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1
Kennedy, John James. "From the Tax-for-Fee Reform to the Abolition of Agricultural Taxes: The Impact on Township Governments in North-west China." China Quarterly 189 (March 2007): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741006000798.
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Over the last decade, there have been numerous reports of rural discontent and unrest over excessive local taxes and fees known as villagers' burdens. In response, the central government enacted the tax-for-fee reform (TFR) in 2002 that abolished local fees levied on individuals and rural households in favour of a single agricultural tax. In addition the central government has announced plans to eliminate the agricultural tax as well after 2006. The aim of the TFR is to streamline local revenue collection and establish a more transparent and efficient provision of services. The immediate result, however, is a dramatic reduction in the autonomy of township governments as well as the provision of local services. Poorer townships have become more dependent on county government for revenues, and these townships function more like county administrative units than local self-governments. Moreover, many services have also been cut due to a lack of local revenues. In north-west China, there has been a sharp decline in the provision of educational and medical services. The solution is an increase in county remittances, but these are slow and uneven, and the combination of reduced autonomy and services has produced a number of “administrative shells” at the township level. If the inefficacy continues, then there may be even greater rural discontent and unrest over the loss of basic services than there was over increasing villagers' burdens.
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Chirkova, Katia, Yiya Chen, and Tanja Kocjančič Antolík. "Xumi (part 2): Upper Xumi, the variety of the upper reaches of the Shuiluo river." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43, no. 3 (November 4, 2013): 381–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100313000169.
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This Illustration focuses on the variety of the Xumi language (旭米, /LPʂuketɕɜ/ or /EPʂu-hĩ ketɕɜ/) that is spoken in the upper reaches of the Shuiluo river (水洛河) in Shuiluo Township (水洛乡) (hereafter Upper Xumi). The township is located in Muli Tibetan Autonomous County (木里藏族自治县, smi li rang skyong rdzong in Written Tibetan, hereafter, WT), in the South-West of Sichuan Province (四川省) in the People's Republic of China.
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Collins, John. "The early history of West African highlife music." Popular Music 8, no. 3 (October 1989): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143000003524.
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Highlife is one of the myriad varieties of acculturated popular dance-music styles that have been emerging from Africa this century and which fuse African with Western (i.e. European and American) and islamic influences. Besides highlife, other examples include kwela, township jive and mbaqanga from South Africa, chimurenga from Zimbabwe, the benga beat from Kenya, taraab music from the East African coast, Congo jazz (soukous) from Central Africa, rai music from North Africa, juju and apala music from western Nigeria, makossa from the Cameroons and mbalax from Senegal.
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Mitra, Deblina, and Suranjana Banerji. "Urban hydrodynamics in the planned township of New Town, West Bengal, India." Applied Geography 123 (October 2020): 102277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102277.
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Cruickshank, John L. "Courts Leet, Constables and the Township Structure in the West Riding, 1540–1842." Northern History 54, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 59–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0078172x.2016.1259098.
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Vosburgh, Michelle. "The Crown Lands Department, the Government, and the Settlers of McNab Township, Canada West." Ontario History 100, no. 1 (2008): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1065728ar.
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Chirkova, Katia, and Yiya Chen. "Xumi (part 1): Lower Xumi, the variety of the lower and middle reaches of the Shuiluo river." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43, no. 3 (November 4, 2013): 363–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100313000157.
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The Xumi 旭米 language (/EPʃʉ-hĩ ketɕɐ/ ‘the language of the Shu people’) is spoken by approximately 1,800 people who reside along the banks of the Shuiluo River (水洛河) in Shuiluo Township (水洛乡) of Muli Tibetan Autonomous County (木里藏族自治县; smi li rang skyong rdzong in Written Tibetan, hereafter, WT). This county is located in the South-West of Sichuan Province (四川省) in the People's Republic of China (see Figure 1).
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Huang, Yasheng. "How Did China Take Off?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 26, no. 4 (November 1, 2012): 147–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.26.4.147.
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There are two prevailing perspectives on how China took off. One emphasizes the role of globalization—foreign trade and investments and special economic zones; the other emphasizes the role of internal reforms, especially rural reforms. Detailed documentary and quantitative evidence provides strong support for the second hypothesis. To understand how China's economy took off requires an accurate and detailed understanding of its rural development, especially rural industry spearheaded by the rise of township and village enterprises. Many China scholars believe that township and village enterprises have a distinct ownership structure—that they are owned and operated by local governments rather than by private entrepreneurs. I will show that township and village enterprises from the inception have been private and that China undertook significant and meaningful financial liberalization at the very start of reforms. Rural private entrepreneurship and financial reforms correlate strongly with some of China's best-known achievements—poverty reduction, fast GDP growth driven by personal consumption (rather than by corporate investments and government spending), and an initial decline of income inequality. The conventional view of China scholars is right about one point—that today's Chinese financial sector is completely state-controlled. This is because China reversed almost all of its financial liberalization sometime around the early to mid 1990s. This financial reversal, despite its monumental effect on the welfare of hundreds of millions of rural Chinese, is almost completely unknown in the West.
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Ma, Libang, Xijuan Cui, Yao Yao, and Shichun Liu. "Gradient Difference of Structure of Rural Construction Land in Loess Hilly Region: A Case Study of Yuzhong County, Gansu Province, China." Land 10, no. 4 (March 31, 2021): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10040349.
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Studying the differences in the township gradient of rural construction land structures at the microscale is beneficial for the adjustment of rural construction land structure based on local conditions and differentiation, for the classification and guidance of the scientific planning and management of rural construction land, and for improving the level of intensive use of rural construction land. In this study, we took 268 administrative villages of Yuzhong County in the Loess Hilly Region as the research object and conducted research on the internal structure and gradient difference of rural construction land from two aspects: quantitative structure and spatial layout. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the distribution of rural construction land has significant connection with the river and road. The land structure of the county is simple, with large differences in area and uneven quantities between different types; (2) the shape of a rural construction land patch is complicated, with a high degree of fragmentation. The spatial agglomeration is not significant, and there is a significant difference between “east-west-north-south” in space; (3) the rural construction land has a significant gradient effect at the township level. In terms of quantitative structure, the closer the construction land is to key towns and central towns, the more complex the construction land, the higher the information entropy as well as the equilibrium degree, and the lower the dominant degree. Moreover, the spatial layout shows an upward trend in the fractal dimension, fragmentation degree and separation degree when the level of the township decreases.
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Idowu, OluwatobiOlalekan, OlufisayoT Aribaba, AdeolaOlukorede Onakoya, Adekunle Rotimi-Samuel, KareemOlatunbosun Musa, and FolasadeBolanle Akinsola. "Presbyopia and near spectacle correction coverage among public school teachers in Ifo Township, South-West Nigeria." Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal 23, no. 3 (2016): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1117-1936.190342.
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Hoque, Aynul, Bikash Kumar Panda, and Hashmat Ali. "Study of Metrological Conditions, Temperature and pH of Water of the Township (Malda District), West Bengal." Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry 11, no. 2 (2018): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-4150.2018.00088.3.
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Gao, Yanpeng, and Wenjun Chen. "Evolution and Influencing Factors of Township Spatial Form: A Two-Dimensional Perspective." Complexity 2020 (June 19, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5617545.
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The countryside is the habitat of food, ecology, and culture, and the indispensable basis for human survival and development. Assessing the spatial and temporal evolution of rural settlements contributes to the promotion of rural scientific developments. This study used the fractal theory, center-of-gravity model, and spatial syntax to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution of Shenyang Ciyutuo Subdistrict and its influencing factors based on geospatial data from 2009‒2019, from the perspectives of internal characteristics and external morphological changes. In terms of the external characteristics, from 2009‒2019, the compactness index increased from 0.414 to 0.454, the expansion rate increased from 1.17% to 3.11%, and the expansion intensity increased from 0.05% to 0.15%. From 2014‒2019, the western part of the subdistrict experienced the maximum expansion rate and expansion intensity. The center-of-gravity of the construction land shifted to the west and southwest. The internal characteristics of land use depended on geographical conditions. Clusters of rural settlements were formed in a north-south direction due to the topography and along the riverside in a band-like manner. From 2009‒2019, the integration level of the subdistrict improved and the scale and number of integration axis increased, forming a multicore tree-shaped structure. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that urbanization is the main factor affecting the spatial and temporal land-use evolution, with transportation convenience, industrial park, and proximity to the river having little effects. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development of Ciyutuo Subdistrict and provides a reference for the development of similar commercial towns.
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Mamabolo, RL, HS Kruger, A. Lennox, MA Monyeki, AE Pienaar, C. Underhay, and M. Czlapka-Matyasik. "Habitual physical activity and body composition of black township adolescents residing in the North West Province, South Africa." Public Health Nutrition 10, no. 10 (October 2007): 1047–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980007668724.
