellectual and literary ferment in Taiwan. The East-West Controversy, which had its roots in the debate that took place in the middle of the last century regarding the continued validity of the Chinese tradition in the face of western military and economic superiority and in the controversy regarding westernization as the road to modernization in the 1930s, had broken out afresh. Creative writers, musicians and painters were experimenting with new forms and new techniques. As early as 1954 the writers of modern Chinese poetry had started the search for a more contemporary expression of their art form; and modern poetry societies, each with its own philosophy on how modernization should take place, had come into being. Writers of fiction who up till then had been almost exclusively concerned with the Sino-Japanese War; the mainland before the communist takeover in 1949, or the various aspects of the struggle against communism, were moving away from this kind of “propaganda-motivated writing” towards the production of “pure literature.” However, there were few modern Chinese creative writers of stature on whom either the poet or fiction writer could model himself. This was because of the ban imposed by the government in Taiwan on the works of writers prior to 1949 due to the association of many of them with communism or with ideologies unacceptable to the authorities. This meant that they had to seek for inspiration in the works of western writers which could be found in translation or in pirated versions of the original texts in the major cities of Taiwan. The traditionalists viewed this growing trend with alarm as did those writers who were closely associated with the Kuomintang. The latter had formed themselves during the early 1950s into three writers' associations, the China Association of Literature and Art, the Chinese Youth Writers' Association, and the Taiwan Women Writers' Association.
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Barber, Alec. "ASSOCIATION RECORDS OF THE PARTICULAR BAPTISTS OF THE WEST COUNTRY TO 1659." Baptist Quarterly 41, no. 4 (2005): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/bqu.2005.41.4.006.
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Singh, Deepak Kumar. "Treatment of Indian Diaspora in Rohinton Mistry's A Fine Balance." Dialogue: A Journal Devoted to Literary Appreciation 15, no. 1-2 (2019): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30949/dajdtla.v14i1-2.6.
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The Parsi writers of the Indian diaspora have enriched the Indian literature as well as world literature through their literary contributions. They aimed to present Parsis' psyche through the presentation of historical legends, the cadences of mythology, the problems arising out of migration, family conflicts, the east-west encounter, and the cultural diversity. A sense of displacement, search for balance, cultural assimilation and the complexities of new civilization which lead them to nostalgia, are the other major points of discussion to Parsi writers.Parsi fiction in English also gives voice to the works of members of the Indian diasporic writers, such as Rohinton Mistry and others. These writers have discussed and explored the various experiences of displacement on the base of socio-cultural pattern of their community. They look at them on the margins of the two cultures. The concept of cultural identity played a critical role in all the post-colonial struggles which have so profoundly reshaped world. It reflects the common historical experiences and every country has a distinct culture. Cultural diversity adds colour and variety to the human world but at the same time it divides people into numerous groups and thus proves a great barrier to human relationships.
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Amedegnato, Ozouf Sénamin. "L’Afrique à rebours: la décadence dans un corpus de littérature Togolaise." Nordlit 15, no. 2 (2012): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/13.2046.
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During the past fifteen years, the West African country of Togo has witnessed the emergence of a new generation of writers - a third generation since independence from colonisation - working in the French language. Born around 1960, these writers have been making their way onto the literary scene since approximately 1990. A certain number of distinctive traits, which have attracted the attention of critics, unequivocally delineate this generation from the two that preceded it. Among these is a new literary aesthetic that resonates with the fin de siècle - with the end of the twentieth century, but also with the end of the second millennium. Moreover, such ends of time cycles, because they exacerbate apprehension about the future and provoke a desire to re-evaluate the past, are propitious to the development of Decadent literatures.The goal of this contribution is to examine parallels between the nineteenth century Decadence movement and the new literary aesthetic being employed by Togolese writers of the third generation - and to thereby demonstrate that their aesthetic is without question a neo-Decadent one. Not only does it emerge at the end of the century/millennium, a time when humanity is inevitably reflecting on its fate, but it also coincides with the accelerating globalisation of information (the Internet) and of commercial markets, a context worth taking into account in that it represents a symbolic loss of landmarks, and a doing away with traditional frontiers - both themes that have preoccupied Decadents of all times and all places. Using the work of two Togolese writers (Kossi Efoui and Sami Tchak), this article will explore in exactly what ways these writers can be categorized as Decadents, and the different methods of transgression they use to depict their discontent with their society of origin, which, at the end of the twentieth century, is in a situation of political, economic and social decay.
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LOUIZA, Hachani. "AUTHENTICITY AND ORIGINALITY IN THE FIRE OF MOHAMMED DIB." International Journal of Humanities and Educational Research 03, no. 04 (2021): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2757-5403.4-3.25.
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French-speaking Algerian writers find themselves forced to situate themselves in relation to French literature and their representation of Algerian reality. They are writers who have been specific in their distinction from the literature of the West because they have allowed the reader to discover the national heritage as well as the culture of their country. In order to highlight the richness and the multiplicity of the romantic forms of Africa, our major concern will be center on the sociocritical study of the novel of Dib "The Fire" with the aim of highlighting the social anchoring of the text and extract traces of Algerian culture. This cultural richness is manifested through the anchoring of Islam, the use of expressions referring to the culture of Algerians. Originality is also reflected in the picture he paints of his society in his daily life. The structure of Dib's work reveals close relations with Algerian culture, on the one hand, on the other hand, this orientation of the writing gives it an aesthetic particularity, The return to the sources and the valuation of its identity gives to the Dibien text its authenticity and originality.
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Dymshits, Valery. "“The Sky, Flying Like a Bird!” (Finland in the Prose of Isaak Babel and Osip Mandelstam)." Judaic-Slavic Journal, no. 1 (2018): 44–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2658-3364.2018.1.2.3.
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The images of Finland in the prose of Isaac Babel and Osip Mandelstam are similar in many aspects. Both writers shared the view of this country as a kind of substitute for the Promised Land. Both authors used the image of the open sky over an empty space as a topos for the Finnish space they associated with the romantic picture of the biblical desert. Such “biblical” association influenced not only the description of Finland but also the portrayals of Finns in Isaac Babel’s and Osip Mandelstam’s prose. The article argues that their strong emotional attachment to Finland was typical for many Russian Jews of their social class and generation.
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Mortimer, Ian. "Diocesan Licensing and Medical Practitioners in South-West England, 1660–1780." Medical History 48, no. 1 (2004): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300007055.
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The licensing of provincial surgeons and physicians in the post-Restoration period has proved an awkward subject for medical historians. It has divided writers between those who regard the possession of a local licence as a mark of professionalism or proficiency, those who see the existence of diocesan licences as a mark of an essentially unregulated and decentralized trade, and those who discount the distinction of licensing in assessing medical expertise availability in a given region. Such a diversity of interpretations has meant that the very descriptors by which practitioners were known to their contemporaries (and are referred to by historians) have become fragmented and difficult to use without a specific context. As David Harley has pointed out in his study of licensed physicians in the north-west of England, “historians often define eighteenth-century physicians as men with medical degrees, thus ignoring … the many licensed physicians throughout the country”. One could similarly draw attention to the inadequacy of the word “surgeon” to cover licensed and unlicensed practitioners, barber-surgeons, Company members in towns, self-taught practitioners using surgical manuals, and procedural specialists whose work came under the umbrella of surgery, such as bonesetters, midwives and phlebotomists. Although such fragmentation of meaning reflects a diversity of practices carried on under the same occupational descriptors in early modern England, the result is an imprecise historical literature in which the importance of licensing, and especially local licensing, is either ignored as a delimiter or viewed as an inaccurate gauge of medical proficiency.
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Radford, Andrew. "Nicholas Roe (ed.), English Romantic Writers and the West Country (London: Palgrave, 2010), 323 + xviii pp. £55.00, $85.00 (USD), €58.42, ISBN-13: 978-023022374." Victoriographies 2, no. 1 (2012): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/vic.2012.0073.
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White, Micheline. "Women Writers and Literary‐Religious Circles in the Elizabethan West Country: Anne Dowriche, Anne Lock Prowse, Anne Lock Moyle, Ursula Fulford, and Elizabeth Rous." Modern Philology 103, no. 2 (2005): 187–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/506535.
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Spiridon, Olivia. "„Schilf wächst darüber, Schilf wächst immer darüber“ Heimatliche Donaulandschaften in den deutschsprachigen Literaturen Südosteuropas nach 1945." Germanistische Beiträge 46, no. 1 (2020): 70–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gb-2020-0003.
