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Erinjery, Joseph J., Honnavalli N. Kumara, T. S. Kavana, and Mewa Singh. "Are interspecific associations of primates in the Western Ghats a matter of chance? A case study of the lion-tailed macaque." Journal of Tropical Ecology 32, no. 1 (October 7, 2015): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467415000528.
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Abstract:When animals or groups of animals in their wild habitats come close to each other within a defined distance, it is termed as an association. Observing two groups of the lion-tailed macaque at Nelliyampathy and Andiparai forests of the Western Ghats of India, we asked whether the lion-tailed macaque associations with the sympatric Nilgiri langur and bonnet macaque were by chance or had any biological significance. Employing ‘all occurrences’ sampling, we recorded an association if a group of another primate species came within 30 m of the focal group of the lion-tailed macaque. Date, time, associating species, activity of the study species and of the associating species, type of interaction, aggressor and the recipient, species displaced and duration of the association were recorded. We used the Waser gas model to calculate the expected frequency and duration of associations and compared them with the observed associations. The lion-tailed macaque spent less time in associations than expected. The lion-tailed macaque and the Nilgiri langur initiated associations less often, and remained in association for less time, than expected by chance. Whereas the expected and observed initiation of associations between the lion-tailed macaque and the Nilgiri langur in Nelliyampathy was significantly different (expected rate = 153; observed rate = 64), in Andiparai, it was not (expected rate = 55.5; observed rate = 61). The expected and observed association duration was significantly different in Nelliyampathy (expected duration = 54 min; observed duration = 15 min) and Andiparai (expected duration = 48 min; observed duration = 19 min). In contrast, we detected few differences between observed and expected association frequency for the lion-tailed macaque and the bonnet macaque. Aggressive interactions were common in areas where density of the Nilgiri langur groups was high. This is the first study on Asian primates using the ideal gas approach to show that primates do not form active associations with each other.
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Osadetz, Kirk G., Andrew Mort, Lloyd R. Snowdon, Donald C. Lawton, Zhuoheng Chen, and Amin Saeedfar. "Western Canada Sedimentary Basin petroleum systems: A working and evolving paradigm." Interpretation 6, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): SE63—SE98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2017-0165.1.
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Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) crude oil source rocks accumulated typically in “starved” depositional settings of Sloss outer detrital facies belts and lesser stratigraphic cycles. These produced petroleum from marine type II organic matter in response to burial by commonly westward-thickening overlying successions. Oil occurs commonly within the “Sloss” sequence containing its source rock, often up dip from the “petroleum kitchen.” Migration pathways cross stratal contacts, unconformities and structures, and much oil migrated into adjacent sequences, especially into Lower Cretaceous Mannville Group reservoirs. Anaerobic biodegradation affects oil quality and generates secondary biogenic gas. The WCSB oil system paradigm predates the recognition of anaerobic biodegradation. Biodegradation in post-Mannville reservoirs remains underappreciated. Natural gases originate by thermogenic and biogenic mechanisms from kerogens, coals, and crude oils. Gases are variably altered: physically, microbially, and inorganically. Few oil studies addressed solution and associated primary thermogenic or secondary biogenic gas. Gas studies are independent of oil studies and none recognize secondary biogenic gas even in association with biodegraded oils. We hypothesize that secondary biogenic gas occurs commonly, often mixed with other gas, to produce hydrocarbon isotope ratios and variations distinctive from primary biogenic and thermogenic gases. Where Mannville oil pools have sources in underlying marine rocks, Mannville gases are attributed largely to nonmarine sources. Currently, cross-stratal migration is inferred less commonly for gas than for oil. The inference of gas stratigraphic immobility is problematic for biodegradation studies that infer large secondary biogenic gas fluxes into soil and atmospheric sinks, the migration pathways of which pass through Cretaceous strata. In some unconventional plays, gas isotopic “rollover” and “reversal” due to thermal cracking has implications for reservoir performance. Efforts to understand Cordilleran petroleum systems merit investigation to extend unconventional resource plays westward from Interior Platform.
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Cao, Jingyu, Jing Hu, Siqin Liu, Funda Meric-Bernstam, Reham Abdel-Wahab, Junjie Xu, Qiang Li, et al. "Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Genomic Heterogeneity Between Eastern and Western Patients." JCO Precision Oncology, no. 4 (September 2020): 557–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/po.18.00414.
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PURPOSE Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCCA), a global health problem, is increasing in incidence and has differing etiologies worldwide. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is rapidly being incorporated into the clinical management of biliary cancers. IHCCA is enriched with actionable mutations, and there are several promising targeted therapies under development. NGS data from Asia, where IHCCA is most prevalent, are limited. METHODS Comprehensive genomic profiling of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue from 164 Asian and 283 Western patients with IHCCA was performed using NGS. We measured the distribution of DNA repair genetic aberrations (GAs) in IHCCA, along with actionable mutations. Also, we evaluated the association between DNA repair GAs and tumor mutation burden (TMB). Based on the TMB status, patients were distinguished into 3 levels: low (< 6 mut/Mb), intermediate (6-10 mut/Mb), and high (TMB-H; ≥ 10 mut/Mb). RESULTS Seventy-two percent of Asian patients had ≥ 1 actionable GA, with a significantly higher frequency in KMT2C , BRCA1/2, and DDR2 compared with Western patients ( P = .02, .003, and .003, respectively); 60.9% of Western patients had ≥ 1 actionable GA and higher frequency of CDKN2A/B and IDH1/2 GAs ( P = .0004 and < .001, respectively). GAs in nuclear factor kappa B pathway regulators and DNA repair genes occurred more frequently in Asian patients ( P = .006 and .001, respectively). There was a higher frequency of TMB-H in Asian compared with the Western cohort (12.2% v 5.9%; P = .07). CONCLUSION A higher burden of DNA repair mutations and frequency of patients with TMB-H in the Asian IHCCA cohort compared with the Western patients suggests a potential role for DNA repair and immune checkpoint inhibitors in the Asian population. Future clinical trials should account for this genetic heterogeneity.
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Waldner, Cheryl L. "The Association Between Exposure to the Oil and Gas Industry and Beef Calf Mortality in Western Canada." Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health 63, no. 4 (December 2008): 220–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/aeoh.63.4.220-240.
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Syah, Rahmadha Akbar, and Zaki Khudzaifi Mahmud. "Realism in the Trans ASEAN Gas Pipeline Project." Indonesian Journal of Energy 2, no. 2 (August 30, 2019): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33116/ije.v2i2.39.
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To improve connectivity and energy security, especially natural gas, Southeast Asian countries, under the cooperation of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), are trying to build a gas pipeline that stretches from Indonesia to Myanmar. The project is called the Trans ASEAN Gas Pipeline (TAGP) under the ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC) scheme. However, regional countries are still dealing with their domestic problems, and there are fears that TAGP is detrimental to producer countries, resulting in the delay of this project as much by as four years – from 2020 to 2024. The uncertainty of the TAGP project further emphasizes that there is a tendency for countries not to adhere to the ASEAN forum’s agreements. Especially if it has to be juxtaposed with the Russian Gas Pipeline project which was built to distribute natural gas to Western European countries, TAGP is still far behind. In designing this paper, the authors use qualitative methods through literature studies by referring to the realism approach of International Relations to dissect TAGP problems. Furthermore, the author also feels the need to accommodate the neorealism approach to be used as a supportive approach in looking at the issues of disobedience in regional countries in supporting the TAGP scheme. Also, the authors conducted a brief comparison between TAGP and the Russian Gas Pipeline to be used as a case study analysis material that would later provide answers of why TAGP failed to go as planned.Keywords: realism, neorealism, TAGP, Russian Gas Pipeline
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Hodge, T. "The Saltfleetby Field, Block L 47/16, Licence PEDL 005, Onshore UK." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 20, no. 1 (2003): 911–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.mem.2003.020.01.77.
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AbstractThe Saltfleetby Gas Field is located onshore in East Lincolnshire at the western extent of the Humber Basin, midway between the Southern North Sea gas fields and the established Onshore Oilfields of Welton and Scampton North. Commercial discovery was in 1996, following the re-entry of a 1986 exploration well, confirming the pre-drill belief that the earlier drilling had been mis-appraised. Basic assumptions at the time of drilling the re-entry well suggested a possible 40 BCF gas-in-place in Early Westphalian sandstones. This assessment was based on only a single 2D seismic line, an association with gravity form, and the mud logging information from the earlier exploration well.Full delineation of the field extent following 3D seismic mapping and development drilling has indicated a gas-in-place of 114 BCF. Field development consent was granted in March 1999 and production commenced in December 1999. Initial field production exceeded 50 MMSCFD from four wells and to date (end July 2001) 24 BCF of gas has been produced. Ultimate gas recovery is expected to be 73 BCF proven plus probable reserves. A fifth horizontal well has been drilled in a deeper, Namurian, zone and a sixth well confirmed hydrocarbons in a southern promontory to complete the field development. An 8 km mixed phase export pipeline of 10" diameter exists to the Theddlethorpe processing plant, where gas and condensate is separated. Sharing of Pickerill compression facilities, located at Theddlethorpe were commissioned late in 2001.
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Stuart, I. A. "The Rough Gas Storage Field, Blocks 47/3d, 47/8b, UK North Sea." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 14, no. 1 (1991): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.mem.1991.014.01.59.
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AbstractThe Rough Gas Field is operated by British Gas as the world's first offshore gas storage reservoir. This relatively small field (original reserves 366 BCF) is located on the western margin of the Southern North Sea Basin. The reservoir, the Rotliegendes Gp (Leman Sandstone Fm.) average thickness 95 ft, is developed in a basin-margin facies association in which aeolian and wadi-related fluvial processes have interacted. Small-scale dune and interdune sandstones, with generally excellent permeability, alternate with wadi facies sandstones with variable but mainly poorer permeability. The vertical distribution of these facies permits a three-fold zonation of the reservoir. Flow profiles obtained from Production Logging Tools show a very strong correspondence between sedimentary facies and productivity/injectivity. The Carboniferous subcrop includes several very low-permeability sandstone intervals which contact the Rotliegendes at the angular Base Rotliegendes unconformity. A small amount of gas from these sandstones seeps across the unconformity surface into the Rotliegendes. The Rough Field was discovered by Gulf in 1968, and was operated by Amoco on a conventional depletion basis with 6 development wells from 1975 until the early 1980s. In 1980 British Gas secured 100% ownership of the Field and its facilities, and converted it to storage mode. Excess summer supplies are injected into the reservoir, to be produced during the winter to meet the peak demand. Conversion to storage mode has necessitated the installation of substantial new facilities, and the drilling of 23 further wells. First injection of gas was achieved in 1985.