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AbstractObjectiveIt is known that stunting and obesity affect a large proportion of children in the world, and these can be affected by the physical activity levels of the children. In the present study, we evaluated the association between physical activity, physical development and body composition in black adolescent children.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingBlack township schools in the North West Province, South Africa.MethodsThree-hundred and thirteen grade 8 children were included in the Physical Activity in Youth study. Anthropometric measurements, body composition measures and maturity level as assessed by Tanner stages were determined in these children. In addition, Previous Day Physical Activity Recall questionnaires were administered on the children to record the various activities they undertake daily.ResultsThe demographic characteristics of the children showed a high level of homogeneity. A high prevalence of stunting (16.3%) was observed in the children, which was higher in boys than in girls (21.6 vs. 12.3%). Also prevalent was overweight/obesity (8.6%), but this was higher in girls than in boys (13.4 vs. 1.6%). The children also showed a reduction in levels of physical activity with advancement in maturity; furthermore, boys showed a more central form of fat deposition whilst girls showed more gynoid deposition.ConclusionsThe study revealed that physical activity plays a role in determining body composition, and further indicated that physical activity is associated with favourable body composition measures. Children who were more active were likely to have less fat deposits.
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LI, J. Q., H. YI, G. L. REN, T. GAO, M. YANG, H. H. Han, and J. L. YANG. "High resolution remote sensing and potential analysis of iron ore prospecting ——Taking Datong Township,West KunLun Area for example." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 46 (November 2016): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/46/1/012006.
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Crouse, James W. "NATIONAL STRIKE FORCE EMPLOYMENT IN HUMANITARIAN RELIEF: MONONGAHELA RIVER OIL SPILL1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1989, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1989-1-81.
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ABSTRACT In January 1988, 3.9 million gallons of diesel fuel were released from an Ashland Oil Company oil storage tank. Of that amount, approximately 770,000 gallons entered the Monongahela River near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The U.S. Coast Guard Atlantic Area Strike Team was called in to assist the first federal official on scene, U.S. Coast Guard Captain of the Port-Marine Safety Office (MSO) in Pittsburgh, and subsequently the predesignated federal on-scene coordinator (OSC) provided by the Environmental Protection Agency Region III. Among the duties performed by the strike team were providing a temporary water supply to the city of Wheeling, West Virginia, and attempting to supply Robinson Township, Pennsylvania. This paper is an evaluation of the events and logistics, and an assessment of how federal services could be used in this manner with no obstruction to commercial interests.
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Li, Jun, Suo Cheng Dong, Ze Hong Li, Qi Liang Mao, Yong Bin Huang, Fei Wang, Peng Guo, and Jun Ni Wang. "Discussion on Evolution of Focal Points of China's Urbanization: Based on Keywords Analysis of Papers from CNKI during 1992-2011." Applied Mechanics and Materials 522-524 (February 2014): 1656–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.522-524.1656.
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Based on 24528 papers from China Knowledge Infrastructure during 1992-2011, we analyzed evolution of topics, theories, methods, and case regions. Results showed the hottest keywords changed from township enterprises, peasant workers to urbanization agglomeration, land use and environment. Evolution of hot topics is always tracing Chinese urbanization process. Theories are appearing dynamic, micro, and comprehensive. Dynamic econometric model has been main theory in industry structure research. Micro research on institutional modeling, urban agents environmental behaviors and peasant workers phycology has emerged. Modeling on land use and ecological environment effect has been more and more comprehensive. The hottest methods are mainly from statistical analysis. Evaluation on environmental effects of urbanization increases greatly in recent years while study on mechanisms of urbanization is still increasing slowly. Hottest case regions were mainly fast urbanization regions in East China including Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Guangdong, while West China was studied as a whole.
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Petway, Joy R., Yu-Pin Lin, and Rainer F. Wunderlich. "Analyzing Opinions on Sustainable Agriculture: Toward Increasing Farmer Knowledge of Organic Practices in Taiwan-Yuanli Township." Sustainability 11, no. 14 (July 14, 2019): 3843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143843.
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Local farmer knowledge is key to sustainable agriculture when organic farming promotes biodiversity conservation. Yet, farmers may not recognize ecosystem service (ES) benefits within their agricultural landscape. Surveys were administered to 113 farmers, and the opinions of 58 respondents toward organic farming were analyzed to identify influential variables when deciding to farm organically. We classified responses by geographic category within a socio-economic production landscape (SEPL), and by social influence categories. With principal component analysis (PCA), a two-scale, four-phased analysis was conducted. Coastal farmers (n = 22) were the most positive towards organic farming trends due to consumer demand. Plains farmers (n = 18) were highly interested in future opportunities for achieving consumer health and food safety objectives. Mountain farmers (n = 18) perceived the most organic transitioning barriers overall, namely irrigation. In all three geographic categories, farming decisions were not primarily related to biodiversity conservation or ES management, but rather to farming community patterns, consumer feedback, and a lack of barriers. Further, farmer opinions toward organic practices were more influenced by their life experiences than by school-taught concepts. Since no previous studies have assessed the knowledge, values, and opinions on organic farming of Taiwan’s west coast farmers from an ES perspective, the proposed approach both identifies farmers’ knowledge and opinions, and verifies a satoyama landscape with PCA results for informed decision making.
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RAWSON, GRAHAM. "Economies and Strategies of the Northern Rural Poor: the Mitigation of Poverty in a West Riding Township in the Nineteenth Century." Rural History 28, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 69–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793316000170.
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Abstract:In the agricultural township of Rigton, ten miles north of Leeds, three-quarters of labouring households had recourse to poor relief at some stage between 1815 and 1861. The chronology of this microhistory straddles the end of the French Wars, the Sturges Bourne reforms, and, due to the existence of the country's largest Gilbert Unions, the region's laggardly application of the Poor Law Amendment Act. It seeks, by source linkage, to establish the contexts of labour, welfare and the life cycle within a northern community, and place the poor and their experiences of, and strategies against, poverty within that community. A demographic overview introduces the contexts of labouring families' lives, whilst a commentary on expositions of biographical reconstitutions of two generations of a labouring family, forms a major part of this exploration. This argues that whilst relationships with, and mitigation against, poverty were fluid and complex, as the century progressed labouring families had a decreasing interface with the Poor Law, and adopted and developed new economic strategies to add to their portfolio of makeshifts.1
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Ferdinand, Ake Ohouo. "Les Facteurs De Developpement Des Actıvıtes Commercıales Sur Les Marches D’abıdjan." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 4 (February 28, 2016): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n4p302.
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The metropolis of Abidjan, economic capital of the Ivory Coast is a big west African metropolis. She is composed of ten townships that shelter each several markets. These markets play a primordial role in the development of the commercial activities. Indeed, every township shelters commercial infrastructures localized in the different districts. These markets are of variable size because one finds some of big and of small size. They knew an evolution since the years 1976 until our days. These markets are constructed either by the public powers, either by the promoters deprived according to the Build Operate and Transfer system. The system is a contract of constructional concession of public work a deprived entrepreneur's that exploits it during a certain time until the amortization of the working assets. These markets specialized in various domains of activities; offer the abidjanaise population, those of the inside of the country and even of the under-region panoply of articles that makes of this city biggest shopping mall of the country. The periods of exercise of these markets vary. The majority of the markets of Abidjan exercises in the day. On the other hand, some lead their activities in the evening, until late the night and are called of the night markets. The flourishing economic activities of the markets of Abidjan are bound to several factors of which the human factors and the economic factors more especially the economic activities that provide to the different worked the products necessary to the satisfaction of the needs of the consumers. These products provided by the economic activities are at the origin of the development of the commercial activities on the markets in the city of Abidjan.
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Tajzai, Abdullah, and Najib Rahman Sabory. "Changing brown cities to smart and sustainable ones: Proposed applicable strategies and indicators for Omid-e-Sabz township in Kabul city." International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies 4, no. 2 (March 30, 2021): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v4i2.57.
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The two world-wide challenges, the population growth and the climate change, have forced everyone to think differently and seek new approaches to revive cities to be sustainable for centuries to come. Therefore, transforming the cities to the green and smart city are inevitable. The first step towards green and smart city is the recognition of applicable indicators for an existing city. In the next stage, introducing the most sustainable strategies to implement and realize the introduced indicators are of key importance. Omid-e-Sabz is a crowded city in the south-west of Kabul, hosts more than 27,000 inhabitants. Thus, a study through modifying this city to a sustainable and smart city is crucial for future urban development in Afghanistan. The indicators of green and smart city have been analyzed for Omid-e-Sabz Town in this paper. Moreover, some key guidance’s and plans for transforming an ordinary city to sustainable and smart city have been introduced and suggested. This paper is the first of its kind that discusses this important topic for Afghanistan. It will help the urban planning sector of Afghanistan to learn and continue this discourse to make sure the future cities in Afghanistan are smart and sustainable.
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Mathee, Angela, Jocelyn Moyes, Thulisa Mkhencele, Jackie Kleynhans, Brigitte Language, Stuart Piketh, Elias Moroe, et al. "Housing Quality in a Rural and an Urban Settlement in South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (February 24, 2021): 2240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052240.
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During 2016 to 2018, a prospective household cohort study of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus community burden and transmission dynamics (the PHIRST study) was undertaken to examine the factors associated with influenza and other respiratory pathogen transmissions in South Africa. We collected information on housing conditions in the PHIRST study sites: Rural villages near Agincourt, Bushbuckridge Municipality, Mpumalanga Province, and urban Jouberton Township in North West Province. Survey data were collected from 159 and 167 study households in Agincourt and Jouberton, respectively. Multiple housing-related health hazards were identified in both sites, but particularly in Agincourt. In Agincourt, 75% (119/159) of households reported daily or weekly interruptions in water supply and 98% (154/159) stored drinking water in miscellaneous containers, compared to 1% (1/167) and 69% (115/167) of households in Jouberton. Fuels other than electricity (such as wood) were mainly used for cooking by 44% (70/159) and 7% (11/167) of Agincourt and Jouberton households, respectively; and 67% (106/159) of homes in Agincourt versus 47% (79/167) in Jouberton were located on unpaved roads, which is associated with the generation of dust and particulate matter. This study has highlighted housing conditions in Agincourt and Jouberton that are detrimental to health, and which may impact disease severity or transmission in South African communities.
