Relevant bibliographies by topics / Westphalia, Treaty of, 1648

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Academic literature on the topic 'Westphalia, Treaty of, 1648'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Westphalia, Treaty of, 1648"

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Belyayev, Michail. "THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNITED PROVINCES POLICY AT THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA CONGRESS AND THE PEACE OF MÜNSTER CONCLUSION." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 1 (49) (May 26, 2020): 211–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2020-49-1-211-226.

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The Northern Netherlands fought for liberation from Spanish rule for 80 years. The country needed peace and confirmation of sovereignty. Spain, weakened by the war, was also interested in a peace treaty conclusion. Dutch-Spanish negotiations at the Peace of Westphalia Congress had not been held until January, 1646. The parties relatively quickly agreed on the basic terms of the agreement. They managed to resolve the issues of colonial conquest, trade, and the closure of the Scheldt. The contradictions, remained unresolved, concerned the position of the Catholic religion on the Lands of the Generality. However, there was no unity regarding the conclusion of peace in the republic itself. The province of Zeeland opposed the conclusion of the treaty. Despite this fact, in January 1647 a preliminary peace agreement was signed. It should come into force in case of signing the same Franco-Spanish agreement. In accordance with the Franco-Dutch Union Treaty, its parties undertook not to conclude a separate peace. However, France and Spain could not come to an agreement. As a result of the internal political struggle in the republic, the victory was won by the supporters of the separate peace conclusion. On January 30, 1648 the Peace of Münster was concluded between Spain and the Republic of the United Provinces. On May 15, 1648 the parties exchanged instruments of ratification. At the end of May, 1648 the province of Zeeland agreed to the peace concluded.
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Filho, Marcílio Toscano Franca. "Westphalia: a Paradigm? A Dialogue between Law, Art and Philosophy of Science." German Law Journal 8, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 955–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200006118.

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On 23rd June 2007, after three years of uncertainty, European Union leaders agreed on relaunching the old idea of a Magna Charta for Europe (now called “the Reform Treaty”), a normative structure based on the old ideas of deference to national identities, sovereignty and equality. To many authors, the first time that juridical equality between states was solemnly stated was in the aftermath of the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648), in the Westphalia Peace Treaties, representing the beginning of modern international society established in a system of states, and at the same time, “the plain affirmation of the statement of absolute independence of the different state orders.” In fact, under an Eurocentric conception of political ideas (which envisages England as an isolated island and Iberia as Maghreb, north of Africa), the modern state emerges with the Westphalia Peace Treaties. However, under a broader conception, the modern nation-state (under the form of absolute monarchy) emerged long before the Westphalia Peace Treaties, in Iberia and England. Nevertheless, it is in these documents which lies the “birth certificate” of the modern sovereignty nation-state, base of the present democratic state, and “founding moment” of the international political system. Far beyond this merely formal aspect, the importance of the Westphalia Peace Treaties is so great to the understanding of the notion of state that Roland Mousnier, in describing the 16th and 17th centuries in the General History of the Civilizations, organized by Maurice Crouzet, asserts that those treaties symbolized a real “constitution of the new Europe,” a multifarious Europe, plural and very distant from the religious unit of Christianity, from the political unit of the Holy Roman Empire, and from the economical unit of the feudal system. Constitutions are especially important because they establish the rules for the political authority, they determine who governs and how they govern: “[I]n codifying and legitimating the principle of sovereign statehood, the Westphalian constitution gave birth to the modern states-system.”
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Vasetsky, V. Y. "The influence of socio-political events in Europe in the XVI-XVII centuries on the development of legal doctrine of Modern history." INTERPRETATION OF LAW: FROM THE THEORY TO THE PRACTICE, no. 12 (2021): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2021-12-23.