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Lin, Jie-sheng, Hong-li Dong, Geng-dong Chen, Zhan-yong Chen, Xiao-wei Dong, Ju-sheng Zheng, and Yu-ming Chen. "Erythrocyte Saturated Fatty Acids and Incident Type 2 Diabetes in Chinese Men and Women: A Prospective Cohort Study." Nutrients 10, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 1393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10101393.
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The association between circulating saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) is reported in Western populations with inconsistent results, while evidence from Asian populations is scarce. We aimed to examine the associations between erythrocyte SFAs and incident T2D in a Chinese population. Between 2008 and 2013, a total of 2683 participants, aged 40–75 years, free of diabetes were included in the present analyses. Incident T2D cases were ascertained during follow-up visits. Gas chromatography was used to measure erythrocyte fatty acids at baseline. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). During 13,508 person years of follow-up, 216 T2D cases were identified. Compared with the first quartile, multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) of the fourth quartile were 1.20 (0.82–1.76; p = 0.242) for myristic acid (14-carbon tail, zero double bonds; 14:0), 0.69 (0.48–0.99; p = 0.080) for palmitic acid (16:0), 1.49 (1.02–2.19; p = 0.047) for stearic acid (18:0), 1.46 (1.00–2.12; p = 0.035) for arachidic acid (20:0), 1.48 (0.99–2.22; p = 0.061) for behenic acid (22:0), and 1.08 (0.74–1.56; p = 0.913) for lignoceric acid (24:0). Our findings indicate that individual erythrocyte SFAs are associated with T2D in different directions, with 18:0 and 20:0 SFAs positively associated with the risk, whereas no convincing inverse association for 16:0 SFAs.
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Solano, Nisael, Liliana Zambrano, and Roberto Aguilera. "Cumulative-Gas-Production Distribution on the Nikanassin Tight Gas Formation, Alberta and British Columbia, Canada." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 14, no. 03 (May 16, 2011): 357–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/132923-pa.
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Summary 271 wells producing exclusively from the Nikanassin and equivalent formations in a very large area of more than 15,000 km2 in the Western Canada Sedimentary basin (WCSB), Alberta and British Columbia, Canada, have been evaluated with a view to determine the distribution of cumulative gas production and the possibilities of intensive infill drilling. The Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous Nikanassin formation is generally characterized as a tight gas formation with low values of permeability (typically a fraction of millidarcy) and low porosities (usually less than 6%). It is likely that natural microfractures and slot pores dominate the productivity of the formation. The study area was divided into six smaller narrow areas (A through F) approximately parallel to the northwest/southeast-trending thrust belt of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Area A is located to the west of the deformation edge, Area B is on the deformation edge, and Areas C through F are located to the east. Area C is the deepest and closest to the thrust belt, whereas Area F is the shallowest and farthest from the thrust belt. Cumulative production characteristics within each area were evaluated with a variability distribution model (VDM) developed recently for naturally fractured reservoirs. The evaluation of each one of the six areas (271 wells) resulted in coefficients of determination, R2 greater than 0.99 in all cases. The results indicate that the gas cumulative production distribution per well is more homogeneous along the deformation edge (Area B), in which 80% of the wells contribute approximately 50% of the cumulative production. The highest heterogeneity was found in Area F (the shallowest), with 80% of the wells contributing only 25% of the cumulative gas production. Areas A, C, D, and E have more or less the same distribution with 80% of the wells contributing between 35 and 45% of the cumulative gas production. In preliminary terms, there is an association between the cumulative-production distribution and lateral variations of borehole breakouts in the Nikanassin formation on a transect perpendicular to the deformation belt of the WCSB. Analysis of the distributions leads to the conclusion that the Nikanassin is a very heterogeneous formation and that there is significant potential for massive drilling to efficiently drain the formation. The possibilities of horizontal wells and multistage hydraulic-fracturing jobs are being investigated at this time.
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Pan, Xiong-Fei, Yichao Huang, Xinping Li, Yi Wang, Yi Ye, Huan Chen, Matti Marklund, et al. "Circulating fatty acids and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: prospective analyses in China." European Journal of Endocrinology 185, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-21-0118.
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Objective We aimed to examine prospective associations between circulating fatty acids in early pregnancy and incident gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) among Chinese pregnant women. Methods Analyses were based on two prospective nested case-control studies conducted in western China (336 GDM cases and 672 matched controls) and central China (305 cases and 305 matched controls). Fasting plasma fatty acids in early pregnancy (gestational age at enrollment: 10.4 weeks(s.d., 2.0)) and 13.2 weeks (1.0), respectively) were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and GDM was diagnosed based on the International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Groups criteria during 24–28 weeks of gestation. Multiple metabolic biomarkers (HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance), HbA1c, c-peptide, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, adiponectin, leptin, and blood lipids) were additionally measured among 672 non-GDM controls at enrollment. Results Higher levels of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) 14:0 (pooled odds ratio, 1.41 for each 1-s.d. increase; 95% CI: 1.25, 1.59) and 16:0 (1.19; 1.05, 1.35) were associated with higher odds of GDM. Higher levels of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) 18:2n-6 were strongly associated with lower odds of GDM (0.69; 0.60, 0.80). In non-GDM pregnant women, higher SFAs 14:0 and 16:0 but lower n-6 PUFA 18:2n-6 were generally correlated with unfavorable metabolic profiles. Conclusions We documented adverse associations of 14:0 and 16:0 but a protective association of 18:2n-6 with GDM among Chinese pregnant women. Our findings highlight the distinct roles of specific fatty acids in the onset of GDM.
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He, Ren, Mingdian Zhou, Jing Liu, and Qing Yang. "Female Directors and Carbon Information Disclosure: Evidence from China." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2021 (September 2, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7772601.
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In recent years, natural disasters and public health events caused by global warming have occurred frequently around the world. It has become a global consensus to actively respond to climate change. Firms are the main source of greenhouse gas emissions. The disclosure of carbon information is one of the most important ways for firms to respond to climate change. The effect of female directors on carbon information disclosure is still unclear. Considering that China is the largest country in greenhouse gas emissions and the social status of females in China is different from western countries, this paper explores the effect of female directors on carbon information disclosure by firms in China. Based on the sample of listed Chinese firms in high carbon industries during the period of 2012–2017, our empirical results show that female directors have a positive association with carbon information disclosure. In addition, we find that the power, educational level, and financial background of female directors have positive impacts on firms’ carbon information disclosure. Our findings make a significant contribution to the ongoing debate on the role of female directors and provide new insights and policy implications for firms, regulators, and other stakeholders.
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Al-Janabi, Zubaidah, Katherine E. Woolley, G. Neil Thomas, and Suzanne E. Bartington. "A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Association between Domestic Cooking Energy Source Type and Respiratory Infections among Children Aged under Five Years: Evidence from Demographic and Household Surveys in 37 Low-Middle Income Countries." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (August 12, 2021): 8516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168516.
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Background: In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), household air pollution as a result of using solid biomass for cooking, lighting and heating (HAP) is associated with respiratory infections, accounting for approximately 4 million early deaths each year worldwide. The majority of deaths are among children under five years. This population-based cross-sectional study investigates the association between solid biomass usage and risk of acute respiratory infections (ARI) and acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) in 37 LMICs within Africa, Americas, Southeast Asia, European, Eastern Mediterranean and Western Pacific regions. Materials and methods: Using population-based data obtained from Demographic and Health surveys (2010–2018), domestic cooking energy sources were classified solid biomass (wood, charcoal/dung, agricultural crop) and cleaner energy sources (e.g., Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG), electricity, biogas and natural gas). Composite measures of ARI (shortness of breath, cough) and ALRI (shortness of breath, cough and fever) were composed using maternally reported respiratory symptoms over the two-week period prior to the interview. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify the association between biomass fuel usage with ARI and ALRI, accounting for relevant individual, household and situational confounders, including stratification by context (urban/rural). Results: After adjustment, in the pooled analysis, children residing in solid biomass cooking households had an observed increased adjusted odds ratio of ARI (AOR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.09–1.25) and ALRI (AOR: 1.16; 95% CI 1.07–1.25) compared to cleaner energy sources. In stratified analyses, a comparable association was observed in urban areas (ARI: 1.16 [1.06–1.28]; ALRI: 1.14 [1.02–1.27]), but only significant for ARI among those living in rural areas (ARI: 1.14 [1.03–1.26]). Conclusion: Switching domestic cooking energy sources from solid biomass to cleaner alternatives would achieve a respiratory health benefit in children under five years worldwide. High quality mixed-methods research is required to improve acceptability and sustained uptake of clean cooking energy source interventions in LMIC settings.
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Pivnyak, Gennadiy, Volodymyr Falshtynskyi, Roman Dychkovskyi, Pavlo Saik, Vasyl Lozynskyi, Edgar Cabana, and Oleksandr Koshka. "Conditions of Suitability of Coal Seams for Underground Coal Gasification." Key Engineering Materials 844 (May 2020): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.844.38.
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Results of evaluating the suitability of certain sections of Western Donbas coal seams, based predominately on properties of coal material, for their further experimental development by means of underground gasification method are represented. Criteria to evaluate both expediency of underground gasification and specific conditions of that process are substantiated basing upon the methodology developed at the National Mining University (Dnipro, Ukraine) together with representatives from National University of Saint Augustine (Arequipa, Peru). The methodology has been industrially approved with the confirmation of its efficiency while developing technical documentation for underground gasification projects: “Project of experimental section of Pidzemgaz station of Pavlogradvuhillia association”, “Feasibility study of the expediency of the construction of Pidzemgaz station” FS 3858-PZ”, Synelnykovo deposit; “Project on experimental underground gas generator”, Monastyryshche deposit, FS of experimental module of UCG station of Solenovske coal-mining area, Donbas. Also, they contain the researches, which were conducted within the project GP – 489, financed by Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine.