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B Khumalo, Jan, Herman J van Vuuren, Philip C van der Westhuizen, and C. P. Van der Vyver. "Problems experienced by secondary school deputy principals in diverse contexts: a South African study." Problems and Perspectives in Management 16, no. 2 (May 21, 2018): 190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(2).2018.17.
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This paper reports on research that was undertaken to determine the problems experienced by deputy principals in secondary schools, and the extent to which these problems were experienced. Although some research was conducted on the deputy principalship, no research treats the problems that deputy principals experience upon appointment comprehensively. An understanding of the problems experienced by secondary school deputy principals is a necessary precursor of an induction program to address the problems. A quantitative approach which was underpinned by the post-positivist paradigm was adopted. In order to determine the extent to which the problems were experienced, a survey was conducted among one hundred and fifty seven secondary school deputy principals in the North West Province. The participants came from a diverse context of rural, township and urban schools. The deputy principals who participated in the study included those who were newly appointed (one to three years of service) and those who were experienced (more than three years of service). Data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics such as frequencies, means and percentages. There were no significant differences in the responses of both newly-appointed and experienced deputy principals. The results revealed that deputy principals experienced administrative, financial management, work pressure, personal and physical resources problems. In an attempt to address the problems identified, a context-specific induction program is recommended. The induction program should be an on-going program of professional development and should preferably include specific aims, action steps to be taken to achieve the aims that are set and measures to evaluate progress.
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Bartosch, Thorsten, and Kurt Stüwe. "Evidence for pre-Pleistocene landforms in the Eastern Alps: Geomorphological constraints from the Gurktal Alps." Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences 112, no. 2 (January 1, 2019): 84–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17738/ajes.2019.0006.
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AbstractWe present evidence for a series of pre-Pleistocene landforms on hand of a new geomorphological map for the Gurktal region of the Eastern Alps. The Gurktal Alps region is the westernmost region of the Eastern Alps that escaped the glacial reshaping in the Pleistocene. Its morphology therefore preserves evidence of older landforms in closer proximity to the central part of the range than any other region in the Alps. The region is therefore useful to document aspects of the geomorphological evolution for the Eastern Alps during both, the Pleistocene glaciations and the earlier uplift history. Our mapping approach is twofold. We applied stream-power analysis outside the glacially overprinted areas to detect and classify spatially distinct quasi-stable stream segments, which we expanded to planar objects using slope analysis combined with field mapping. Our mapping results document four palaeo-surfaces located roughly at about 1500 m, 1200 m, 900 m and about 800 m above sea level. We correlate these levels with well-known palaeo-surfaces from the eastern end of the Alps and suggest that they can be interpreted in terms of more than 1000 m of surface uplift in the last six million years. Channel analysis and the distribution of Pleistocene gravel terraces suggest that the main trunk of the river Gurk was diverted from the Wimitz valley in the Rissian. Furthermore, steam-power analysis documents an ongoing activity of the Görschitztal fault and some inferred Pleistocene activity of a north-west trending fault close to the township of Gurk.
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Ong, Lynette. "The Political Economy of Township Government Debt, Township Enterprises and Rural Financial Institutions in China." China Quarterly 186 (June 2006): 377–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741006000208.
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This article sheds light on the ways in which township governments mobilized resources from local financial institutions, and how failure to repay many of these loans gave rise to sizeable local government debt. Mobilization of resources was done through loans to collective enterprises whose de facto owners were township authorities. Though the enterprises were nominal borrowers, loan transactions would not have occurred without guarantees by township governments. Another way of financial resource mobilization was by establishing local informal financial organizations that were subject to less strict regulations, and over which township authorities could exercise control. Further, because the enterprises' profits and taxes ultimately went to township authorities, and the enterprises also contributed towards provision of public goods that were the authorities' obligation, enterprise financing became a roundabout way in which township authorities sought financial assistance for their fiscal needs.
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Hailey, Charlie. "Camping off the grid in the grid: Between hospitable space and inhospitable land." Public 31, no. 61 (December 1, 2020): 36–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/public_00027_1.
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When the last U.S. Census canvassed Slab City, a remote, self-governed community of artists, retirees, anarchists and homeless people in southern California’s desert, most of its residents claimed ownership of the plots they occupied as “free and clear.” And yet Slab City itself occupies land that is public, as firm in this designation as the resolve of those who live there. Often called the “last free place,” this square-mile plot is one of the remaining Section 36 areas, which were originally reserved for the state’s public schools when each township was laid out by the National Ordinance’s land surveys that blanketed the American West in an invisible but all-encompassing grid. Consequently, the state of California hosts an array of one-square mile pockets of land. Among these, Slab City is a camp that bears the ongoing question of how land—environmentally inhospitable yet relatively hospitable in its public status—might host practices of self-determination, self-regulated community, and national identity. Veritable blind spots of land management, Section 36 areas contrast other more regulated, though comparable, practices on public and private lands. The Bureau of Land Management oversees Long Term Visitor Areas where campers can park trailers across vast territories for extended periods of time, and Walmart plays host to cross-country travelers who overnight in its parking lots—a permutation of recreational camping known as boondocking. But what happens in the absence of oversight? In places where the campsites become permanent? In times when those living there have arrived not only by choice but also in many cases out of necessity? Legacies of a country’s organizational matrix, Section 36’s pockets of land linger as residual pieces of frontier mythologies, as testaments of the arbitrariness of the grid and its land policies, and as fertile ground for alternative practices of adapting to inhospitable environments and making home in improvised communities. This essay seeks to understand how Section 36 land hosts contemporary intersections of public space and freedom.
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Niu, Yadong, Liang Zhang, Ting Ye, Yan Yan, and Yan Zhang. "Can unsuccessful treatment in primary medical institutions influence patients’ choice? A retrospective cluster sample study from China." BMJ Open 9, no. 1 (January 2019): e022304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022304.
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ObjectiveChina has been attempting to control the patients’ choice of high-level medical institutions through series measures of first point of contact at primary medical institutions, but the outcome is considered poor. We aim to analyse whether unsuccessful treatment in primary medical institutions can lead to the patients’ choice of high-level medical institutions.DesignA retrospective cluster sample study.SettingThe study setting was in Macheng city, Hubei province.ParticipantsThe respondents are township–county (TC) patients (patients who first went to township hospitals and then county hospitals within 30 days for the same disease) who experienced unsuccessful treatment in primary medical institutions. A total of 2090 TC patients were screened out based on the New Rural Cooperative Medical System database in 2013.Main outcome measuresThe choice of patients between township hospitals (primary medical institutions) and county hospitals was observed. We compared TC patients’ ratio of choosing county hospitals (RoCC) before TC experience with after TC experience. Thereafter, we compared RoCC of TC patients and non-TC patients (patients who did not experience TC) based on coarsened exact matching.ResultsThe ratio of TC for outpatient in township hospitals is 0.68% and that of TC for inpatient in township hospitals is 3.37%. RoCC for TC disease increased from 20.8% to 35.5% (p<0.001), RoCC for other disease increased from 35% to 37.3% (p=0.01). TC patients had significantly higher RoCC than non-TC patients (p<0.001).ConclusionsPatients’ choice of high-level medical institutions is highly associated with the experience of unsuccessful treatment in primary medical institutions. Moreover, people likely select high-level medical institutions thereafter regardless of conditions in rural China. Unsuccessful treatment in primary medical institutions is inevitable for patients. Thus, additional measures should be considered in lowering the potential risks for patients when treatments fail.Trial registration numberChiCTR-OOR-14005563.
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Njoroge, Allan Njuguna, and Shadrack Bett. "Operating Environment and Performance of Small and Micro Enterprises in Urban Townships in West Pokot County, Kenya." International Journal of Current Aspects 3, no. IV (July 6, 2019): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.35942/ijcab.v3iiv.46.
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Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Kenya have not performed creditably well and hence have not played the expected vital and vibrant role in the economic growth and development of Kenyan economy. This situation has been of great concern to the government, citizenry, operators, practitioners and the organized private sector groups especially because many of the SMEs owners are faced with unpredictable operating environment which presents many entrepreneurs with a challenge of both growing and managing their SMEs consequently affecting SMEs performance. The study aimed at establishing operating environment effects on performance of small and micro enterprises in urban townships in West Pokot County. The specific objectives of the study included determining the influence of skills and competence, technology, legislations and competition on the performance of small and micro enterprises in urban townships in West Pokot County. The study was anchored on the theory of multi-dimensional performance, goal setting theory and Human capital theory. The target population was drawn from small and micro enterprises owners and managers in the two major townships in West Pokot County that is Kapenguria, and Chepareria Townships. The study was based on descriptive research design where the researcher used stratified random sampling techniques to sample its respondents; Questionnaires were used for the data collection. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were undertaken. Inferential statistics was used to test the extent and nature of the relationship between dependent and independent variables. The correlation results of the study found that SMEs owners/managers skills and competence, technology and competition are positively related to SMEs performance. Results further showed that legislations are negatively related to SMEs performance.SMEs owners/managers skills and competence, legislation, technology and competition were found to be significant variables in explaining SMEs performance which is illustrated by coefficient of determination(R square) of 79.4%.Based on the research findings the study concluded that SMEs owners/managers skills and competence, legislation, technology and competition has a significant relationship with SMEs performance. The study recommends that the financial institutions, NGOs, and Government agencies should work in collaboration in improving SMEs owner’s skills and competence, also technological changes awareness should be provided to the SMEs owners and managers. The Government agencies should come up with friendly policies and regulations to eliminate unhealthy competition towards the SMEs.