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Abstract Danubeland scapes have been a recurrent topic in the German-language literature of Southeastern Europe, especially in German literature from Romania, which was the only one to survive the end of the Second World War in the Eastern Bloc. They developed different forms on both-sides of the Iron Curtain. In the West, the Danubeservedas a frame work for the consolidation of a common identity of many disparate groups of former German minorities from Southeastern Europe under the collective name “Danube Swabians”. Additionally, writers from Romania who emigrated to the West recalled in their works bothwonderful and frightening images of the lower Danube. In Romania, Danube landscapes are to be seen as attempts to negotiate the concept of homeland from a contemporary perspective after its appropriation by the patriotic literature of the court literati. They emergedas a stage for projecting new sensitivities: the suffering of isolation, economic misery and environmental pollution. Subversively narrated landscapes also set hidden signs of the memory of the isolated detention camps on the periphery of the country. The transformation of Danube landscapes is analysed by using literary examples after 1945.
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Scott, Heather. "‘And writing […] will preserve his memory’: Laman Blanchard’s Afterlife in Letters and Ledgers." European Journal of Life Writing 9 (July 6, 2020): LW&D.CM50—LW&D.CM59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/ejlw.9.36918.
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This article examines the historical fragments of cemetery records and monumental masonry for the poet and journalist Laman Blanchard, who was interred in West Norwood Cemetery, London, in 1845, and whose monument was cleared a century later by Lambeth Council. It focuses on Blanchard’s role in the Dickens literary circle and his relation to mid-Victorian writers, situating his untimely death in light of changing legislation on suicide. His lost grave marker is recovered by scrutinising his burial record, obituary, epitaph, and periodicals to ferret out connections amongst the archival sources of his death. The nebulous association, between what is written-by a person in life and what is written-about that person after death, is contemplated throughout.
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Duffy, Andrew, and Shrutika Mangharam. "Imaginary travellers: Identity conceptualisations of the audience among travel journalists." Journalism 18, no. 8 (2016): 1030–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884916636169.
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Travel journalists cannot know each traveller for whom they write, so they must imagine what a reader wants. The subsequent journalism influences how tourists travel and engage with a foreign country and its inhabitants. This article uses an independent/connected framework of tourist behaviour to identify how travel journalists imagine their readers’ interests. Through content analysis of texts in newspapers from Asia and the West, we find that the reader is more often imagined as independent and adventurous than connected and concerned with tourist sights. However, the latter were more common in Asia, which suggests that travel writers across the globe imagine readers differently. It suggests that in an increasingly globalised world, the post-colonial power dynamic that has been a stalwart of scholarly thought on travel writing may be outdated and could be more usefully replaced by one that considers the financial privilege of tourism, seen in texts from both hemispheres.
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Hayward, R. J. "Compounding in Qafar." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 59, no. 3 (1996): 525–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00030640.
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The language described in this chapter is spoken by at least three million people who call themselves Qafar, though earlier European writers and travelers usually referred to them as Danakil. The Qafar inhabit that vast tract of land which stretches from the Red Sea coast south and west as far as the scarplands of the Ethiopian Plateau, an area generally referred to as the Danakil Depression. With the exception of narrow belts of luxuriant jungle along the banks of rivers, such as the Awash and the Mille, which descend into the Depression, the country is largely desert; though even quite short spells of rain can bring grass and other transient plant life back into some parts. Although Qafar living in large coastal towns such as Djibouti and Assab and those on the Red Sea coast who live by fishing have clearly abandoned past oralism as a way of life, the majority of Qafar remain pastoralists, and pastoralism is strongly reflected in the lexicon of their language.
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Nurmayanti, Wiwit Pura, Hanipar Mahyulis Sastriana, Abdul Rahim, et al. "Market Basket Analysis with Apriori Algorithm and Frequent Pattern Growth (Fp-Growth) on Outdoor Product Sales Data." International Journal of Educational Research & Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (2021): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.51601/ijersc.v2i1.45.
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Indonesia is an equatorial country that has abundant natural wealth from the seabed to the top of the mountains, the beauty of the country of Indonesia also lies in the mountains that it has in various provinces, for example in the province of West Nusa Tenggara known for its beautiful mountain, namely Rinjani. The increase in outdoor activities has attracted many people to open outdoor shops in the West Nusa Tenggara region. Sales transaction data in outdoor stores can be processed into information that can be profitable for the store itself. Using a market basket analysis method to see the association (rules) between a number of sales attributes. The purpose of this study is to determine the pattern of relationships in the transactions that occur. The data used is the transaction data of outdoor goods. The analysis used is the Association Rules with the Apriori algorithm and the frequent pattern growth (FP-growth) algorithm. The results of this study are formed 10 rules in the Apriori algorithm and 4 rules in the FP-Growth algorithm. The relationship pattern or association rule that is formed is in the item "if a consumer buys a portable stove, it is possible that portable gas will also be purchased" at the strength level of the rules with a minimum support of 0.296 and confidence 0.774 at Apriori and 0.296 and 0.750 at FP-Growth.
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Percival, Mark. "Britain's ‘Political Romance’ with Romania in the 1970s." Contemporary European History 4, no. 1 (1995): 67–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096077730000326x.
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‘King takes Queen’. This is how John Sweeney summed up his view of the state visit by Romanian President Nicolae Ceausescu to Britain in June 1978, an event which marked the high point of what theTimesreferred to as ‘Britain's political romance with Romania’ in the 1970s. Sweeney's book, in common with other post-revolutionary writing on Romania, roundly condemns Britain's foreign policy-makers for supporting a repressive regime.1However, in the 1970s the situation was not viewed in such clear-cut terms. In the early part of the decade, books by British writers praised Ceausescu, and Romania often received favourable coverage in the British press.2It was almost universally seen as a country which, although internally rigidly communist, pursued an independent foreign policy and was consequently a thorn in the flesh of the Soviet Union. It was keen to industrialise and to expand its economic ties with the West in order to do so. Apologists for British policy would argue that it was therefore both politically and economically beneficial to support Ceausescu. Politically it would weaken Moscow's control over the Eastern Bloc, and economically it would benefit British industry. Indeed, the two were related – the more economic ties Ceausescu had with the West, the stronger his political independence from Moscow would become.
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Rosenberg, James L. "Situation Hopeless, Not Terminal: the Playwright in the Twenty-First Century." New Theatre Quarterly 4, no. 15 (1988): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00002773.
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Playwrights in the West remain under threat not only from the ever-increasing dominance of the director and the loss of autonomy carried over from film and television, but from sheer economic deprivation – which makes playwriting impossible as a full-time profession for most of its members. Is the best way to remedy this the assertion of collective responsibility and power advocated in this country by the Theatre Writers Union, or by a frank acceptance that artistic strength is seldom likely to be matched by economic or ‘political’ power – as James L. Rosenberg now argues? NTQ does not necessarily endorse the viewpoint here expressed, but feels that it is a forceful statement of a ‘new realism’ about the role of the playwright in the likely western future – in this respect also making an illuminating contrast to the foregoing article by Zygmunt Hübner. The author, James L. Rosenberg, is a widely-performed American dramatist, who has also translated numerous plays from the German, and is presently Visiting Professor of Theatre at Williams College. Williamstown, Massachusetts.
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Chang-qing, Ding, and Zheng Guang-mei. "The regions of conservation importance for grouse, partridges and pheasants in China." Bird Conservation International 10, no. 4 (2000): 319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900000289.
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China is a large country, occupying 9,600,000 km2. It lies between longitudes 73°40′E and 135° 05′E, a distance of some 5,200 km. Mountainous in the west and flat in the east, the land surface of China slopes downward from west to east in a three-step staircase and can be divided into moist, semi-moist, semi-arid and arid regions from the east coast to the inland north-west respectively. From north to south, China covers frigid, temperate, subtropical and tropical zones. All of this variation in geographical and climate conditions combine to give it a high diversity of fauna and flora.The country is rich in Galliformes. Sixty-one species of two families (Tetraonidae and Phasianidae) are found in the country (Cheng 1994), which is about 22% of the 277 Galliformes species of the world (Sibley and Monroe 1990). In recent decades, as a result of big changes in the environments and the increasing human activities, the ranges of Chinese Galliformes have decreased and the population densities have declined (Zheng and Zhang 1993). The status of the country's Galliformes was assessed in the mid 1990s as part of two global reviews: through the compilation of IUCN/World Pheasant Association (WPA) action plans for pheasants (McGowan and Garson 1995) and partridges (McGowan et al., 1995), and through the revision of BirdLife International's list of threatened bird species (Collar et al. 1994). Both assessments considered that a high proportion of the world's threatened Galliformes occurred in China.