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In the history of the country’s development there are periods in which significant changes in social, political and economic life take place. These undoubtedly include the period of the European Reformation of the XVI-XVII centuries. Socio-political events in critical periods are at the same time the source of development in the legal sphere, when often in the struggle crystallize new, necessary for the development of the state, legal provisions of a doctrinal nature. The aim of this paper is to analyze the socio-political events in Europe in the XVI-XVII centuries, the results of the Thirty Years’ War and the significance of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 in terms of influencing the development of legal doctrine of Modern history, and also to provide a comparison with the peculiarities of the socio-political situation that took place in the Ukrainian lands of that time. It is noted that since the beginning of the XVI century. almost the entire world of that time was covered by the Reformation. First of all, it was a broad socio-political movement that took the form of a struggle with the Catholic Church. Against this backdrop of socio-political and economic change, Protestantism has become widespread throughout Europe, associated with the names of Martin Luther, Jean Calvin, and Ulrich Zwingli. At the same time, the Catholic Church and the Jesuits opposed the Reformation and led the Counter-Reformation. The result of this confrontation was the Thirty Years’ War - the first pan-European war of 1618 – 1648 between the Catholic Union and the coalition of Protestant states. In European history, this war has remained one of the most terrible European conflicts. Historians estimate that more than 2 million military and more than 6 million civilians were killed. Thirty Years’ War in Europe in the XVII century. ended with the signing in 1648 at the same time in Münster and Osnabrück peace treaty, which was called the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. It is emphasized that the Peace of Westphalia contains a number of provisions of a doctrinal nature. It is made conclusion that this treaty was the source of modern international law and had a long-term impact on the development of relations between states. Among the most important principles of doctrinal nature are the following: state sovereignty has become a universally recognized legal category; the principle of freedom of conscience is recognized with certain restrictions; the idea of sovereignty and independence of each state was opposed to the idea of a single Christian community; proclaimed the idea of ensuring certain human rights, especially the principle according to which private property and the rights of citizens of a hostile state could not be changed by war. Ukrainian ties with European events of that era also took place. This was reflected in the text of the Treaty of Osnabrück, where Ukrainians are noted as allies of Sweden, and the Treaty determined the relevant international legal status of Transylvania at that time. It is noted that the period of the Reformation coincides with the events in Ukraine, as a result of which the Ukrainian Liberation War began, led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Keywords: European Reformation, Peace of Westphalia, legal doctrine, origins of law, the Revolution of Bohdan Khmelnytsky.
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Milton, Patrick. "The Mutual Guarantee of the Peace of Westphalia in the Law of Nations and Its Impact on European Diplomacy." Journal of the History of International Law / Revue d’histoire du droit international 22, no. 1 (March 11, 2020): 101–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718050-12340132.

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Abstract This paper seeks to investigate how the mutual guarantee clauses of the treaties of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years War in 1648, affected European diplomacy until the late eighteenth century. It will first analyse the reception and impact of the guarantee of the Peace of Westphalia in the European Law of Nations and in subsequent treaty law. Secondly, it will assess the practical impact of this feature of the Law of Nations on European diplomacy, and how this influence changed over time. This will also include an analysis of how diplomacy and shifting power-political currents altered the content of the guarantee in the Law of Nations. In analysing the guarantee’s influence on diplomacy, the paper places a particular emphasis on Franco-Imperial and Swedish-Imperial relations, as well as the perception of the guarantee among diplomats and other political actors during political, constitutional and confessional conflicts within the Holy Roman Empire.
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Tsivatyi, V. "Diplomatic Receptions and Dilemmas of the New Diplomacy during the Thirty Years War (1618-1648): the Institutional Discourse." Problems of World History, no. 6 (October 30, 2018): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2018-6-4.

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The article analyzes the events and consequences of the Thirty Years War (1618-1648) for new European diplomacy and political and institutional development of Europe. Attention is focused on thediplomatic tools, national specifics and features of the negotiation process of European states during and as a result of the Thirty Years War. The outcome of the Westphalian Congress was an importantstimulus for further European socio-economic, security, political and diplomatic development. The practical achievements of the Westphalian Congress and the experience acquired by Europeandiplomacy in the first half of the 17th century determined the future institutional development of world diplomacy and international law, which has not lost its relevance so far. The article describes theevents of the Thirty Years War of 1618-1648, the struggle for national sovereignty and the formation of national states, the signing of a peace treaty, the formation of a new permanent diplomacy and a system of international relations.
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Munkh-Erdene, Lhamsuren. "The 1640 Great Code: an Inner Asian parallel to the Treaty of Westphalia." Central Asian Survey 29, no. 3 (September 2010): 269–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2010.526824.

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Deng, Francis. "From 'Sovereignty as Responsibility' to the 'Responsibility to Protect'." Global Responsibility to Protect 2, no. 4 (2010): 353–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187598410x519534.