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Elson, John A. "West-southwest glacial dispersal of pillow-lava boulders, Philipsburg–Sutton region, Eastern Townships, Quebec." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 24, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 985–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e87-095.
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Pillow-lava boulders, probably from Place Mountain in the Bolton valley east of the Sutton Mountains, occur in a narrow belt or fan 43 km long trending west-southwest (azimuth about 248°) from 10 km southwest of Place Mountains to Rosenberg, near Philipsburg, Quebec. Glacial striations with this direction are uncommon; the general glacial movement indicated by abundant striations and indicator erratics is southeastward. A southwestward flow in the axial part of the St. Lawrence Lowlands near Montréal is apparently the youngest direction there, of late Wisconsinan age. In the Eastern Townships of Quebec east and northeast of the study area and in adjoining northern Vermont there is evidence of a southwestward flow of mid-Wisconsinan age. Local southwestward flow in the study area at the beginning and end of a glacial cycle may have resulted from a mobile bed in the flooded St. Lawrence – Champlain lowland, but a hypothesis of flow from a major mid-Wisconsinan axis of accumulation in the northern Appalachians farther to the east is supported by much published field evidence.
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DAECHSEL, MARKUS. "Sovereignty, Governmentality and Development in Ayub's Pakistan: the Case of Korangi Township." Modern Asian Studies 45, no. 1 (January 2011): 131–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x1000034x.
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AbstractThis paper uses a historical ethnography of the construction of Korangi Township outside Karachi to analyse the configuration of power in the post-colonial Pakistani state of the late 1950s and 1960s. Foucault's distinction between ‘sovereign’, ‘disciplinary’ and ‘security’ power helps to reveal how possibilities of non-interventionist control were deliberately discarded in favour of an (often theatrical) exercise of ‘raw’ power. The way in which the township was conceived by the international architect and city planner, C. A. Doxiadis, often stood in contrast and tension with the ways in which it was executed by General Ayub Khan's military regime (1958–1968). Rapid early success—tens of thousands of refugee slum dwellers were resettled within six months—went hand-in-hand with equally-quick failure and abandonment later on. The Pakistani regime was only interested in demonstrating its ability to make decisions and to deploy executive power over its territory, but it made no sustained effort to use spatial control to entangle its subjects in a web of ‘governmentality’. In the final analysis, the post-colonial Pakistani state was a ‘state of exception’ made permanent, which deliberately enacted development failure to underscore its overreliance on sovereign power.
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Scott, B. J., I. G. Fenton, A. G. Fanning, W. G. Schumann, and L. J. C. Castleman. "Surface soil acidity and fertility in the eastern Riverina and Western Slopes of southern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 8 (2007): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05155x.
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This study, in southern New South Wales (NSW), examined the chemical properties of ~4700 surface soils in agricultural paddocks and recorded lime and gypsum inputs. The area was bounded approximately by Cootamundra in the north, the NSW/Victorian border in the south, extending to Tumbarumba in the east and to near Berrigan in the west. The long-term average annual rainfall ranged from ~420 mm in the west to a maximum of 1175 mm in the east. The data, collected between 1997 and 2003, were for the surface 20 cm of soil, in two 10-cm layers. The data were generated from a soil testing program conducted with farmers in the region. We grouped the soils into three zones based on a GPS location taken at the time of sampling. These zones were 1 (lower rainfall mixed farming), 2 (higher rainfall mixed farming) and 3 (long-term pasture). Acidic soils occurred across all three zones; however, the soils in zone 1 appeared to be less acidic than soils in the other two zones. We found that surface soils (0–10 cm) with soil pH in 1 : 5 soil : 0.01 mol/L calcium chloride (pHCa) ≤4.5 represented 27%, 57% and 54% for zones 1, 2 and 3, respectively. In addition, zone 1 had 74% of surface soils with a pHCa ≤ 5.0, and this was more acidic than previously reported. However, the surface soils in zone 1 had relatively low exchangeable aluminium (Alex) and had less acidic subsurface soils (10–20 cm), so that responses to lime application by pastures and crops may be less frequent or smaller than the surface soil pHCa alone may indicate. There was a higher frequency of acidic soils (pHCa ≤ 4.5) in the subsurface soils than in the surface soils in zones 2 (62 cf. 57%) and 3 (64 cf. 54%), suggesting that the acidity problem at this depth was a major problem. Low pHCa in the subsurface soil is known to be a constraint on crop yield. We found no evidence of the amendment of this soil depth when lime was applied and incorporated into the 0–10 cm depth, and economic amendment of acidity in the 10–20 cm depth remains unresolved. Increased adoption of liming occurred in the late 1990s, and by 1997 the percentage of paddocks limed was 14.3%, 21.3% and 13.6% in zones 1 to 3, respectively. Soil pH buffering and long-term pHCa decline after liming were similar to rates reported in field experiments. The total quantities of lime applied were insufficient for soil amendment and maintenance of soil pHCa, particularly in the long-term pasture areas. The rate of soil acidification in the 0–20 cm depth in the average annual rainfall range of 525–625 mm was estimated to be 1.52 kmol H+/ha.year. This would require 76 kg lime/ha.year to neutralise. Sodic and saline soils occurred mainly in the lower rainfall cropping areas, and were more frequent in an area around the township of Lockhart. Half the gypsum applications were at low rates (≤0.5 t/ha), and were probably for sulfur application to canola. Some of the sodic soils were acidic (34% ≤ pHCa 4.5) so that the application of lime/gypsum mixes could be appropriate in the amendment of these soils. Soils in the pasture system had mean organic carbon content (OC%) of 2.42, compared to the cropping zones at 1.65 and 1.75%. OC% was related to annual average rainfall; the increase in OC% was 0.19% and 0.08% for each 100 mm of average annual rainfall for the surface and subsurface soil, respectively. A group of soils in the cropping areas had surface OC% ≤ 1.25% OC (zone 1, 12%; zone 2, 20%) and this could be the result of intensive cropping. Most soils (55–63%) were of moderate P status (P(Colwell), 21–60 µg/g). However, there was still a substantial group of soils (31–43%) of low P status (P ≤ 20 µg/g). Most surface soils in all zones (72–80%) were low to marginal in sulfur status (KCl 40, ≤10 mg S/kg). Sulfur deficiency has been identified in canola, and current practice in the cropping areas is for inputs of gypsum at low rates.
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Cherry, Janet. "Declining Democracy? A Case Study of Political Participation in Kwazakele Township, Port Elizabeth." Issue: A Journal of Opinion 27, no. 2 (1999): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047160700506180.
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Back in the bad old days of the mid-1980s, when we in South Africa thought we were fighting a revolutionary war, we liked to believe in a slogan that some of us attempted to put into practice. The slogan (and there were many variations of it) went something like this: “In a truly democratic society, ordinary people should have control over all aspects of their lives.” This slogan embraced a philosophy of participatory democracy that was in constant tension with the militarism, secrecy, and intolerance on the other side of the liberation movement. It expressed a deep humanism, a belief that people were capable of living unselfishly and of acting collectively, not just in times of crisis and mobilization, but daily.
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Sims, Robert C., Darlene E. Fisher, Steven A. Leibo, Pasquale E. Micciche, Fred R. Van Hartesveldt, W. Benjamin Kennedy, C. Ashley Ellefson, et al. "Book Reviews." Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 13, no. 2 (May 5, 1988): 80–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.13.2.80-104.