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Damdinova, Damdinov, Huang, Bryansky, Khubanov, and Yudin. "Age, Conditions of Formation, and Fluid Composition of the Pervomaiskoe Molybdenum Deposit (Dzhidinskoe Ore Field, South-Western Transbaikalia, Russia)." Minerals 9, no. 10 (September 20, 2019): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9100572.
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The article discusses the composition of studied ore-forming solutions and the P-T conditions of molybdenum mineralization in the Pervomaisky stockwork deposit which is situated within the Dzhidinsky ore field (South-Western Transbaikalia, Russia). New geochronological data of zircons from granites, muscovite, and molybdenite from the ore zones indicates the association of the granite formation and ore deposition processes which occurred 119–128 million years ago. Quartz-molybdenite veins of the Pervomaisky deposit were formed at the temperature of ≥314–186 °C with some boiling periods. Fluid inclusions in these veins have total salt concentration of 6.3–12.7 wt. % NaCl equivalent (eq. NaCl). The salt solution is composed of chlorides of Na, Ca, K, and Fe. The gas phase contains CO2, CH4, and N2. A series of elements were determined in fluid inclusions by laser ablation (LA)-ICP-MS: Li, Be, B, F, Na, Mg, Al, Cl, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Nb, Mo, Ag, Sn, La, Ce, Ta, W, Au, Pb, Th, U. The Mo content reaches 559 ppm (average of 228 ± 190 ppm) in high-grade quartz-molybdenite veinlets, whereas Mo content is up to 212 ppm (average of 25 ± 29 ppm) in the low-grade veinlets. High-grade veinlets were formed by near-neutral solutions with a higher content of Mo, S, and F, while relatively low-grade veinlets were deposited from alkaline solutions. Our results demonstrate the pH of the solutions as one of the key factors for ore deposition.
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IVANOV, Kirill Svyatoslavich, and Victor Nikolaevich PUCHKOV. "On the stratigraphy and tectonics of Zilair synclinorium of the Urals." NEWS of the Ural State Mining University, no. 4 (December 20, 2020): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/2307-2091-2020-4-67-72.
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The purpose of the work was to study the tectonic structure of the Zilair synclinorium of the Western slope of the southern Urals, which is important both from the general scientific point of view and for the needs of oil and gas prospecting of the territory. The main method of research was a detailed study of the stratigraphy of key sites with the search for conodonts in siliceous rocks. We also used data from seismic profiling of the territory. Result of work. The Zilair synclinorium of the southern Urals is an asymmetrically different facies structure; its Western and Eastern wings are composed of deposits belonging to different facies zones – the shelf (neritic) in the West and the continental slope and rise (bathyal) in the East. In the axial zone of the synclinorium, among the Famennian graywacke deposits of the Zilair series, several sites composed of cherts are known. It was believed, that the cherts are of Silurian age and are the klippes of a very large overthrust belonging to the ophiolite association. According to occurences of conodonts, we have established that all these cherts have Devonian, mainly Frasnian age. They are not klippes of an overthrust, but the central parts of the anticlinal folds, complicated by steep thrusts. According to our data, the real overthrust with a great horizontal amplitude is Pokrovsky, where two facial zones come into an abrupt contact without any transition between them.
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Lasenby, Joan, F. Yusef-Zadeh, and Anthony N. Lasenby. "HI Absorption Against the 40 km s−1Cloud and the Circum-nuclear Disk in Sgr A." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 136 (1989): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900186759.
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HI absorption studies of the Sgr A complex based upon recent VLA2observations, show that the 40 km s−1molecular cloud liesbehindthe Sgr A West region, and that the cloud may be physically associated with the Sgr A East non-thermal shell. The absorbing gas over the range +30 to +60km s−1lies mainly between the eastern edge of the Sgr A East shell and the western boundary of a cluster of HII regions. There is a pronounced velocity gradient over this region, and at 40 km s−1similar morphology is apparent between the distribution of atomic hydrogen and the edge of the Sgr A East shell. The physical association of the 40 km s−1cloud and the Sgr A East shell, and the placing of the 40 km s−1cloud behind Sgr A West, are consistent with recent evidence which has demonstrated that Sgr A West liesinfrontof Sgr A East. The HI optical depth maps of the circum-nuclear disk plus a new HI feature associated with the northern extension of Sgr A West will be presented.
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Downes, Peter, Kenneth McNamara, and Alex Bevan. "Encounters with Charles Hartt, Louis Agassiz and the Diamonds of Bahia: The Geological Activities of the Reverend Charles Grenfell Nicolay in Brazil, 1858-1869." Earth Sciences History 33, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 10–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.33.1.95872j4m742v2g24.
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The Reverend Charles Grenfell Nicolay (1815-1897) made an important contribution to early geological work in Western Australia as a scientific adviser to the Colonial government and founder of the Colony's first public collection of rocks, minerals and fossils. During his early career he taught geography at King's and Queen's Colleges in London, before leaving London in 1858 to serve as the Anglican Church Chaplain to the British residents in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. We describe here some of his geological activities in Brazil over the period 1858-1869. He assisted Charles Frederick Hartt (1840-1878) and Louis Agassiz (1807-1873) on the Thayer Expedition of 1865-1866 in their geological investigations of the province of Bahia, most notably providing geological descriptions of the diamond deposits of the Chapada Diamantina, then a diamond province of world importance. After returning to England, he presented his findings on the Chapada Diamantina to the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting in Norwich in 1868. From May to August 1869, he made a brief return visit to Brazil acting as a geological advisor to the Brazilian Turba Company, who were hoping to exploit bituminous sedimentary deposits adjacent to the Bahia de Camamu, Bahia, in the production of oil and gas. Following his arrival in Western Australia, he corresponded with the Reverend William B. Clarke (1798-1878), in 1871-1872, on the subject of Brazilian diamonds, as Clarke sought to understand the diamond occurrences in eastern Australia. Through Clarke, Nicolay's description of the geology of the Chapada Diamantina was circulated to the Australian scientific community.
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Lastochkin, E. I., G. S. Ripp, D. S. Tsydenova, V. F. Posokhov, and A. E. Murzintseva. "Epithermal Fluorite Deposits in Transbaikalia (Geochemical Features, Sources of Matter and Fluids, and Genesis)." Russian Geology and Geophysics 62, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 415–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/rgg20194128.
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Abstract —We consider the isotope-geochemical features of epithermal fluorite deposits in Transbaikalia, including the REE compositions, Sr isotope ratios, Sm–Nd systems, and isotope compositions of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios in fluorites are within 0.706–0.708, and the εNd values are negative. Oxygen in quartz, the main mineral of the deposits, has a light isotope composition (δ18O = –3.4 to +2.6‰), and the calculated isotope composition of oxygen in the fluid in equilibrium with quartz (δ18O = –9 to –16‰) indicates the presence of meteoric water. The latter is confirmed by analysis of the isotope compositions of oxygen and hydrogen in gas–liquid inclusions in fluorites from three deposits. These isotope compositions are due to recycling caused by the impact of shallow basic plutons. The isotope composition of sulfur indicates its deep source. During ascent, sulfur became enriched in its light isotope (δ34S = –1.8 to –7.7‰). We assess the association of fluorite ores with basaltoids widespread in the study area. The isotope and geochemical parameters suggest their spatial proximity. Probably, the basaltoids were responsible for the recycling of meteoric water. It is shown that the epithermal fluorite deposits formed by the same mechanism as fissure–vein thermal waters in western Transbaikalia.
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McQueenie, Jim. "Woodside and contractors—partnering for safety excellence." APPEA Journal 50, no. 2 (2010): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09072.
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Oil and gas industry safety performance in Australia compares well with other industries. Performance of the Australian Oil and Gas Industry, however, as reported by APPEA, lags behind the average performance of the international industry, as reported by the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP). The improving trend in health and safety performance in Australia over the last ten years is continuing, but progress is slowing. This slow-down suggests that if we continue to work in the same manner as we have done in the past, we will not create the shift in performance required to match or better the international industry average. The current structure of the industry has a number of different operating companies supported by a broad base of contractors. In 2009, contractor exposure hours accounted for 88% of the total hours worked by Woodside. Each operator and contractor has their own approach to health and safety management. The industry backdrop is an increase in activity driven by coal seam gas (CSG) exploitation, a number of LNG megaprojects in development in Western Australia, a significant proportion of senior personnel retiring from the industry, and a significant influx of people new to the industry to support expansion and replace retirees. This will increase demands on existing, already stretched, industry resources and could reduce our ability to develop new approaches and effectively implement them. One of the actions taken to address this at Woodside has been to engage over 100 senior leaders in our company and the CEOs of all of our major contractors to build a commitment to change the basis upon which operator and contractor work together on health and safety issues. This has involved establishing industry sector focus groups for: drilling; exploration and geomatics; onshore project construction; offshore project construction; and, production. Each group is comprised of Woodside and contractor leadership. Given the success of these groups in formulating and driving their own agendas for improvement, and given the strong (and quite pleasing) contractor desire for ownership, Woodside sponsorship will cease at the end of 2010. The approach aims to create sustainable, self governed health and safety focus groups to develop industry solutions to our industry’s health and safety challenges. The groups operate on the premise that excellence in health and safety performance is of mutual benefit and is non-competitive.
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Solter, P. F., and W. E. Hoffmann. "Canine corticosteroid-induced alkaline phosphatase in serum was solubilized by phospholipase activity in vivo." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 269, no. 2 (August 1, 1995): G278—G286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1995.269.2.g278.