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Nezafat, Jalal. "An Explaining of the Components of Occidentosis: A Plague by the West and Returning to Self-identity in Jalal Al-e-Ahmad’s Thoughts." International Journal of Social Science Research and Review 2, no. 3 (2020): 18–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v2i3.24.
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After World War II, new branches were added to sciences, especially the humanities. Due to the extensive interaction between the East and the West, the translation and summarization of the Western written works and the return of graduates to the country from abroad created a dramatic development in all affairs of the Eastern countries. One of the most important changes that took place was modernization, which swept across the various political, social, and personal domains of most Western societies and affected many people in these societies. The clash between tradition and modernity led to the overshadowing of traditional beliefs and the personal and national identities of Eastern societies in interaction with the West; thus, it made some Eastern intellectuals, writers, and thinkers oppose the teachings of modernism so that they strongly emphasized the necessity of returning to self-identity and native traditions. Based on the above approach, the present article seeks to answer what Westernization and return to self-identify in the thoughts of Jalal Al-e-Ahmad mean. It can be said that by turning to fiction, essay writing, travelogue writing and bringing up diverse social themes in different forms, Sayyid Jalal Al-e-Ahmad brought up the concern for returning to self-identity and Westernization, and in his book, “Occidentosis: A Plague by the West”, he criticized modernity. Then, he emphasized identity and historical traditions that are discussed in detail in this study. In addition, in this research, while analyzing the political life of Jalal Al-e-Ahmad through descriptive-analytic method, his thoughts and views on Westernization are analyzed and elaborated on with an emphasis on a postcolonial theory by relying on library resources.
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Solheim, Erling F., and Daniel La Parra-Casado. "Identifying Refugees and Other Migrant Groups in European Large-scale Surveys: An Explorative Analysis of Integration Outcomes by Age Upon Arrival, Reasons for Migration and Country-of-birth Groups Using the European Union Labour Force Survey 2014 Ad Hoc Module." Journal of Refugee Studies 32, Special_Issue_1 (2019): i183—i193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez044.
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Abstract The aim of this article is to explore the association between self-reported reasons for migration, age upon arrival and Eurostat’s country-of-birth classification, and to study these measures in relation to education, employment and language skills. The European Union Labour Force Survey 2014 (11,345 women; 9,825 men) was used to study the immigrant working-age population (20–64 years) from seven West European countries with a substantial number of refugees. A third had arrived as children (0–19 years). Each reason for migration was well represented within all country-groups and the proportion of respondents reporting each reason was fairly similar across the country-groups. Regression analysis identified significant variation in education, employment and language skills by reasons for migration within country-groups and vice versa, with (female) refugees and family migrants arriving as adults faring worse than other migrants in language skills and employment. There were few significant gender differences. We recommend implementing reasons for migration and age upon arrival as core variables in quantitative migration studies.
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Keenan, Thomas. "Publicity and Indifference (Sarajevo on Television)." Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 117, no. 1 (2002): 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/003081202x63555.
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The price of eternal vigilance is indifference.—Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media (30)Here in Sarajevo, hundreds of TV crews parade before our very eyes; dozens of foreign journalists, reporters, and writers. Everything is known here, right down to minutest details, and yet, nothing …—Jean Marie Cardinal Lustiger (qtd. in Dizdarevic 39)With these epigraphs I aim to abbreviate a frequently cited “lesson of bosnia”——That a country was destroyed and a genocide happened, in the heart of Europe, on television, and what is known as the world or the West simply looked on and did nothing. Bosnians, said one to the American journalist David Rieff, “felt as you would feel if you were mugged in full view of a policeman and he did nothing to rescue you” (140). Or, as Rieff says with slightly more precision,200,000 Bosnian Muslims died, in full view of the world's television cameras, and more than two million other people were forcibly displaced. A state formally recognized by the European Community and the United States […] and the United Nations […] was allowed to be destroyed. While it was being destroyed, UN military forces and officials looked on, offering “humanitarian” assistance and protesting […] that there was no will in the international community to do anything more. (23)
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Prayuda, Rendi, Tulus Warsito, and Surwandono. "THE PROBLEMATICS OF ASSOCIATION SOUTHEAST ASIA NATION WITHIN HANDLING TRANSNATIONAL CRIME SMUGGLING DRUCK TRAFICKKING." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8, no. 1 (2020): 844–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.81101.
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Purpose of the study: This article describes the transnational crime smuggling druck trafficking smuggling literature, Southeast Asia, with Mauri trading of the BNN exciting routes to be depicted in the Southeast Asian region, more in this article will explain the trade routes and perspectives of countries that produce transit and marketing.
 Methodology: The method of research with qualitative descriptive approaches with interviews, documentation of crime action expressed by Southeast Asian communities. First interviews data taken from the UN through a UN organization in the counter Drug and Crime (UNODC), an area that is a regional area in the chain of listings ranging from production, distribution, and consumption of products.
 Main Findings: not optimal transnational crime in cases of transnational crime smuggling drug trafficking smuggling in Southeast Asian countries and transnational crime smuggling drug trafficking trades are not on transit routes to the country as transnational crime smuggling drug trafficking markets with indicators of realism, liberalism, and constructivism transnational crime smuggling drug trafficking trade in the Landmark Asia region.
 Applications of this study: This article contributes theoretically to the development of regional transnational crime smuggling crimes and is a consideration for policymakers in increasing the role of Lot of law enforcement agencies in the Asia Southeast region to make the role of state more optimal.
 Novelty/Originality of this study: Researcher in this article found that production countries did not make policy action on the case of transnational crime smuggling druck trafficking in Southeast Asia and the country as transnational crime smuggling drucktrafickking markets were made of cases in the region of West Southeast Asia.
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Dufera, Adugna, Elias Teferi Bala, Habtamu Oljira Desta, and Kefyalew Taye. "Determinants of Skilled Birth Attendant Utilization at Chelia District, West Ethiopia." International Journal of Reproductive Medicine 2020 (April 29, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9861096.
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Background. An estimated 303,000 maternal deaths occurred globally in 2015 from which sub-Saharan Africa alone accounted for 201,000 (66%) of the maternal deaths, and most of these are attributed to complications of pregnancy and childbirth due to the absence of institutional delivery by skilled attendants. Objective. The aim of this study was to assess institutional delivery utilization and associated factors among mothers who gave birth in the last one year in Chelia District. Methodology. A community-based cross-sectional study design supplemented by a qualitative method was employed from March 15 to 30, 2018. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 475 study participants. Quantitative data were collected using structured questionnaires, and focus group discussions were employed to get qualitative data. The data were entered to EpiData version 3.1 and exported to the statistical package version 21 for analysis. Descriptive statistics and bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were computed to measure the strength of association between dependent and independent variables at a p value of <0.05. Results. Among the respondents, 216 (46.2%) utilized institutional delivery service. Monthly income (AOR=4.465, 95%CI=1.729,11.527), antenatal care attendance (AOR=0.077, 95%CI=0.008,0.73), knowledge of mothers about their expected date of delivery (AOR=0.297, 95%CI=0.179,4.93), intended pregnancy (AOR=0.326, 95%CI=0.162,0.654), discussion with health extension workers about the place of delivery at home visit (AOR=0.11, 95%CI=0.023,0.523), knowledge of mothers about the existence of the waiting area in health facilities (AOR=0.14, 95%CI=0.023,0.84), and number of children (AOR=0.119, 95%CI=0.029,0.485) had a significant association with institutional delivery utilization. Conclusion. Utilization of institutional delivery was low and far away from the expected country target in the district. The health sector should strive to increase proportion of institutional delivery by reaching pregnant mothers with timely antenatal care service provision and enhancing family planning provision.
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Bøgh, C., S. E. Clarke, M. Jawara, C. J. Thomas, and S. W. Lindsay. "Localized breeding of the Anopheles gambiae complex (Diptera: Culicidae) along the River Gambia, West Africa." Bulletin of Entomological Research 93, no. 4 (2003): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2003239.