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Michael B. Katz. Reconstructing American Education. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 1987. Pp. viii, 212. Cloth, $22.50; E. D. Hirsch, Jr. Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1987. Pp. xvii, 251. Cloth, $16.45; Diana Ravitch and Chester E. Finn, Jr. What Do Our 17-Year-Olds Know? A Report on the First National Assessment of History and Literature. New York: Harper & Row, 1987. Pp. ix, 293. Cloth, $15.95. Review by Richard A. Diem of The University of Texas at San Antonio. Henry J. Steffens and Mary Jane Dickerson. Writer's Guide: History. Lexington, Massachusetts, and Toronto: D. C. Heath and Company, 1987. Pp. x, 211. Paper, $6.95. Review by William G. Wraga of Bernards Township Public Schools, Basking Ridge, New Jersey. J. Kelley Sowards, ed. Makers of the Western Tradition: Portraits from History. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987. Fourth edition. Vol: 1: Pp. ix, 306. Paper, $12.70. Vol. 2: Pp. ix, 325. Paper, $12.70. Review by Robert B. Luehrs of Fort Hays State University. John L. Beatty and Oliver A. Johnson, eds. Heritage of Western Civilization. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1987. Sixth Edition. Volume I: Pp. xi, 465. Paper, $16.00; Volume II: pp. xi, 404. Paper, $16.00. Review by Dav Levinson of Thayer Academy, Braintree, Massachusetts. Lynn H. Nelson, ed. The Human Perspective: Readings in World Civilization. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1987. Vol. I: The Ancient World to the Early Modern Era. Pp. viii, 328. Paper, $10.50. Vol. II: The Modern World Through the Twentieth Century. Pp, x, 386. Paper, 10.50. Review by Gerald H. Davis of Georgia State University. Gerald N. Grob and George Attan Billias, eds. Interpretations of American History: Patterns and Perspectives. New York: The Free Press, 1987. Fifth Edition. Volume I: Pp. xi, 499. Paper, $20.00: Volume II: Pp. ix, 502. Paper, $20.00. Review by Larry Madaras of Howard Community College. Eugene Kuzirian and Larry Madaras, eds. Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Issues in American History. -- Volume II: Reconstruction to the Present. Guilford, Connecticut: The Dushkin Publishing Groups, Inc., 1987. Pp. xii, 384. Paper, $9.50. Review by James F. Adomanis of Anne Arundel County Public Schools, Annapolis, Maryland. Joann P. Krieg, ed. To Know the Place: Teaching Local History. Hempstead, New York: Hofstra University Long Island Studies Institute, 1986. Pp. 30. Paper, $4.95. Review by Marilyn E. Weigold of Pace University. Roger Lane. Roots of Violence in Black Philadelphia, 1860-1900. Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London: Harvard University Press, 1986. Pp. 213. Cloth, $25.00. Review by Ronald E. Butchart of SUNY College at Cortland. Pete Daniel. Breaking the Land: The Transformation of Cotton, Tobacco, and Rice Cultures since 1880. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1985. Pp. xvi, 352. Paper, $22.50. Review by Thomas S. Isern of Emporia State University. Norman L. Rosenberg and Emily S. Rosenberg. In Our Times: America Since World War II. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1987. Third edition. Pp. xi, 316. Paper, $20.00; William H. Chafe and Harvard Sitkoff, eds. A History of Our Time: Readings on Postwar America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. Second edition. Pp. xiii, 453. Paper, $12.95. Review by Monroe Billington of New Mexico State University. Frank W. Porter III, ed. Strategies for Survival: American Indians in the Eastern United States. New York, Westport, Connecticut, and London: Greenwood Press, 1986. Pp. xvi, 232. Cloth, $35.00. Review by Richard Robertson of St. Charles County Community College. Kevin Sharpe, ed. Faction & Parliament: Essays on Early Stuart History. London and New York: Methuen, 1985. Pp. xvii, 292. Paper, $13.95; Derek Hirst. Authority and Conflict: England, 1603-1658. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986. Pp. viii, 390. Cloth, $35.00. Review by K. Gird Romer of Kennesaw College. N. F. R. Crafts. British Economic Growth During the Industrial Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. Pp. 193. Paper, $11.95; Maxine Berg. The Age of Manufactures, 1700-1820. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. Pp. 378. Paper, $10.95. Review by C. Ashley Ellefson of SUNY College at Cortland. J. M. Thompson. The French Revolution. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985 reissue. Pp. xvi, 544. Cloth, $45.00; Paper, $12.95. Review by W. Benjamin Kennedy of West Georgia College. J. P. T. Bury. France, 1814-1940. London and New York: Methuen, 1985. Fifth edition. Pp. viii, 288. Paper, $13.95; Roger Magraw. France, 1815-1914: The Bourgeois Century. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985. Pp. 375. Cloth, $24.95; Paper, $9.95; D. M.G. Sutherland. France, 1789-1815: Revolution and Counterrevolution. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. Pp. 242. Cloth, $32.50; Paper, $12.95. Review by Fred R. van Hartesveldt of Fort Valley State College. Woodford McClellan. Russia: A History of the Soviet Period. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1986. Pp. xi, 387. Paper, $23.95. Review by Pasquale E. Micciche of Fitchburg State College. Ranbir Vohra. China's Path to Modernization: A Historical Review from 1800 to the Present. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1987. Pp. xiii, 302. Paper, $22.95. Reivew by Steven A. Leibo of Russell Sage College. John King Fairbank. China Watch. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 1987. Pp. viii, Cloth, $20.00. Review by Darlene E. Fisher of New Trier Township High School, Winnetka, Illinois. Ronald Takaki, ed. From Different Shores: Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity in America. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987. Pp. 253. Paper, $13.95. Review by Robert C. Sims of Boise State University.
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Morwood, M. J., and L. Godwin. "Archaeology of the Gyranda region, Dawson River, central Queensland." Queensland Archaeological Research 4 (January 1, 1987): 96–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.25120/qar.4.1987.174.
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This paper presents the results of survey and excavation in the upper Dawson area of the Central Queensland Sandstone Belt, a sandstone-dominated environment bounded by the townships of Banana in the east, Blackall in the west, Springsure in the north and Injune in the south, and which includes the Central Queensland Highlands (Walsh 1984:1). The work was undertaken as part of the environmental impact study for the Gyranda Weir commissioned by Cameron McNamara for the Queensland Water Resources Commission (Morwood 1985, 1986; Godwin 1985). However, the results of the study, and the potential of the area for future research, have a wider interest.
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Alderman, Jillian. "Million dollar gamblers: a case of embezzlement in South Whitehall Township." CASE Journal 15, no. 3 (March 30, 2019): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tcj-12-2018-0122.
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Theoretical basis The fraud diamond theory, the COSO framework on internal control and theories of ethical leadership and ethical decision making are applied. Research methodology The details of this case were compiled using publicly available information, including court records and news reports. No modifications were made to the names of individuals or places mentioned in the case. All resources have been properly cited. Case overview/synopsis Employee embezzlement is a common issue in limited resource organizations when adequate controls are not in place to prevent or detect fraud. In such organizations, personal financial hardships can drive individuals to commit crimes that are out of character. This case is a story of a respectable small-town couple implicated in a near million dollar embezzlement scheme. Students are asked to consider what went wrong and propose solutions for the prevention of similar crimes. Lessons learned from this case emphasize the importance of ethical leadership, creating a strong ethical environment and how small unethical acts can escalate over time. Complexity academic level Instructors can utilize this case to teach the topics of ethical leadership and decision making, fraud prevention and detection and internal controls. The themes of this case fit well into any business ethics, accounting or auditing course at the undergraduate or graduate level. The case has been implemented in courses for full-time and part-time MBAs, and master’s programs in finance, human resources and accounting.
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Mofolo, Malefetsane. "ACTIVE ROLES OF NGOs AND CBOs TO PROMOTE ENTREPRENEURS’ PASSION AND DRIVE IN THE TOWNSHIPS AND RURAL AREAS OF SOUTH AFRICA." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 9 (September 25, 2020): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.79.8836.
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In South Africa, entrepreneurial spirit is regarded as fundamental to the future development of the country. To that effect, regulatory reforms have been introduced, and others are still to be introduced to stimulate and bring about change to the entrepreneurial activity. Again, for instance, in some provinces non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and community based organisations (CBOs) have been established. A point in case is that in North West Province, Chambers of commerce have been established to mobilise and facilitate relations between government and business community on issues related to the economy and enterprise development programmes. However, when one analyses these, one develops a sense that genuine aspects related to less tangible components of entrepreneurial activity, such as the drive for passion, enthusiasm, motivation and attitudes, have been partially stimulated through government programmes in South Africa, especially in townships and rural communities. Therefore, in order to position the contestation of this article, a desktop approach was adopted, where existing theoretical and empirical documents were consulted to highlight the discourse around these issues and the recent policy developments targeted to accelerate growth and development of small, medium and micro-enterprises (SMMEs), including co-operatives. The findings from the literature show the disposition of government to support entrepreneurship endeavours, and challenges related to, inter alia, awarding of government contacts and access to markets. Consequently, the active roles of NGOs and CBOs as government partners to ensure entrepreneurs’ passion and drive in the townships and rural areas of South Africa are recommended.
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Mokwena, Kebogile. "“Consider our plight”: A cry for help from nyaope users." Health SA Gesondheid 21 (October 11, 2016): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v21i0.944.
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Nyaope is a relatively new drug which until recently was not classified as illegal. It is widely used by many young and poor people in predominantly Black townships and users can be easily identified as they usually assemble in open spaces such as parks and taxi ranks and have formed a community through which they support one another in the habit. In addition to this, users often display poor personal hygiene and often resort to stealing and selling stolen goods in order to sustain their habit. There is a paucity of literature on nyaope and its use and impact, and the present study is a qualitative exploration of the experiences of nyaope users in three provinces, namely Gauteng, Mpumalanga and North West. The findings highlight the strong addictive nature of the drug, the ease of access, and the unfavourable social environment which promotes initial use and difficulty in quitting. Nyaope users typically express a desire to find and utilise help in order to overcome their current circumstances.
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Solly, Matshonisa Seeletse. "Common causes of small businesses failure in the townships of West Rand district municipality in the Gauteng Province of South Africa." African Journal of Business Management 6, no. 44 (November 7, 2012): 10994–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajbm12.342.
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Murao, Osamu, Tomohiro Tanaka, Kimiro Meguro, and Theing Shwe. "Earthquake Building Collapse Risk Estimation for 2040 in Yangon, Myanmar." Journal of Disaster Research 15, no. 3 (March 30, 2020): 387–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2020.p0387.