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In this study, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry revealed the presence of stoichiometric amounts of myo-inositol in association with serum corticosteroid-induced isozyme of alkaline phosphatase (CALP) in canine serum. Such remnants are consistent with prior membrane attachment of serum CALP and its release into serum by endogenous phospholipase activity. Serum CALP was further shown to behave similarly to CALP released from hepatocyte membranes by glycosyl phosphatidylinositol phospholipase D (GPI-PLD) and differently from CALP solubilized by GPI-phospholipase C (PLC) on both native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis using anti-cross-reacting determinant antibody. In addition to bile canalicular surfaces, CALP activity was found over hepatocyte sinusoidal surfaces by histochemical staining of canine liver sections. A significantly higher ratio of CALP to total alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in serum as opposed to bile in 10 of 11 paired serum and bile samples from dogs. This suggested that bile is not likely to be the source of serum CALP and is consistent with the release of CALP from hepatocyte basolateral surfaces directly into serum. It was concluded that serum CALP was once membrane bound and was released by phospholipase activity into serum. Our findings are consistent with release of CALP from the sinusoidal surfaces of hepatocytes into serum either by endogenous GPI-PLD activity or release by GPI-PLC followed by modification of the phosphatidylinositol remnant in vivo.
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Duvidovich, L., A. Petriella, and E. Giacani. "Radio study of the extended TeV source VER J1907+062." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 491, no. 4 (December 6, 2019): 5732–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3414.
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ABSTRACT This paper aims to provide new insights on the origin of the TeV source VER J1907+062 through new high-quality radio observations. We used the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) to observe the whole extension of VER J1907+062 at 1.5 GHz with a mosaicking technique and the PSR J1907+0602 in a single pointing at 6 GHz. These data were used together with 12CO and atomic hydrogen observations obtained from public surveys to investigate the interstellar medium in the direction of VER J1907+062. The new radio observations do not show any evidence of a pulsar wind nebula (PWN) driven by the pulsars present in the field and no radio counterpart to the proposed X-ray PWN powered by PSR J1907+0602 is seen in the new VLA image at 6 GHz down to a noise level of 10 $\mu$Jy beam−1. Molecular clouds were discovered over the eastern, southern, and western borders of the radio shell of G40.5−0.5, suggesting an association with this supernova remnant. We explored several scenarios for the origin of VER J1907+062. We propose as the most probable scenario one in which the TeV emission is produced by two separated γ-ray sources located at different distances: one of leptonic origin and associated with a PWN powered by PSR J1907+0602 at ∼3.2 kpc and another of hadronic origin and produced by the interaction between G40.5−0.5 and the surrounding molecular gas at ∼8.7 kpc.
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Joffrion, Tiffany M., Margaret S. Collins, Thomas Sesterhenn, and Melanie T. Cushion. "Functional Characterization and Localization of Pneumocystis carinii Lanosterol Synthase." Eukaryotic Cell 9, no. 1 (November 6, 2009): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00264-09.
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ABSTRACT Organisms in the genus Pneumocystis are ubiquitous, opportunistic pathogenic fungi capable of causing a lethal pneumonia in immunocompromised mammalian hosts. Pneumocystis spp. are unique members of the fungal kingdom due to the absence of ergosterol in their cellular membranes. Although these organisms were thought to obtain cholesterol by scavenging, transcriptional analyses indicate that Pneumocystis carinii encodes gene homologs involved in sterol biosynthesis. To better understand the sterol pathway in these uncultivable fungi, yeast deletion strains were used to interrogate the function and localization of P. carinii lanosterol synthase (ERG7). The expression of PcErg7p in an ERG7-null mutant of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae did not alter its growth rate and produced a functional lanosterol synthase, as evidenced by the presence of lanosterol detected by gas chromatographic analysis in levels comparable to that produced by the yeast enzyme. Western blotting and fluorescence microscopy revealed that, like the S. cerevisiae Erg7p, the PcErg7p localized to lipid particles in yeast. Using fluorescence microscopy, we show for the first time the presence of apparent lipid particles in P. carinii and the localization of PcErg7p to lipid particles in P. carinii. The detection of lipid particles in P. carinii and their association with PcErg7p therein provide strong evidence that the enzyme serves a similar function in P. carinii. Moreover, the yeast heterologous system should be a useful tool for further analysis of the P. carinii sterol pathway.
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Bernecker, T., M. A. Woollands, D. Wong, D. H. Moore, and M. A. Smith. "HYDROCARBON PROSPECTIVITY OF THE DEEPWATER GIPPSLAND BASIN, VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA." APPEA Journal 41, no. 1 (2001): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj00005.
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After 35 years of successful exploration and development, the Gippsland Basin is perceived as a mature basin. Several world class fields have produced 3.6 billion (109) BBL (569 GL) oil and 5.2 TCF (148 Gm3) gas. Without additional discoveries, it is predicted that further significant decline in production will occur in the next decade.However, the Gippsland Basin is still relatively underexplored when compared to other prolific hydrocarbon provinces. Large areas are undrilled, particularly in the eastern deepwater part of the basin. Here, an interpretation of new regional aeromagnetic and deep-water seismic data sets, acquired through State and Federal government initiatives, together with stratigraphic, sedimentological and source rock maturation modelling studies have been used to delineate potential petroleum systems.In the currently gazetted deepwater blocks, eight structural trapping trends are present, each with a range of play types and considerable potential for both oil and gas. These include major channel incision plays, uplifted anticlinal and collapsed structures that contain sequences of marine sandstones and shales (deepwater analogues of the Marlin and Turrum fields), as well as large marine shale-draped basement horsts.The study has delineated an extensive near-shore marine, lower coastal plain and deltaic facies association in the Golden Beach Subgroup. These Late Cretaceous strata are comparable to similar facies of the Tertiary Latrobe Siliciclastics and extend potential source rock distribution beyond that of previous assessments. In the western portion of the blocks, overburden is thick enough to drive hydrocarbon generation and expulsion. The strata above large areas of the source kitchen generally dip to the north and west, promoting migration further into the gazetted areas.Much of the basin’s deepwater area, thus, shares the deeper stratigraphy and favourable subsidence history of the shallow water producing areas. Future exploration and production efforts will, however, be challenged by the 200–2500 m water-depths and local steep bathymetric gradients, which affect prospect depth conversion and the feasibility of development projects in the case of successful exploration.
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Chetty, Anne, Gong-Jie Cao, Mariano Severgnini, Amy Simon, Rod Warburton, and Heber C. Nielsen. "Role of matrix metalloprotease-9 in hyperoxic injury in developing lung." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 295, no. 4 (October 2008): L584—L592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00441.2007.
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Matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) is increased in lung injury following hyperoxia exposure in neonatal mice, in association with impaired alveolar development. We studied the role of MMP-9 in the mechanism of hyperoxia-induced functional and histological changes in neonatal mouse lung. Reduced alveolarization with remodeling of ECM is a major morbidity component of oxidant injury in developing lung. MMP-9 mediates oxidant injury in developing lung causing altered lung remodeling. Five-day-old neonatal wild-type (WT) and MMP-9 (−/−) mice were exposed to hyperoxia for 8 days. The lungs were inflation fixed, and sections were examined for morphometry. The mean linear intercept and alveolar counts were evaluated. Immunohistochemistry for MMP-9 and elastin was performed. MMP-2, MMP-9, type I collagen, and tropoelastin were measured by Western blot analysis. Lung quasistatic compliance was studied in anaesthetized mice. MMP-2 and MMP-9 were significantly increased in lungs of WT mice exposed to hyperoxia compared with controls. Immunohistochemistry showed an increase in MMP-9 in mesenchyme and alveolar epithelium of hyperoxic lungs. The lungs of hyperoxia-exposed WT mice had less gas exchange surface area and were less compliant compared with room air-exposed WT and hyperoxia-exposed MMP-9 (−/−) mice. Type I collagen and tropoelastin were increased in hyperoxia-exposed WT with aberrant elastin staining. These changes were ameliorated in hyperoxia-exposed MMP-9 (−/−) mice. MMP-9 plays an important role in the structural changes consequent to oxygen-induced lung injury. Blocking MMP-9 activity may lead to novel therapeutic approaches in preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
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Frederick, Seibold. "A Review of Research to Aid the Development of Commercial Arctic Marine Transportation: 1982 Trafficability Tests on the USCGC Polar Star." Marine Technology and SNAME News 22, no. 01 (January 1, 1985): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1985.22.1.28.
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A multi-year "trafficability" research program was begun in 1978 to demonstrate that year-round commercial marine transportation in Arctic waters is feasible and to collect data necessary to begin developing the criteria to design and operate marine vehicles for that environment. Using U.S. Coast Guard Polar Class icebreakers, annual winter deployments had been made in 1979, 1980, and 1981 into the Bering and Chukchi Seas to collect environmental and ship performance data. Early in 1982, the fourth phase of these research activities was conducted on the USCGC Polar Star in western Alaskan waters as far north as the Arctic Circle. Participants in the research were the Maritime Administration, the U.S. Coast Guard, the State of Alaska, the Canadian Ministry of Transport, twelve participating companies of the Alaskan Oil and Gas Association, and the Newport News Shipbuilding Company. This paper reviews the results of this voyage and the data collected. The Polar Star was instrumented to continuously monitor and record propulsion and ship motion parameters and speed. Video recording equipment was used to document ice conditions. Extensive on-ice equipment was used to profile ice features and to measure other ice parameters. Numerous pressure ridges were profiled and ice cores taken to improve the understanding of Bering and Chukchi Sea winter ice conditions and ice strength. Level ice resistance tests were conducted. However, heavy level ice conditions were not encountered and it is planned to complete the level ice resistance tests in 1984. Other research tasks included an ice edge analysis, hull friction experiments, and an ice drift study.
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Lu, Chaoqun, and Hanqin Tian. "Global nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer use for agriculture production in the past half century: shifted hot spots and nutrient imbalance." Earth System Science Data 9, no. 1 (March 2, 2017): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-181-2017.
