Academic literature on the topic 'Western beauty standards'
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Journal articles on the topic "Western beauty standards"
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العمرو, عبد الله بن محمد. "معايير الجمال في الرؤيتين الإسلامية و الغربية = Beauty Standards in Islamic and Western Visions." مجلة العلوم الشرعية, no. 38 (October 2015): 437–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0020497.
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Rahbari, Ladan, Susan Dierickx, Chia Longman, and Gily Coene. "‘Kill Me but Make Me Beautiful’: Harm and Agency in Female Beauty Practices in Contemporary Iran." Iran and the Caucasus 22, no. 1 (May 15, 2018): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20180105.
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In this paper, drawing on notions, such as harmful cultural practices and beauty, and based on semi-structured interviews with young female university students in Iran, perceptions and experiences on beauty practices and cosmetic surgery are studied. We show how despite existing criticism of the gendered aspects of beauty practices among Iranian women who practice them, they are still practiced on a large scale. In contemporary Iran, the female body as a contested space for expression of social capital is under influence by the globalized beauty standards that predominantly rely on Western beauty ideals. This article explores beauty practices and positions them in the religious and political discourses of body and corporality in contemporary Iran. This empirical study reveal that despite the popularity of particular practices in Iran, especially nose jobs, beauty is not perceived as a common good but as a necessary evil by young Iranian women. We discuss how beauty is perceived, articulated, practiced and potentially resisted by young women in Iran.
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THRONTVEIT, TRYGVE. "THE WILL TO BEHOLD: THORSTEIN VEBLEN'S PRAGMATIC AESTHETICS." Modern Intellectual History 5, no. 3 (November 2008): 519–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244308001789.
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No philistine, Thorstein Veblen thought humankind's innate impulse to imbue experience with aesthetic unity advanced all knowledge, and that the most beautiful objects, ideas, and actions met a standard of communal benefit reflecting humanity's naturally selected sociability. Though German idealism was an early influence, it clashed with Veblen's historicist critique of Western institutions, and it was William James's psychology that refined his ideas into a coherent aesthetics with ethical and political applications, by clarifying how instinct, habit, and environment could interact to institutionalize standards of beauty subverting the native altruism of the aesthetic impulse. Over years of association with John Dewey, Veblen concluded that a redeemed and reflective will to behold and create beauty in and through selfless activity could advance a more efficient and egalitarian society, and that humans cooperatively shaping their environments for the common good could approximate the German tradition's ideal of harmonizing personal freedom and external reality.
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Rhodes, Gillian, Sakiko Yoshikawa, Alison Clark, Kieran Lee, Ryan McKay, and Shigeru Akamatsu. "Attractiveness of Facial Averageness and Symmetry in Non-Western Cultures: In Search of Biologically Based Standards of Beauty." Perception 30, no. 5 (May 2001): 611–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p3123.
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Dasi, Eleanor Anneh. "The Intersection of Race, Beauty and Identity: The Migrant Experience in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Americanah." Studies in Linguistics and Literature 3, no. 2 (April 19, 2019): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sll.v3n2p140.
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<em>Negotiating identity and the determining conditions of these identities are inextricable linked to the history of colonialism and its related practices of slavery, displacement and racial and cultural discrimination. Added to these are the recent waves of migration which have led to transnational experiences of misrepresentations that formerly colonised people are faced with, and which they have to deal with in order to assert or form new identities. The domain of beauty and its complex discourses involving its relationship to identity are intricately linked to ideology and power relations. The destabilisation of the African identity, especially in diaspora contexts, has been a direct consequence of the supremacist ideologies of the colonising powers. One of the fundamental questions raised by the cultural issues surrounding beauty is: how can the African overcome social expectations of beauty based on western standards that play negatively on their sense of identity? The answer to this question lies in the diverse definitions of beauty from different cultural perspectives. When awareness is raised on issues of racial stereotypes and cultural prejudices, the process of demystification of the myth of racial superiority begins, signalling also the start of the African’s journey towards a new conceptualisation of self.</em>
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Birlea, Oana. "From kawaii to sophisticated beauty ideals in European advertisements Shiseidō beauty print advertisements - case study." Mutual Images Journal, no. 6 (June 20, 2019): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32926/2018.6.bir.kawai.