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Myanmar is a thriving country in Southeast Asia and is facing future earthquake risks caused by the Sagaing Fault. Under these circumstances, Yangon must implement earthquake risk reduction measures in future development. Applying the building collapse risk evaluation method proposed by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, and analyzing current and future urban conditions of Yangon City based on available datasets, this study aimed to (1) evaluate present urban vulnerability focusing on building collapse risk, (2) clarify its future expansion tendency based on residential area development conditions from 2004 to 2018, and (3) estimate future building collapse risk in terms of future urban expansion limitation with urban function and building vulnerability in order to obtain useful information on earthquake risk reduction for future development in Yangon. Mainly, this research clarified as follows: (1) The inventory provided by YCDC (Yangon City Development Committee) showed that wooden buildings and RC accounted for 93.8% of all buildings in Yangon. (2) In order to understand the present urban vulnerability of Yangon based on the Tokyo Metropolitan Government’s method, 567 objective wards were categorized into five ranks according to the building collapse risk value. It indicated that building collapse risk in the Dawpon and Tharkayta Townships, located on the west side of Pazundaung Creek, were the highest. Some newly developed outskirts areas, such as Hlaingtharyar or Dala, also appeared as vulnerable with Ranks 4 and 5. (3) Yangon’s urban development conditions from 2004 to 2018 were visually clarified. Then, the relationships between the number of buildings, residential district area, and population according to townships were analyzed to estimate future development. (4) Finally, two types of urban development scenarios were set: Scenario A based on urban expansion limitation and urban function, and Scenario B based on building vulnerability. Then, the future building collapse risk trend from 2014 until 2040 was estimated. It was found that the Sub-center System would deter future urban sprawl in the future more than the Super CBD Single-core System, and the number of damaged buildings can be reduced by 43.5% at most in Dagon Seikkan.
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Ranger, Terence. "Dignifying Death: the Politics of Burial in Bulawayo." Journal of Religion in Africa 34, no. 1-2 (2004): 110–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006604323056741.
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AbstractThere has recently been much more recognition of the African role in the making of the colonial cities of southern Africa. Nevertheless, many kinds of action have still seemed to be impossible for Africans living in tightly controlled municipal townships. Among these is the political and symbolic management of death. While literature on West African towns celebrates 'mausoleum politics' and the struggle over the burial of dead men under the floors of their houses, in colonial Southern African cities it has been assumed that Africans had no choice but to accept the constraining rules of drab municipal cemeteries. Similarly, the initiative and agency, which we know rural Africans in Southern Africa to have exercised in their encounters with mission Christianity, have been much less documented in the towns. In short, it has been assumed that the Southern African town—and particularly the black townships—represented colonial control at its most intense and oppressive, allowing little room for symbolic or practical autonomy whether in social life, politics or religion. This article tests such presuppositions in relation to Southern Rhodesia's second largest town, and major industrial centre, Bulawayo. It argues that from the late 1890s there has always been a black Bulawayo, expressed first in the absence of municipal or state control of the Location and expressed later by the emergence of varying influential men and women there with the capacity to take cultural and symbolic initiatives, perhaps especially in the sphere of death, burial and commemoration. It discusses the successful performance of rites to 'bring back the spirit' a year after death despite missionary and municipal prohibitions; it discusses the role of the innumerable Burial Societies in colonial Bulawayo; it discusses the efforts of educated young men to erect memorials for African kings and chiefs; it discusses the varying focus of three types of African urban Christianity—missionfounded churches, 'Ethiopianist' independent churches and Apostolic prophetic churches—on rituals of death. By so doing it opens up many questions about the social, political, cultural and religious life of an African Location in colonial southern Africa.
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Mallick, S. A., G. J. Hocking, and M. M. Driessen. "Habitat Requirements of the Eastern Barred Bandicoot, Perameles gunnii, on Agricultural Land in Tasmania." Wildlife Research 24, no. 2 (1997): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr95057.
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In the Midlands and on the east coast of Tasmania, the eastern barred bandicoot, Perameles gunnii, is restricted to a small number of isolated populations around townships. Comparable sites with similar habitat, rainfall, geology, soil type and topography were observed not to support P. gunnii. We examined four such paired sites around Tasmania, one site in each pair supporting P. gunnii, the other without P. gunnii. Using orthophotos and aerial photographs (scale 1: 5000), various features of the habitat were quantified for all site pairs, which were then compared. In the Midlands and north-west, sites with P. gunnii had significantly greater areas of ground cover, suitable as nests for P. gunnii and as refuges from predators, than did areas without P. gunnii. This association was not observed for the paired sites on the east coast. It is hypothesised that the remnant populations of P. gunnii found in the Midlands reflect the availability of pockets of suitable habitat, in particular the presence of significant ground cover for nesting sites and refugia. This has implications for management of P. gunnii in cleared agricultural land, where weed species may provide the principal cover for bandicoots.
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Chen, Xiangming, Lan Wang, and Ratoola Kundu. "Localizing the Production of Global Cities: A Comparison of New Town Developments around Shanghai and Kolkata." City & Community 8, no. 4 (December 2009): 433–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2009.01301.x.
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This article investigates the role played by the state in the production and management of urban space vis–à–vis global agents of change. the proliferation of new towns and special economic zones as urban restructuring strategies in rapidly developing countries like China and India are receiving much attention from the scholarly community, documenting and interrogating urban transitions from centralized planning to more participatory and often privatized modes of decentralized planning. This article seeks to tease out the kinds of relationships between the state and other urban development actors it entails, ranging from conflict to collaboration, from protest to partnerships, and from contestation to collaboration. in the Shanghai Metropolitan context, we focus on Anting New Town and Songjiang New City as two cases for understanding the relative power of the municipal government, global capital, professional planning, and the limited influence of local residents in the process and outcome of large–scale suburban development. as a comparison, we focus on the West Bengal State government's role in the development of two new townships (Rajarhat New Town and the Kolkata West International City) on the fringes of the existing core city of Kolkata (Calcutta), India. Drawing on a number of secondary sources such as development plans, newspaper articles, field–based observations, and informal discussions and interviews with official town planners, architects, and private planners, our goal is to compare and contrast the two strategies foregrounding the practices and the relationship of the state to the forces of privatization and globalization, to local grassroots actors and the precarious as well as multifarious ways in which it seeks to constantly negotiate with the dynamics of development. It seeks to answer: what kind of challenges does the state face in reorganizing the urban? Who are the other actors involved in the negotiations and exclusions, contestations, and collaborations? What are the new sociospatial, economic, and political boundaries and contents of the spaces produced?
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Smail, John. "The Stansfields of Halifax: A Case Study of the Making of the Middle Class." Albion 24, no. 1 (1992): 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4051241.
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Between the Civil War and the Industrial Revolution, four generations of the Stansfield family lived in Halifax—an upland parish in the West Riding of Yorkshire. Although its politics were calm, the century and a half between England's two great “revolutions” was not devoid of change in other respects. Significant social, economic, and cultural developments during this period laid the foundations for the ferment of the Industrial Revolution. The history of the Stansfield family is an excellent illustration of these changes, for there was a world of difference between the great-grandfather, Josias Stansfield, who was in his prime at the Restoration, and his great-grandsons, George and David Stansfield, who were in their primes a century later.For his part, Josias was recognizably a man of the middling sort. A yeoman engaged in farming and small-scale textile production, his economic activities and his social standing place him in the ranks of families who fell between the few gentlemen who lived in the area and the mass of simple artisans and laborers who had to struggle just to survive. Josias's great-grandsons, George and David Stansfield lived in a different world. By the mid-eighteenth century, Halifax's textile industry was increasingly dominated by large-scale production of which George's large putting-out concern and David's substantial export business were typical. George and David's social position was also quite different. No longer merely comfortable, these two second cousins were among the wealthiest residents of their respective townships, and they had assumed an appropriately significant share of the political and social leadership in the parish.
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Johnson, D. W., and W. R. Jacobi. "First Report of White Pine Blister Rust in Colorado." Plant Disease 84, no. 5 (May 2000): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.5.595d.
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In June 1999, a survey was conducted north and west of Redfeather Lakes, CO (≈64 km northwest of Fort Collins) to determine the extent of white pine blister rust, caused by Cronartium ribicola. To date the disease has not been reported in Colorado on any of the known hosts. The survey was initiated after the disease was reported on limber pine, Pinus flexilis, in 1998. A total of 65 sections were traveled by driving passable roads within three townships in Larimer County in northern Colorado. Infected limber pines were observed in nine sections. Incidence of infected trees ranged from 3 to 50% of trees sampled. A minimum of 10 trees was sampled at each location. Where trees were more abundant, 40 trees were sampled. The highest incidence of blister rust was observed near the Colorado and Wyoming state line along Cherokee Park Road. Both main stem and branch cankers were observed. Cankers appeared to be 3 to 5 years old. Mortality of entire trees was not observed. Ribes spp. were observed in the vicinity of infected limber pines. However, no infection was noted on these alternate rust hosts. Infected trees were observed 18 km south of the Colorado and Wyoming state line. The southward spread of the disease into northern Colorado from infection sites in Wyoming appears to have proceeded slowly since reports of the disease in southern Wyoming during the 1970s (1). Blister rust has the potential to spread throughout the range of white pines in Colorado, which includes scattered populations of both limber and bristlecone pines, P. aristata, located along the Continental Divide from Wyoming to the Colorado and New Mexico state line. References: (1) D. B. Brown. Plant Dis. Rep. 62:905, 1978.