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AbstractThis essay examines the origins and evolution of the concepts of 'sovereignty as responsibility' and the 'responsibility to protect'. In particular, it considers the role and duty of states and how ideas of sovereignty have evolved since the modern nation-state was conceived by the European Treaty of Westphalia of 1648. It then examines the responsibility of states towards their own citizens and traces the development of the R2P norm in Africa as it has related to conflict prevention, management, and resolution since the end of the Cold War. The essay further considers the responsibilities of national democratic governments in Africa and beyond. Recent developments that have widened the scope and helped the acceptance and application of the concept of 'sovereignty as responsibility' are discussed, and the essay concludes with an examination of the accountability and enforcement challenges faced by R2P.
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NEAL, LARRY. "How it all began: the monetary and financial architecture of Europe during the first global capital markets, 1648–1815." Financial History Review 7, no. 2 (October 2000): 117–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565000000081.

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Larry Neal, How it all began: the monetary and financial architecture of Europe during the first global capital markets, 1648–1815The Treaty of Westphalia created the modern nation-state system of Europe and set the stage for the long-term success of financial capitalism. The new sovereign states experimented with competing monetary regimes during their wars over the next century and two-thirds while they extended and perfected the financial innovations in war finance developed during the Thirty Years War. The Dutch maintained fixed exchange rates, the French insisted on exercising monetary independence, while the English placed priority on free movement of international capital. In struggling with the trilemma of choosing among the goals of maintaining fixed exchange rates, monetary independence and free movement of capital, the governments of early modern Europe learned many valuable lessons. By the time of the Napoleonic wars, the innovations that emphasised reliance on financial markets rather than on financial institutions proved their superiority.
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Howorth, Jolyon. "European defence policy and subsidiarity: The imperative of the EU level." European View 18, no. 1 (March 18, 2019): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1781685819838431.

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Since the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, defence policy, across Europe, has traditionally been the preserve of the nation state. That remains the default situation today, despite over two decades of movement towards a common EU security and defence policy. European leaders, ever since the 1980s, have insisted that the EU level is the most appropriate for this policy area, and public opinion appears to agree with them. Yet, despite many developments in the direction of a ‘European army’, and despite the launch of dozens of EU overseas missions, defence planning and procurement, as well as the deployment of forces, remain the preserve of the EU’s national governments. Since 2016 we have witnessed an intensification of the move towards the EU level. This article argues that it is still too soon to determine whether a genuine shift away from the nation-state level is now in progress.
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Bayeh, Joseph N., and Georgios C. Baltos. "From a Culture of Borders to Borders of Cultures: Nationalism and the “Clash of Civilizations” in International Relations Theory." Journal of Educational and Social Research 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jesr-2019-0001.

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Abstract The Peace of Westphalia signed in 1648 signaled the beginning of the modern international system of states. International relations (IR) theory identifies this treaty as the founder of the principle of political sovereignty whereby each nation-state has full control over its territory and domestic affairs, thus it is the beginning of an international system of states. The latter is based on the sanctity and inviolability of interstate borders as its main defining feature. This paper investigates the recent developments in international relations and their significance to the concept of borders in IR theory; on the one hand, a “clash of civilizations” thesis assumes that new “fault lines” borders among civilizations of, mainly, different religions are taking precedence over traditional territorial borders of nation-states, while, on the other hand, a rise in conservative nationalism and, possibly, protectionism, over the traditionally liberal West reasserts the primacy of territorial borders in IR. In particular, this study examines whether such developments signal a paradigm shift in IR theory that may necessitate revisiting certain fundamentals of mainstream respective theories.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Westphalia, Treaty of, 1648"

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Oschmann, Antje. "Der Nürnberger Exekutionstag 1649-1650 : das Ende des Dreissigjährigen Krieges in Deutschland /." Münster : Aschendorff, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39908960f.

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Rohrschneider, Michael. "Der gescheiterte Frieden von Münster : Spaniens Ringen mit Frankreich auf dem Westfälischen Friedenskongress (1643-1649) /." Münster Aschendorff, 2006. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2864425&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

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Gantet, Claire. "Discours et images de la paix dans des villes d'Allemagne du Sud aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010503.