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Abstract. In addition to enhancing agricultural productivity, synthetic nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) fertilizer application in croplands dramatically alters global nutrient budget, water quality, greenhouse gas balance, and their feedback to the climate system. However, due to the lack of geospatial fertilizer input data, current Earth system and land surface modeling studies have to ignore or use oversimplified data (e.g., static, spatially uniform fertilizer use) to characterize agricultural N and P input over decadal or century-long periods. In this study, we therefore develop global time series gridded data of annual synthetic N and P fertilizer use rate in agricultural lands, matched with HYDE 3.2 historical land use maps, at a resolution of 0.5° × 0.5° latitude–longitude during 1961–2013. Our data indicate N and P fertilizer use rates on per unit cropland area increased by approximately 8 times and 3 times, respectively, since the year 1961 when IFA (International Fertilizer Industry Association) and FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization) surveys of country-level fertilizer input became available. Considering cropland expansion, the increase in total fertilizer consumption is even larger. Hotspots of agricultural N fertilizer application shifted from the US and western Europe in the 1960s to eastern Asia in the early 21st century. P fertilizer input shows a similar pattern with an additional current hotspot in Brazil. We found a global increase in fertilizer N ∕ P ratio by 0.8 g N g−1 P per decade (p < 0.05) during 1961–2013, which may have an important global implication for human impacts on agroecosystem functions in the long run. Our data can serve as one of critical input drivers for regional and global models to assess the impacts of nutrient enrichment on climate system, water resources, food security, etc. Datasets available at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.863323.
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Firezer, Girma Kebede. "Association of Traits and Adaptability of Hybrid Maize (Zea mays L.) Varieties in Western Part of Ethiopia." Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 9, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15580/gjas.2019.1.123118189.
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Young, R. R., B. Wilson, S. Harden, and A. Bernardi. "Accumulation of soil carbon under zero tillage cropping and perennial vegetation on the Liverpool Plains, eastern Australia." Soil Research 47, no. 3 (2009): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr08104.
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Australian agriculture contributes an estimated 16% of all national greenhouse gas emissions, and considerable attention is now focused on management approaches that reduce net emissions. One area of potential is the modification of cropping practices to increase soil carbon storage. Here, we report short–medium term changes in soil carbon under zero tillage cropping systems and perennial vegetation, both in a replicated field experiment and on nearby farmers’ paddocks, on carbon-depleted Black Vertosols in the upper Liverpool Plains catchment. Soil organic carbon stocks (CS) remained unchanged under both zero tillage long fallow wheat–sorghum rotations and zero tillage continuous winter cereal in a replicated field experiment from 1994 to 2000. There was some evidence of accumulation of CS under intensive (>1 crop/year) zero tillage response cropping. There was significant accumulation of CS (~0.35 Mg/ha.year) under 3 types of perennial pasture, despite removal of aerial biomass with each harvest. Significant accumulation was detected in the 0–0.1, 0.1–0.2, and 0.2–0.4 m depth increments under lucerne and the top 2 increments under mixed pastures of lucerne and phalaris and of C3 and C4 perennial grasses. Average annual rainfall for the period of observations was 772 mm, greater than the 40-year average of 680 mm. A comparison of major attributes of cropping systems and perennial pastures showed no association between aerial biomass production and accumulation rates of CS but a positive correlation between the residence times of established plants and accumulation rates of CS. CS also remained unchanged (1998/2000–07) under zero tillage cropping on nearby farms, irrespective of paddock history before 1998/2000 (zero tillage cropping, traditional cropping, or ~10 years of sown perennial pasture). These results are consistent with previous work in Queensland and central western New South Wales suggesting that the climate (warm, semi-arid temperate, semi-arid subtropical) of much of the inland cropping country in eastern Australia is not conducive to accumulation of soil carbon under continuous cropping, although they do suggest that CS may accumulate under several years of healthy perennial pastures in rotation with zero tillage cropping.
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Shultz, Chuck E. "Oil in the Commonwealth of Independent States." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 12, no. 2-3 (March 1994): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879401200204.
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The CIS oilpatch is experiencing decline and disarray. Underlying problems which contribute to this downturn cannot be solved without massive investment, which is unlikely in the near term. However, the CIS still offers opportunity for prudent, long-term Western investment. KomiArticOil, a joint venture between Gulf Canada, British Gas and local Russian energy associations, has operated in the Komi Republic since December 1991.
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Mullan, Michael. "Opposition, Social Closure, and Sport: The Gaelic Athletic Association in the 19th Century." Sociology of Sport Journal 12, no. 3 (September 1995): 268–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.12.3.268.
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The rise of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) in late 19th-century Ireland offers significant diversity to a “normal” model of national sport development. The GAA, influenced through much of its early history by a vanguard of determined Irish militants, was fiercely opposed to anything British, including the “new” bourgeois sports. Yet, in spite of its alliance with separatist politics, the growth of the GAA displayed a social dynamic, albeit in reverse form, similar to other national patterns seen in Western sport development. Parkin’s (1979) concept of social closure is suited to the sociological analysis of Victorian sport, including the early GAA; using indices of occupational exclusion based on religion, this study suggests that a system of vocational closure at the top of 19th-century Irish society eventually invited a challenge from the forces of opposition below.
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Waldner, C. L., C. S. Ribble, E. D. Janzen, and J. R. Campbell. "Associations between oil- and gas-well sites, processing facilities, flaring, and beef cattle reproduction and calf mortality in western Canada." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 50, no. 1-2 (July 2001): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5877(01)00214-8.
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Chiu, Wen-Ling, Chi-Long Lin, Min-Hsiang Yang, Der-Lii M. Tzou, and Wen Chang. "Vaccinia Virus 4c (A26L) Protein on Intracellular Mature Virus Binds to the Extracellular Cellular Matrix Laminin." Journal of Virology 81, no. 5 (December 13, 2006): 2149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02302-06.
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ABSTRACT Vaccinia virus intracellular mature virus (IMV) binds to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) on cells via three virion proteins, H3L, A27L, and D8L. In this study, we demonstrated that binding of IMV to BSC40 cells was competitively inhibited by soluble laminin but not by fibronectin or collagen V, suggesting that this cell surface extracellular matrix (ECM) protein may play a role in vaccinia virus entry. Moreover, IMV infection of GAG− sog9 cells was also inhibited by laminin, demonstrating that virion binding to laminin does not involve a prior interaction with GAGs. Furthermore, comparative envelope protein analyses of wild-type vaccinia virus strain Western Reserve, which binds to laminin, and of a mutant virus, IA27L, which does not, showed that the A26L open reading frame (ORF), encoding an envelope protein, was mutated in IA27L, resulting in A26L being absent from the IMV. Expression of the wild-type A26L ORF in IA27L resulted in laminin binding activity. Moreover, recombinant A26L protein bound to laminin in vitro with a high affinity, providing direct evidence that A26L is the laminin binding protein on IMV. In summary, these results reveal a novel role for the vaccinia viral envelope protein A26L in binding to the ECM protein laminin, an association that is proposed to facilitate IMV entry.
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Cong, E., Y. Li, C. Shao, J. Chen, W. Wu, X. Shang, Z. Wang, et al. "Childhood sexual abuse and the risk for recurrent major depression in Chinese women." Psychological Medicine 42, no. 2 (August 11, 2011): 409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711001462.
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BackgroundStudies in Western countries have repeatedly shown that women with a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) are at increased risk for developing major depression (MD). Would this relationship be found in China?MethodThree levels of CSA (non-genital, genital, and intercourse) were assessed by self-report in two groups of Han Chinese women: 1970 clinically ascertained with recurrent MD and 2597 matched controls. Diagnostic and other risk factor information was assessed at personal interview. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated by logistic regression and regression coefficients by linear or Poisson regression.ResultsAny form of CSA was significantly associated with recurrent MD [OR 3.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.95–5.45]. This association strengthened with increasing CSA severity: non-genital (OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.17–5.23), genital (OR 2.77, 95% CI 1.32–5.83) and intercourse (OR 13.35, 95% CI 1.83–97.42). The association between any form of CSA and MD remained significant after accounting for parental history of depression, childhood emotional neglect (CEN), childhood physical abuse (CPA) and parent–child relationship. Among the depressed women, those with CSA had an earlier age of onset, longer depressive episodes and an increased risk for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD; OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.39–2.66) and dysthymia (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.52–3.09).ConclusionsIn Chinese women CSA is strongly associated with MD and this association increases with greater severity of CSA. Depressed women with CSA have an earlier age of onset, longer depressive episodes and increased co-morbidity with GAD and dysthymia. Although reporting biases cannot be ruled out, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that, as in Western countries, CSA substantially increases the risk for MD in China.
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Gavrilova, N. A., L. M. Belova, O. A. Loginova, and R. S. Sitnikova. "ASSOCIATIVE GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTION OF HORSES IN LENINGRAD REGION." International bulletin of Veterinary Medicine 2 (2020): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17238/issn2072-2419.2020.2.31.
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The study of the spread of horse infections was carried out in horse farms of the Lo-monosov district of the Leningrad region. The animals in the “Kovcheg” breeding stud farm (SF) and the “Efa” equestrian club (EK) were examined visually and by means of coprology from June 2018 to September 2019. Helminthiasis caused by parasitization of Parascarisequorum, Strongyloideswesteri, representatives of the Trichonemagenus, as well as gastric gadflies of the species Gas-trophilus intestinalis, were diagnosed in horses both in the form of mono infections and in an associative form. Among the mono infections of horses at the “Kovcheg” SF, parascariosis (P. equorum) is dominating, which is present in 56.2% of the infected animals, and at the “Efa” EK - 50% is for strongyloidosis (S. westeri) and gastrophilo-sis (G. intestinalis) - 72.7%. It was discovered that mixed infections are formed by associations of nematodes and gastric gadfly in various combinations: P. equorum + Trichonema sp. + S. westeri + G. intestinalis; P. equorum + Trichonema sp. + G.intestinalis. The most common mixed in-fection was defined as the association of strongylides of the digestive organs (Trichonema sp.) and horse gastrophiluses (G. intestinalis), which corresponds to 35.4% in the “Kovcheg” SF and 45.5% in the “Efa” EK from the number of infected horses. The intensity of infection varied throughout the year. The maximum number of parascaris`s eggs per 1 g of feces was found in September (143.2 ± 2.9), the stron-gylides of the digestive organs and Strongy- loides in June were 154.3 ± 5.3 and 116.8 ± 2.37, respectively. Gastrophilus`s eggs laid on the coat of horses by a gadfly female were found only in the first decade of Sep-tember, which may be due to regional char-acteristics of the pathogen life cycle.