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Vorster, Hester H., Christina S. Venter, Marié P. Wissing, and Barrie M. Margetts. "The nutrition and health transition in the North West Province of South Africa: a review of the THUSA (Transition and Health during Urbanisation of South Africans) study." Public Health Nutrition 8, no. 5 (August 2005): 480–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2005784.
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AbstractObjectiveTo describe how urbanisation influences the nutrition and health transition in South Africa by using data from the THUSA (Transition and Health during Urbanisation of South Africans) study.DesignThe THUSA study was a cross-sectional, comparative, population-based survey.SettingThe North West Province of South Africa.SubjectsIn total, 1854 apparently healthy volunteers, men and women aged 15 years and older, from 37 randomly selected sites. Pregnant and lactating women, those with diagnosed chronic diseases and taking medication, with acute infections or inebriated were excluded but screened for hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Subjects were stratified into five groups representing different levels of urbanisation in rural and urban areas: namely, deep rural, farms, squatter camps, townships and towns/cities.Outcome measures and methods: Socio-economic and education profiles, dietary patterns, nutrient intakes, anthropometric and biochemical nutrition status, physical and mental health indicators, and risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) were measured using questionnaires developed or adapted and validated for this population, as well as appropriate, standardised methods for the biochemical analyses of biological samples.ResultsSubjects from the rural groups had lower household incomes, less formal education, were shorter and had lower body mass indices than those in the urban groups. Urban subjects consumed less maize porridge but more fruits, vegetables, animal-derived foods and fats and oils than rural subjects. Comparing women from rural group 1 with the urban group 5, the following shifts in nutrient intakes were observed: % energy from carbohydrates, 67.4 to 57.3; from fats, 23.6 to 31.8; from protein, 11.4 to 13.4 (with an increase in animal protein from 22.2 to 42.6 g day-1); dietary fibre, 15.8 to 17.7 g day-1; calcium, 348 to 512 mg day-1; iron from 8.4 to 10.4 mg day-1; vitamin A from 573 to 1246 μg retinol equivalents day-1; and ascorbic acid from 30 to 83 mg day-1. Serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and plasma fibrinogen increased significantly across groups; systolic blood pressure >140 mmHg was observed in 10.4–34.8% of subjects in different groups and diabetes mellitus in 0.8–6.0% of subjects. Women in groups 1 to 5 had overweight plus obesity rates of 48, 53, 47, 61 and 61%, showing an increase with urbanisation. Subjects from group 2 (farm dwellers) showed the highest scores of psychopathology and the lowest scores of psychological well-being. The same subjects consistently showed the lowest nutrition status.ConclusionsUrbanisation of Africans in the North West Province is accompanied by an improvement in micronutrient intakes and status, but also by increases in overweight, obesity and several risk factors for NCDs. It is recommended that intervention programmes to promote nutritional health should aim to improve micronutrient status further without leading to obesity. The role of psychological strengths in preventing the adverse effects of urbanisation on health needs to be examined in more detail.
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Lorenz, J. C., R. L. Billingsley, and L. W. Evans. "Permeability Reduction by Pyrobitumen, Mineralization, and Stress Along Large Natural Fractures in Sandstones at 18,300-ft Depth: Destruction of a Reservoir." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 1, no. 01 (February 1, 1998): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/36655-pa.
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Summary Gas production from the Frontier formation at 18,300-ft depth in the Frewen Deep #4 well, eastern Green River basin (Wyoming), was uneconomic despite the presence of three sets of numerous, partially open, vertical natural fractures. Production dropped from 360 Mcf/D to 140 Mcf/D during a 10-day production test, and the well was abandoned. Examination of the fractures in the core suggests several possible reasons for this poor production. One factor is the presence of mineralization in the fractures. Another more important factor is that the remnant porosity left in the fractures by partial mineralization is commonly plugged with an overmature hydrocarbon residue (pyrobitumen). Reorientation of the in-situ horizontal compressive stress to a trend normal to the main fractures, which now acts to close fracture apertures during reservoir drawdown, is also an important factor. Introduction The Frewen Deep #4 well is located in Sweetwater county, southwestern Wyoming (Section 13 of Township 19 North, Range 95 West). The target of the well was natural gas from sandstones of the Frontier formation (Fig. 1) at a depth of approximately 18,300 ft. The Frontier formation consists of Cretaceous-age sandstones and shales. The main reservoir sandstone is about 40-ft thick at this location, with thick over- and underlying shales. Amoco Production Co. formed the Frewen Deep Unit in 1988. Its purpose was to evaluate the hydrocarbon potential of the Cretaceous sedimentary section in a 16 sq miles area on the south flank of the Wamsutter Arch. This arch trends WNW-ESE and divides the eastern Green River basin into two subbasins, the Great Divide basin to the north and the Washakie basin to the south (Fig. 2A). The Cretaceous sedimentary section is commonly productive in stratigraphic traps along the crestal portion of the Wamsutter Arch, as in the Echo Springs-Standard Draw and Wamsutter fields. The Frewen Deep Unit was formed to explore for deeper production in the Lakota formation. The initial unit well, the Frewen Deep #1, was drilled to a total depth of 19,299 ft on a southward-plunging, fault-related anticline. It was completed in the Lakota formation, but extended production tests from this zone indicated noncommercial rates. Shows had been observed while drilling through the Frontier formation to the deeper horizon, and this zone was targeted for testing. Unfortunately, the wellbore became mechanically unusable during the course of moving uphole to test the Frontier. Mechanical problems associated with the great depth, problems with the completion fluids, as well as problems with the casing integrity in this well were grounds for the decision to evaluate the formation in a completely new well. The Frewen Deep #4 well was drilled as a replacement, offset 600 ft from the #1 well (Fig. 2B). Much of the Frontier formation in the #4 well was cored with good recovery (86 ft), even though the core contains numerous partially mineralized vertical natural fractures. The fractures have obvious open porosity at depth (Fig. 3), with bridgings of mineralization holding open apertures locally up to 5 mm wide. Four fracture sets, based on character and strike, were differentiated in the core. These included three sets of irregular but numerous natural fractures, designated F1, F2, and F3 in order of their formation (based on observed cross-cutting relationships). The 86 ft of core had been slabbed and extensively sampled before our study, and the fractures themselves are commonly multistranded. Both of these factors make exact fracture counts difficult to obtain. Pervasive fracturing of the core suggests that the reservoir must be highly fractured, although the actual data set consists of approximately 10 F1 fractures, eight F2 fractures, and two F3 fractures. Fracture heights along the vertical axis of the core range from a maximum of about 4 ft for the F1 fractures down to several inches for F3 fractures. A fourth set of fractures consists of 30 regularly spaced, coring-induced1 petal fractures striking parallel to each other and to the F3 fractures. Gas in the drilling mud and the presence of open fractures seemed to promise significant gas production, but the initial production rate was not high and declined precipitously to an uneconomic level. We analyzed the natural and coring-induced fractures in the Frewen core during this study to assess the possible reasons for the low and declining production despite the presence of significant natural fracturing in the reservoir. This paper documents the conclusions from the core study and also offers an interpretation for the origin of these unusual fractures. Well History and Reservoir Properties. The Frewen Deep #4 well was spudded on 18 October 1990 and reached a total depth of 18,600 ft on 3 March 1991. Three separate conventional cores (totaling 86 ft recovered) were taken through the Frontier formation. Horizontal Dean Stark air permeabilities were measured at each foot in the sandstone core; 61 measurements yielded an average permeability of 0.007 md (range 0 to 1.23 md), an average porosity of 3.7% (range 0.8 to 7.1%), and a flow capacity of 1.7 md-ft. Geophysical logs were collected over the objective interval, including induction and neutron/density suites. Mud weight at total depth was in excess of 15 ppg, indicating a pressure of approximately 14,489 psi (minimum) at the reservoir level. Shows of gas requiring the use of a gas buster to de-gas the mud began at 18,225 ft and continued during coring operations. Shows periodically supported 10- to 20-ft (estimated) flares. Below 18,380 ft, the mud did not require de-gassing to remain manageable and control the well. Multiple sets of casing were set in anticipation of high pressures: we set 13 3/8-in. surface casing at 2,358 ft, 9 5/8-in. intermediate casing at 10,835 ft, and 51/2-in. casing at 18,114 ft before initiating coring operations. A 5-in. liner set from 18,114 to 18,593 ft completed the casing of the well. Each of the casing and liner strings was cemented in place and an acceptable bond was achieved. Completion operations began on 23 April 1991 when the well was perforated from 18,316 to 18,344 ft with 6 shots per foot, 6,000 psi underbalanced. The well did not flow. Swabbing was required to achieve a 15 to 20 Mcf/D flow rate for 7 days. Subsequently, we performed a CO2 breakdown, with 110 tons CO2 pumped at 8.5 bbl/min into 14,400 psi tubing pressure. The well flowed back CO2 and gas at a rate of 500 Mcf/D (>25% CO2) and was shut in preparatory to flow testing and bottomhole pressure buildup.
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He, Wei, Li-Ying Wang, Wen-Jie Yu, Guang-Jia Zhang, Bo Zhong, Sha Liao, Qi Wang, et al. "Prevalence and spatial distribution patterns of human echinococcosis at the township level in Sichuan Province, China." Infectious Diseases of Poverty 10, no. 1 (June 5, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40249-021-00862-z.