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AbstractA study was undertaken to identify the major larval habitats of the Anopheles gambiae (Giles) complex in rural Gambia. Mosquito larvae and pupae were sampled along transects and in specific habitats in the central region of the country during the rainy seasons of 1996 and 1997. The sampling showed that the major breeding sites were located on the flooded alluvial soils bordering the river. The largest numbers of larvae were found during September, one month after the peak rains. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of specimens showed that Anopheles melas (Theobald) was the dominant species in the flooded areas (81.5%), followed by A. gambiae sensu stricto (Giles) (18.0%) and A.arabiensis (Patton) (0.5%). By sampling in specific habitats it was evident that A.arabiensis was mainly breeding in rain-fed rice fields along the edge of the alluvial soils. Anophelesmelas and A.gambiae s.s. often coexisted but whereas A. melas were found in water with a salinity of up to 72% sea water (25.2 g NaCl l−1), A.gambiae s.s. only occurred in water with up to 30% sea water (10.5 g NaCl l−1). Anophelesmelas larvae were found in association with plant communities dominated by sedges and grasses (Eleocharis sp., Paspalum sp., Sporobolus sp.) and sea-purslane Sesuviumportulacastrum (L.) and the presence of cattle hoof prints, whereas A.gambiae s.s. larvae mainly occurred in association with Paspalum sp. and Eleocharis sp. The study showed that even during the peak rainy season, breeding of the A.gambiae complex is almost entirely restricted to the extensive alluvial areas along the river.
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Rocchi, Steffi, Gabriel Reboux, Emeline Scherer, et al. "Indoor Microbiome: Quantification of Exposure and Association with Geographical Location, Meteorological Factors, and Land Use in France." Microorganisms 8, no. 3 (2020): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8030341.
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The indoor microbial community is a mixture of microorganisms resulting from outdoor ecosystems that seed the built environment. However, the biogeography of the indoor microbial community is still inadequately studied. Dust from more than 3000 dwellings across France was analyzed by qPCR using 17 targets: 10 molds, 3 bacteria groups, and 4 mites. Thus, the first spatial description of the main indoor microbial allergens on the French territory, in relation with biogeographical factors influencing the distribution of microorganisms, was realized in this study. Ten microorganisms out of 17 exhibited increasing abundance profiles across the country: Five microorganisms (Dermatophagoïdes pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoïdes spp., Streptomyces spp., Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Epicoccum nigrum) from northeast to southwest, two (Cryptococcus spp., Alternaria alternata) from northwest to southeast, Mycobacteria from east to west, Aspergillus fumigatus from south to north, and Penicillium chrysogenum from south to northeast. These geographical patterns were partly linked to climate and land cover. Multivariate analysis showed that composition of communities seemed to depend on landscapes, with species related to closed and rather cold and humid landscapes (forests, located in the northeast) and others to more open, hot, and dry landscapes (herbaceous and coastal regions, located in the west). This study highlights the importance of geographical location and outdoor factors that shape communities. In order to study the effect of microorganisms on human health (allergic diseases in particular), it is important to identify biogeographic factors that structure microbial communities on large spatial scales and to quantify the exposure with quantitative tools, such as the multi-qPCR approach.
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DUNDAS, NAUDIA S., DANIEL M. FITZPATRICK, JOHN S. McKIBBEN, VICTOR A. AMADI, and RHONDA D. PINCKNEY. "Identification of Helminth Parasites from Selar crumenophthalmus in Grenada, West Indies." Journal of Food Protection 82, no. 7 (2019): 1244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-470.
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ABSTRACT Grenada is a tropical island country reliant on local fish for food and export. Specifically, Selar crumenophthalmus, known locally as jacks or bigeye scad, is commonly consumed by residents and visitors to the island. To date, there are no data about the prevalence of different helminths in S. crumenophthalmus in Grenada. In particular, it was unknown if Anisakis, a genus containing parasitic nematodes, implicated in both fish and human disease, is of concern for local fish and human health. In this study, 39 samples of S. crumenophthalmus were dissected and assessed for helminth infection. Of these fish, 26 (67%) contained helminths in and around the internal organs (mean, 3.6 helminths per infected fish). DNA was extracted from each helminth, followed by PCR, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, or Sanger sequencing or a combination of them to identify the parasites. Results confirmed that 89 (96%) of 93 helminths identified were Anisakis typica, and the remaining four helminths were likely acanthocephalans. Neither is considered pathogenic to humans, livestock, or companion animals. To our knowledge, this is the first report of either type of helminth in fish in Grenada. Future studies are needed to ascertain the role of A. typica and acanthocephalans in fish health in Grenada, including any association with observed fish kills. Additional studies are also needed to identify other helminths found in S. crumenophtalamus, which may be of importance to its health and also human health. HIGHLIGHTS
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Rai, Preeti, and Babu L. Verma. "A study on depression in people living with HIV/AIDS in South-West part of Uttar Pradesh, India." South East Asia Journal of Public Health 5, no. 1 (2015): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v5i1.24846.
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HIV/AIDS and depression are often thought to be interlinked. HIV positive cases may trigger symptoms of depression which, in turn, may result in risky sexual behavior and spread of HIV. Interviews were conducted in 104 patients of HIV/AIDS at the Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) Clinic of a teaching hospital in Uttar Pradesh (India) to study depression and examine its prevalence and association, if any, with some socio-demographic and clinical variables. The tools used to assess anxiety and depression and their severities were General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) 28 and Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) . The majority of patients were of age 35 years & above (62%), males (67%), married (85%), Hindus (88%), literate (73.1%), unemployed (35%) and of upper-lower socio-economic status (52%). Significant association of depression was found with religion, occupation and socio-economic status. Depression and anxiety were also found to be significantly associated with each other. There was, however, no association of depression with respondents age, gender, marital status, education, habitat, income, duration of illness from HIV/AIDS and the CD4 count. The high prevalence rate (67.3%) of depression amongst HIV patients in our study may be taken as marker to alert Counsellors of countrys ART Clinics for possible risk of depression in HIV patients. The above findings however, should be interpreted in the light of the fact that a parallel control group in the study was not included, studied sample was not large enough and the tools used to study the subjects for depression and anxiety were not adequately standardized.South East Asia Journal of Public Health Vol.5(1) 2015: 12-17
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Coroian, Mircea, Mina Petrić, Adriana Pistol, Anca Sirbu, Cristian Domșa, and Andrei Daniel Mihalca. "Human West Nile Meningo-Encephalitis in a Highly Endemic Country: A Complex Epidemiological Analysis on Biotic and Abiotic Risk Factors." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (2020): 8250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218250.
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West Nile virus (WNV) is one of the most prevalent mosquito-borne viruses. Although the infection in humans is mostly asymptomatic, 15–20% of cases show flu-like symptoms with fever. In 1% of infections, humans develop severe nervous symptoms and even die, a condition known as West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND). The aim of our study was to analyze the influence of abiotic and biotic factors with the human WNND cases during the period 2015–2019. A database containing all the localities in Romania was developed. Abiotic and biotic predictors were included for each locality: geographic variables, climatic data, and biotic factors. Spatial distribution of the WNND infections was analyzed using directional distribution (DD). The Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was employed to assess the strength of association between the WNND infections and predictors. A model was generated using the random forest ensemble learning method. A total number of 535 human WNND cases were confirmed in 308 localities. The DD showed a south-eastern geographical distribution. Weak correlation was observed between the number of human WNND cases for each year and the predictors. The highest predicted probability was around urbanized patches in the south and southeast. Increased surveillance and control measures of vectors in risk areas should be implemented and educational campaigns should be made available for the general public in order to raise awareness of the disease and inform the population about prophylactic measures.
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Ekure, EN, CI Esezobor, MR Balogun, et al. "Paediatrician workforce in Nigeria and impact on child health." Nigerian Journal of Paediatrics 40, no. 2 (2013): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njp.v40i2.2.