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Issue d'une réflexion sur les formes spécifiques d'une mémoire collective liée à un conflit politique, cette thèse étudie les perceptions de la guerre de trente ans et la définition progressive de la paix qui menèrent aux traités de Westphalie (1648), puis leur réception et leur ritualisation jusqu'à l'extrême fin du XVIIIe siècle. La guerre de trente ans eut pour fin la définition d'un modus vivendi permettant la coexistence de plusieurs confessions dans le saint-empire. Pour désamorcer le potentiel conflictuel, on régla les problèmes sur le plan civil, en écartant les questions dogmatiques. Mais la guerre ne peut être réduite à un rapport de droit. Sa conclusion nécessita aussi un travail sur les peurs pour en faire ressentir l'effroi, une mémorisation des évènements destinée à instruire l'horreur d'une guerre civile. Les traites de Westphalie décrétèrent l'amnistie générale, le silence public, afin de reconstituer un tissu social dans l'immédiat. Mais la réconciliation imposait une mémoire de la persécution. Ce double mouvement, d'oubli politique et de mémoire religieuse s'exprimèrent dans les fêtes de la paix célébrées lors de la signature des traites (174 différentes entre 1648 et 1650, 204 jusqu'en 1660). Œuvre des juristes, la paix requit la redéfinition du rôle politique des clergés. La célébration des traités fut l'œuvre du corps pastoral, essentiellement luthérien, qui rapporta la paix à la seule action de Dieu. Dans les villes où catholiques et protestants coexistaient, les fêtes de la paix furent institutionnalisées, célébrées par les luthériens exclusivement chaque année parfois jusqu'à nos jours comme à Augsbourg. Dans ces villes, la paix suscita le développement de traits culturels spécifiques soulignant la différence religieuse. Les fêtes de la paix furent des démonstrations luthériennes. Mais l'étude fine des discours et images de la paix produits au cours de ces fêtes montre que l'affirmation confessionnelle sut toujours respecter et faire primer les valeurs civiques communes. Dans ces villes mixtes, il se forma un habitus de la paix
Deriving from a reflexion about the specific forms of collective memory linked to a political conflict, this thesis analyses the perceptions of the thirty years' war and the progressive definition of peace, which led to the treatises of Westphalia (1648), then their reception and their ritualisation until the very end of the 18th century. The thirty years' war was aimed to define a modus vivendi allowing the coexistence of several confessions in the holy roman empire. To neutralize the conflict-provoking potentiality the problems were settled on the civil level, bey keeping out the dogmatical questions. But war cannot be reduced to e mere matter of law. Its conclusion required also a work on fears led in order to make feel its dread, a memorization of the events meant to teach the horror of a civil war. The peace of westphalia decreed the general amnesty, the public silence, in order to build up again social links for the time being. But fully reconciliation required a memory of the persecution. The peace festival celebrated for the signature of the treatises (174 different ones between 1648 and 1650, 204 until 1660) expressed this double movement of political oblivion and religious memory. Work of the jurists, the peace settlement forced the clergies to redefine their political role. The celebration of the treatises was launched by the lutheran clergy, who attributed the peace to the sole action of god. In the cities were catholics and protestants coexisted, the peace festival were institutionalized, celebrated by the lutheran exclusively, each year sometimes till nowadays as in Augsburg. In these cities, the peace aroused the development of specific features, emphasizing the religious difference. Peace festivals became demonstrations of lutheranism. But the precise analysis of the discourses and images of peace produced for theses festivals shows that the confessional affirmation always managed to respect and make prevail the common civic values. In these cities, a habitus of peace was formed
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Immler, Gerhard. "Kurfürst Maximilian I. und der Westfälische Friedenskongress : die bayerische auswärtige Politik von 1644 bis zum Ulmer Waffenstillstand /." Münster : Aschendorff, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39908969j.

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Dissertation--Philosophische Fakultät--München--Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Wintersemester 1988/1989.
En appendice : texte du "Passauer Rezess" (1644) et texte en latin de l'"Ulmer Waffenstillstand" (1647). Bibliogr. p. 518-525. Index.
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May, Niels. "Cérémonial et statut : l’impact des négociations westphaliennes sur l’évolution du cérémonial diplomatique." Thesis, Paris 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA040225.