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Having as a starting point one of the stereotypes of Japanese women considered a purveyor of kawaii this paper aims to explore a counterexample to Sanrio’s Hello Kitty mania offered by Shiseidō cosmetics through its overseas advertisements created during a long history on the European market. Even though the image of Japan is based mainly on the concept of kawaii Shiseidō tried at first on the local market to make a turn from that fragile, helpless and naïve perception of women to a more sophisticated one. Successful advertisements are made to answer a specific target audience’s needs, thus in order to go global there was a need to adapt typical Asian beauty standards to European ones. Shiseidō’s mission is to keep up with the times without forgetting the roots, the source of power, thus it has constantly worked in developing new strategies in order to thrive on the Western beauty market without setting aside Japanese tradition. Shiseidō corporate through its smaller brands like Majolica Majorca, Pure & Mild, Haku (meaning “white”) etc. still promote whitest white skin, a beauty ideal which prevails since the Heian period (794-1185). Considering that Shiseidō has a history of more than 50 years on the European market we propose an analysis on three beauty print advertisements elaborated during 1980-2000 in order to observe the constructed image of Japan through the imaginary of the French artist, Serge Lutens, responsible for the visual identity of the brand in Europe since 1980. The question is if it is a matter of “selling” the exotic to an unfamiliar receiver or a naive reflection of Japaneseness from a European’s perspective? Through this case study on beauty print advertisements created for the European market after 1990 we want to mirror the image of Japan in Europe as depicted through the specter of the biggest Japanese beauty conglomerate in the world, Shiseidō.
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Sedhain, Gopal Prasad, and Rajendra Adhikari. "Occupational Health and Safety Awareness, Knowledge of the Risks and Practices of Risk prevention of Hair and Beauty Salon Workers in Rural and Urban Areas of Western Nepal." Himalayan Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 5 (November 9, 2012): 34–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hjsa.v5i0.7038.
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There is a need to meet and maintain high standards of safety, health and hygiene so that no risk is present to workers and clients in salon/parlors. Given the fact that hair and beauty salon workers and customers are at risk, this study is focused on hair and beauty salon workers’ OHS awareness, knowledge of the risks and practices of risk preventions. Based on the data collected by interviewing a total of 60 salon/parlor workers from 60 workplaces in western Nepal, the study has revealed that the level of OHS awareness, knowledge of risk and risk prevention practices among salon/ parlor workers associated with their profession is satisfactory. Similarly, the level of OHS awareness, knowledge of risk and risk prevention practices associated with their profession is more satisfactory in urban area than the rural areas.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hjsa.v5i0.7038 Himalayan Journal of Sociology & Anthropology-Vol. V (2012) 34-53
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Smith, Marie L., Elina Telford, and Jeremy J. Tree. "Body image and sexual orientation: The experiences of lesbian and bisexual women." Journal of Health Psychology 24, no. 9 (February 2017): 1178–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105317694486.
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Western cultures promote a thin and curvaceous ideal body size that most women find difficult to achieve by healthy measures, resulting in poor body image and increased risk for eating pathology. Research focusing on body image in lesbian and bisexual women has yielded inconsistent results. In total, 11 lesbian and bisexual women were interviewed regarding their experiences with body image. Interpretative phenomenological analysis revealed that these women experienced similar mainstream pressures to conform to a thin body ideal. Furthermore, participants perceived additional pressure to conform to heteronormative standards of beauty since the normalisation of homosexuality and the increase in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender representation in mainstream media.