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Abstract Background Echinococcosis is a global zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus larvae. This disease is highly endemic in Sichuan Province, China. This study investigates the prevalence and spatial distribution characteristics of human echinococcosis at the township level in Sichuan Province, geared towards providing a future reference for the development of precise prevention and control strategies. Methods Human prevalence of echinococcosis was evaluated using the B-ultrasonography diagnostic method in Sichuan Province between 2016 and 2019. All data were collected, collated, and analyzed. A spatial distribution map was drawn to intuitively analyze the spatial distribution features. Eventually, the spatial autocorrelation was specified and local indicators of spatial association (LISA) clustering map was drawn to investigate the spatial aggregation of echinococcosis at the township level in Sichuan Province. Results The prevalence of echinococcosis in humans of Sichuan Province was 0.462%, among which the occurrence of cystic echinococcosis (CE) was 0.221%, while that of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) was 0.244%. Based on the results of the spatial distribution map, a predominance of echinococcosis in humans decreased gradually from west to east and from north to south. The Global Moran’s I index was 0.77 (Z = 32.07, P < 0.05), indicating that the prevalence of echinococcosis in humans was spatially clustered, exhibiting a significant spatial positive correlation. Further, the findings of local spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed that the “high–high” concentration areas were primarily located in some townships in the northwest of Sichuan Province. However, the “low–low” concentration areas were predominantly located in some townships in the southeast of Sichuan Province. Conclusions Our findings demonstrated that the prevalence of echinococcosis in humans of Sichuan Province follows a downward trend, suggesting that the current prevention and control work has achieved substantial outcomes. Nevertheless, the prevalence in humans at the township level is widely distributed and differs significantly, with a clear clustering in space. Therefore, precise prevention and control strategies should be formulated for clusters, specifically strengthening the “high–high” clusters at the township level. Graphic Abstract
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Irwin, Robert. "Settlement and Land Tenure in the Peace Country: A Study of Township 83-25-W5." Past Imperfect 1 (February 21, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.21971/p7z594.
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In recent years, historians such as Lyle Dick and Paul Voisey have begun to explore western Canadian settlement and land tenure patterns. Their studies demonstrate that an analysis of land ownership and utilisation is an important first step towards a historical understanding of western Canadian agricultural society. This paper examines settlement and land tenure in one township in the Peace River country. Special problems of settlement in the Peace country, including the homestead system, timing, the Soldier Settlement Board, marginal lands, and distance from market, led to the early maturation of the community. Combined with the post First World War depression, these problems caused an early rationalisation of the population in the township leading to long term stability. This study provides another example of the varied agricultural experience in the west.
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Wright, Jonathan. "Khongso." Journal of the International Phonetic Association, November 30, 2020, 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100320000286.
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Khongso /kʰɔŋ˧˩so˧˩/ is an SVO Tibeto-Burman language spoken by between two and three thousand speakers in Paletwa Township, Southern Chin State, Myanmar (Dryer 2008, Wright 2009). The speakers live in 17 villages primarily along the Michaung River (see Figure 1).1 Khongso is mutually intelligible with Anu, which has a population of 700 and is spoken west of the Khongso area (So-Hartmann 1988, Wright 2009, Lewis, Simons & Fennig 2016). The ISO code for Khongso and Anu is anl and the glottolog code is anuu1241.
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Wang, Jiaojiao, Zhidong Cao, Daniel Dajun Zeng, and Quanyi Wang. "Epidemiological and space-time analysis of Beijing Intestinal Infectious Diseases." Online Journal of Public Health Informatics 11, no. 1 (May 30, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v11i1.9749.
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ObjectiveTo investigate epidemiological features and identify high relative risk space-time Intestinal infectious diseases clusters at the township level in Beijing city in order to provide the scientific evidence for making prevention and control measures.IntroductionIntestinal infectious diseases (IID) is a common cause of illness in the community and results in a high burden of consultations to general practice, mostly affecting the health of infants, preschool children, young adults and elderly people, especially those living in low income countries. According to the published study on the global burden of disease, intestinal infectious diseases were responsible for 221,300 deaths worldwide in 2013. The Chinese Ministry of Health has listed bacillary dysentery, amebic dysentery, typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever as notifiable Class-B communicable diseases and other infectious diarrhea as notifiable Class-C communicable diseases to be included in the surveillance system and reporting network since 2004. Many studies of IID in different regions have been published. However, the epidemiological characteristics and space-time patterns of individual-level IID cases in a major city such as Beijing are still unknown. We aim to analyze the epidemiology features and identify space-time clusters of Beijing IID at a fine spatial scale in this study.MethodsData collection. Data on IID cases in the 2008-2010 period were provided by Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, China, including basic social-demographic information and clinical diagnosis (mainly including upper respiratory tract infection, indigestion, gastrointestinal disorders, bacillary dysentery, amebic dysentery, typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever and other infectious diarrhea). The demographic data for each township was calculated based on 2010 census data and the data published in the Beijing Statistical Yearbook.Epidemiological analysis. The home addresses from IID case records were matched to the geographic coordinates of the township level divisions. Age-gender incidence of IID (1/100,000) was defined as the number of IID cases in each age-gender group divided by the population size of that age-gender group. Total incidence was defined as the total number of IID cases divided by the average population size during the study period.Space-time analysis. Local spatial autocorrelation analysis based on Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) was used to measure the spatial autocorrelation of IID incidence. The High-High and Low-Low townships suggested the clustering of similar values for IID incidence, whereas the Low-High and High-Low townships indicated spatial outliers. The spatial and space-time scan statistics combined the covariates (gender and age) method were used to reveal the space-time clusters of Beijing IID.ResultsEpidemiological features. A total of 561,199 individual-level IID cases were reported in Beijing in the period, in which 95 cases without the township information. 22.1% (124,025) of the cases were in the 0 to 4-year age group. Secondly 21.8% (122,345) were in the 50+-year age group. Next 13.17% were in the 25 to 29-year age group (73,931) and 11.9% were in the 20 to 24-year age group (66,787). Among the total IID cases, 307,920 were male, and 253,278 were female. The average male-to-female sex ratio was 1.22. Total IID incidence was 1003.54 /100,000 (1035.16 in 2008, 992.67 in 2009 and 985.30 in 2010). Total IID age-specific incidence in the 0 to 4-year age group (19,004.95) was the highest, followed by 3267.40 in the 25 to 29-year age group. The sex ratio of IID cases varied among the different age-gender groups. For the 50+-year age group, the incidence in female was higher than that in male. However, for the other age groups, the incidence in female was usually lower. The monthly distribution of IID cases exhibited significant seasonality and periodicity. The annual peaks in incidence mostly occurred between May and July. The annual number of IID cases was the lowest (183,326) in 2008 and the greatest (193,237) in 2010.Space-time Patterns. LISA analysis found that the borders between old city (Xicheng and Dongcheng) and urban districts (Haidian, Chaoyang, Shijingshan and Fengtai) showed the clear High-High positive spatial association for IID incidence. Rural areas (Yanqing, Huairou, Miyun and Pinggu) and outlying districts (the west of Mentougou and Fangshan, the southeast of Daxing and Tongzhou) showed the stable Low-Low positive spatial association for IID incidence. The townships showing Low-Low negative spatial association were mainly distributed in the urban-rural transition zones around the old city, while the High-Low spatial outliers mainly scattered in Xinggu county of Pinggu and Shahe town of Changping.Detected spatial scan clusters varied from year to year. The most likely clusters occurred in 15 townships around Chongwenmenwai of Dongcheng district (2008, Relative risk (RR) = 9.39, Log likelihood ratio (LLR) = 53927.93, P-value (P) < 0.001), Donghuamen and Qianmen of Dongcheng district (2009, RR = 35.01, LLR = 53286.52, P < 0.001), Donghuamen of Dongcheng district (2010, RR= 43.83, LLR = 62674.76, P < 0.001). The most likely space-time cluster (RR = 41.3, P < 0.001) was located in Donghuamen and Qianmen of Dongcheng district during the period from 2009/5/1 to 2010/10/31. The secondary space-time clusters (RR = 2.02, P < 0.001) were mainly scattered in the west part of Beijing including 133 townships during the period from 2010/6/1 to 2010/9/30.ConclusionsThe detected locations and space-time patterns of Beijing IID clusters are important for the local health officials to determine the source of the cluster to design effective prevention strategies and interventions against Beijing IID. The variations in Beijing IID epidemics over population, space, and time that were revealed by this study emphasize the need for more thorough research about the driving forces and risk factors (climate, geography, environment, and social-economic) that contribute to prevent and control Beijing IID outbreaks.ReferencesAbubakar I I et al. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet, 2015, 385(9963): 117-171.Ghoshal U C et al. The role of the microbiome and the use of probiotics in gastrointestinal disorders in adults in the Asia-Pacific region background and recommendations of a regional consensus meeting. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, 2018, 33(1): 57-69.
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Mamabolo, RL, JM Van Rooyen, AE Schutte, MA Monyeki, and HS Kruger. "Association between blood pressure, measures of body composition and lifestyle factors in township adolescents, North- West Province, South Africa." African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance 17, no. 1 (April 11, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajpherd.v17i1.65245.
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