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Cette étude analyse le rôle des négociations westphaliennes (1643-1648) dans le développement du cérémonial diplomatique au XVIIe siècle en s’appuyant sur les correspondances entre les diplomates et leurs princes. La perspective des acteurs a été privilégiée pour mieux comprendre l’importance des différentes querelles et leurs logiques. Sur le plan méthodologique, nous nous interrogeons sur les implications et les limites des concepts utilisés pour appréhender le « cérémonial » en tant que phénomène historique. Une analyse se fondant sur la fonction représentative des diplomates laisse de côté plusieurs problèmes importants. La démonstration du rang princier ne constitue pas l’unique motif des querelles de cérémonial. Les diplomates provoquent en effet de nombreuses altercations non pas pour défendre le statut de leur prince mais plutôt pour asseoir le leur. Le cérémonial utilisé lors des négociations westphaliennes mélange ainsi le statut du représentant et celui du représenté. En outre, la signification des signes utilisés au cœur du cérémonial fait l’objet d’une discussion permanente et permet aux acteurs d’interpréter les incidents de différentes manières. Or, au cours du XVIIe siècle, le cérémonial renvoie de plus en plus à une signification précise, ce qui entraine une multiplication des querelles. Par ce processus, le cérémonial constitue désormais un instrument qui révèle moins la hiérarchie entre les différents princes que leur appartenance au cercle des Souverains
This dissertation analyses the role of the westphalian negotiations (1643-1648) in the development of the diplomatic ceremonial in the 17th century through the examination of correspondence between diplomatic representatives and their princes. In order to better appreciate the importance of the different conflicts and their inherent logic, the study focuses on the actor’s perspective. Methodologically, the concepts utilized for understanding and describing the historical phenomenon « ceremonial » are critically analysed with respect to their implications and limits. This research suggests that an analysis solely based on the representative role of the diplomats would neglect important aspects given that the demonstration of rank is not the only motive in ceremonial conflicts. As such, the diplomats studied provoked many altercations not to confirm their prince’s status, but rather first and foremost to define and cement their own. Thus, the ceremonial of the westphalian negotiations blends the statuses of representative and represented. Furthermore, as the meanings of the signs used in the context of the ceremonial were not commonly defined, the various actors are able to interpret the events differently. In the course of the 17th century however, the ceremonial significations become more and more fixed and unified, which in turn leads to a multiplication of conflicts. This process lead to a situation where the function of the ceremonial was no longer to reveal the specific hierarchy among prince, but rather to display their adhesion to a group of Sovereigns
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Williamson, Myra Elsie Jane Bell. "Terrorism, war and international law: the legality of the use of force against Afghanistan in 2001." The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2594.

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The thesis examines the international law pertaining to the use of force by states, in general, and to the use of force in self-defence, in particular. The main question addressed is whether the use of force, which was purported to be in self-defence, by the United States, the United Kingdom and their allies against al Qaeda, the Taliban and Afghanistan, beginning on 7 October 2001, was lawful. The thesis focuses not only on this specific use of force, but also on the changing nature of conflict, the definition of terrorism and on the historical evolution of limitations on the use of force, from antiquity until 2006. In the six chapters which trace the epochs of international law, the progression of five inter-related concepts is followed: limitations on the resort to force generally, the use of force in self-defence, pre-emptive self-defence, the use of forcible measures short of war, and the use of force in response to non-state actors. This historical analysis includes a particular emphasis on understanding the meaning of the 'inherent right of self-defence', which was preserved by Article 51 of the United Nations' Charter. This analysis is then applied to the use of force against Afghanistan which occurred in 2001. Following the terrorist attacks of 11 September, the US and the UK notified the United Nations Security Council of their resort to force in self-defence under Article 51. Each element of Article 51 is analysed and the thesis concludes that there are significant doubts as to the lawfulness of that decision to employ force. In addition to the self-defence justification, other possible grounds for intervention are also examined, such as humanitarian intervention, Security Council authorisation and intervention by invitation. This thesis challenges the common assumption that the use of force against Afghanistan was an example of states exercising their inherent right to self-defence. It argues that if this particular use of force is not challenged, it will lead to an expansion of the right of self-defence which will hinder rather than enhance international peace and security. Finally, this thesis draws on recent examples to illustrate the point that the use of force against Afghanistan could become a dangerous precedent for the use of force in self-defence.
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Vokřínek, Lukáš. "Jednání o míru na konci třicetileté války." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-351949.

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The author analyses the Westphalian peace negotiations ending the Thirty Years War in order to find out to what extent it had influenced the parallel Swedish military campaigns. In the Czech Republic, it is the return of the broader analysis of this important historical event that leaded to the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. In recent years had not been given enough attention to these events, although abroad (typically in Germany) the research continues with greater intensity. The structure of the text is following. At first the author pursues the main development features of the Thirty Years War and subsequently recapitulates the way to the Westphalian peace talks since the first proposals for a final settlement of the constantly prolonging conflict after the start of diplomatic activity at the congress in the Westphalian city of Münster and Osnabrück in the (first) half of the 1640s. Then discusses the basic characteristics of the congress, among others also key delegations and their significant (or just interesting) members participating in the negotiations. Thereafter, the text continues to its core section, consisting of two parts. The first of them is about the progress of the peace negotiations on the basis of analysis of each of the main discussing issues in relation to the conflict in the...
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Books on the topic "Westphalia, Treaty of, 1648"

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Guthrie, William P. The later Thirty Years War: From the Battle of Wittstock to the Treaty of Westphalia. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2003.