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Glennie, Cassidy. "“We don’t kiss like that”: Inuit women respond to music video representations." AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples 14, no. 2 (March 20, 2018): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1177180118765474.
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This study provides sociological insight into the response of Inuit women to mainstream Western media representations of their culture. Historically, there have been inaccurate and stereotypical media representations of Indigenous peoples reproduced in many forms of entertainment media. Social theories such as Pierre Bourdieu’s symbolic violence, Johan Galtung’s cultural violence, and George Gerbner and Gaye Tuchman’s symbolic annihilation are applied to contemporary media representations of Inuit women. This study explains how Inuit women make sense of popular music videos that utilize Inuit themes. Local Indigenous organizations in Rankin Inlet, Nunavut, were collaborated with to facilitate focus groups for Inuit women to express their reactions to the videos and discuss how their culture is presented in mainstream Western music videos. Key themes that were identified include the following: unrealistic Western beauty standards projected onto Indigenous women; the normalization of harmful media tropes including the silence regarding Inuit women’s victimization, and the issue of missing and murdered aboriginal women; and the importance of positive role models, and self-representation of Inuit women in media.
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Nagar, Itisha, and Rukhsana Virk. "The Struggle Between the Real and Ideal." SAGE Open 7, no. 1 (January 2017): 215824401769132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244017691327.
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Media, in its diverse forms, has become a powerful tool for construction and portrayal of the “shoulds, oughts, and musts” of a woman’s body. As a result of “thinning” of beauty ideals in the media, the real woman finds the representations of ideal woman to be increasingly unattainable. This exploratory study examined the effect of acute media images for a sample of young adult Indian woman ( N = 60). A 2 (intervention group) × 2 (time) mixed-group design was used where half the participants were presented with thin-ideal media images, whereas the other half were presented with control images. The participants were examined on body image dissatisfaction, thin-ideal internalization, and self-esteem. Results of the study indicate a significant increase in thin-ideal internalization and body dissatisfaction and a significant decrease in self-esteem scores as a result of exposure to the thin-ideal media images. The findings of the study indicate that, similar to their counterparts in Europe and North America, young urban Indian women experience body image disturbances when exposed to thin-ideal images. The findings have been examined in light of the spread of global media and homogenization of beauty standards among non-Western countries.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Western beauty standards"
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Bagautdinova, Diliara. "The Influence of Instagram Selfies on Female Millennials’ Appearance Satisfaction." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7261.
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Scholars have proved negative effects of social network sites on women’s body image caused by social comparison processes. However, only a few studies have examined the effects of Instagram on women’s appearance satisfaction and no selfies were taken into consideration in regard to that issue. The purpose of this research was to examine the social comparison theory through the lens of Instagram selfies and determine the effects of selfies on women’s appearance satisfaction. In-depth interviews with 26 female millennials, ages 18 to 32, reveal the re-defined standard of an ideal body image, shifting away from being skinny to becoming fit, affected by the exposure to celebrities and models’ selfies on Instagram. Though some of the participants admitted to having a positive body image, none of the interviewees reported a complete satisfaction with their bodies. Results indicated that although female millennials do look up to celebrities to define their ideal body, they experience equally intense negative feelings after the comparison to selfies of attractive friends. Most importantly, interviews have demonstrated that the number of likes and comments are as important to female millennials as the aesthetics of the selfie. Likes and comments on own selfie play a significant role in the construction of her body image, acting as a sign of validation from the society, and, thus, significantly affecting her self-esteem and perception of her own beauty.
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Kozee, Leah. "Unequal Beauty: Exploring Classism in the Western Beauty Standard." 2016. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/sociology_theses/62.