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Butsch, Melinda, Stacey Hull, Yalai Wang, Tiffiney M. Roberts, and Kathleen Boris-Lawrie. "The 5′ RNA Terminus of Spleen Necrosis Virus Contains a Novel Posttranscriptional Control Element That Facilitates Human Immunodeficiency Virus Rev/RRE-Independent Gag Production." Journal of Virology 73, no. 6 (June 1, 1999): 4847–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.73.6.4847-4855.1999.
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ABSTRACT Previous work has shown that spleen necrosis virus (SNV) long terminal repeats (LTRs) are associated with Rex/Rex-responsive element-independent expression of bovine leukemia virus RNA and supports the hypothesis that SNV RNA contains a cis-acting element that interacts with cellular Rex-like proteins. To test this hypothesis, the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) Rev/RRE-dependent gag gene was used as a reporter to analyze various SNV sequences. Gag enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot analyses reveal that HIV Gag production is enhanced at least 20,000-fold by the 5′ SNV LTR in COS, D17, and 293 cells. Furthermore, SNV RU5 in the sense but not the antisense orientation is sufficient to confer Rev/RRE-independent expression onto a cytomegalovirus-gag plasmid. In contrast, the SNV 3′ LTR and 3′ untranslated sequence between env and the LTR did not support Rev-independent gag expression. Quantitative RNase protection assays indicate that the SNV 5′ RNA terminus enhances cytoplasmic accumulation and polysome association of HIV unspliced and spliced transcripts. However, comparison of the absolute amounts of polysomal RNA indicates that polysome association is not sufficient to account for the significant increase in Gag production by the SNV sequences. Our analysis reveals that the SNV 5′ RNA terminus contains a unique cis-acting posttranscriptional control element that interacts with hypothetical cellular Rev-like proteins to facilitate HIV RNA transport and efficient translation.
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Maguire, Michael F., Rosario Guinea, Philip Griffin, Sarah Macmanus, Robert C. Elston, Josie Wolfram, Naomi Richards, et al. "Changes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag at Positions L449 and P453 Are Linked to I50V Protease Mutants In Vivo and Cause Reduction of Sensitivity to Amprenavir and Improved Viral Fitness In Vitro." Journal of Virology 76, no. 15 (August 1, 2002): 7398–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.15.7398-7406.2002.
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ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag protease cleavage sites (CS) undergo sequence changes during the development of resistance to several protease inhibitors (PIs). We have analyzed the association of sequence variation at the p7/p1 and p1/p6 CS in conjunction with amprenavir (APV)-specific protease mutations following PI combination therapy with APV. Querying a central resistance data repository resulted in the detection of significant associations (P < 0.001) between the presence of APV protease signature mutations and Gag L449F (p1/p6 LP1′F) and P453L (p1/p6 PP5′L) CS changes. In population-based sequence analyses the I50V mutant was invariably linked to either L449F or P453L. Clonal analysis revealed that both CS mutations were never present in the same genome. Sequential plasma samples from one patient revealed a transition from I50V M46L P453L viruses at early time points to I50V M46I L449F viruses in later samples. Various combinations of the protease and Gag mutations were introduced into the HXB2 laboratory strain of HIV-1. In both single- and multiple-cycle assay systems and in the context of I50V, the L449F and P453L changes consistently increased the 50% inhibitory concentration of APV, while the CS changes alone had no measurable effect on inhibitor sensitivity. The decreased in vitro fitness of the I50V mutant was only partially improved by addition of either CS change (I50V M46I L449F mutant replicative capacity ≈ 16% of that of wild-type virus). Western blot analysis of Pr55 Gag precursor cleavage products from infected-cell cultures indicated accumulation of uncleaved Gag p1-p6 in all I50V viruses without coexisting CS changes. Purified I50V protease catalyzed cleavage of decapeptides incorporating the L449F or P453L change 10-fold and 22-fold more efficiently than cleavage of the wild-type substrate, respectively. HIV-1 protease CS changes are selected during PI therapy and can have effects on both viral fitness and phenotypic resistance to PIs.
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Damdinova, L. B., and B. B. Damdinov. "Mineral composition and formation conditions of the Inkur tungsten deposit ores (Dzhidinsky ore field, South-Western Transbaikalia)." Earth sciences and subsoil use 43, no. 3 (October 7, 2020): 290–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2686-9993-2020-43-3-290-306.
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The aim of the study is to clarify the mineral composition and determine the conditions of the formation of the quartz-hubnerite veins of the Inkur stockwork tungsten deposit (the Dzhidinsky ore field, South-Western Transbaikalia). The research methods include a mineralogical and petrographic description of the ore quartz-hubnerite veins; an electron microprobe analysis of the mineral associations; thermometry, cryometry, and Raman spectroscopy of the individual fluid inclusions in quartz, fluorite, hubnerite, and muscovite. The mineralogical and petrographic studies has made it possible to clarify the mineral composition of the Inkur deposit ores and determine the mineral paragenesis formation sequence. The fluid inclusion studies have established that the ore deposition was occurring in the relatively low-salinity (~5.7–14.6 wt. % eq. NaCl) homogeneous solutions due to a decrease of the temperature. The study of the salt composition of the solutions has identified Ca chloride as a prevailing component, with NaCl, KCl, and MgCl as admixtures. CO2 and N2 have been identified in the gas phase of inclusions. Two stages of mineral formation have been defined: high-temperature (≥300 °С) and low-temperature (≥2.00–300 °С). The conducted studies allow qualitative estimation of the chemical composition of the ore-forming solutions. It has been established that one of the main factors of the hubnerite deposition is a temperature factor.
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Sun, Gangyi, Ziyi Shang, and Wenjia Liu. "SPP1 Regulates Radiotherapy Sensitivity of Gastric Adenocarcinoma via the Wnt/Beta-Catenin Pathway." Journal of Oncology 2021 (July 27, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1642852.
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Purpose. Radiotherapy has been widely applied for the treatment of locally advanced and metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC). The aberrant expression of secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) is involved in radiosensitivity in a variety of cancers. The present study aims to characterize the clinical significance of SPP1 expression in GAC and its role and underlying mechanism of radiosensitivity. Methods. The SPP1 expression in GAC tissues and pericarcinomatous tissues was determined by QRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, and the SPP1 expression in GAC cell lines (BGC823, AGS, and SGC7901) and normal human gastric epithelial cell line (GES-1) was determined by western blot. T-test, one-way ANOVA, Cox regression model, and Kaplan–Meier plotter were applied to further assess the association between SPP1 expression and the prognosis of the patients with GAC. After irradiation and transfection with si-SPP1 combined with or without Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitor (XAV939), western blot, transwell, flow cytometry, and TOP-flash reporter assay were applied to detect DNA damage, invasion, apoptosis, cell cycle, and activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway, respectively. Results. SPP1 mRNA and protein levels in GAC tissues were both dramatically higher than those in pericarcinomatous tissues. SPP1 overexpression was positively associated with tumor size, nodal status, and histological grade of GAC patients. SPP1 overexpression, depth of invasion, and nodal status were independent prognostic factors for the patients. High SPP1 expression was negatively related to the overall survival in patients with GAC. We found that SPP1 knockdown enhanced the radiosensitivity of GAC cell lines (AGS and SGC7901). Increasing H2AX phosphorylation, apoptosis and G2/M phase arrest, and decreasing invasion were observed after the administration of si-SPP1 and irradiation. Radiosensitivity of SPP1 was mainly dependent on the Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway. XAV939 could enhance these phenomena induced by irradiation combined with SPP1 knockdown. Conclusion. This study demonstrates that SPP1 suppresses Wnt/β-catenin signaling to enhance the radiosensitivity of GAC via inhibiting invasion and accelerating DNA damage, G2/M phase arrest, and apoptosis.
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Colaco, Stacy, Reema Surve, Pratibha Sawant, Anita Nadkarni, Kanjaksha Ghosh, and Roshan Colah. "HbD Punjab/HbQ India compound heterozygosity: An unusual association." Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases 6, no. 1 (November 1, 2014): e2014072. http://dx.doi.org/10.4084/mjhid.2014.072.
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Background: Haemoglobinopathies are the commonest hereditary disorders in India and pose a major health problem. Both beta thalassaemia and structural haemoglobin variants are relatively common in north western India. Here we report a 29 year old Sindhi female who was referred to us for a haemoglobinopathy work up and genetic counseling since her spouse was a classical beta thalassaemia carrier. Method: A complete blood count was done on an automated cell counter. Haemoglobin analysis was carried out using HPLC Variant Haemoglobin Testing System. The cellulose acetate electrophoresis was carried out [pH 8.9]. Confirmation of mutations was done by automated DNA sequencing. Results: HPLC analysis showed four major peaks, HbA0, a peak in the HbD window, an unknown peak [retention time 4.74 minutes] and a peak in the HbC window. The HbA2 level was 2.2% and the HbF level was 0.7%.Cellulose acetate electrophoresis at alkaline pH, a slow moving band was seen at the HbS/D position along with a prominent band at the HbA2 position. DNA sequencing of the β and α genes showed presence of the 2 hemoglobin variants :Hb D [b 121GAA à CAA] and Hb Q [a 64 AAG à GAG]. The δ globin gene was normal. The additional peak in the HbC window was due to the formation of a heterodimer hybrid. Conclusion: Both HbD Punjab and HbQ India are relatively common in India but their co-inheritance has not been described in the country. This is the second report of compound heterozygosity for HbQ India/HbD Punjab haemoglobinopathy globally, and the first one from India.
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Joubaud, T., I. A. Grenier, J. Ballet, and J. D. Soler. "Gas shells and magnetic fields in the Orion-Eridanus superbubble." Astronomy & Astrophysics 631 (October 18, 2019): A52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936239.