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Objective: To determine the number and distribution of paediatricians in Nigeria. It also aims to determine the association between paediatrician workforce and under five mortality (U5MR) and immunization coverageacross the six geopolitical zones of the country.Methods: The part II fellowship examination pass list of the West African College of Physicians and the National Postgraduate Medical College and the register and financial records of the Paediatric Association of Nigeria were searched for the purpose of the study. Using a structured questionnaire, personal and professional data was obtained frommembers at the 2011 Annual Paediatric Association of Nigeria Conference or via the Association’s website, email network and phone calls to Departments of Paediatrics in institutions (private and public) across the Country. Data on the paediatricians residing within Nigeria was then extracted from the comprehensive database and subsequently analyzed.Population data, mortality and immunization rates were obtained from the National Population Commission census and their most recent National Demographic health survey in Nigeria. Correlations were drawn betweennumber of paediatricians and U5MR and diphtheria-pertussistetanus(DPT) vaccine coverage.Results: There were 492 practicing paediatricians in Nigeria at theend of year 2011, comprising 282 (57.3%) males and 210 (42.7%)females; 476 (96.7%). Majority (84.7%) worked for the governmentwith 97% of them in hospital settings, mostly tertiary centres (344=88%). Lagos State had the highest number (85; 17.9%) of practicing paediatricians followed by the Federal Capital Territory with 37 (7.8%) paediatricians. More than two thirds of the paediatricians (336; 70.6%) were practicing in the southern part of the country. The average child:p a e d i a t r i c i a n r a t i o wa s 157,878:1for the country. TheNorth East zone had the highest chi ld- to-pa ediat r ician rat io (718,412:1) while South West had the lowest ratio (95,682:1).Higher absolute numbers of paediatricians in each zone were associatedwi th lower U5MR (Spearman ñ=-0.94, p=0.0048), accounting for 84% of the variability among zones. Higher ratios of child-to-paediatrician were significantly associated with higher U5MR (Spearman ñ=0.82, p=0.04,linear R2=0.73) and marginally with lower DPT coverage by geopoliticalzone (Spearman ñ=-0.77, p=0.07, linear R2=0.59).Conclusion: The study reveals that the number of paediatricians inNigeria is grossly inadequate with a huge child-to-paediatrician ratio.There is also an uneven distribution of the paediatricians with higher numbers in the southern states. Zones of the country with lower child-to-paediatrician ratios also experienced lower U5MR. There is a need to train more paediatricians in Nigeria and promote an even distribution of the paediatrician workforceKey words: Paediatrician, workforce, child-to-paediatrician ratio, under-5 mortality, immunization, childhealth, Nigeria
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Humphreys, John M., Katherine I. Young, Lee W. Cohnstaedt, Kathryn A. Hanley, and Debra P. C. Peters. "Vector Surveillance, Host Species Richness, and Demographic Factors as West Nile Disease Risk Indicators." Viruses 13, no. 5 (2021): 934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050934.
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West Nile virus (WNV) is the most common arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) in the United States (US) and is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in the country. The virus has affected tens of thousands of US persons total since its 1999 North America introduction, with thousands of new infections reported annually. Approximately 1% of humans infected with WNV acquire neuroinvasive West Nile Disease (WND) with severe encephalitis and risk of death. Research describing WNV ecology is needed to improve public health surveillance, monitoring, and risk assessment. We applied Bayesian joint-spatiotemporal modeling to assess the association of vector surveillance data, host species richness, and a variety of other environmental and socioeconomic disease risk factors with neuroinvasive WND throughout the conterminous US. Our research revealed that an aging human population was the strongest disease indicator, but climatic and vector-host biotic interactions were also significant in determining risk of neuroinvasive WND. Our analysis also identified a geographic region of disproportionately high neuroinvasive WND disease risk that parallels the Continental Divide, and extends southward from the US–Canada border in the states of Montana, North Dakota, and Wisconsin to the US–Mexico border in western Texas. Our results aid in unraveling complex WNV ecology and can be applied to prioritize disease surveillance locations and risk assessment.
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Murthy, Vedang, Adnan Calcuttawala, Kirti Chadha, et al. "Human papillomavirus in head and neck cancer in India: Current status and consensus recommendations." South Asian Journal of Cancer 06, no. 03 (2017): 093–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/sajc.sajc_96_17.
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AbstractHuman papillomavirus (HPV) associated head and neck squamous cell cancers (HNSCC) have become increasingly common in the West, but the same cannot be said about India. These cancers have a different biology and confer a better prognosis, however, its current role in the management of patients in India is not clearly defined. At the 35th Indian Cooperative Oncology Network conference held in September 2016, a panel of radiation, surgical and medical oncologists, pathologists, and basic scientists from across the country having experience in clinical research with respect to HPV in HNSCC reviewed the available literature from India. All the ideas and facts were thereafter collated in this report. Various topics of controversy in dealing with the diagnosis and management of HPV-associated HNSCC have been highlighted in this report in context to the Indian scenario. Furthermore, the prevalence of the same and its association with tobacco and high-risk sexual behavior has been touched on. Conclusively, a set of recommendations has been proposed by the panel to guide the practicing oncologists of the country while dealing with HPV-associated HNSCC.
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Naazer, Manzoor, Amna Mahmood, and Shughla Ashfaq. "An Analysis of Political Rights Situation during Musharraf Regime (1999-2004)." Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) 1, no. 1 (2017): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/1.1.3.
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The paper scrutinizes the political rights situation during the first five years (1999-2004) of Pervaiz Musharraf era. Musharraf had come into power after army had revolted over his dismissal as army chief by the prime minister. He strove to project soft image of his government to get legitimacy within the country and recognition from the outside world, particularly the West. He portrayed himself as a liberal leader and later also propagated his idea of “enlightened moderation” as a panacea for the miseries of the Muslim world. Despite his overtures, the political rights situation became bleak during his military rule and no meaningful change took place even during the first two years after country returned to “democratic rule.” Musharraf government denied people of their political rights to prolong his authoritarian rule. His rule was characterized by: arbitrary arrests and imprisonments of political leaders; repression of political activities; imposition of forced exile; political victimization in the name of accountability; attacks on rights to elect the government; military’s direct grip over affairs of state despite transition to the civilian rule; intimidation of opposition over legal framework order; and limitations on freedom of association.
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Gómez, Noelia, Andrés Sosa, Sylvia Corte, and Emma Otta. "Twinning Rates in Uruguay Between 1999 and 2015: Association with Socioeconomic and Demographic Factors." Twin Research and Human Genetics 22, no. 1 (2019): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2018.70.
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AbstractTwinning is rare among humans, but there is much variability among populations. Several studies show that certain demographic and socioeconomic factors, such as maternal age, mother’s educational level and income, influence twinning rate. There is no background of analytical studies of twins in Uruguay. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has focused on describing and analyzing Uruguayan twinning rates over a period of 17 years (1999–2015). The birth data were collected from the website of Uruguay’s Ministry of Public Health. Economic data were obtained from Uruguay’s Instituto Nacional de Estadísti’s website for the period 2001–2013, since these variables are defined specifically for that period of time. The statistical software R (The R Project for Statistical Computing) was used. The twinning rate varied from 8.51 to 13 in the studied period. Montevideo has the highest median and the smallest variability in comparison with the other departments. In Uruguay (1999–2015), the highest twinning rate (28.94%) was observed in women aged 45 and older. The analysis also showed a relationship between twin birth rates and the mother’s educational level. In three regions of the country (West, Center and East), twin births show a random pattern but in the other two (North and Metropolitan), there is an increasing trend in the number of twins over time. In conclusion, this study recognizes social, economic and demographic factors that influence in the rate of twin births in Uruguay.
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Budu, Eugene, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Betregiorgis Zegeye, and Sanni Yaya. "Does Birth Interval Matter in Under-Five Mortality? Evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys from Eight Countries in West Africa." BioMed Research International 2021 (May 15, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5516257.
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In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), every 1 in 12 children under five dies every year compared with 1 in 147 children in the high-income regions. Studies have shown an association between birth intervals and pregnancy outcomes such as low birth weight, preterm birth, and intrauterine growth restriction. In this study, we examined the association between birth interval and under-five mortality in eight countries in West Africa. A secondary analysis of the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from eight West African countries was carried out. The sample size for this study comprised 52,877 childbearing women (15-49 years). A bivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out and the results were presented as crude odds ratio (cOR) and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) at 95% confidence interval (CI). Birth interval had a statistically significant independent association with under-five mortality, with children born to mothers who had >2 years birth interval less likely to die before their fifth birthday compared to mothers with ≤2 years birth interval [ cOR = 0.56 ; CI = 0.51 − 0.62 ], and this persisted after controlling for the covariates [ aOR = 0.55 ; CI = 0.50 − 0.61 ]. The country-specific results showed that children born to mothers who had >2 years birth interval were less likely to die before the age of five compared to mothers with ≤2 years birth interval in all the eight countries. In terms of the covariates, wealth quintile, mother’s age, mother’s age at first birth, partner’s age, employment status, current pregnancy intention, sex of child, size of child at birth, birth order, type of birth, and contraceptive use also had associations with under-five mortality. We conclude that shorter birth intervals are associated with higher under-five mortality. Other maternal and child characteristics also have associations with under-five mortality. Reproductive health interventions aimed at reducing under-five mortality should focus on lengthening birth intervals. Such interventions should be implemented, taking into consideration the characteristics of women and their children.