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The Western beauty standard revolves around three main attributes: thinness, youth, and whiteness. Combined, this ideal corresponds with privilege. Past studies have explored how racism and ageism are embedded in the beauty standard, but little work has explored how classism is included in the Western beauty standard. Utilizing the classical theoretical work of Bourdieu and Simmel, I explore the ways in which the Western beauty standard is dependent upon privilege and cultural capital. Using the methodology of a content analysis, the current study examines four women’s fashion and beauty magazines. I find that the both the language and the imagery used in the magazines allows for classism to be explicitly and implicitly displayed. I also explore the intersectionality of classism, racism, and ageism to develop a clearer understanding of how the three types of privilege are sustained within the beauty standard.
Books on the topic "Western beauty standards"
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Dubbs, Shelli L., Ashleigh J. Kelly, and Fiona Kate Barlow. Ravishing Rivals. Edited by Maryanne L. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.013.35.
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Intrasexual competition between women is a critically important construct with real implications for women’s physical and psychological health. This chapter argues that female competition can cause women to fixate on their appearance and take unnecessary risks in an effort to improve it. Western society sets seemingly impossible criteria for female beauty that few women can naturally—and healthily—achieve. These standards and evolved partner preferences for physical attractiveness in women help to explain why women generally feel enormous pressure to be attractive and are compelled to compete intensely with one another in the realm of physical attractiveness. The authors suggest that intrasexual competition may lead some women to alter their physical appearance through unnecessary, expensive, and ultimately risky medical procedures in order to outdo female mating rivals and attain the best-quality mate. This is may be a dangerous strategy, equivalent to the overt risk-taking behaviors that exemplify male–male intrasexual competition.
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Lavery, Grace E. Quaint, Exquisite. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691183626.001.0001.
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From the opening of trade with Britain in the 1850s, Japan occupied a unique and contradictory place in the Victorian imagination, regarded as both a rival empire and a cradle of exquisite beauty. This book explores the enduring impact of this dramatic encounter, showing how the rise of Japan led to a major transformation of Western aesthetics at the dawn of globalization. The book provides a radical new genealogy of aesthetic experience in modernity. It argues that the global popularity of Japanese art in the late nineteenth century reflected an imagined universal standard of taste that Kant described as the “subjective universal” condition of aesthetic judgment. It features illuminating cultural histories of Gilbert and Sullivan's Mikado, English derivations of the haiku, and retellings of the Madame Butterfly story, and sheds critical light on lesser-known figures such as Winnifred Eaton, an Anglo-Chinese novelist who wrote under the Japanese pseudonym Onoto Watanna, and Mikimoto Ryuzo, a Japanese enthusiast of the Victorian art critic John Ruskin. It also explains the importance and symbolic power of such material objects as W. B. Yeats's prized katana sword and the “Japanese vellum” luxury editions of Oscar Wilde. The book provides essential insights into the modern understanding of beauty as a vehicle for both intimacy and violence, and the lasting influence of Japanese forms today on writers and artists such as Quentin Tarantino.
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Insole, Christopher J. Kant and the Divine. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198853527.001.0001.
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The book offers a definitive study of the development of Kant’s conception of the highest good, from his earliest work, to his dying days. It is argued that Kant believes in God, but that he is not a Christian, and that this opens up an important and neglected dimension of Western philosophy. Kant is not a Christian, because he cannot accept Christianity’s traditional claims about the relationship between divine action, grace, human freedom, and happiness. Christian theologians who continue to affirm these traditional claims (and many do), therefore have grounds to be suspicious of Kant as an interpreter of Christian doctrine. As well as setting out a theological critique of Kant, the book offers a new defence of the power, beauty, and internal coherence of Kant’s non-Christian philosophical religiosity, ‘within the limits of reason alone’, which reason itself has some divine features. This neglected strand of philosophical religiosity deserves to be engaged with by both philosophers, and theologians. The Kant revealed in this book reminds us of a perennial task of philosophy, going back to Plato, where philosophy is construed as a way of life, oriented towards happiness, and achieved through a properly expansive conception of reason and happiness. When we understand this philosophical religiosity, many standard ‘problems’ in the interpretation of Kant can be seen in a new light, and resolved. Kant witnesses to a strand of philosophy that leans into the category of the divine, at the edges of what we can say about reason, freedom, autonomy, and happiness.