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Aims. The Orion-Eridanus superbubble has been blown by supernovae and supersonic winds of the massive stars in the Orion OB associations. It is the nearest site at which stellar feedback on the interstellar medium that surrounds young massive clusters can be studied. The formation history and current structure of the superbubble are still poorly understood, however. It has been pointed out that the picture of a single expanding object should be replaced by a combination of nested shells that are superimposed along the line of sight. We have investigated the composite structure of the Eridanus side of the superbubble in the light of a new decomposition of the atomic and molecular gas. Methods. We used H I 21 cm and CO (J = 1−0) emission lines to separate coherent gas shells in space and velocity, and we studied their relation to the warm ionised gas probed in Hα emission, the hot plasma emitting X-rays, and the magnetic fields traced by dust polarised emission. We also constrained the relative distances to the clouds using dust reddening maps and X-ray absorption. We applied the Davis–Chandrasekhar–Fermi method to the dust polarisation data to estimate the plane-of-sky components of the magnetic field in several clouds and along the outer rim of the superbubble. Results. Our gas decomposition has revealed several shells inside the superbubble that span distances from about 150–250 pc. One of these shells forms a nearly complete ring filled with hot plasma. Other shells likely correspond to the layers of swept-up gas that is compressed behind the expanding outer shock wave. We used the gas and magnetic field data downstream of the shock to derive the shock expansion velocity, which is close to ~20 km s−1. Taking the X-ray absorption by the gas into account, we find that the hot plasma inside the superbubble is over-pressured compared to plasma in the Local Bubble. The plasma comprises a mix of hotter and cooler gas along the lines of sight, with temperatures of (3–9) and (0.3 − 1.2) × 106 K, respectively. The magnetic field along the western and southern rims and in the approaching wall of the superbubble appears to be shaped and compressed by the ongoing expansion. We find plane-of-sky magnetic field strengths from 3 to 15 μG along the rim.
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Serrano, José M., César A. Berlanga-Robles, and Arturo Ruiz-Luna. "High amphibian diversity related to unexpected environmental values in a biogeographic transitional area in north-western Mexico." Contributions to Zoology 83, no. 2 (May 2, 2014): 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08302005.
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Amphibian diversity and distribution patterns in Sinaloa state (north-western Mexico) were assessed from the Global Amphibian Assessment database (GAA-2010). A geographic information system (GIS) was used to evaluate diversity based on distribution maps of 41 species, associated with environmental data. The highest α and γ-diversities were identified in the south-eastern portion of the state, in mountain zones with a warm sub-humid climate, whereas the greatest β-diversity (multiplicative formulation) was aggregated in patches in the western portion of the state in mountains with temperate climates. A cluster analysis and Mantel test showed a strong association of Sorensen’s dissimilarity (additive formulation of β-diversity) with climate and soil moisture categories rather than physiographic categories. Additionally, the partition of Sorensen´s dissimilarity into its components (turnover and nestedness) showed a gradient of species turnover related to contrasting climate units and a marked pattern of nestedness between the middle mountains and the coastal plain. The results of the study suggest that the highest α and β-diversity values occur in the middle-humidity range as well in the transitional-climate categories. This pattern is unusual for amphibian distributions because the highest global and regional amphibian diversities are typically related to high humidity values and climate stability (warm and wet most of the year). This particular pattern, occurring in a transitional area, encourages further biological and ecological studies to clarify the status of amphibian populations and support conservation measures.
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Огнева and Valentina Ogneva. "PARTICIPATION OF RUSSIA IN INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL INTEGRATION PROCESSES." Central Russian Journal of Social Sciences 10, no. 4 (June 30, 2015): 224–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11956.
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The article draws attention to the growing role of the regional factor in the social, political and economic life of modern states. The essence of the phenomenon of regionalization reveals one of its leading trends - formation of integration associations. Complex dynamics of the integration processes on a global scale is considered, as well as cooperation in the format of the CIS countries (Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia and Kyrgyzstan) - Eurasian Economic Union. It is noted that formation of the Eurasian Union takes place in conditions of unstable economic growth in Belarus and Kazakhstan; Russia is in recession because of Western economic sanctions, the fall in oil prices, the situation in Ukraine. The features of manifestations of political factors and nature of their impact on the integration process are shown. Potential prospects of integration within the Eurasian Economic Union, namely the creation of common pharmaceutical market, common market of electricity, oil and gas are argued. There are difficulties in integration efforts of the «newcomers» - Armenia and Kyrgyzstan. These topical questions are posed to Russia in dependence on the national interests of our country, as well as the national interests of the Eurasian Union of States. New approaches to the optimization of the integration policy of the Eurasian Union are suggested.
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Ezawa, Tatsuhiro, Masahito Hayatsu, and Masanori Saito. "A New Hypothesis on the Strategy for Acquisition of Phosphorus in Arbuscular Mycorrhiza: Up-Regulation of Secreted Acid Phosphatase Gene in the Host Plant." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 18, no. 10 (October 2005): 1046–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-18-1046.
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The mycorrhiza-responsive phosphatase of Tagetes patula in symbiosis with Glomus etunicatum was detected by electrophoresis, was purified by column chromatography, and was characterized as acid phosphatase that was secreted into rhizosphere. The N-terminal amino acid sequence was determined by a gas-phase sequencer, and a cDNA fragment of the phosphatase gene (TpPAP1) was amplified by degenerate primers designed based on the N-terminal amino acid sequence. The full-length cDNA was obtained by the rapid amplification of cDNA ends technique. The TpPAP1 was of host origin, and the cDNA was 1,843 bp long with a predicted open reading frame of polypeptide of 466 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the gene fell into the cluster of plant high-molecular-weight purple acid phosphatase. Expression analysis of the TpPAP1 in T. patula in symbiosis with Archaeospora leptoticha showed that the levels of transcripts increased eightfold by mycorrhizal colonization. Western blot analysis revealed that the 57-kDa protein corresponding to the mycorrhiza-responsive phosphatase increased by mycorrhizal colonization. The present study proposes a new strategy for acquisition of P in arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in which the fungal partner activates a part of the low-P adaptation system of the plant partner, phosphatase secretion, and improves the overall efficiency of P uptake.
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Beauséjour, Yannick, and Michel J. Tremblay. "Interaction between the Cytoplasmic Domain of ICAM-1 and Pr55Gag Leads to Acquisition of Host ICAM-1 by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1." Journal of Virology 78, no. 21 (November 1, 2004): 11916–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.21.11916-11925.2004.
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ABSTRACT We have examined the molecular basis for the selective incorporation of the adhesion molecule ICAM-1 within human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The process of ICAM-1 incorporation was investigated by using different ICAM-1 constructs in combination with virus capture and immunoprecipitation studies, Western blot and confocal microscopy analyses, and infectivity assays. Experiments conducted with viruses bearing a truncated version of ICAM-1 revealed that the cytoplasmic domain of ICAM-1 governs insertion of this adhesion molecule into HIV-1. Further experiments suggested that there is an association between ICAM-1 and the virus-encoded Pr55Gag polyprotein. This study represents the first demonstration that structural Gag polyproteins play a key role in the uptake of a host-derived cell surface by the virus entity. Taken together, our results indicate that interactions between viral and cellular proteins are responsible for the selective uptake of host ICAM-1 by HIV-1. This observation describes a new strategy by which HIV-1 can modulate its replicative cycle, considering that insertion of ICAM-1 within nascent virions has been shown to increase virus infectivity.
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Canepa, Antonio, Jennifer E. Purcell, Pablo Córdova, Miguel Fernández, and Sergio Palma. "Massive strandings of pleustonic Portuguese Man-of-War (Physalia physalis) related to ENSO events along the southeastern Pacific Ocean." Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 48, no. 5 (November 1, 2020): 806–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol48-issue5-fulltext-2530.
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Blooms of stinging pelagic cnidarians have been causing increasing health problems for humans worldwide. Physalia physalis is among the worst stinging species in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans along the North and South American coasts. This siphonophore species has a large gas float and lives at the ocean surface, where its distribution is affected mainly by winds. P. physalis's strandings were observed in the southeastern Pacific Ocean for three consecutive years (2014 to 2016). Data of stranded P. physalis were gathered daily through a collaborative effort between the Chilean Navy and the Chilean Ministry of Health. The association between oceanographic variables and the stranded P. physalis was assessed using a generalized additive mixed model (GAMM) and cross-correlation analysis. The largest stranding occurred along more than 2600 km of coastline and totaled 44,683 colonies. Most of the strandings were along the central and south-central coast of Chile, where almost 200 people were stung, and more than 120 beaches were closed in summer 2016. The GAMM model showed that the oceanographic conditions of warmer temperatures during the winter periods and the weakening of the westerly winds associated with the Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) were the most likely causes for the arrival of transport from the colonies to the coast. Also, our analysis illustrates the utility of collaborations among scientists and public organizations to promote large-scale and long-term understanding and provide a model for predicting this dangerous species' arrival and warning for beaches and swimmers, which is of global importance for human health.
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Huang, J., M. B. Miller, E. Edgerton, and M. S. Gustin. "Use of criteria pollutants, active and passive mercury sampling, and receptor modeling to understand the chemical forms of gaseous oxidized mercury in Florida." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 8 (April 22, 2015): 12069–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-12069-2015.