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Strate, Shane. "An uncivil state of affairs: Fascism and anti-Catholicism in Thailand, 1940–1944." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 42, no. 1 (2011): 59–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463410000548.
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The 1940 Franco-Thai border conflict coincided with the beginning of a four-year campaign to weaken the Catholic Church's position in Thailand. The government closed down schools, confiscated property and imprisoned clergy. Angry mobs looted and burned churches, while the local populace boycotted businesses owned by Catholic Thais. The state-led persecution was part of a broad effort to deal with the legacy of western imperialism in Thailand. Catholicism's strong association with French colonialism, combined with France's decline, made the Church the ideal target for anti-imperialist forces. This overlooked incident provides strong evidence that Phibun Songkhram's strategy was not simply to survive the war, as historians have often claimed. The anti-Catholic campaign, which complicated the country's post-war status, was part of an attempt to re-position the country vis-à-vis the West and provide complete independence for Thailand.
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Wickramasinghe, Dakshitha Praneeth, Sanjeev F. Samaranayaka, Chamila Lakmal, et al. "Types and Patterns of Colonic Polyps Encountered at a Tertiary Care Center in a Developing Country in South Asia." Analytical Cellular Pathology 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/248142.
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Purpose. To identify the prevalence, types, and patterns of colonic polyps in a cohort of patients presenting to a tertiary care referral center in Sri Lanka.Methods. Endoscopy and pathology reports of a single unit from 2006 to 2013 were analyzed retrospectively. Spearman’s correlation coefficient and chi-square test were used to identify correlations.Results. There were a total of 158 patients (M : F, 10 : 57) who had polyps encountered on colonoscopy (n=1408) and flexible sigmoidoscopy (n=2402) with an incidence of 4.1%. Mean age was 56.5 years (SD 16.4) and the incidence of polyps increased with age. The majority (81.6%) had one polyp. A total of 188 polyps were assessed and most were seen in the rectum (33.5%) followed by sigmoid colon (22.9%). The commonest histological type was tubulovillous adenoma (33.5%) followed by tubular adenoma (24.5%). Most polyps were benign (91.5%). There was no statistically significant correlation with age or gender with malignancy, site, or histology.Discussion and Conclusion. The incidence of colorectal polyps was lower than the values reported in the west. More polyps were identified in males. There was no statistically significant association between age, gender, or multiplicity and malignant change in the polyps.
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Darwen, Lewis, Donald M. MacRaild, Brian Gurrin, and Liam Kennedy. "‘Irish fever’ in Britain during the Great Famine: immigration, disease and the legacy of ‘Black ’47’." Irish Historical Studies 44, no. 166 (2020): 270–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2020.37.
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AbstractDuring the worst year of the Great Irish Famine, ‘Black ’47’, tens of thousands of people fled across the Irish Sea from Ireland to Britain, desperately escaping the starvation and disease plaguing their country. These refugees, crowding unavoidably into the most insalubrious accommodation British towns and cities had to offer, were soon blamed for deadly outbreaks of epidemic typhus which emerged across the country during the first half of 1847. Indeed, they were accused of transporting the pestilence, then raging in Ireland, over with them. Typhus mortality rates in Ireland and Britain soared, and so closely connected with the disease were the Irish in Britain that it was widely referred to as ‘Irish fever’. Much of what we know about this epidemic is based on a handful of studies focusing almost exclusively on major cities along the British west-coast. Moreover, there has been little attempt to understand the legacy of the episode on the Irish in Britain. Taking a national perspective, this article argues that the ‘Irish fever’ epidemic of 1847 spread far beyond the western port of entry, and that the epidemic, by entrenching the association of the Irish with deadly disease, contributed significantly to the difficulties Britain's Irish population faced in the 1850s.
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Ismail, Ismail Abdulwahhab. "Translating and Representing ‘The Aftermath of Daesh’: A Rhetorical Semiotic Study of Some Mosuli Artists’ Works." English Language and Literature Studies 9, no. 2 (2019): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v9n2p33.
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Daesh has profoundly affected the psychological statues of Iraqis; they sacrificed thousands of souls and martyrs to liberate their country from a savage enemy. This study has, therefore, a psychological perspective. It tackles the reflections of agony, suffering and poverty in the behaviour of the artists, writers and translators. 
 
 Iraqi artists have represented their suffering and pains in their paintings. They encoded the symbols, colours and semiotic mosaics in association with rhetorical connotations. 
 
 Mosul is the city most affected by the terrorist acts during the war. Therefore, the study has selected four Mosuli artists who drew, painted and visually documented that period. Translation does not limit itself to the study and analysis of verbal/linguistic texts; it also tackles the extra-linguistic signs and codes of the source language to transfer them into the target language appropriately and in a way that seems intelligible to the readers or the spectators of these paintings. 
 
 The research questions are based on a set of issues: Are the teachers of translation able to construct a bridge between Iraqi society, European society and other societies? These paintings have socio-cultural symbols specific to Iraqi society. Are the teachers of translation able to come out from the shell of the linguistic texts and move towards the semiotic and visual texts?
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Nyang, Sulayman S. "The First Annual Conference of the Association of Muslim Social Scientists (UK)." American Journal of Islam and Society 17, no. 1 (2000): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v17i1.2084.
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The first annual conference of the Association of Muslim SocialScientists of the United Kingdom took place on October 30-31, 1999, at theLondon School of Economics and Political Science in London, England.The attendees came from various British and continental European universities.There were also a few participants from outside the European continent.This conference was a follow-up to the December 1996 seminar at theOxford Academy for Advanced Studies that led to the creation of theAMSS(UK) for the specific purpose of promoting Islamic perspectives invarious academic disciplines. According to the conference program, theplanners of the conference chose an "open theme," inviting presenters towrite on topics in their own field of expertise. Because of this open invitationto the participants, papers on philosophy, sociology, political science,economics, law, education, religious studies, literature, art, media, andecology were presented at the conference.On the opening day, Lord Ahmed of Rotherham ( one of four Muslims sittingin the House of Lords) delivered the keynote address. He encouragedthe Muslim scholars to study the Muslim experience in the British Isles andto contribute to the better understanding of the Muslim minority in Britishsociety. He underscored the persistence of racism and anti-Islamic sentimentsin the country and urged his fellow believers to keep the faith and tomaintain their vigilance against the detractors of Islam in the West. Heargued for greater Muslim involvement in the political process in Britishsociety and urged the younger generation to do everything within theirpower to assert their rights as citizens and to maintain their Islamic identity.Professor Sulayman S. Nyang, a former President of the Association ofMuslim Social Scientists of the United States and Canada, addressed themeeting after Lord Ahmed's keynote address. Invited purposely to share theexperiences of the American AMSS with members of the British AMSS, ...
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Muhammad, Fahmi. "PESONA KEARIFAN LOKAL SEBAGAI WAHANA PENINGKATAN PRODUKTIFITAS EKONOMI MASYARAKAT." Jurnal Pemberdayaan Masyarakat: Media Pemikiran dan Dakwah Pembangunan 1, no. 2 (2018): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/jpm.2017.012-05.