Book chapters on the topic "Western beauty standards"
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Baldwin, Peter. "Health Care." In The Narcissism of Minor Differences. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195391206.003.0006.
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The U.S. Economy does Differ from Europe’s: a less regulated labor market, but also an economy that is more hemmed in than might be expected. By European standards, America has hardish-working people, a state that collects fewer tax dollars, and workers who are paid well even if their holidays are short. In social policy, the contrasts are more moderate. Europeans commonly believe that the United States simply has no social policy—no social security, no unemployment benefits, no state pensions, and no assistance for the poor. As Jean-François Revel, the political philosopher and académicien, summed up French criticism, the United States shows “not the slightest bit of social solidarity.” Will Hutton similarly assures us that “The structures that support ordinary peoples’ lives—free health care, quality education, guarantees of reasonable living standards in old age, sickness or unemployment, housing for the disadvantaged— that Europeans take for granted are conspicuous by their absence.” And, in fact, the United States is the only developed nation, unless one counts South Africa, without some form of national health insurance, which is to say a system of requiring all its citizens to be insured in one way or another. This lack of universal health insurance is the one fact that every would-be comparativist working across the Atlantic knows, and the first one to be hoisted as the battle is engaged. One of the first attempts to quantify and rank health care performance, by the World Health Organization in 2000, gave the American system its due. Overall, it came in below any of our comparison countries, three notches under Denmark. In various specific aspects of health policy, it did better. For disability adjusted life expectancy, it came in above Ireland, Denmark, and Portugal; on the responsiveness of the health system, it ranked first; on a composite measure of various indicators summed up as “overall health system attainment,” it ranked above seven Western European countries. Even on the measure of “fairness of financial contribution to health systems,” where we might have expected an abysmal rating, the United States squeaked in above Portugal. That is, of course, damning with faint praise, especially given that in this particular aspect of the ranking—a well-meaning but other-worldly attempt by international bureaucrats to rake the entire globe over the teeth of one comb—Colombia came in first, outpacing its close rivals, Luxembourg and Belgium, while Libya beat out Sweden.
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Marks II, Robert J. "Time-Frequency Representations." In Handbook of Fourier Analysis & Its Applications. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195335927.003.0014.
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The Fourier transform is not particularly conducive in the illustration of the evolution of frequency with respect to time. A representation of the temporal evolution of the spectral content of a signal is referred to as a time-frequency representation (TFR). The TFR, in essence, attempts to measure the instantaneous spectrum of a dynamic signal at each point in time. Musical scores, in their most fundamental interpretation, are TFR’s. The fundamental frequency of the note is represented by the vertical location of the note on the staff. Time progresses as we read notes from left to right. The musical score shown in Figure 9.1 is an example. Temporal assignment is given by the note types. The 120 next to the quarter note indicates the piece should be played at 120 beats per minute. Thus, the duration of a quarter note is one half second. The frequency of the A above middle C is, by international standards, 440 Hertz. Adjacent notes notes have a ratio of 21/12. The note, A#, for example, has a frequency of 440 × 21/12 = 466.1637615 Hertz. Middle C, nine half tones (a.k.a. semitones or chromatic steps) below A, has a frequency of 440 × 2−9/12 = 261.6255653 Hertz. The interval of an octave doubles the frequency. The frequency of an octave above A is twelve half tones, or, 440 × 212/12 = 880 Hertz. The frequency spacings in the time-frequency representation of musical scores such as Figure 9.1 are thus logarithmic. This is made more clear in the alternate representation of the musical score in Figure 9.2 where time is on the horizontal axis and frequency on the vertical. At every point in time where there is no rest, a frequency is assigned. To make chords, numerous frequencies can be assigned to a point in time. Further discussion of the technical theory of western harmony is in Section 13.1.