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Abstract. The highest mercury (Hg) wet deposition in the United States (US) occurs along the Gulf of Mexico, and in the southern and central Mississippi River Valley. Gaseous oxidized Hg (GOM) is thought to be a major contributor due to its high water solubility and reactivity. Therefore, it is critical to understand the concentrations, potential for wet and dry deposition, and GOM compounds present in the air. Concentrations and dry deposition fluxes of GOM were measured at Outlying Landing Field (OLF), Florida, using a Tekran® 2537/1130/1135, and active and passive samplers using cation-exchange and nylon membranes. Relationships with Tekran® derived data must be interpreted with caution, since GOM concentrations can be biased low depending on the chemical compounds in air, and interferences with water vapor and ozone. Only gaseous elemental Hg and GOM are discussed here since the PBM measurement uncertainties are higher. Criteria air pollutants were concurrently measured and Tekran® data were assessed along with these using Principal Component Analysis to identify associations among air pollutants. Based on the diel pattern, high GOM concentrations at this site were associated with fossil fuel combustion and gas phase oxidation during the day, and gas phase oxidation and transport in the free troposphere. The ratio of GEM/CO at OLF (0.008 ng m−3 ppbv−1) was much higher than the numbers reported for the Western United States and central New York for domestic emissions or biomass burning (0.001 ng m−3 ppbv−1), which we suggest is indicative of a marine boundary layer source. Results from nylon membranes with thermal desorption analyses suggest five potential GOM compounds exist in this area, including HgBr2, HgO, Hg(NO3)2, HgSO4, and an unknown compound. This indicates that the site is influenced by different gaseous phase reactions and sources. A~high GOM event related to high CO but average SO2 suggests the air parcels moved from the free troposphere and across Arkansas, Mississippi, and Alabama at low elevation (< 300 m) using back trajectory analysis. We hypothesize this is due to subsidence of Hg containing air from the free troposphere. It is difficult to fully understand GOM dry deposition processes without knowing the actual GOM compounds, and their corresponding physicochemical properties, such as the Henry's Law constant. Overall, measured GOM dry deposition at this site ranged from 4–23% of total Hg wet deposition. The Aerohead sampling system for dry deposition captures primarily GOM since it would only collect fine particulate bound Hg by way of diffusion.
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Chalbot, M. C., B. McElroy, and I. G. Kavouras. "Sources, trends and regional impacts of fine particulate matter in southern Mississippi Valley: significance of emissions from sources in the Gulf of Mexico coast." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 1 (January 9, 2013): 827–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-827-2013.
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Abstract. The sources of fine particles over a 10 yr period at Little Rock, Arkansas, an urban area in southern Mississippi Valley, were identified by positive matrix factorization. The annual trends of PM2.5 and its sources and their associations with the pathways of air mass backward trajectories were examined. Seven sources were apportioned, namely, primary traffic particles, secondary nitrate and sulphate, biomass burning, diesel particles, aged/contaminated sea salt and mineral/road dust, accounting for more than 90% of measured PM2.5 mass. The declining trend of PM2.5 mass (0.4 μg m−3 yr−1) was related to lower levels of SO42− (0.2 μg m−3 yr−1) due to SO2 reductions from point and mobile sources. The slower decline for NO3− particles (0.1 μg m−3 yr−1) was attributed to the spatial variability of NH3 in Midwest. The annual variation of biomass burning particles was associated with wildland fires in southeast and northwest US that are sensitive to climate changes. The four regions within 500 km from the receptor site, the Gulf Coast and southeast US accounted cumulatively for more than 65% of PM2.5 mass, nitrate, sulphate and biomass burning aerosol. Overall, more than 50% of PM2.5 and its sources originated from sources outside the state. Sources within the Gulf Coast and western Gulf of Mexico include 65% of the busiest ports in the US, intense marine traffic within 400 km of the coast burning rich in S diesel, and a large number of offshore oil and natural gas platforms and many refineries along the coast. This approach allowed for quantitatively assessing the impacts of transport from regions representing diverse mixtures of sources and weather conditions for different types of particles. The findings of this effort demonstrated the influences of emission controls on SO2 and NOx on PM2.5 mass, the potential effect of events (i.e. fires) sensitive to climate change phenomena on air pollution and the potential of offshore activities and shipping emissions to influence air quality in urban areas located more than 1000 km away from the sources.
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Ulanja, Mark, Mohit Rishi, Bryce Beutler, and Santhosh Ambika. "EPR19-075: Geographic Region and Race/Ethnicity Are Associated With Treatment and Survival for Gastric Cancer." Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network 17, no. 3.5 (March 8, 2019): EPR19–075. http://dx.doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2018.7157.
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Introduction: Gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) remains a lethal disease. Evidence suggests that there is increased incidence of gastric cancer among ethnic minorities as compared to whites. In addition, survival and treatment recommendations may vary based on geographic regions. Objectives: We sought to assess the impact of geographic region and race/ethnicity on treatment and survival for GAC. Methods: Data from SEER registry was used to identify patients with potentially resectable gastric adenocarcinoma (AJCC I–III) diagnosed 2004 to 2015. Exposures of interest were geographic region of diagnosis: Western (West), Midwestern (MW), Southern (SO) or North Eastern (NE), and race. The endpoints were: (1) recommendation of no surgery by the provider, (2) utilization of surgery, and (3) gastric cancer-specific survival (GCS). Multivariable logistic and Cox regression models were used to identify associations. Results: 15,991 patients were included in the analysis (West, 56.3%; NE, 16.3%; MW, 7.8%; and SO, 19.7%). On univariate analysis, the likelihood of no recommendation for surgery was highest in SO (OR: 1.35; P<.001;] West, referent). In adjusted analysis, it was lowest in NE and MW (NE aOR: 0.78; P<.001; MW aOR: 0.78; P=.002). The likelihood of no recommendation for surgery was lowest in Asians (AS) on univariate analysis (OR: AS, 0.47; P<.001); American Indian (AI) 0.59 (P=.027); Hispanic (HS) 0.85 (P=.018); whites (W) 1.01 (P=.884); Black (B) ref]. The adjusted analysis for W is (aOR: 0.86; P=.029; B-ref) and persisted for the rest of ethnicity. Patients diagnosed in NE were independently more likely to undergo surgery as compared to those in other regions (aOR: 1.25; P<.001); black individuals were less likely to undergo surgery as compared to whites, Asians, and Hispanics (P<.05 for all). Overall, a diagnosis of gastric cancer in the NE region was independently associated with superior GCS (HR=0.85; P<.001) (Table 1). Among patients who underwent surgery, those in the NE (HR=0.85; P=.001) exhibited superior GCS, but poor GCS in SO (HR=1.17; P=.001; West-ref). AS who underwent surgical intervention demonstrated superior GCS as compared to all other ethnic groups (HR=0.76; P<.001). Conclusion: There is significant difference in treatment and survival for GAC based on geographic region and race/ethnicity. Adherence to treatment guidelines and recommendations is essential to optimize outcomes for all patients.
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Polkhova, E. V., and A. A. Sergunin. "The Arctic Lobby in Japan: Structures, Mechanisms of Infl uence and the Role in Developing Cooperation with the Russian Federation." Moscow University Bulletin of World Politics 12, no. 4 (December 20, 2020): 99–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2020-12-4-99-130.
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Japan’s Arctic strategy, particularly its geopolitical and economic aspects, has been thoroughly reviewed by both Russian and foreign experts. However, the structures and mechanisms behind this strategy remain somewhat obscure. This paper is intended to partially fill this gap by resorting to the study of the Japanese Arctic lobby. The authors identify the key interest groups which stand for an active Arctic policy and for cooperation with the Russian Federation in that regard. These include, in particular, the energy sector representatives that sought to take part in the construction of liquefied natural gas (LNG) plants. The decision of the Japanese government to join the Western anti-Russian sanctions disrupted these plans. However, the adoption of S. Abe’s 8-points plan in 2016 opened up new opportunities for the Russia-Japan Arctic cooperation. Yet another two groups of interest are equally interested in strengthening bilateral relations — shipping and ship-building industries. They also suffered from anti-Russian sanctions but now they are actively engaged in the construction of the LNG jetties near Murmansk and in Kamchatka. There is also a growing interest towards the Arctic region within the fishery industry — a very important sector of Japan’s economy. Cooperation with Russia increases Tokyo’s capacity to participate in the creation of international legal regime of fisheries in the Central Arctic ocean. Finally, the authors identify another important element of the Japanese Arctic lobby — regional elites. In that regard, they examine activities of the Hokkaido prefecture to engage in development of the Northern Sea Route. The paper examines the key mechanisms used by the Arctic lobby to influence the authorities, including sectoral, regional and national business associations, research and educational centers and mass media, as well as ‘built-in lobby’ in relevant ministries and agencies responsible for making and implementing Tokyo’s Arctic policies. The authors conclude that, although the Arctic lobby is unable to persuade the Government to remove anti-Russian sanctions altogether, elaboration of a selective strategy of cooperation with the Japanese business community could strengthen bilateral relations and provide new opportunities for exploiting natural resources of the Far North and developing the Russian Arctic.
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Chalbot, M. C., B. McElroy, and I. G. Kavouras. "Sources, trends and regional impacts of fine particulate matter in southern Mississippi valley: significance of emissions from sources in the Gulf of Mexico coast." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 7 (April 8, 2013): 3721–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3721-2013.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The sources of fine particles over a 10 yr period at Little Rock, Arkansas, an urban area in the southern Mississippi Valley, were identified by positive matrix factorization. The annual trends of PM2.5 and its sources, and their associations with the pathways of air mass backward trajectories were examined. Seven sources were apportioned, namely, primary traffic particles, secondary nitrate and sulphate, biomass burning, diesel particles, aged/contaminated sea salt and mineral/road dust, accounting for more than 90% of measured PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) mass. The declining trend of PM2.5 mass (0.4 μg m−3 per year) was related to lower levels of SO42− (0.2 μg m−3 per year) due to SO2 reductions from point and mobile sources. The slower decline for NO3− particles (0.1 μg m−3 per year) was attributed to the increasing NH3 emissions in the Midwest. The annual variation of biomass burning particles was associated with fires in the southeast and northwest US. Of the four regions within 500 km from the receptor site, the Gulf Coast and the southeast US accounted cumulatively for more than 65% of PM2.5 mass, nitrate, sulphate and biomass burning aerosol. Overall, more than 50% of PM2.5 and its components originated from sources outside the state. Sources within the Gulf Coast and western Gulf of Mexico include 65% of the busiest ports in the US, intense marine traffic within 400 km of the coast burning rich in S diesel, and a large number of offshore oil and natural gas platforms and many refineries. This approach allowed for the quantitative assessment of the impacts of transport from regions representing diverse mixtures of sources and weather conditions for different types of particles. The findings of this effort demonstrated the influences of emission controls on SO2 and NOx on PM2.5 mass, the potential effect of events (i.e. fires) sensitive to climate change phenomena on air pollution and the potential of offshore activities and shipping emissions to influence air quality in urban areas located more than 1000 km away from the sources.