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This article is about to review related to the form of management, public participation, and the impact of management of tourism potential in Pangandaran beach. This is based on the reason that Pangandaran beach has the potential of exotic tourism that is supported by other nature tourism. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative. Sources of research data include the community of West Pangandaran Country, a government of Pangandaran Country, Tourism Office of Pangandaran Regional, and investors. The location of this research is West Citizens Association (Rukun Warga-RW) Pangandaran, Pangandaran Country, West Java. The method used in data collection in this research is by observation, documentation, and interview. The data obtained in this study were analyzed by reduced and presented in descriptive data display, then drawn a conclusion. The method used to obtain the validity of data using triangulation of sources, theories, and methods. In the management of this tourism potential, Pangandaran beach has a form of community-based tourism management or Community-Based Tourism (CBT). Where this form of management put forward the concept of harmony between stakeholders, i.e. community, government and private (investors). However, in the management of this community-based tourism, the role of local people is prioritized, because the main objective is the welfare of the local community through economic improvement by utilizing the existing potential. This community engagement process is so long that it creates the ideal form of CBT management.[Artikel ini hendak mengkaji terkait dengan bentuk pengelolaan, partisipasi masyarakat, dan dampak pengelolaan potensi pariwisata di Pantai Pangandaran. Hal ini dilandasi dengan alasan bahwa Pantai Pangandaran memililki potensi pariwisata eksotik yang diitunjang dengan wisata alam lainnya. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam kajian ini bersifat deskriptif-kualitatif. Sumber data penelitian meliputi masyarakat Dusun Pangandaran Barat, pemerintah Desa Pangandaran, Dinas Pariwisata Kab. Pangandaran, dan para investor. Lokasi penelitian ini adalah Dusun Pangandaran Barat, Desa Pangandaran, Jawa Barat. Metode yang digunakan dalam pengeumpulan data pada penelitian ini, yaitu dengan observasi, dokumentasi, dan wawancara. Data yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini dianalisis dengan direduksi dan disajikan dalam display data deskriptif, kemudian ditarik kesimpulan. Metode yang digunakan untuk memperoleh keabsahan data menggunakan triangulasi sumber, teori dan metode. Dalam pengelolaan potensi pariwisata ini, pantai Pangandaran mempunyai bentuk pengelolaan pariwisata berbasis masyarakat atau Community Based Tourism (CBT). Di mana bentuk pengelolaan ini mengedepankan konsep keselarasan antara para stakeholder, yaitu masyarakat, pemerintah dan swasta (investor). Namun dalam pengelolaan pariwisata berbasis masyarakat ini, peran masyarakat lokal lebih dikedepankan, sebab tujuan utamanya adalah kesejahteraan masyarakat lokal melalui peningkatan ekonomi dengan memanfaatkan potensi yang ada. Proses pelibatan masyarakat ini sangat panjang sehingga menghasilkan bentuk pengelolaan CBT yang ideal.]
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Abkar Alkodimi, Khaled. "New Perspectives in the Israel-Palestine Conflict: Righting the Wrong through metaphor in Mornings in Jenin." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 8, no. 6 (2019): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.8n.6p.132.
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Majority of world opinion today is critical of Israel’s role in the current standoff with Palestine fueled by the illegitimate occupation of the West Bank, depriving millions of Palestinians of their homeland. Yet, almost all non-Islamic countries maintain diplomatic relations with Israel, recognizing it as a country. The plight of the Palestinians, especially the children uprooted from their homes and forced to lead lives of depravation as refugees as a result of Israeli occupation has become a subject for insightful writings by many writers and critics, including Abulhawa who in Mornings in Jenin, skillfully employs language to showcase not the political tragedy (though it operates as the background) but the personal one. This paper textually analyzes Abulhawa’s Mornings in Jenin to explore the author’s use of the literary metaphor to expose not only the reality in Palestine, but more importantly, the horror of Israeli violence against Palestinians, trauma both physical and psychological. The study further highlights how the author raises a significant question: Who is the real terrorist in Palestine? The findings show that the novel utilizes several literary techniques to bring forth Israeli terrorism and Palestinian agony under Israeli occupation. Via language use, Abulhawa concludes that it’s the Israeli occupation, brutality and aggression that leads to Palestinian resistance/terrorism. Mornings in Jenin, in other words, is an attempt by Susan Abulhawa to justify the means of resistance concluding that Israel is the actual terrorist and not the Palestinians who have a ‘just cause’ to resist Zionist colonization. What is remarkable is her ingenuous use of literary devices to achieve the desired effect on the readers.
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Schmitt, Lincoln H., G. Ainsworth Harrison, Randolph M. Spargo, Tessa Pollard, and Giles Ungpakorn. "Patterns of Cortisol and Adrenaline Variation in Australian Aboriginal Communities of the Kimberley Region." Journal of Biosocial Science 27, no. 1 (1995): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000007045.
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SummaryUrinary cortisol and adrenaline excretion rates were measured in three Australian Aboriginal communities in the Kimberley region in the north-west of the country. The three communities, Derby, Kalumburu and Kupungarri, differ in size and remoteness and some lifestyle parameters. Cortisol excretion rate is associated with age and urine flow rate, but there is no association with smoking or the consumption of alcohol. All three communities show very high cortisol excretion rates compared to a sample of UK (Oxford) residents and there are also differences between the three communities. Adrenaline excretion rate also shows associations with age and urine flow rate, but not with smoking. Aboriginal people in the Kimberley region excrete adrenaline at a slightly higher rate than that found in Oxford, which itself is high by world standards. There are no marked differences between communities in their adrenaline excretion rates. Alcohol drinkers in Derby, where alcohol is freely available, have higher adrenaline output than non-drinkers.
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Leiba, Merav, Arnon Afek, Estela Derazne, et al. "Jewish Immigrants Of Middle Eastern Origin Have a Lower Incidence Of Multiple Myeloma Compared To Both North African and European Jews In a Cohort Of 746,200 Israeli Men Followed From Late Adolescence." Blood 122, no. 21 (2013): 5346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.5346.5346.
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Abstract Differences in the prevalence of Multiple Myeloma across races have been observed, with a two to three fold greater prevalence of Multiple Myeloma in African Americans compared with Caucasians. Little is known about the incidence or prevalence of Multiple Myeloma in other populations. The association between father's country of origin and the incidence of Multiple Myeloma was examined in a nationwide population-based cohort. Health-related data on 746,200 16-19 year old Jewish males examined for fitness for military service between 1967 and 1998 were linked to the Israel National Cancer Registry to derive Multiple Myeloma incidence up to 2006. During 17,352,349 person-years of follow-up, 109 examinees developed plasma cell dyscrasias. West Asian origin (predominantly Middle Eastern) was protective compared to European (predominantly Ashkenazi) origin (HR 0.40; 95% CI 0.23-0.70; p=0.001). The association persisted when adjusted for year of birth (HR 0.39; 95% CI 0.22-0.68; p=0.001), and also when restricted to Israeli-born males (HR 0.44; 95% CI 0.24-0.82; p=0.01). In conclusion, adolescents of Middle Eastern origin are at persistently lower risk of developing Multiple Myeloma compared to European origin, suggesting a genetic background in the pathogenesis of Multiple Myeloma. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Sala-Bubaré, Anna, Jouni A Peltonen, Kirsi Pyhältö, and Montserrat Castelló. "Doctoral Candidates’ Research Writing Perceptions: A Cross-National Study." International Journal of Doctoral Studies 13 (2018): 327–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4103.
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Aim/Purpose: This study aimed to explore individual variation in doctoral candidates’ perceptions about research writing and themselves as writers (research writing perceptions) across three countries (Spain, Finland, and the UK) and the relationship with doctoral candidates’ research conditions and social support. Background: The present study employed a person-centered approach to identify profiles among doctoral candidates’ in relation to their research writing perceptions and the association between these profiles and research conditions and experiences (e.g., thesis format, thesis language, enrollment modality, phase of the doctorate, number of publications, and drop-out intentions) and perceived social support from supervisors and research community. Methodology: 1,463 doctoral candidates responded to the Doctoral Experience survey. EFA and CFA were used to corroborate the factor structure of the research writing scale. Research writing profiles were identified by employing cluster analysis and compared regarding research conditions and experience and both types of social support. Contribution: This study contributes to the literature on doctoral development by providing evidence on the social nature of doctoral candidates’ writing development. It is argued that doctoral candidates’ perceptions of writing are related to transversal factors, such as doctoral candidates’ researcher identity and genre knowledge. It also shows that most candidates still lack opportunities to write and learn to write with and from other researchers. Findings: Three writing profiles were identified: Productive, Reduced productivity, and Struggler profiles. Participants in the Productive profile experienced more researcher community and supervisory support and had more publications, Struggler writers reported drop-out intentions more often than participants in the other profiles, and Reduced productivity writers were more likely to not know the format of the thesis. The three profiles presented similar distribution in relation to participants’ country, the language in which they were writing their dissertation, and whether they were participating in a research team. Recommendations for Practitioners: Supervisors and doctoral schools need to be aware of difficulties involved in writing at the PhD level for all doctoral candidates, not only for those writing in a second language, and support them in developing transformative research writing perceptions and establishing collaboration with other researchers. Research teams need to reflect on the writing support and opportunities they offer to doctoral candidates in promoting their writing development. Recommendation for Researchers: Further studies should take into account that the development of research writing perceptions is a complex process that might be affected by many and diverse factors and vary along the doctoral trajectory]. Future Research: Future research could explore the influence of factors such as engagement or research interest on doctoral candidates’ research writing perceptions. The field could also benefit from longitudinal studies exploring changes in doctoral candidates’ research writing perceptions.