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Comte, M. le. L' esprit du gouvernement anglais ou Son système politique et celui des puissances de l'Europe, pendant deux siècles: Ouvrage impartial utile à tous les Européens dans lequel on donne une idée des traités ... A Paris: Chez Vincard, imprimeur-libraire ..., 1986.

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David, Onnekink, ed. War and religion after Westphalia, 1648-1713. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate, 2008.

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Deursen, Arie Theodorus van. Die immer aktuelle Vergangenheit Europa, die Niederlande und der Westfälische Friede. Münster: Regensberg, 1993.

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Vestfalʹsʹkyĭ myr 1648 roku i suchasne miz͡h︡narodne pravo: Monohrafii͡a︡. Kyïv: In-t derz͡h︡. i prava im. V.M. Koret͡s︡ʹkoho NAN Ukraïny, 2001.

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Croxton, Derek. The Peace of Westphalia: A historical dictionary. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2002.

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Empire, Holy Roman, ed. 1648: Den westfaliska freden : arv, kontext och konsekvenser. Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2009.

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Multilateral treaty calendar =: Répertoire des traités multilatéraux, 1648-1995. The Hague: M. Nijhoff Publishers, 1998.

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Langer, Herbert. 1648, der Westfälische Frieden: Pax Europaea und Neuordnung des Reiches. Berlin: Brandenburgisches Verlagshaus, 1994.

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1648, la paix de Westphalie ou la naissance de l'Europe politique moderne. Bruxelles: Complexe, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Westphalia, Treaty of, 1648"

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Mock, William B. T. "Treaty of Westphalia." In Encyclopedia of Global Justice, 1095–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9160-5_660.

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Eyck, Frank. "To the Peace of Westphalia (1564–1648)." In Religion and Politics in German History, 319–39. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780333995099_8.

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"1642–8: Towards a Peace Treaty in Westphalia." In Scots in Habsburg Service, 1618-1648, 245–72. BRILL, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789047402763_018.

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Stephen C, McCaffrey. "Part II Evolution and Theoretical Bases of the Law of International Watercourses, 5 The Contribution of the Law of Navigation." In The Law of International Watercourses. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198736929.003.0005.

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This chapter examines the law of navigation on international waterways, its development, and the contribution it has made to the law of international watercourses more generally. The rules of international law regarding navigation on international waterways are most highly developed in Europe. The development occurred—to some extent—bilaterally but was consolidated and widely dispersed by the major peace treaties beginning with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. These rules provided broadly for freedom of navigation, first for riparians then for all nations. In the absence of a contrary treaty regime or inconsistent state practice regarding a particular waterway or area, the principle of freedom of navigation for states riparian to an international waterway should be presumed to be the prevailing standard under general international law. The content of this principle is that which has developed through the consistent practice of states over nearly two centuries.
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Milton, Patrick, Michael Axworthy, and Brendan Simms. "The Peace Congress of Münster and Osnabrück (1643–1648) and the Westphalian Order (1648–1806)." In Towards A Westphalia for the Middle East, 59–84. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190947897.003.0004.

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This chapter focuses on the Peace of Westphalia, a result of the first multilateral peace congress, which ended most of the numerous sets of conflict constituting the Thirty Years War (the Franco-Spanish war continued and renewed war in the Baltic erupted in the later 1650s). An explanation of why it took so long to end the war and to achieve peace is proffered. The aftermath of Westphalia will also be discussed, including the successful application of its mutual guarantee clauses as a system of collective security for central Europe.
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"No. 28335. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Bahamas." In Treaty Series 1648, 245–59. UN, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/71dcc9b1-en-fr.

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"No. 28328. Brazil and Morocco." In Treaty Series 1648, 113–30. UN, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/fa5973c2-en-fr.

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"No. 28337. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and India and Iraq." In Treaty Series 1648, 331–46. UN, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/fc022a2f-en-fr.

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"No. 28341. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United Republic of Tanzania." In Treaty Series 1648, 389–401. UN, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/593921b0-en-fr.

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"No. 28332. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America." In Treaty Series 1648, 179–212. UN, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/c95a6118-en-fr.

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