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Sermoneta-Gertel, Simona, Milka Donchin, Ruth Adler, et al. "Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Employees of a Large University Hospital in Israel." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 22, no. 12 (2001): 754–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/501858.
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AbstractObjective:To assess whether hospital work constitutes a risk factor for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among employees of a large hospital in Israel.Design:Seroprevalence survey.Setting:A 1,006-bed, tertiary-care university hospital in Jerusalem.Participants:All 5,444 employees (18-65 years old) were eligible; 4,287 (79%) participated in the survey.Methods:Sera were tested for antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV) using a third-generation enzyme immunoassay. A third-generation strip immunoblot assay was used for confirmation. Participants were interviewed regarding their occupational history, and they completed a self-administered questionnaire covering history of non-occupational exposure to blood and country of birth. Other demographic information was obtained from the personnel department. Rates and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated, and multivariate logistic-regression analyses were performed to adjust for potential confounding variables.Results:Anti-HCV was found in 0.9% of employees (37/4,287; 95% confidence interval, 0.6-1.1), ranging from 0.1% among those born in Israel to 5.7% among those born in Central Asia. After age, gender, social status, country of birth, and history of blood transfusion were controlled for in a logistic regression, occupational exposure to blood ≥10 years was significantly associated with the presence of antibodies (OR, 2.6; P=.01). Presence of anti-HCV also was associated with country of birth (range: Israel OR, 1; West OR, 3.8 [P=.1]; Central Asia OR, 48.6 [P<.0001]) and history of blood transfusion (OR, 2.7; P=.01). No significant associations were found between anti-HCV and age, gender, social status, history of tattoo, acupuncture, current occupation, department, exposure to blood in current occupation, adherence to safety precautions, or history of percutaneous injury. The association with length of exposure was stronger (OR, 3.6; P=.01) when the same logistic regression was run excluding the outlier ethnic group of Central Asia.Conclusions:Hospital work does not seem to constitute a major risk factor for HCV infection in Israel today. A higher prevalence of anti-HCV among employees with longer versus shorter lengths of occupational exposure may be due to a cumulative effect of exposure over the years. Infection control efforts in recent years may have contributed to this association.
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Okafor, Amaechi Henry. "Isolation and Integration: Case Study of Latter-Day Saints in South-Western Nigeria." Religions 12, no. 6 (2021): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12060445.
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Isolation and integration are two sides of the same coin, the former denoting negativity with the latter denoting positivity. The penetration of the LDS church into Nigeria in general and south-western Nigeria in particular has been faced with a considerable amount of opposition from the populace and the government. Nigeria is one of the most religious countries in Africa. Due to the vast demographic space, I am limiting our study to the south-western states, where it seems the church is growing more. The eastern region, to an extent, has also been experiencing considerable growth. Our queries are: what are the elements that depict isolation from other religious sects and society? What are the parameters for this phenomenon? Is there any evidence of integration? If so, how is this manifested? How are the male and female members of the LDS church trying to integrate into society and how has the response been? These among other questions are examined. Nigeria is originally a Catholic and Pentecostal religious environment, where open miracles, wonders and other phenomena are visible. These are hardly visible in LDS services, and this serves as motivation for non-members to oppose and isolate members of the LDS church from the fibers of society. The undetermined position of the LDS church and its non-registration with the Christian Association of Nigeria (CAN) has and continues to have relevant effects on the integration of the church and its members into the Christian circle of the country in general and the south-west in particular. I have discovered that, though the church’s growth in the south-west is visible, the possibility of integration has proven difficult. Due to the limited literature on this subject in the country, I have utilized semi-structured direct and indirect interviews of pioneers of the wards/units in the south-west, and also those who have investigated the church, many of whom still view the church as a cult. I also used an analytic approach that straddles critical discourse analysis and postcolonial theory. This paper proposes ways in which the members of the LDS church can better integrate themselves in a society that has a very different religious and cultural background to that of American society, where the church has more fully moved from isolation to integration.
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Thapa, Arjun K. "An Assessment of Household’s Out of Pocket Healthcare Payment and Impoverishment in Nepal: Evidence from Nepal Living Standard Survey III." Journal of Development and Social Engineering 3, no. 1 (2017): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jdse.v3i1.27956.
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Despite Government of Nepal’s effort of universalizing basic free health care services and other demand side financing health schemes, there is an ongoing debate regarding equity in health service coverage, availability and high out of pocket payment. So this study intends to assess out of pocket payment and its associated factors and its implication on impoverishment. A cross sectional descriptive study was designed which is based on Nepal Living Standard Survey III 2010/11, a rich and well representative secondary data of Central Bureau of Statistics, National Planning Commission Nepal. The information about individuals who reported out of pocket healthcare payment was extracted from 28,747 individuals (or 7,020 households) of the survey. An individual from a household is considered as the unit of study. The major findings of the study show that age, caste ethnicity, place of residence, ecological belt and development region have statistically significant association with OOP payment. Due to OOP expenditure near about 3 percent of people are falling below the poverty line. The impoverishment rate is high among people residing in rural areas (3.4%), Terai belt (3.4%) and Eastern development region (3.7%). Higher impoverishment level in Terai and Eastern development region where health facilities are fairly available in comparison to remote Mountain belt, low developed Far west and Mid-west only signifies low availability and utilization of health services. So there is a need to address lacunae in fair coverage and utilization of health services across the country along with impoverishment.
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van Raalte, Alyson A., Sebastian Klüsener, Anna Oksuzyan, and Pavel Grigoriev. "Declining regional disparities in mortality in the context of persisting large inequalities in economic conditions: the case of Germany." International Journal of Epidemiology 49, no. 2 (2020): 486–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz265.
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Abstract Background Subnational regional mortality inequalities are large and appear to be mostly increasing within industrialized countries, although comparative studies across high-income countries are scarce. Germany is an important country to examine because it continues to experience considerable economic disparities between its federal states, in part resulting from its former division. Methods We analyse state-level mortality in Germany utilizing data from a newly constructed regional database based on the methodology of the Human Mortality Database. We compare time trends (1991–2015) in the German state-level standard deviation in life expectancy to that of other large, wealthy countries and examine the association between mortality and economic inequalities at the regional level. Finally, using contour-decomposition methods, we investigate the degree to which age patterns of mortality are converging across German federal states. Results Regional inequalities in life expectancy in Germany are comparatively low internationally, particularly among women, despite high state-level inequalities in economic conditions. These low regional mortality inequalities emerged 5–10 years after reunification. Mortality is converging over most ages between the longest- and shortest-living German state populations and across the former East–West political border, with the exception of an emerging East–West divergence in mortality among working-aged men. Conclusions The German example shows that large regional economic inequalities are not necessarily paralleled with large regional mortality disparities. Future research should investigate the factors that fostered the emergence of this unusual pattern in Germany.
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Piryani, Rano Mal, Suneel Piryani, and Jay Narayan Shah. "Nepal’s Response to Contain COVID-19 Infection." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 18, no. 1 (2020): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v18i1.2608.
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Nepal is a landlocked country bordering two most populous countries, India and China. Nepal shares open border with India from three sides, east, south and west. And, in north with China, where the novel coronavirus infection (CVOVID-19) began in late December 2019. The first confirmed imported case in Nepal was reported in 2nd week of January 2020. The initial response of Nepal to COVID-19 were comparably slow but country geared efforts after it was declared a ‘global pandemic’ by WHO on 11 March, 2020. Government of Nepal’s steps from 18 March, 2020 led to partial lock down and countrywide lockdown imposed on 24 March, 2020. Government devised comprehensive plan on 27 March, 2020 for quarantine for peoples who arrived in Nepal from COVID-19 affected countries. This article covers summary of global status, South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC) status, and Nepal’s response to contain COVID-19 infection discussed under three headings: Steps taken before and after WHO declared COVID-19 a global pandemic and lab services regarding detection of COVID-19. Nepal has documented five confirmed cases of COVID-19 till the end of March 2020, first in second week of 15 January, 2020 and 2nd case 8-weeks thereafter and 3rd case two days later, 4th on 27 March and 5th on 28 March. Four more cases detected during first week of April. Non-Pharmacological interventions like social distancing and excellent personal habits are widely practiced. Country has to enhance testing and strengthen tracing, isolation and quarantine mechanism and care of COVID-19 patients as Nepal is in risk zone because of comparably weak health system and porous borders with India. The time will tell regarding further outbreak and how it will be tackled.Keywords: COVID-19; lockdown; Nepal; pandemic; response